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Al-Horani RA, Alsays KM, Abo Alrob O. Obesity blunts insulin sensitivity improvements and attenuates strength gains following resistance training in nondiabetic men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1425-1437. [PMID: 38100040 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impaired insulin sensitivity is central in the etiology of type 2 diabetes in people with obesity. The effectiveness of resistance training (RE) alone in improving insulin sensitivity in people with obesity is undetermined. This study aimed to determine the influence of obesity on insulin sensitivity responses to RE. METHODS Nineteen sedentary men were allocated to Lean (BMI 22.7 ± 2.5 kg m-2; n = 10) or Obese group (BMI 33.2 ± 3.2 kg m-2; n = 9). Participants were evaluated before and after a 10-week supervised progressive RE (3 sets of 10 repetition maximum (RM), 3 d/wk) for insulin sensitivity indexes using an oral glucose tolerance test, body composition using anthropometrics, and strength using 1RM. RESULTS Groups were matched at baseline for all variables except for body composition and absolute strength. Body fat was not changed in both groups. Matsuda insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin resistance, and insulin area under the curve improved by 64.3 ± 61.9 unit, - 58.2 ± 102.9 unit, 2.3 ± 4.1 unit, and - 721.6 ± 858.2 µU/ml, respectively, only in the Lean group. The increased 1RM% for leg press was greater in the Lean (49.5 ± 18.7%) than in the Obese (31.5 ± 13.9), but not different for bench press (18.0 ± 9.1% vs. 16.4 ± 6.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION Sustained obesity precludes insulin sensitivity improvements and attenuates strength gains in response to progressive RE. Additional strategies such as caloric restriction might be necessary for RE to improve insulin sensitivity, particularly at high levels of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi A Al-Horani
- Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan.
| | - Khaled M Alsays
- Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan
| | - Osama Abo Alrob
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 211-63, Jordan
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2
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González-Gálvez N, López-Martínez AB, López-Vivancos A. Clustered Cardiometabolic Risk and the "Fat but Fit Paradox" in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:606. [PMID: 38474733 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The "fat but fit paradox" states that people who are fit have a lower cluster cardiometabolic risk (CCMR), even if they are overweight or obese. Therefore, the objective was to investigate the CCMR between four categories based on the "fat but fit paradox" variable, in different fitness categories-cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and physical fitness-in adolescents. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle fitness, blood samples, and blood pressure were assessed in 230 adolescents, and cardiometabolic risk and three different "fat but fit paradox" variables were calculated. Participants with a higher CRF exhibited a lower CCMR within their body mass index (BMI) category (p < 0.05). Participants with a high BMI and high muscular fitness showed a lower CCMR than participants with a low muscular fitness and a similar BMI, or low BMI and low muscular fitness (p < 0.05). When both variables, CRF and muscular fitness, were combined, their effectabove CCMR increased (p < 0.05). Across all fitness categories, the fat and unfit group, whether considered individually or combined, exhibited the highest risk of CCMR (p < 0.05). This study confirms the "fat but fit paradox" in different physical fitness categories, showing the importance of both CRF and muscular fitness as predictors of CCMR, with the combination of both variables showing a greater agreement.
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3
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Barroso LSS, Faria MHS, Souza-Gomes AF, Barros JLVM, Kakehasi AM, Vieira ELM, Simões E Silva AC, Nunes-Silva A. Acute and Chronic Effects of Strength Training on Plasma Levels of Adipokines in Man. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:751-758. [PMID: 37429318 DOI: 10.1055/a-2079-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is specialized cells that produce and release adipokines. Exercise may modulate adipokine production in adipocytes. The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of strength training (ST) on plasma levels of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin. Twelve untrained young male participants (23.42±2.67 years) were selected. The training protocol consisted of 3 exercises, with 3 sets of 65% of 1RM (one-repetition maximum) with pause of 90 s between sets with duration of 5 s/repetition (2 s conc/3 s ecc), 3 times a week for 10 weeks. Blood was collected at four time points: before and after the first ST session and before and after the last ST session. The comparisons between adipokine levels before and after the same training session showed acute changes, while the comparisons between levels before or after the first session versus before or after the last session revealed chronic alterations. ST increased adiponectin levels after the first exercise session in comparison to levels before this session [50 952 (46 568-51 894) pg/mL vs. 52 981 (49 901-54 467) pg/mL, p=0.019]. Similar differences were observed for resistin levels, which were higher after the last session compared to before [4 214.4 (±829) pg/mL vs. pre-S30 2 251.3 (±462.2) pg/mL, p=0.0008] and in the comparison between after the last and after the first ST sessions [4 214.4 (±829.0) pg/mL vs. 1 563.7 (±284.8) pg/mL, p=0.004]. Leptin levels acutely changed in the last training session. ST produced acute and chronic changes in plasma adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Albená Nunes-Silva
- Physical Education School, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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4
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Makiel K, Suder A, Targosz A, Maciejczyk M, Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Haim A. Impact of Two Types of Exercise Interventions on Leptin and Omentin Concentrations and Indicators of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Males with Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082822. [PMID: 37109160 PMCID: PMC10144374 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin (LEP) and omentin (OMEN) are proteins whose concentrations change with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). There are few intervention studies using various forms of physical activity in people with MetS that aim to determine the impact of physical exercise on the fluctuations of the presented hormones, and their results are contradictory. The present study aimed to examine the effect of two types of exercise intervention on LEP and OMEN concentrations and indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in males with MetS. The study included 62 males with MetS (age 36.6 ± 6.9 years, body mass 110.31 ± 17.37 kg), randomly allocated to EG1, the examined group with aerobic training (n = 21); EG2, the examined group with combined aerobic and resistance training (n = 21), both for 12 weeks, and the control group (CG) without interventions (n = 20). Anthropometric measurements, body composition (body fat [BF], android body fat [ANDR]), as well as a biochemical blood analysis (omentin [OMEN], leptin [LEP], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and nonHDL-C) were performed at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks of interventions and after 4 weeks after ending intervention (follow-up). Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed. In the intervention groups EG1 and EG2, a decrease in BF was observed as well as an improvement in carbohydrate metabolism parameters. In the EG1 group, the level of ANDR was reduced. In EG2 a decrease in LEP concentration between measurements was confirmed. However, no significant changes were found in the concentration of OMEN in any groups. Combined aerobic and resistance exercises led to a higher reduction of LEP concentration than applying only aerobic training in males with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Makiel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suder
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Str. 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Alon Haim
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 653, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 151, Israel
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5
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Pereira RM, da Cruz Rodrigues KC, Sant'Ana MR, da Rocha AL, Morelli AP, Veras ASC, Gaspar RS, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Teixeira GR, Simabuco FM, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, de Moura LP. FOXO1 is downregulated in obese mice subjected to short-term strength training. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4262-4274. [PMID: 36125908 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem and is directly associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The liver is an important organ for the control of healthy glycemic levels, since insulin resistance in this organ reduces phosphorylation of forkhead box protein 1 (FOXO1) protein, leading to higher hepatic glucose production (HGP) and fasting hyperglycemia. Aerobic physical training is known as an important strategy in increasing the insulin action in the liver by increasing FOXO1 phosphorylation and reducing gluconeogenesis. However, little is known about the effects of strength training in this context. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term strength training on hepatic insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and FOXO1 phosphorylation in obese (OB) mice. To achieve this goal, OB Swiss mice performed the strength training protocol (one daily session for 15 days). Short-term strength training increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and GSK3β in the liver after insulin stimulus and improved the control of HGP during the pyruvate tolerance test. On the other hand, sedentary OB animals reduced FOXO1 phosphorylation and increased the levels of nuclear FOXO1 in the liver, increasing the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) content. The bioinformatics analysis also showed positive correlations between hepatic FOXO1 levels and gluconeogenic genes, reinforcing our findings. However, strength-trained animals reverted to this scenario, regardless of body adiposity changes. In conclusion, short-term strength training is an efficient strategy to enhance the insulin action in the liver of OB mice, contributing to glycemic control by reducing the activity of hepatic FOXO1 and lowering PEPCK and G6Pase contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Pereira
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Kellen C da Cruz Rodrigues
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marcella R Sant'Ana
- Nutrition Division, Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana P Morelli
- Health Division, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Allice S C Veras
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Multicentric Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, campus of Aracatuba, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology, State University of São Paulo-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Célio J da Costa Fernandes
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Multicentric Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, campus of Aracatuba, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology, State University of São Paulo-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Health Division, Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Nutrition Division, Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- School of Applied Sciences, Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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6
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Puglisi MJ, Fernandez ML. The Health Benefits of Egg Protein. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142904. [PMID: 35889862 PMCID: PMC9316657 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves further discussion is egg protein. Egg protein has been recognized to be highly digestible and an excellent source of essential amino acids, with the highest attainable protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Egg protein has been shown to decrease malnutrition in underdeveloped countries, possibly increase height in children, and protect against kwashiorkor. Egg protein has been demonstrated to be important to skeletal muscle health and protective against sarcopenia. Egg protein also can decrease appetite, resulting in a reduction in the caloric intake from the next meal and weight reduction. Other protective effects of egg protein addressed in this review include protection against infection as well as hypotensive and anti-cancer effects.
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7
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Venojärvi M, Lindström J, Aunola S, Nuutila P, Atalay M. Improved Aerobic Capacity and Adipokine Profile Together with Weight Loss Improve Glycemic Control without Changes in Skeletal Muscle GLUT-4 Gene Expression in Middle-Aged Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148327. [PMID: 35886175 PMCID: PMC9320448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(1) Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of adipokines in the regulation of glucose metabolism in middle-aged obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in response to a long-term exercise and dietary intervention. (2) Methods: Skeletal muscle, plasma and serum samples were examined in 22 subjects from an exercise−diet intervention study aiming to prevent type 2 diabetes. The subjects were further divided into two subgroups (non-responders n = 9 and responders n = 13) based on their achievement in losing at least 3 kg. (3) Results: The two-year exercise−diet intervention reduced leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels in responders; the changes in leptin levels were significantly associated with changes in their weights (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). In responders, insulin sensitivity (Bennett and McAuley index) increased and was associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (r = 0.831, p < 0.010 and r = 0.890, p < 0.01). In addition, the VO2peak and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle improved in responders, but not in non-responders. However, there were no changes between the two groups in expressions of the glucose transporter protein-4 (GLUT-4) gene or of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α1 or AMPK-α2 proteins. (4) Conclusions: The exercise−diet intervention decreased serum leptin and increased serum adiponectin concentrations, improved glucose control without affecting GLUT-4 gene expression in the skeletal muscle in responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Venojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Population Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Sirkka Aunola
- Functional Capacity Unit, Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 20740 Turku, Finland;
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- PET Centre, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
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8
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Yamamoto H, Uramaru N, Kawashima A, Higuchi T. Carbonic anhydrase 3 increases during liver adipogenesis even in pre-obesity, and its inhibitors reduce liver adipose accumulation. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:827-834. [PMID: 35108454 PMCID: PMC8972057 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver that occurs after high caloric intake is the main cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Differences between samples from healthy livers and livers from individuals with NAFLD indicate that changes in liver function occur during disease progression. Here, we examined changes in protein expression in a fatty liver model in the early stages of obesity to identify potential alterations in function. The proteins expressed in the liver tissue of pre‐obese rats were separated via SDS/PAGE and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue‐G250. Peptide mass fingerprinting indicated an increase in the expression of carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) relative to controls. Western blotting analysis confirmed the increase in CA3 expression, even in an early fat‐accumulation state in which excessive weight gain had not yet occurred. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, fat accumulation induced with oleic acid also resulted in increased CA3 expression. When the cells were in a state of fat accumulation, treating them with the CA3 inhibitors acetazolamide (ACTZ) or 6‐ethoxyzolamide (ETZ) suppressed fat accumulation, but only ETZ somewhat reduced the fat‐induced upregulation of CA3 expression. Expression of CA3 was therefore upregulated in response to the consumption of a high‐fat diet, even in the absence of an increase in body weight. The suppression of CA3 activity by ACTZ or ETZ reduced fat accumulation in hepatocytes, suggesting that CA3 is involved in the development of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Naoto Uramaru
- Department of Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Azusa Kawashima
- Department of Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Higuchi
- Department of Health Biosciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
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9
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
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10
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The Role of Exercise Training on Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413258. [PMID: 34948868 PMCID: PMC8703787 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation leads to critical alterations of several tissues and organs that can promote the appearance of non-communicable diseases, a risk that is increased in adults with obesity. Exercise training may counteract low-grade systemic inflammation, but there is a lack of consensus on how cytokines are modulated by training in adults with obesity. This study aimed of examining the effects of exercise training on circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in adults with overweight and obesity, and whether exercise-induced fat mass reduction could mediate that effect. The search was conducted on Medline (Pubmed), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases from January 1998 to August 2021, using keywords pertaining to inflammation, exercise, and obesity. A total of 27 studies were selected, in which the circulating concentration levels of cytokines were analyzed. Endurance training (ET) decreased circulating CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. TNF-α was reduced after resistance and concurrent training (CT), while IL-10 increased after resistance training (RT). Changes in IL-10 and CRP coincided with fat mass reduction, while decreased TNF-α levels were concomitant with changes in IL-6 and IL-10. Exercise training may reduce systemic low-grade inflammation profile in adults with overweight and obesity.
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11
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Delgado-Floody P, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Latorre-Román PÁ, Martínez-Salazar C, Vargas CA, Caamaño-Navarrete F, Jerez-Mayorga D, Álvarez C. The Effects of Two Different Concurrent Training Configurations on Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Fitness in Women With Severe/Morbid Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:694798. [PMID: 34621181 PMCID: PMC8491741 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.694798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent training (CT), characterised by combining both aerobic and resistance training modalities within the same session, is recognised to improve metabolic syndrome (MetS) markers, but little is known about the effects of different configurations (i.e., order) of these exercise modalities on MetS markers and the interindividual responses. The purpose of the present study was to describe the effects, and the interindividual variability, of 20weeks of two CT configurations (i.e., high intensity interval training (HIIT) plus resistance training (RT), compared with RT plus HIIT) in women with severe/morbid obesity. Overall, 26 women with severe/morbid obesity were assigned either to HIIT+RT [n=14, mean and 95%CI, 45.79 (40.74; 50.83) or RT+HIIT (n=12), 33.6 (25.30; 41.79) years]. MetS-related outcomes were waist circumference (WC, cm), systolic (SBP, mmHg) and diastolic (DBP, mmHg) blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (Tg), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Secondary outcomes were other anthropometrics, body composition, lipids, muscle strength, and the six-minute walk test (6Mwt). There were significant differences in the prevalence of nonresponders (NRs) only for WC comparing HIIT+RT 2 (18.1%) vs. RT+HIIT group 5 (50.0%), p<0.0001, but not for SBP 4 (27.2%) vs. 4 (40.0%), DBP 8 (72.7%) vs. 7 (70.0%), FPG 8 (72.7%) vs. 9 (90.0%), HDL-c 7 (63.6%) vs. 8 (80.0%), and Tg 7 (63.6%) vs. 8 (80.0%), all p>0.05. Additionally, the RT+HIIT group showed significant reductions in WC (∆ –3.84cm, p=0.015), SBP (∆ –8.46mmHg, p=0.040), whereas the HIIT+RT group elicited significant reductions only in SBP (∆ –8.43mmHg, p=0.022). The HIIT+RT promoted a lower prevalence of NRs than the RT+HIIT configuration on WC, and overall, there were slightly more beneficial training-induced effects on markers of MetS in the RT+HIIT group compared to the HIIT+RT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - Claudia Andrea Vargas
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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12
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Rios INMS, Lamarca F, Vieira FT, de Melo HAB, Magalhães KG, de Carvalho KMB, Pizato N. The Positive Impact of Resistance Training on Muscle Mass and Serum Leptin Levels in Patients 2-7 Years Post-Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Controlled Clinical Trial. Obes Surg 2021; 31:3758-3767. [PMID: 34041699 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training program (RTP) assist the maintenance of optimal body composition and inflammatory response modulation in individuals in late Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). This study aimed to investigate the effect of RTP on body composition and serum inflammatory profile in individuals 2-7 years post-RYGB. METHODS Volunteers were matched on body mass index (BMI), age, sex, and years after surgery, and they were allocated as control or RTP group. Body composition, visceral fat area (VFA), and inflammatory serum markers were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of RTP. RESULTS The sample baseline characteristics (n = 63; BMI = 29.7 ± 5.3 kg/m2) were similar between the groups. After intervention, the RTP group presented higher fat-free mass (Δ 1.17 ± 1.12 kg, p = 0.003) and skeletal muscle mass (Δ 0.77 ± 0.66 kg, p = 0.002) and decreased leptin levels (Δ -0.15 ± 0.60 pg/mL, p = 0.028). Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRPus), interleukin-6, adiponectin, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 showed no significant time-by-group interaction. After the categorization of RTP group individuals by VFA median values (129.8 cm2, IQR 90.9; 152.5), participants with VFA values above the median presented a significant decrease in CRPus (Δ -0.20 mg/L, IQR -7.59; -0.03, p = 0.022) when compared to the participants with VFA values below the median. CONCLUSION The RTP improved individuals' body composition by a modest but significant enhancing muscle mass and decreasing serum leptin and CRPus levels, especially in individuals with VFA values above the median. RTPs assist in maintaining the adequate body composition as they contribute to a decrease in proinflammatory markers in long-term RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Lamarca
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Pizato
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Zip Code 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
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13
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Berg OK, Kwon OS, Hureau TJ, Clifton HL, Thurston TS, Le Fur Y, Jeong EK, Trinity JD, Richardson RS, Wang E, Layec G. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations to Maximal Strength Training in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:2269-2277. [PMID: 32253421 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal strength training (MST) results in robust improvements in skeletal muscle force production, efficiency, and mass. However, the effects of MST on muscle mitochondria are still unknown. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine, from the molecular level to whole-muscle, mitochondrial adaptations induced by 8 weeks of knee-extension MST in the quadriceps of 10 older adults using immunoblotting, spectrophotometry, high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized muscle fibers, in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS), and gas exchange. As anticipated, MST resulted in an increased isometric knee-extensor force from 133 ± 36 to 147 ± 49 Nm (p < .05) and quadriceps muscle volume from 1,410 ± 103 to 1,555 ± 455 cm3 (p < .05). Mitochondrial complex (I-V) protein abundance and citrate synthase activity were not significantly altered by MST. Assessed ex vivo, maximal ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3CI+CII, PRE: 23 ± 6 and POST: 14 ± 5 ρM·mg-1·s-1, p < .05), was decreased by MST, predominantly, as a result of a decline in complex I-linked respiration (p < .05). Additionally, state 3 free-fatty acid linked respiration was decreased following MST (PRE: 19 ± 5 and POST: 14 ± 3 ρM·mg-1·s-1, p < .05). Assessed in vivo, MST slowed the PCr recovery time constant (PRE: 49 ± 13 and POST: 57 ± 16 seconds, p < .05) and lowered, by ~20% (p = .055), the quadriceps peak rate of oxidative ATP synthesis, but did not significantly alter the oxidation of lipid. Although these, likely qualitative, mitochondrial adaptations are potentially negative in terms of skeletal muscle energetic capacity, they need to be considered in light of the many improvements in muscle function that MST affords older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Kristian Berg
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Norway
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Thomas J Hureau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Heather L Clifton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Taylor S Thurston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Yann Le Fur
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS 7339, France
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Department of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gwenael Layec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.,Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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14
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Saeidi A, Haghighi MM, Kolahdouzi S, Daraei A, Abderrahmane AB, Essop MF, Laher I, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. The effects of physical activity on adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity across the lifespan: A narrative review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13090. [PMID: 32662238 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of physical activity (PA) on adipokine levels in individuals with overweight and obesity. Approximately 90 investigations including randomized control, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that reported on the effects of a single session of PA (acute) or long-term PA (chronic) on adipokine levels in individuals with overweight/obesity were reviewed. The findings support the notion that there is consensus on the benefits of chronic exercise training-regardless of the mode (resistance vs. aerobic), intensity and cohort (healthy vs. diabetes)-on adipokine levels (such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, adiponectin, visfatin, omentin-1 and leptin). However, several confounding factors (frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise) can alter the magnitude of the effects of an acute exercise session. Available evidence suggests that PA, as a part of routine lifestyle behaviour, improves obesity complications by modulating adipokine levels. However, additional research is needed to help identify the most effective interventions to elicit the most beneficial changes in adipokine levels in individuals with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mosalman Haghighi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Cardiology Centre, The University of Sydney, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarkawt Kolahdouzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Ali Daraei
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - M Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Rennes, France
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15
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Ara I, Auerbach P, Larsen S, Mata E, Stallknecht B, Ploug T, Prats C, Helge JW. Low-Grade Inflammation Is Not Present in Former Obese Males but Adipose Tissue Macrophage Infiltration Persists. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050123. [PMID: 32423179 PMCID: PMC7277299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration in two subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and systemic low-grade inflammation were studied in post-obese (PO), obese (O), and control (C) subjects. Young males were recruited into PO: (n = 10, weight-loss avg. 26%, BMI: 26.6 ± 0.7, mean ±SEM kg/m2), O: (n = 10, BMI: 33.8 ± 1.0kg/m2) and C: (n = 10, BMI: 26.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2). PO and C were matched by BMI. Blood and abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained in the overnight fasted state. Plasma concentrations of IL-6 and CRP were higher (p < 0.05) in O than in PO and C, TNF-α was higher (p < 0.05) only in O compared to PO and IL-18 was similar between groups. The number of CD68+ macrophages was higher (p < 0.05) in the gluteal than the abdominal depot, and higher (p < 0.05) in O and PO compared to C in both depots. The content of CD163+ macrophages was similar between depots but was higher (p < 0.05) in PO compared to C and O in the gluteal depot. In post obese men with a long-term sustained weight loss, systemic low-grade inflammation was similar to non-obese controls despite a higher subcutaneous adipose tissue CD68+ macrophage content. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory CD163+ macrophage adipose tissue content was consistently higher in post obese than obese and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ara
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development—GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.A.); (E.M.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Pernille Auerbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.A.); (B.S.); (T.P.)
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.L.); (C.P.)
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Esmeralda Mata
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development—GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.A.); (B.S.); (T.P.)
| | - Thorkil Ploug
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.A.); (B.S.); (T.P.)
| | - Clara Prats
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200N Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.L.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Delgado-Floody P, Álvarez C, Lusa Cadore E, Flores-Opazo M, Caamaño-Navarrete F, Izquierdo M. Preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity with resistance training: Reporting interindividual variability. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1368-1381. [PMID: 31383503 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Resistant training (RT) improves health markers in obesity, but its effects in morbid obesity are unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of a RT-program in preventing/attenuating the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with morbid obesity. A second aim was to report the interindividual variability in terms of improvements in MetS markers and other related co-variables. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-one adults with obesity or morbid obesity were divided into two groups based on body mass index (BMI): a control obesity (CO, n = 7, BMI ≥35 < 40.0 kg/m2) and a morbid obese group (MO, n = 14, BMI ≥40 kg/m2). Participants completed a 20-week RT-program (3 sessions/week, 4-8 exercise) using free weights. Participants were assessed for MetS markers (waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure [BP], fasting glucose, high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides) and other co-variables (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, one-maximum repetition of biceps curl, and handgrip strength, 6 min walking test). Significant reductions in MetS markers were observed in both CO and MO groups (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001), but significant reductions in diastolic BP and increases in HDL-C were noted only in the MO group (P < 0.0001). Changes in waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic BP were significantly greater only in the MO group (P < 0.001), but the CO group presented a greater fasting glucose decreases (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of non-responders between CO and MO groups was similar in the MetS outcomes. CONCLUSIONS RT promotes greater improvements in overall MetS outcomes waist circumference, BP, and plasma triglycerides in patients with morbid obesity than in obese peers, with no overall differences in the prevalence of non-responders. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT03921853 at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Laboratorio de Ciencias del Ejercicio y el Movimiento, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad FInis Terrae, Chile
| | | | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Grupo GICAEDS, Programa de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia; Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IDISNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Pérez-López A, Valadés D, de Cos Blanco AI, García-Honduvilla N, Vázquez Martínez C. Circulating adiponectin expression is elevated and associated with the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex in obese physically active humans. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1229-1237. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Mika A, Macaluso F, Barone R, Di Felice V, Sledzinski T. Effect of Exercise on Fatty Acid Metabolism and Adipokine Secretion in Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30745881 PMCID: PMC6360148 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased physical activity is an optimal way to maintain a good health. During exercise, triacylglycerols, an energy reservoir in adipose tissue, are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FAs) which are then released to the circulation, providing a fuel for working muscles. Thus, regular physical activity leads to a reduction of adipose tissue mass and improves metabolism. However, the reduction of lipid reservoir is also associated with many other interesting changes in adipose tissue FA metabolism. For example, a prolonged exercise contributes to a decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity and resultant reduction of FA uptake. This results in the improvement of mitochondrial function and upregulation of enzymes involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The exercise-induced changes in adipocyte metabolism are associated with modifications of FA composition. The modifications are adipose tissue depot-specific and follow different patterns in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Moreover, exercise affects adipokine release from adipose tissue, and thus, may mitigate inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity. Another consequence of exercise is the recently described phenomenon of adipose tissue “beiging,” i.e., a switch from energy-storing white adipocyte phenotype to thermogenic FA oxidizing beige adipocytes. This process is regulated by myokines released during the exercise. In this review, we summarize published evidence for the exercise-related changes in FA metabolism and adipokine release in adipose tissue, and their potential contribution to beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy.,SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies (SMARTEST) Research Center, eCampus University, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Wiecek M, Szymura J, Maciejczyk M, Kantorowicz M, Szygula Z. Acute Anaerobic Exercise Affects the Secretion of Asprosin, Irisin, and Other Cytokines - A Comparison Between Sexes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1782. [PMID: 30618797 PMCID: PMC6295572 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The new adipokine, which is asprosin, affects glucose release from the liver to the blood, and thus, influences exercise metabolism. This is the first study assessing whether single anaerobic exercise affects asprosin secretion in women and men. Methods: 10 men and 10 women (aged 21.64 ± 1.22 and 22.64 ± 1.49, respectively) performed a single 20-s bicycle sprint. Blood samples were collected before exercise and in the 3′, 15′, 30′, and 60′ of recovery, and 24 h after competition. Results: Only in women did asprosin (P = 0.001) (15′, 30′, 60′, and 24 h after exercise) and irisin (P < 0.001) (15′, 30′, and 60′) concentrations increase. Leptin, however, decreased (P = 0.001) at 3′, 15′, and 30′ in women. There was an increase in interleukin-6 (P < 0.001) at 3′, 15′, 30′, and 60′ of recovery in men, at 15′, 30′, 60′, and 24 h of recovery in women, along with a simultaneous decrease in interleukin-1β (P < 0.001) at 15′, 30′, and 60′ of recovery in men, and at 15′ and 30′ of recovery in women (r = -0.35, P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between asprosin and adiponectin and a negative one between asprosin and leptin. The increase in irisin concentration at 30′ of recovery was positively correlated with the increase in asprosin concentration and percentage fat content, while being negatively correlated with total and lean body mass (LBM). Conclusion: The single anaerobic effort induced an increase in asprosin and irisin secretion while reducing leptin secretion in women. Adipocytokine concentration changes are inter-related. Regardless of sex, anaerobic efforts induce anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wiecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kantorowicz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sacz, Nowy Sącz, Poland
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20
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Correa-Rodríguez M, Ramírez-Vélez R, Correa-Bautista JE, Castellanos-Vega RDP, Arias-Coronel F, González-Ruíz K, Alejandro Carrillo H, Schmidt-RioValle J, González-Jiménez E. Association of Muscular Fitness and Body Fatness with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The FUPRECOL Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111742. [PMID: 30424569 PMCID: PMC6266433 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the associations of muscular fitness and various indicators of body fatness with cardio-metabolic risk factors and determined the muscular strength and body fatness thresholds for detecting a high risk of cardio-metabolic dysfunction in young adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1798 collegiate students (61.5% females, mean age 20.5 years). Muscular fitness was determined by using a handgrip strength test and normalized grip strength (NGS = handgrip (kg)/body mass (kg)). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage of fat mass (BF%), fat-mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were also included as body fatness measurements. A high cardio-metabolic risk cluster was derived by assessing triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and blood pressure. Logistic regression models showed that men and women with lower NGS had an increased cardio-metabolic risk odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 2.9, p = 0.006, and OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5, p = 0.036, respectively). In both sexes, higher levels of all fatness parameters were also associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk (p < 0.001). In both men and women, high FMI had the highest OR for clustered risk (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 2.6 to 8.4, and OR = 7.3, 95% CI 3.4 to 9.7, p < 0.001, respectively). Combined analysis showed that unfitness (lower NGS) and high fat had the highest OR for WC and FMI in men and women, respectively (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 2.6 to 11.4, OR = 7.7, 95% CI 2.3 to 15.8, p < 0.01). Muscular strength and body fatness are independently and jointly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in young adults, which suggests that both are predictor variables for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Correa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | | | | | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Hugo Alejandro Carrillo
- Grupo GRINDER, programa de Educación Física y Deportes, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia.
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad (GIESS), Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia.
| | - Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Emilio González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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21
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Stinkens R, Brouwers B, Jocken JW, Blaak EE, Teunissen-Beekman KF, Hesselink MK, van Baak MA, Schrauwen P, Goossens GH. Exercise training-induced effects on the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype in humans with obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1585-1593. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent studies have indicated that physical exercise may improve adipose tissue function. We investigated the effects of a 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program on adipocyte morphology and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue function in metabolically well-phenotyped subjects with obesity. Men with obesity ( n = 21) participated in a 12-wk supervised, progressive, combined exercise training program consisting of aerobic exercise (30 min at 70% of maximal power output 2 times/wk) and resistance exercise (3 × 10 repetitions at 60% of 1 repeated maximum 1 time/wk), with adjustment of exercise intensity every 4 wk. At baseline and after intervention, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected to determine 1) adipocyte morphology, 2) gene expression of markers for lipolysis, inflammation, browning, adipokines, and mitochondrial biogenesis/function, 3) protein expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and 4) ex vivo basal and β2-adrenergic stimulated lipolysis. The exercise training program, which increased maximal aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001) and muscle strength ( P < 0.001), slightly reduced adipose tissue mass (~0.7 kg, P = 0.021) but did not affect abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size ( P = 0.744), adipose tissue gene expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis and function, browning, lipolysis, inflammation and adipokines, total OXPHOS protein content ( P = 0.789), or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis ( P = 0.555). A 12-wk supervised, progressive exercise training program did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue gene/protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function or β2-adrenergic sensitivity of lipolysis in male subjects with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies that investigated the effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function in well-phenotyped humans are scarce. We demonstrate that 12 wk of supervised exercise training improved physical fitness and peripheral insulin sensitivity but did not alter abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte morphology, adipose tissue gene and protein expression of markers related to adipose tissue function, or β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis in men with obesity. A prolonged and/or more intense training program may be required to improve human adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karianna F. Teunissen-Beekman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Carrillo HA, Correa-Bautista JE, Schmidt-RioValle J, González-Jiménez E, Correa-Rodríguez M, González-Ruíz K, García-Hermoso A. Fat-to-Muscle Ratio: A New Anthropometric Indicator as a Screening Tool for Metabolic Syndrome in Young Colombian People. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081027. [PMID: 30087234 PMCID: PMC6115891 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat-to-muscle ratio has been proposed as an alternative approach for assessing body fat. The objective of this study was to explore fat-to-muscle ratio thresholds in metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosis; it was hypothesised that the fat-to-muscle ratio is a good predictive indicator of MetS in a large population of young Colombian adults. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 1416 subjects (66.6% female), aged from 18.1 to 25.1. As part of the study, measurements of the subjects’ anthropometric indicators, serum lipid indices, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose were taken. Body composition was measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A new variable (ratio of fat mass to muscle mass, in kg) was calculated. Following the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition, MetS includes three or more metabolic abnormalities. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression determined the discriminatory ability of the fat-to-muscle ratio to predict MetS. According to the IDF, the best fat-to-muscle ratio cut-off point for detecting MetS in men was 0.225 kg, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83, sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 70%. For women, the fat-to-muscle ratio cut-off point was 0.495 kg, the AUC was 0.88, and the sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 80%, respectively. In conclusion, our results showed that the fat-to-muscle ratio cut-off points from ROC analyses demonstrate good discriminatory power for detecting MetS in young Colombian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Hugo Alejandro Carrillo
- Grupo GRINDER, Programa de Educación Física y Deportes, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia.
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad (GIESS), Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Emilio González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - María Correa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá, DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 7500618, Chile.
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23
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Abstract
Exercise training results in adaptations to both skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) and protects against metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Exercise-induced adaptations include an altered profile of secreted proteins, both myokines (from skeletal muscle) and adipokines (from adipose tissue). These secreted proteins may act in an endocrine manner to facilitate tissue-to-tissue communication and "cross talk," likely working together to improve overall metabolic health. Some studies suggest that contracting skeletal muscles release myokines that may function to alter the phenotype of WAT, including WAT "beiging," in which there is increased expression of beige marker genes and increased presence of multilocular cells within the WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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24
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Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle: focus on exercise training. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1487-1507. [PMID: 30037837 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) increases the classical arm (Ang-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R)) to the detriment of the protective arm (ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas receptor (MasR)). The components of the RAS are present locally in white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle, which act co-operatively, through specific mediators, in response to pathophysiological changes. In WAT, up-regulation of the classical arm promotes lipogenesis and reduces lipolysis and adipogenesis, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid storage, which are related to insulin resistance and increased inflammation. In skeletal muscle, the classical arm promotes protein degradation and increases the inflammatory status and oxidative stress, leading to muscle wasting. Conversely, the protective arm plays a counter-regulatory role by opposing the effect of Ang II. The accumulation of adipose tissue and muscle mass loss is associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality, which could be related, in part, to overactivation of the RAS. On the other hand, exercise training (ExT) shifts the balance of the RAS towards the protective arm, promoting the inhibition of the classical arm in parallel with the stimulation of the protective arm. Thus, fat mobilization and maintenance of muscle mass and function are facilitated. However, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced changes in the RAS remain unclear. In this review, we present the RAS as a key mechanism of WAT and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the interaction between the RAS and exercise and the possible underlying mechanisms of the health-related aspects of ExT.
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25
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Abstract
The beneficial effects of exercise on skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system have long been known. Recent studies have focused on investigating the effects of exercise on adipose tissue and the effects that these exercise-induced adaptations have on overall metabolic health. Examination of exercise-induced adaptations in both white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) has revealed marked differences in each tissue with exercise. In WAT, there are changes to both subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) and visceral WAT (vWAT), including decreased adipocyte size and lipid content, increased expression of metabolic genes, altered secretion of adipokines and increased mitochondrial activity. Adaptations specific to scWAT include lipidomic remodeling of phospholipids and, in rodents, the beiging of scWAT. The changes to BAT are less clear: studies evaluating the effect of exercise on the BAT of humans and rodents have revealed contradictory data, making this an important area of current investigation. In this Review, we discuss the exercise-induced changes to WAT and BAT that have been reported by different studies and highlight the current questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Lehnig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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26
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Beleza J, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise mitigates high-fat diet-induced adiposopathy and related endocrine alterations in an animal model of obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:235-246. [PMID: 29478123 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of adipokine secretion owing to adiposopathy can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders. Being that exercise is an advised strategy against obesity-induced adiposopathy, we aimed to analyze the role of physical exercise as a preventive and therapeutic strategy against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipokine and ghrelin alterations. Rats were pair-fed the Lieber De Carli standard diet (S, 35 Kcal% fat) or HFD (71 Kcal% fat) over 17 weeks. Animals were assigned into four groups as follows: standard diet sedentary (SS), standard diet voluntary physical activity (SVPA), high-fat diet sedentary (HS), and high-fat diet voluntary physical activity (HVPA). After 9 weeks of dietary treatment, half of the SS and HS animals were submitted to an 8-week endurance training program, standard diet endurance training (SET), and high-fat-diet endurance training (HET) groups, maintaining the respective diets. Although there were no changes in body weight, HFD increased visceral adiposity, percentage of large adipocytes, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and leptin contents in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and decreased plasma content of adiponectin (AdipQ). Both VPA and ET decreased visceral adiposity and percentage of large adipocytes in HFD-fed animals, but ET also increased the percentage of small- to medium-sized adipocytes. VPA increased plasma growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and decreased leptin protein in HVPA group. ET decreased plasma insulin and leptin levels and eWAT HIF-1α and leptin expression in HET group. Moreover, ET improved insulin sensitivity, plasma high molecular weight, and AdipQ and ghrelin levels and increased eWAT and GHS-R expression. Our data suggest that exercise, particularly ET, reverted adiposopathy and related endocrine alterations induced by an isocaloric HFD pair-fed diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
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27
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Rostás I, Pótó L, Mátrai P, Hegyi P, Tenk J, Garami A, Illés A, Solymár M, Pétervári E, Szűcs Á, Párniczky A, Pécsi D, Rumbus Z, Zsiborás C, Füredi N, Balaskó M. In middle-aged and old obese patients, training intervention reduces leptin level: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182801. [PMID: 28809927 PMCID: PMC5557366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is one of the major adipokines in obesity that indicates the severity of fat accumulation. It is also an important etiological factor of consequent cardiometabolic and autoimmune disorders. Aging has been demonstrated to aggravate obesity and to induce leptin resistance and hyperleptinemia. Hyperleptinemia, on the other hand, may promote the development of age-related abnormalities. While major weight loss has been demonstrated to ameliorate hyperleptinemia, obese people show a poor tendency to achieve lasting success in this field. The question arises whether training intervention per se is able to reduce the level of this adipokine. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the literature on the effects of training intervention on peripheral leptin level in obesity during aging, in order to evaluate the independent efficacy of this method. In the studies that were included in our analysis, changes of adiponectin levels (when present) were also evaluated. DATA SOURCES 3481 records were identified through searching of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library Database. Altogether 19 articles were suitable for analyses. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Empirical research papers were eligible provided that they reported data of middle-aged or older (above 45 years of age) overweight or obese (body mass index above 25) individuals and included physical training intervention or at least fitness status of groups together with corresponding blood leptin values. STATISTICAL METHODS We used random effect models in each of the meta-analyses calculating with the DerSimonian and Laird weighting methods. I-squared indicator and Q test were performed to assess heterogeneity. To assess publication bias Egger's test was applied. In case of significant publication bias, the Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill algorithm was used. RESULTS Training intervention leads to a decrease in leptin level of middle-aged or older, overweight or obese male and female groups, even without major weight loss, indicated by unchanged serum adiponectin levels. Resistance training appears to be more efficient in reducing blood leptin level than aerobic training alone. CONCLUSIONS Physical training, especially resistance training successfully reduces hyperleptinemia even without diet or major weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Pótó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Mátrai
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - University of Szeged, Momentum Gastroenterology Multidisciplinary Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Garami
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Illés
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Szűcs
- First Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dániel Pécsi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rumbus
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Zsiborás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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28
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Yang P, Swardfager W, Fernandes D, Laredo S, Tomlinson G, Oh PI, Thomas S. Finding the Optimal volume and intensity of Resistance Training Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes: The FORTE Study, a Randomized Trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 130:98-107. [PMID: 28601003 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare different volumes and intensities of resistance training (RT) combined with aerobic training (AT) for improvements in glycemic control and cardiovascular health for persons with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS Participants with T2DM were stratified by HbA1c and randomized: "usual care" (RT1), which consisted of moderate intensity (50% 1-repetition maximum [1-RM]), low volumeRT (initiated half-way through program); higher intensity (75% 1-RM) and higher volume (initiated at program onset) RT (RT2); or moderate intensity but higher volume RT (RT3). RT sets and repetitions were adjusted to maintain similar work and volume between RT2 and RT3. Walking or cycling (60-80% aerobic capacity)was prescribed 5 times/week, and RT was prescribed 2 times/week. An ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline and gender, assessed changes post-6months in glycemic control (HbA1c- primary outcome), aerobic capacity and anthropometrics. RESULTS Sixty-two participants (52.3±1.2years, 48% female) were randomized (RT1, n=20; RT2, n=20; RT3, n=22). Only post-training fasting glucose, without significant HbA1c change, was different between groups (RT1-RT3=-1.7mmol/L, p=0.046). Pre-post differences were found in pooled HbA1c (7.4±0.2%[57±2.2mmol/mol] vs. 6.7±0.2%[50±2.2mmol/mol], p<0.001), aerobic capacity (21.5±0.8vs. 25.2±0.8ml/kg/min, p<0.001), body mass (84.0±2.7vs. 83.0±2.7kg, p=0.022[DXA]), body mass index (30.8±0.9vs. 30.3±0.8kg/m2, p=0.02) and body fat (32.3±1.1vs. 31.3±1.2%, p<0.001). The trial was discontinued early; no HbA1c advantage was found with either RT2 or RT3 over RT1. CONCLUSIONS Combined AT+RT exercise improved glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and body composition after 6months for participants with T2DM, but differential effects between the prescribed intensities and volumes of RT were not found to effect HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Yang
- University Health Network - Toronto Rehab, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R7, Canada.
| | - Walter Swardfager
- University Health Network - Toronto Rehab, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R7, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, 701 Tappan Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sheila Laredo
- Women's College Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, 76 Grenville, M5S 1B2 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - George Tomlinson
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; University Health Network - Toronto General Hospital, Department of Medicine, 200 Elizabeth Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Paul I Oh
- University Health Network - Toronto Rehab, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R7, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 DevonshirePlace, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C9, Canada.
| | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 DevonshirePlace, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C9, Canada.
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29
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Min L, Zhao S, Tian H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Li S, Yang H, Zheng N, Wang J. Metabolic responses and "omics" technologies for elucidating the effects of heat stress in dairy cows. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1149-1158. [PMID: 27904969 PMCID: PMC5486771 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) negatively affects various industries that rely on animal husbandry, particularly the dairy industry. A better understanding of metabolic responses in HS dairy cows is necessary to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of HS and offer a new perspective for future research. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of responses of body metabolism (lipid, carbohydrate, and protein), endocrine profiles, and bovine mammary epithelial cells during HS. Furthermore, we summarize the metabolomics and proteomics data that have revealed the metabolite profiles and differentially expressed proteins that are a feature of HS in dairy cows. Analysis of metabolic changes and "omics" data demonstrated that HS is characterized by reduced lipolysis, increased glycolysis, and catabolism of amino acids in dairy cows. Here, analysis of the impairment of immune function during HS and of the inflammation that arises after long-term HS might suggest new strategies to ameliorate the effects of HS in dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Min
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Songli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Keating SE, Hackett DA, Parker HM, Way KL, O'Connor HT, Sainsbury A, Baker MK, Chuter VH, Caterson ID, George J, Johnson NA. Effect of resistance training on liver fat and visceral adiposity in adults with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:622-631. [PMID: 27480242 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Regular aerobic exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat, however, not all individuals are able to adopt and adhere to such programs. Progressive resistance training (PRT) may be an alternative therapy, but there is limited available evidence. We examined the efficacy of PRT as per current exercise guidelines, compared with sham exercise placebo on liver fat and VAT. METHODS Twenty-nine inactive and overweight/obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 ) adults (age 29-59) were randomized to receive 8 weeks of PRT (n = 15, 10 exercises per session, 8-12 repetitions, 2-3 sets per exercise at 80-85% of one-repetition maximum, 3 days per week) or a sham exercise placebo control (CON) (n = 14). Change in liver fat, VAT, and abdominal s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging). RESULTS There were no significant group by time interactions for change in liver fat in PRT versus CON groups (-0.07 ± 0.31% vs. 0.55 ± 0.77%, respectively, P = 0.19), VAT (-175 ± 85 cm3 vs. 10 ± 64 cm3 , respectively, P = 0.11), or abdominal SAT (-436 ± 245 cm3 vs. 127.29 ± 182 cm3 , respectively, P = 0.10) despite a significant increase in muscle volume (55 ± 78 cm3 vs. -0.04 ± 8 cm3 , respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Traditional PRT is not effective for reducing liver fat in overweight/obese adults compared with placebo control. Although PRT has known metabolic benefits, an adequate volume of aerobic exercise should be promoted if liver fat is the therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Keating
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen M Parker
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Way
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen T O'Connor
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael K Baker
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivienne H Chuter
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian D Caterson
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Fructose Consumption in the Development of Obesity and the Effects of Different Protocols of Physical Exercise on the Hepatic Metabolism. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040405. [PMID: 28425939 PMCID: PMC5409744 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been growing exponentially and, concomitant with this, the increase in the incidence of obesity and associated complications has followed the same behavior. Studies indicate that fructose may be a carbohydrate with greater obesogenic potential than other sugars. In this context, the liver seems to be a key organ for understanding the deleterious health effects promoted by fructose consumption. Fructose promotes complications in glucose metabolism, accumulation of triacylglycerol in the hepatocytes, and alterations in the lipid profile, which, associated with an inflammatory response and alterations in the redox state, will imply a systemic picture of insulin resistance. However, physical exercise has been indicated for the treatment of several chronic diseases. In this review, we show how each exercise protocol (aerobic, strength, or a combination of both) promote improvements in the obesogenic state created by fructose consumption as an improvement in the serum and liver lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increase and decrease triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels) and a reduction of markers of inflammation caused by an excess of fructose. Therefore, it is concluded that the practice of aerobic physical exercise, strength training, or a combination of both is essential for attenuating the complications developed by the consumption of fructose.
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Aly FA, Alghadir AH, Gabr SA. Adiponectin response to supervised aerobic training in type II diabetic patients. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0805.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Cross-sectional studies have linked decreased adiponectin levels with several metabolic traits, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Previous studies conducted to investigate the effects of acute or chronic exercise on the serum adiponectin have produced conflicting and controversial results.
Objective: To investigate the effect of supervised aerobic training of moderate intensity on the total serum levels of adiponectin and its relationship to insulin resistance and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM2).
Methods: Thirty-five patient participants diagnosed as having DM2 mellitus for more than 5 years with normal or near normal body weight took part in this study. The diagnosis of DM was based on the American Diabetes Association criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum levels of blood glucose, insulin, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin, and insulin resistance were determined before and after a 12-week program of supervised moderate intensity aerobic training.
Results: Twelve weeks of supervised moderate intensity aerobic training produced a significant reduction of fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance in male subjects with DM2. By contrast, a significant increase in the total serum adiponectin and high molecular weight adiponectin has been reported. There was no significant correlation between the reduction of the body mass index, insulin resistance, and the increase of the total serum adiponectin or high molecular weight adiponectin.
Conclusion: Prolonged exercise training of at least moderate intensity improves levels of adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag A. Aly
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Egypt
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmad H. Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A. Gabr
- Correspondence: Rehabilitation Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia Egypt
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
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Clark JE. The impact of duration on effectiveness of exercise, the implication for periodization of training and goal setting for individuals who are overfat, a meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2017; 33:309-333. [PMID: 28090136 PMCID: PMC5143767 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1212974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the assumption that all methods of exercise, e.g., endurance (ET), resistance (RT), or combination of both (E+R), can induce a beneficial effect size (ES) for changes in body composition and health status of individuals who are overfat. Thus the aim and purpose of this study is to evaluate the current body of knowledge to address the question as to the impact that the duration of exercise has on its relative effectiveness for inducing health and body compositional changes in individuals who are overfat to assist with developing periodized exercise protocols and establishing short and long term goals. A tiered meta-analysis of 92-studies and 200-exercise groupings were used for establishing pooled ES within and between groupings based on the increments of 4-week of duration and study designs of ≤8, 9-16, 17-23, 24-36, and ≥36 weeks. Analysis based on random-effect of response indicates a continuum of effectiveness within and between ET, RT and E+R based on duration. Where beneficial effectiveness is not indicated for any measures until after 8-weeks of continuous training with progressive effectiveness being noted in changes to cardiorespiratory fitness, inflammatory cytokines, and alteration of metabolic status from 12-weeks through 32-weeks of continuous training. Results indicate a greater ES for RT and E+R versus ET early in intervention that equalizes with longer durations. Supporting the use of RT and E+R within a periodized program. And secondarily, goals should be established first on performance gains and second body composition or health status modifications for the individual who is overfat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Clark
- Division of Mathematics, Science, and Health Careers; Department of Science, Manchester Community College, Manchester, CT, USA
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Abd El-Kader SM, Saiem Al-Dahr MH. Impact of weight loss on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Afr Health Sci 2016; 16:725-733. [PMID: 27917205 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with abnormal markers of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Although, these abnormalities could be modulated with weight reduction; there is limitation in clinical studies that have addressed the beneficial effects of weight reduction in modulating biomarkers of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress for obesity associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to detect the effects of weight loss on the inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers in obese type 2 diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, their age ranged from 35-57 years and their body mass index ranged from 31-35 kg/m2 were equally assigned into 2 groups: the weight reduction group received aerobic exercises, diet regimen, where as the control group received medical treatment only for 12 weeks. RESULTS The mean values of body mass index (BMI), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (sCRP), conjugated dienes (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased, while the mean values of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly increased in patients of group (A), while changes were not significant in group (B). Also, there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in group (A) and group (B) at the end of the study. CONCLUSION Weight loss ameliorates inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in obese type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab M Abd El-Kader
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Mohammed H Saiem Al-Dahr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University
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Wang X, You T, Murphy K, Lyles MF, Nicklas BJ. Addition of Exercise Increases Plasma Adiponectin and Release from Adipose Tissue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2450-5. [PMID: 25811948 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived anti-inflammatory protein that is down-regulated in obesity. The effects of caloric restriction and exercise-induced weight loss on adiponectin are not clear. PURPOSE To determine whether addition of aerobic exercise training to caloric restriction has additive effects over caloric restriction alone on circulating adiponectin concentrations and adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. METHODS Overweight or obese (body mass index, 25-40 kg·m(-2); waist >88 cm) postmenopausal women were randomized to 20-wk caloric restriction with and without aerobic exercise (CR + EX, n = 48; and CR, n = 22). Blood samples were collected for measuring plasma adiponectin concentration, and abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were performed in a subgroup to determine in vitro adiponectin release, before and after the interventions. RESULTS The interventions elicited similar amounts of weight loss (CR + EX, -11.3 ± 4.6 kg; CR,-11.2 ± 3.4 kg) and fat loss (CR + EX, -8.0 ± 3.5 kg; CR, -7.4 ± 2.7 kg). The two groups had differential changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations (for interaction, P = 0.014); CR + EX increased (6.9 ± 3.9 to 8.5 ± 4.9 μg·mL(-1); P = 0.0001), whereas CR did not alter (6.4 ± 4.4 to 6.5 ± 4.5 μg·mL(-1); P = 0.42) plasma adiponectin. Likewise, adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue increased with CR + EX (P = 0.0076 and P = 0.089, respectively) but did not change with CR (P = 0.13 and P = 0.95, respectively). CONCLUSION Despite similar reductions in body weight and fat mass, the addition of aerobic exercise to caloric restriction increased plasma adiponectin concentrations, which may be partly explained by increased adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- 1Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; 2Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA; 3Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Alghadir AH, Gabr SA, Al-Eisa E. Cellular fibronectin response to supervised moderate aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:1092-9. [PMID: 27190433 PMCID: PMC4868193 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Physical activity is one of the most pivotal targets for the prevention and
management of vascular complications, especially endothelial dysfunctions. Cellular
fibronectin is an endothelium-derived protein involved in subendothelial matrix assembly.
Its plasma levels reflect matrix alterations and vessel wall destruction in patients with
type II diabetes. This study investigated the influence of 12 weeks of supervised aerobic
training on cellular fibronectin and its relationship with insulin resistance and body
weight in type II diabetic subjects. [Subjects and Methods] This study included 50 men
with type II diabetes who had a mean age of 48.8 ± 14.6 years and were randomly divided
into two groups: an aerobic exercise group (12 weeks, three 50 minutes sessions per week)
and control group. To examine changes in cellular fibronectin, glycosylated hemoglobin,
insulin resistance, fasting insulin, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile, 5 ml of blood
was taken from the brachial vein of patients before and 48 hours after completion of the
exercise period and after 12 hours of fasting at rest. Data analysis was performed using
the SPSS-16 software with the independent and paired t-tests. [Results] A significant
decrease was observed in body mass index and body fat percentage in the experimental
group. Compared with the control group, the aerobic exercise group showed a significant
decrease in cellular fibronectin, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance, fasting
insulin, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise. The
change in cellular fibronectin showed positive significant correlation with body mass
index, diabetic biomarkers, and physical activity level. [Conclusion] The results showed
that supervised aerobic exercise as a stimulus can change the levels of cellular
fibronectin as matrix metalloproteinase protein a long with improvement of insulin
sensitivity and glycosylated hemoglobin in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases in men
with diabetes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, KSA
| | - Sami A Gabr
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, KSA; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Einas Al-Eisa
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, KSA
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37
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Gaida JE, Alfredson H, Forsgren S, Cook JL. A pilot study on biomarkers for tendinopathy: lower levels of serum TNF-α and other cytokines in females but not males with Achilles tendinopathy. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2016; 8:5. [PMID: 26925234 PMCID: PMC4768326 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-016-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Achilles tendinopathy is a painful musculoskeletal condition that is common among athletes, and which limits training capacity and competitive performance. The lack of biomarkers for tendinopathy limits research into risk factors and also the evaluation of new treatments. Cytokines and growth factors involved in regulating the response of tendon cells to mechanical load have potential as biomarkers for tendinopathy. Methods This case–control study compared serum concentration of cytokines and growth factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, bFGF, PDFG-BB, IFN-γ, VEGF) between individuals with chronic Achilles tendinopathy and controls. These were measured in fasting serum from 22 individuals with chronic Achilles tendinopathy and 10 healthy controls. Results were analysed in relation to gender and physical activity pattern. Results TNF-α concentration was lower in the entire tendinopathy group compared with the entire control group; none of the other cytokines were significantly different. TNF-α levels were nevertheless highly correlated with the other cytokines measured, in most of the subgroups. Analysed by gender, TNF-α and PDGF-BB concentrations were lower in the female tendinopathy group but not the male tendinopathy group. A trend was seen for lower IL-1β in the female tendinopathy group. Physical activity was correlated with TNF-α, PDGF-BB and IL-1β to varying extents for control subgroups, but not for the female tendinopathy group. No correlations were seen with BMI or duration of symptoms. Conclusions This pilot study indicates a lower level of TNF-α and PDGF-BB, and to some extent IL-1β among females, but not males, in the chronic phase of Achilles tendinopathy. It is suggested that future studies on tendinopathy biomarkers analyse male and female data separately. The lack of correlation between cytokine level and physical activity in the female tendinopathy group warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gaida
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia ; Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Canberra, ACT 2601 Canberra, Australia ; Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Alfredson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden ; Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College Hospital London, London, UK
| | - Sture Forsgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy Section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe University Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Moradi F. Changes of Serum Adiponectin and Testosterone Concentrations Following Twelve Weeks Resistance Training in Obese Young Men. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e23808. [PMID: 26715965 PMCID: PMC4691303 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating levels of adiponectin and testosterone decrease in obese men and this increases risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to survey changes of serum adiponectin and testosterone concentrations following twelve weeks resistance training in obese young men. Patients and Methods: In a semi-experimental study, twenty one obese young men were randomly placed in two groups: resistance training (26.5 ± 2.8 years) and control (27.4 ± 2.9 years). General characteristics of subjects and serum levels of adiponectin and testosterone were assessed before and after training. Resistance training protocol consisted of twelve weeks weight training (3 sessions per week, 10 exercises, 3 sets of 8 - 12 repetitions in each exercise, intensity 60% - 80% of one repetition maximum, rest between sets 1 minute and between exercises 2 minutes, duration of main training 20 - 40 minutes per each session). Results: Resistance training had no significant effect on body weight and body mass index (P > 0.05), whereas it decreased body fat percent (P = 0.017). Also, serum adiponectin (8.1 ± 1.8 vs. 10.5 ± 2.3 μg/mL) and testosterone concentrations (6.9 ± 2.4 vs. 8.2 ± 1.7 ng/mL) were increased after resistance training (P = 0.033, P = 0.018 respectively), while there were no significant changes in serum levels of these hormones in control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Twelve weeks of resistance training increased serum concentrations of adiponectin and testosterone in obese young men. With respect to inverse associations between changes of adiponectin and testosterone with BFP and insulin level variations after resistance training, it is recommended that obese young men do resistance training to benefit useful decreasing/preventive effects of this type of training against the risks of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatah Moradi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Saghez Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saghez, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fatah Moradi, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Saghez Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saghez, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9144823733, Fax: +98-4826335782, E-mail:
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Nikseresht M, Agha-Alinejad H, Azarbayjani MA, Ebrahim K. Effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on cytokines and insulin resistance in sedentary men who are obese. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2560-8. [PMID: 24662224 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise training has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation, but there is limited research directly comparing different types of training. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of nonlinear resistance training (NRT) and aerobic interval training (AIT) on serum interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-20, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), and aerobic capacity in middle-aged men who are obese. Sedentary volunteers were assigned to NRT (n = 12), AIT (n = 12), and (CON, n = 10) control groups. The experimental groups performed 3 weekly sessions for 12 weeks, whereas the CON grouped maintained a sedentary lifestyle. Nonlinear resistance training consisted of 40-65 minutes of weight training at different intensities with flexible periodization. Aerobic interval training consisted of running on a treadmill (4 sets of 4 minutes at 80-90% of maximal heart rate, with 3-minute recovery intervals). Serum IL-10, IL-20, and TNF-α levels did not change significantly in response to training (all p > 0.05), but IL-10:TNF-α ratio increased significantly with AIT compared with CON (2.95 ± 0.84 vs. 2.52 ± 0.65; p = 0.02). After the training period, maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly in AIT and NRT compared with CON (both p < 0.001; 46.7 ± 5.9, 45.1 ± 3.2, and 41.1 ± 4.7 ml·kg·min, respectively) and in AIT than in NRT (p = 0.001). The 2 exercise programs were equally effective at reducing insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance) (both p ≤ 0.05; AIT: 0.84 ± 0.34, NRT: 0.84 ± 0.27, and CON: 1.62 ± 0.56) and fasting insulin levels (both p ≤ 0.05; AIT: 3.61 ± 1.48, NRT: 3.66 ± 0.92, and CON: 6.20 ± 2.64 μU·ml), but the AIT seems to have better anti-inflammatory effects (as indicated by the IL-10:TNF-α ratio) compared with NRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Nikseresht
- 1Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Physical Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; and 3Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Di Marco F, Santus P, Sotgiu G, Blasi F, Centanni S. Does Improving Exercise Capacity and Daily Activity Represent the Holistic Perspective of a New COPD Approach? COPD 2015; 12:575-81. [PMID: 26457460 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2015.1008694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In COPD patients a reduced daily activity has been well documented, resulting from both respiratory and non-respiratory manifestations of the disease. An evaluation by multisensory armband has confirmed that daily physical activity is mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation, regardless of COPD severity. This aspect is crucial, since exercise capacity is closely correlated to life expectancy. Notwithstanding the causal key role of lung impairment in the patient's symptoms, some authors have suggested that other factors, such as systemic inflammation and co-morbidities, have an important role, particularly as mortality risk factors. Many studies suggest the efficacy of bronchodilators and rehabilitation in improving exercise capacity, and, speaking in terms of daily life, in increasing the number of days in which patients are able to perform their usual activities. On this evidence, the first aim in the management of COPD should be to improve exercise capacity and daily activity since these outcomes have direct effects on patients' quality of life, co-morbidities (heart and metabolic diseases), and prognosis. Thus, improving physical activity represents a modern approach aimed at dealing with both pulmonary and systemic manifestations of the disease. It is however worth of notice to remember that in patients affected by COPD the relationship between the improvement of "potential" exercise capacity and daily physical activity has been found to be only moderate to weak. Obtaining a significant behavior modification with regard to daily physical activity, together with the optimization of therapy thus represents currently the true challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Di Marco
- a Respiratory Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Dept of Scienze della Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Pierachille Santus
- b Respiratory Unit Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri-Istituto Scientifico di Milano - IRCCS , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- c Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Dept of Biomedical Sciences , University of Sassari - Research, Medical Education and Professional Development Unit , AOU Sassari , Italy
| | - Francesco Blasi
- d Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Centanni
- a Respiratory Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Dept of Scienze della Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Goodyear LJ. Exercise Effects on White Adipose Tissue: Beiging and Metabolic Adaptations. Diabetes 2015; 64:2361-8. [PMID: 26050668 PMCID: PMC4477356 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity and exercise training have long been known to cause adaptations to white adipose tissue (WAT), including decreases in cell size and lipid content and increases in mitochondrial proteins. In this article, we discuss recent studies that have investigated the effects of exercise training on mitochondrial function, the "beiging" of WAT, regulation of adipokines, metabolic effects of trained adipose tissue on systemic metabolism, and depot-specific responses to exercise training. The major WAT depots in the body are found in the visceral cavity (vWAT) and subcutaneously (scWAT). In rodent models, exercise training increases mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in both these adipose tissue depots. Exercise training also increases expression of the brown adipocyte marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in both adipose tissue depots, although these effects are much more pronounced in scWAT. Consistent with the increase in UCP1, exercise training increases the presence of brown-like adipocytes in scWAT, also known as browning or beiging. Training results in changes in the gene expression of thousands of scWAT genes and an altered adipokine profile in both scWAT and vWAT. Transplantation of trained scWAT in sedentary recipient mice results in striking improvements in skeletal muscle glucose uptake and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Human and rodent exercise studies have indicated that exercise training can alter circulating adipokine concentration as well as adipokine expression in adipose tissue. Thus, the profound changes to WAT in response to exercise training may be part of the mechanism by which exercise improves whole-body metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Roberts CK, Lee MM, Katiraie M, Krell SL, Angadi SS, Chronley MK, Oh CS, Ribas V, Harris RA, Hevener AL, Croymans DM. Strength fitness and body weight status on markers of cardiometabolic health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1211-8. [PMID: 25251047 PMCID: PMC5866050 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence suggests that resistance training (RT) may reduce metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk. We investigated whether overweight/class I obese individuals by BMI classification with high strength fitness exhibit cardiovascular/metabolic phenotypes similar to those overweight/obese and untrained or those normal-weight with high strength fitness. METHODS A total of 90 young males were categorized into three groups: overweight untrained (OU, n = 30, BMI > 27 kg·m⁻²), overweight trained (OT, n = 30, BMI > 27 kg·m⁻², RT ≥ 4 d·wk⁻¹), and normal-weight trained (NT, n = 30, BMI < 25 kg·m⁻², RT ≥ 4 d·wk⁻¹). Participants were assessed for strength, body composition, central/peripheral blood pressures, arterial stiffness, and markers of cardiovascular and metabolic health. RESULTS Body weight was similar in OT and OU and greater than NT (P < 0.00001), and fat mass was different in all groups (P < 0.001). Compared to OU, NT and OT groups exhibited higher relative strength (NT = 46.7%, OT = 44.4%, P < 0.00001), subendocardial viability ratio (NT = 21.0%, P < 0.001; OT = 17.0%, P < 0.01), and lower brachial/central blood pressures (NT P < 0.001; OT P ≤ 0.05); augmentation index and pulse-wave velocity were lower only in OT (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (NT P < 0.01, OT P < 0.05), triglycerides (NT = -50.4%, OT = -41.8%, P < 0.001), oxidized LDL (NT = -39.8%, OT = -31.8%, P < 0.001), and CRP (NT = -63.7%, OT = -67.4%, P < 0.01) levels were lower and high-density lipoprotein (NT = 26.9%, OT = 21.4%, P < 0.001) levels were higher in NT and OT compared to OU. NT and OT also exhibited lower amylin (NT = -55.8%, OT = -40.8%) and leptin (NT = -84.6%, OT = -59.4%) and higher adiponectin (NT = 87.5%, P < 0.001; OT = 78.1%, P < 0.01) and sex hormone-binding globulin (NT = 124.4%, OT = 92.3%, P < 0.001). Despite greater total and trunk fat in OT compared with NT, other than glucose and insulin, which were lower in NT than in both OT and OU (OT P < 0.01, OU P < 0.001), OT did not exhibit any impaired biomarker/phenotype compared to NT. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that overweight/class I obese individuals with high strength fitness exhibit metabolic/cardiovascular risk profiles similar to normal-weight, fit individuals rather than overweight/class I obese unfit individuals. Strength training may be important to metabolic and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K. Roberts
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary M. Lee
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Katiraie
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shannon L. Krell
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Siddhartha S. Angadi
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael K. Chronley
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher S. Oh
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vicent Ribas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ryan A. Harris
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Andrea L. Hevener
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel M. Croymans
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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Salonen MK, Wasenius N, Kajantie E, Lano A, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Räikkönen K, Eriksson JG. Physical activity, body composition and metabolic syndrome in young adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126737. [PMID: 25992848 PMCID: PMC4439134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low physical activity (PA) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in all age groups. We measured intensity and volume of PA and examined the associations between PA and the metabolic syndrome (MS), its components and body composition among young Finnish adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study comprises 991 men and women born 1985-86, who participated in a clinical study during the years 2009-11 which included assessments of metabolism, body composition and PA. Objectively measured (SenseWear Armband) five-day PA data was available from 737 participants and was expressed in metabolic equivalents of task (MET). RESULTS The prevalence of MS ranged between 8-10%. Higher total mean volume (MET-hours) or intensity (MET) were negatively associated with the risk of MS and separate components of MS, while the time spent at sedentary level of PA was positively associated with MS. CONCLUSIONS MS was prevalent in approximately every tenth of the young adults at the age of 24 years. Higher total mean intensity and volume rates as well as longer duration spent at moderate and vigorous PA level had a beneficial impact on the risk of MS. Longer time spent at the sedentary level of PA increased the risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna K. Salonen
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Niko Wasenius
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aulikki Lano
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Tencerová M, Kračmerová J, Krauzová E, Mališová L, Kováčová Z, Wedellová Z, Šiklová M, Štich V, Rossmeislová L. Experimental hyperglycemia induces an increase of monocyte and T-lymphocyte content in adipose tissue of healthy obese women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122872. [PMID: 25894202 PMCID: PMC4403863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Hyperglycemia represents one of possible mediators for activation of immune system and may contribute to worsening of inflammatory state associated with obesity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of a short-term hyperglycemia (HG) on the phenotype and relative content of immune cells in circulation and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) in obese women without metabolic complications. Subjects/Methods Three hour HG clamp with infusion of octreotide and control investigations with infusion of octreotide or saline were performed in three groups of obese women (Group1: HG, Group 2: Octreotide, Group 3: Saline, n=10 per group). Before and at the end of the interventions, samples of SAAT and blood were obtained. The relative content of immune cells in blood and SAAT was determined by flow cytometry. Gene expression analysis of immunity-related markers in SAAT was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results In blood, no changes in analysed immune cell population were observed in response to HG. In SAAT, HG induced an increase in the content of CD206 negative monocytes/macrophages (p<0.05) and T lymphocytes (both T helper and T cytotoxic lymphocytes, p<0.01). Further, HG promoted an increase of mRNA levels of immune response markers (CCL2, TLR4, TNFα) and lymphocyte markers (CD3g, CD4, CD8a, TBX21, GATA3, FoxP3) in SAAT (p<0.05 and 0.01). Under both control infusions, none of these changes were observed. Conclusions Acute HG significantly increased the content of monocytes and lymphocytes in SAAT of healthy obese women. This result suggests that the short-term HG can modulate an immune status of AT in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tencerová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jana Kračmerová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Krauzová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mališová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kováčová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Wedellová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Second Internal Medicine Department, Vinohrady Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Šiklová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Štich
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Rossmeislová
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague 10, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-100 00 Czech Republic
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Diet, exercise or diet with exercise: comparing the effectiveness of treatment options for weight-loss and changes in fitness for adults (18-65 years old) who are overfat, or obese; systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015; 14:31. [PMID: 25973403 PMCID: PMC4429709 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-015-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There are number of means of methods to alter body composition, and metabolic issues, available for the adult who is overfat. The following is a systematic review and meta-analysis focused on comparing changes from treatment program for adults who are overfat based on analysis of aggregated effect size (ES) of inducing changes. So as to determine the relative effectiveness of such protocols and intervention plans of choice. This tiered meta-analysis of 66-population based studies, and 162-studywise groups, a clear pattern of ES being established across and within treatments. First, hypocaloric balance is necessary for changing body composition, but the effectiveness for establishing imbalance does not equate with the effectiveness for body compositional changes, or any biomarkers associated with metabolic issues. With analysis showing that there is a necessity to include exercise in combination with diet effectively elicit changes in body composition and biomarkers of metabolic issues. More importantly, the combination, resistance training (RT) was more effective than endurance training (ET) or combination of RT and ET, particularly when progressive training volume of 2-to-3 sets for 6-to-10 reps at an intensity of ≥75% 1RM, utilizing whole body and free-weight exercises, at altering body compositional measures (ES of 0.47, 0.30, and 0.40 for loss of BM, FM, and retention of FFM respectively) and reducing total cholesterol (ES = 0.85), triglycerides (ES = 0.86) and low-density lipoproteins (ES = 0.60). Additionally RT was more effective at reducing fasting insulin levels (ES = 3.5) than ET or ET and RT. Even though generally lower ES than RT, the inclusion of ET was more effective when performed at high intensity (e.g. ≥70% VO2max or HRmax for 30-minutes 3-4x's/wk), or in an interval training style than when utilizing the relatively common prescribed method of low-to-moderate (e.g., 50-70% VO2max or HRmax for at least equal time) steady state method, ES of 0.35, 0.39, and 0.13 for BM, FM, and FFM respectively. Thus indicating that focus of treatment should be on producing a large metabolic stress (as induced by RT or high levels of ET) rather than an energetic imbalance for adults who are overfat.
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Exercise and Regulation of Adipokine and Myokine Production. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:313-36. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yazigi Solis M, Artioli GG, Montag E, de Salles Painelli V, Saito FL, Lima FR, Roschel H, Gualano B, Lancha Junior AH, Benatti FB. The liposuction-induced effects on adiponectin and selected cytokines are not affected by exercise training in women. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:315382. [PMID: 24527033 PMCID: PMC3910076 DOI: 10.1155/2014/315382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the abrupt liposuction-induced decrease in adipose tissue could affect adipokine secretion pattern. We hypothesized that exercise training could positively impact adipokine metabolism following liposuction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of liposuction on inflammation-related adipokines in women who were either exercise-trained or remained sedentary after surgery. Thirty-six healthy normal-weight women underwent an abdominal liposuction and two months after surgery were randomly allocated into two groups: trained (TR, n = 18, four-month exercise program) and nontrained (NT, n = 18). Inflammation-related adipokine serum levels (TNF- α , IL-6, IL-10, and adiponectin) and abdominal and thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) mRNA levels were assessed before (PRE) and six months after surgery (POST6). TNF- α , IL-6, and IL-10 serum levels were unchanged in both groups. In contrast, TNF- α , IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA levels in scAT were increased, whereas adiponectin scAT mRNA and serum levels were decreased at POST6 (P < 0.05, main effect for time). No changes were observed in mRNA levels of MCP-1, CD14, and CD68 in any of the groups. In conclusion, liposuction downregulates adiponectin scAT gene expression and serum levels and upregulates scAT gene expression of inflammation-related genes six months after surgery in normal-weight women, irrespective of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yazigi Solis
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Professor Mello Moraes, 65, 05025-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Montag
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Professor Mello Moraes, 65, 05025-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lopes Saito
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues Lima
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Professor Mello Moraes, 65, 05025-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Professor Mello Moraes, 65, 05025-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha Junior
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Professor Mello Moraes, 65, 05025-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Braga Benatti
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Professor Mello Moraes, 65, 05025-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Fabiana Braga Benatti:
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1-58. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Croymans DM, Paparisto E, Lee MM, Brandt N, Le BK, Lohan D, Lee CC, Roberts CK. Resistance training improves indices of muscle insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in overweight/obese, sedentary young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1245-53. [PMID: 23970530 PMCID: PMC3841835 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00485.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of RT on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived indices of muscle insulin sensitivity, hepatic insulin resistance, β-cell function, and skeletal muscle proteins related to glucose transport in overweight/obese, sedentary young men. Twenty-eight participants [median body mass index (BMI) 30.9 kg/m(2); age 22 yr] completed 12 wk of RT (3 sessions/wk) and were assessed for changes in OGTT-derived indices, resting metabolic rate, body composition, serum adipokines, and skeletal muscle protein content [hexokinase 2 (HK2), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), RAC-β serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT2), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and insulin receptor substrate 1]. Individualized responses to RT were also evaluated. RT significantly improved insulin and glucose area under the curve (both P < 0.03). With the use of OGTT indices of insulin action, we noted improved muscle insulin sensitivity index (mISI; P = 0.03) and oral disposition index (P = 0.03). BMI, lean body mass (LBM), and relative strength also increased (all P < 0.03), as did skeletal muscle protein content of HK2, GLUT4, and AKT2 (26-33%; all P < 0.02). Hepatic insulin resistance index, adiponectin, leptin, and total amylin did not change. Further analysis demonstrated the presence of highly individualized responsiveness to RT for glucose tolerance and other outcomes. RT improved oral indices of muscle insulin sensitivity and β-cell function but not hepatic insulin resistance in overweight/obese young men. In addition to the increase in LBM, the improvements in insulin action may be due, in part, to increases in key insulin signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Croymans
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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KOPPO K, VALLE C, ŠIKLOVÁ-VÍTKOVÁ M, CZUDKOVÁ E, DE GLISEZINSKI I, VAN DE VOORDE J, LANGIN D, ŠTICH V. Expression of Lipolytic Genes in Adipose Tissue Is Differentially Regulated During Multiple Phases of Dietary Intervention in Obese Women. Physiol Res 2013; 62:527-35. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the time-course of the expression of key lipolysis-regulating genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) during different phases of a 6-month dietary intervention. Fifteen obese women (BMI 34.7±1.0 kg.m-2) underwent a 6-month dietary intervention consisting of 1 month very low calorie diet (VLCD), followed by 2 months low calorie diet (LCD) and 3 months weight maintenance diet (WM). At each phase of the dietary intervention, a needle microbiopsy of the abdominal SCAT was obtained to evaluate mRNA expression of key lipolysis-regulating genes and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) was performed. Dietary intervention induced a body weight reduction of 9.8 % and an improvement of insulin sensitivity as assessed by a HEC. Compared to pre-diet levels, mRNA levels of the adrenergic β2-receptor in SCAT were higher at the end of VLCD and not different at the end of LCD and WM. In contrast, the expression of the adrenergic α2-receptor was lower at the end of VLCD and LCD compared to the pre-diet levels and did not differ at WM. Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase levels were lower than the pre-diet levels at the end of LCD only, while phosphodiesterase-3B and the insulin receptor levels did not change throughout the dietary intervention. The results suggest that the regulation pattern of the genes that are involved in the control of lipolysis is different at the respective phases of the dietary intervention and depends on the duration of the diet and the status of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. KOPPO
- Department of Sports Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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