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Gruneisen E, Kremer R, Duque G. Fat as a Friend or Foe of the Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:245-256. [PMID: 38416274 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to summarize the literature on the prevalence and diagnosis of obesity and its metabolic profile, including bone metabolism, focusing on the main inflammatory and turnover bone mediators that better characterize metabolically healthy obesity phenotype, and to summarize the therapeutic interventions for obesity with their effects on bone health. RECENT FINDINGS Osteoporosis and fracture risk not only increase with age and menopause but also with metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Thus, patients with high BMI may have a higher bone fragility and fracture risk. However, some obese individuals with healthy metabolic profiles seem to be less at risk of bone fracture. Obesity has become an alarming disease with growing prevalence and multiple metabolic comorbidities, resulting in a significant burden on healthcare and increased mortality. The imbalance between increased food ingestion and decreased energy expenditure leads to pathological adipose tissue distribution and function, with increased secretion of proinflammatory markers and harmful consequences for body tissues, including bone tissue. However, some obese individuals seem to have a healthy metabolic profile and may not develop cardiometabolic disease during their lives. This healthy metabolic profile also benefits bone turnover and is associated with lower fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gruneisen
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kremer
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Bone, Muscle & Geroscience Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Bone, Muscle & Geroscience Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Kalisz K, Navin PJ, Itani M, Agarwal AK, Venkatesh SK, Rajiah PS. Multimodality Imaging in Metabolic Syndrome: State-of-the-Art Review. Radiographics 2024; 44:e230083. [PMID: 38329901 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome comprises a set of risk factors that include abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein levels, and high blood pressure, at least three of which must be fulfilled for diagnosis. Metabolic syndrome has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Multimodality imaging plays an important role in metabolic syndrome, including diagnosis, risk stratification, and assessment of complications. CT and MRI are the primary tools for quantification of excess fat, including subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, as well as fat around organs, which are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. PET has been shown to detect signs of insulin resistance and may detect ectopic sites of brown fat. Cardiovascular disease is an important complication of metabolic syndrome, resulting in subclinical or symptomatic coronary artery disease, alterations in cardiac structure and function with potential progression to heart failure, and systemic vascular disease. CT angiography provides comprehensive evaluation of the coronary and systemic arteries, while cardiac MRI assesses cardiac structure, function, myocardial ischemia, and infarction. Liver damage results from a spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ranging from steatosis to fibrosis and possible cirrhosis. US, CT, and MRI are useful in assessing steatosis and can be performed to detect and grade hepatic fibrosis, particularly using elastography techniques. Metabolic syndrome also has deleterious effects on the pancreas, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and ovaries, including increased risk for several malignancies. Metabolic syndrome is associated with cerebral infarcts, best evaluated with MRI, and has been linked with cognitive decline. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material. See the invited commentary by Pickhardt in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kalisz
- From the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 559905 (P.J.N., S.K.V., P.S.R.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (M.I.); and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (A.K.A.)
| | - Patrick J Navin
- From the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 559905 (P.J.N., S.K.V., P.S.R.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (M.I.); and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (A.K.A.)
| | - Malak Itani
- From the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 559905 (P.J.N., S.K.V., P.S.R.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (M.I.); and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (A.K.A.)
| | - Amit Kumar Agarwal
- From the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 559905 (P.J.N., S.K.V., P.S.R.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (M.I.); and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (A.K.A.)
| | - Sudhakar K Venkatesh
- From the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 559905 (P.J.N., S.K.V., P.S.R.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (M.I.); and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (A.K.A.)
| | - Prabhakar Shantha Rajiah
- From the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (K.K.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 559905 (P.J.N., S.K.V., P.S.R.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (M.I.); and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (A.K.A.)
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Kim C, Harrall KK, Glueck DH, Hockett C, Dabelea D. Epigenetic age acceleration is associated with speed of pubertal growth but not age of pubertal onset. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2981. [PMID: 38316849 PMCID: PMC10844280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children, we examined whether epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) was associated with pubertal growth and whether these associations were mediated by adiposity. We examined associations between EAA at approximately 10 years of age with pubertal growth metrics, including age at peak height velocity (PHV), PHV, and sex steroid levels and whether these associations were mediated by measures of adiposity including body mass index (BMI) and MRI-assessed visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Children (n = 135) with accelerated EAA had higher PHV (β 0.018, p = 0.0008) although the effect size was small. The association between EAA and age at PHV was not significant (β - 0.0022, p = 0.067). Although EAA was associated with higher BMI (β 0.16, p = 0.0041), VAT (β 0.50, p = 0.037), and SAT (β 3.47, p = 0.0076), BMI and VAT did not mediate associations between EAA and PHV, while SAT explained 8.4% of the association. Boys with higher EAA had lower total testosterone (β - 12.03, p = 0.0014), but associations between EAA and other sex steroids were not significant, and EAA was not associated with sex steroid levels in girls. We conclude that EAA did not have strong associations with either age at onset of puberty or pubertal growth speed, although associations with growth speed were statistically significant. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this pattern of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Room 405E, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Kylie K Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christine Hockett
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Beba M, Gholizadeh M, Sharifi M, Seifbarghi T, Djafarian K. The association of dietary insulin load and dietary insulin index with body composition among professional soccer players and referees. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:31. [PMID: 36915133 PMCID: PMC10010033 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been limited research undertaken about the association of dietary insulin load (DIL) and dietary insulin index (DII) with body composition in non-athletic adults, however, to the best of our knowledge No previous study has investigated such an association in an athletic population. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the association of DII and DIL with body compositions in male and female soccer players and referees. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted on 199 professional male and female soccer players and referees. A 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was adopted to congregate the participants' dietary data. Body composition was measured using InBody to gain a detailed understanding of fat mass, percent body fat (PBF), lean mass, percent muscle mass (PMM), and bone mineral content (BMC). Waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were obtained from all participants. Other body composition parameters include a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and waist-to-hip-to-height ratio (WHHR) were calculated using a particular defined formula. RESULTS Results of multiple linear regression revealed that there is a significant association between DIL and BMI (P = 0.04) in < 18 male soccer players, CI (P = 0.04) and WWI (P = 0.03) in ≥ 18 female soccer players, PBF (P = 0.02), PMM (P = 0.01) and WWI (P = 0.01) in ≥ 18 female soccer players. Nevertheless, no significant associations between DIL and body composition parameters were found in the referees. Additionally, there is a significant association between DII and BMC (P = 0.02) in male soccer referees, however, no significant associations were found in young soccer players and female athletes. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that DIL is positively associated with BMI, CI, and WWI in male soccer players and PBF, and WWI in female soccer players. Although, there was an observed negative association between DIL and PMM in females. In addition, a significant negative association between DII and BMC was observed in male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Beba
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, school of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gholizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, school of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tohid Seifbarghi
- Department of Sport Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, school of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
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Kim C, Harrall KK, Glueck DH, Needham BL, Dabelea D. Gestational diabetes mellitus, epigenetic age and offspring metabolism. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14925. [PMID: 36224717 PMCID: PMC9804757 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS No reports examine the relationship between in-utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), offspring epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), and offspring insulin sensitivity. METHODS Using data from a cohort study, we examined associations between GDM in-utero exposure and offspring EAA at approximately 10 years of age, using separate regression models adjusting for offspring chronological age and sex. We also examined associations between EAA with updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity and secretion (HOMA2-S and HOMA2-β) measured at approximately 10 and 16 years of age, using mixed linear regression models accounting for repeated measures after adjustment for offspring chronological age and sex. RESULTS Compared to unexposed offspring (n = 91), offspring exposed to GDM (n = 88) had greater EAA or older extrinsic age compared to chronological age (β-coefficient 2.00, 95% confidence interval [0.71, 3.28], p = 0.0025), but not greater intrinsic EAA (β-coefficient -0.07, 95% CI [-0.71, 0.57], p = 0.93). Extrinsic EAA was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (β-coefficient -0.018, 95% CI [-0.035, -0.002], p = 0.03) and greater insulin secretion (β-coefficient 0.018, 95% CI [0.006, 0.03], p = 0.003), and these associations persisted after further adjustment for measures of maternal and child adiposity. No associations were observed between intrinsic EAA and insulin sensitivity and secretion, before or after adjustment for measures of maternal and child adiposity. CONCLUSIONS In this study, children exposed to GDM experience greater extrinsic EAA, which is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and greater insulin secretion. Further studies are needed to determine the directionality of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Kylie K. Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) CenterUniversity of Colorado AuroraAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- LEAD Center and Department of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, LEAD CenterUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, LEAD CenterUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
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6
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Munier JJ, Pank JT, Severino A, Wang H, Zhang P, Vergnes L, Reue K. Simultaneous monitoring of mouse grip strength, force profile, and cumulative force profile distinguishes muscle physiology following surgical, pharmacologic and diet interventions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16428. [PMID: 36180720 PMCID: PMC9525296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Grip strength is a valuable preclinical assay to study muscle physiology in disease and aging by directly determining changes in muscle force generation in active laboratory mice. Existing methods to statistically evaluate grip strength, however, have limitations in the power and scope of the physiological features that are assessed. We therefore designed a microcontroller whose serial measure of resistance-based force enables the simultaneous readout of (1) peak grip strength, (2) force profile (the non-linear progress of force exerted throughout a standard grip strength trial), and (3) cumulative force profile (the integral of force with respect to time of a single grip strength trial). We hypothesized that muscle pathologies of different etiologies have distinct effects on these parameters. To test this, we used our apparatus to assess the three muscle parameters in mice with impaired muscle function resulting from surgically induced peripheral pain, genetic peripheral neuropathy, adverse muscle effects induced by statin drug, and metabolic alterations induced by a high-fat diet. Both surgically induced peripheral nerve injury and statin-associated muscle damage diminished grip strength and force profile, without affecting cumulative force profile. Conversely, genetic peripheral neuropathy resulting from lipin 1 deficiency led to a marked reduction to all three parameters. A chronic high-fat diet led to reduced grip strength and force profile when normalized to body weight. In high-fat fed mice that were exerted aerobically and allowed to recover for 30 min, male mice exhibited impaired force profile parameters, which female mice were more resilient. Thus, simultaneous analysis of peak grip strength, force profile and cumulative force profile distinguishes the muscle impairments that result from distinct perturbations and may reflect distinct motor unit recruitment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Munier
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90034 USA
| | - Justin T. Pank
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Amie Severino
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Disease, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Huan Wang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Peixiang Zhang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Karen Reue
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Michael N, Gupta V, Fogel A, Huang J, Chen L, Sadananthan SA, Ong YY, Aris IM, Pang WW, Yuan WL, Loy SL, Thway Tint M, Tan KH, Chan JK, Chan SY, Shek LPC, Yap F, Godfrey K, Chong YS, Gluckman P, Velan SS, Forde CG, Lee YS, Eriksson JG, Karnani N. Longitudinal characterization of determinants associated with obesogenic growth patterns in early childhood. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 52:426-439. [PMID: 36087338 PMCID: PMC10114026 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal assessment of the determinants of obesogenic growth trajectories in childhood can suggest appropriate developmental windows for intervention. METHODS Latent class growth mixture modelling was used to identify body mass index (BMI) z-score trajectories from birth to age 6 years in 994 children from a prospective mother-offspring cohort (Chinese, Indian and Malay ethnicities) based in Singapore. We evaluated the early-life determinants of the trajectories as well as their associations with cardiometabolic risk markers at age 6 years. RESULTS Five BMI z-score trajectory patterns were identified, three within the healthy weight range, alongside early-acceleration and late-acceleration obesogenic trajectories. The early-acceleration pattern was characterized by elevated fetal abdominal circumference growth velocity, BMI acceleration immediately after birth and crossing of the obesity threshold by age 2 years. The late-acceleration pattern had normal fetal growth and BMI acceleration after infancy, and approached the obesity threshold by age 6 years. Abdominal fat, liver fat, insulin resistance and odds of pre-hypertension/hypertension were elevated in both groups. Indian ethnicity, high pre-pregnancy BMI, high polygenic risk scores for obesity and shorter breastfeeding duration were common risk factors for both groups. Malay ethnicity and low maternal educational attainment were uniquely associated with early BMI acceleration, whereas nulliparity and obesogenic eating behaviours in early childhood were uniquely associated with late BMI acceleration. CONCLUSION BMI acceleration starting immediately after birth or after infancy were both linked to early cardiometabolic alterations. The determinants of these trajectories may be useful for developing early risk stratification and intervention approaches to counteract metabolic adversities linked to childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Anna Fogel
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yi Ying Ong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Wei Wei Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Université de Paris, CRESS, Inserm, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - See Ling Loy
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Academic Medicine, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jerry Ky Chan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Keith Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering & Bioimaging, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ciarán G Forde
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
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8
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Flores L, Fragoso I, De León LG, Ortiz-Rodríguez B, Candia-Luján R, Carrasco-Legleu C. Moderating effect of bone maturation on the relationship between body fat and insulin resistance. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:577-583. [PMID: 35325514 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to analyze the moderating effect of maturation on the relationship between body fat and insulin resistance, in children from 9 to 12 years. METHODS Maturity offset, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body fat percentage (BF%) were estimated in 127 children. Skeletal maturation indicator (SMI) was estimated in 105 participants. A moderation analysis based on a linear regression and on Johnson-Neyman technique was performed using a 95% confidence level. RESULTS BF%, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR values were lower in late maturers than on-time maturers (p<0.05). SMI moderated the relationship between BF% and HOMA-IR index in 11.1% of boys and in 32.5% of girls (p<0.05). Also, the highest values of HOMA-IR index were observed at -1 year to achieve the peak height velocity, in girls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maturation process has a moderation effect on the relationship BF% and insulin resistance, particularly in early maturers; furthermore, it was independently associated with HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Isabel Fragoso
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Lidia G De León
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | | | - Ramón Candia-Luján
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Claudia Carrasco-Legleu
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
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9
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Kim C, Harrall KK, Glueck DH, Dabelea D. Sex steroids and adiposity in a prospective observational cohort of youth. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:432-440. [PMID: 34401201 PMCID: PMC8346372 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiposity, particularly visceral adipose tissue (VAT), predicts adverse cardiovascular risk factor profiles in children as well as adults. Although endogenous sex steroids likely influence VAT in adults, such an association has not been established in youth. The association between childhood and adolescent sex steroids with adiposity, specifically VAT, was examined before and after adjustment for other hormone changes. METHODS These analyses examined longitudinal associations between sex steroids (testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) and magnetic resonance imaging assessments of VAT in 418 children, 49% of whom were non-White, at approximately 10 years old at Visit 1 (V1) and 17 years old at Visit 2 (V2). Linear mixed effects models adjusted for maternal education, household income, child caloric intake, physical activity, fasting insulin and leptin, and hepatic fat fraction. Differences in associations by race and pubertal stage were also assessed. RESULTS At V1, mean body mass index (BMI) for boys was 19.1 (4.7) kg/m2 and for girls was 18.5 (4.1) kg/m2. At V2, mean BMI for boys was 23.7 (5.5) kg/m2 and for girls was 23.6 (5.7) kg/m2. For each ng/dl (0.035 nmol/L) increase in testosterone at V1, there was a 0.25 cm2 increase in concurrent and future VAT in non-White (p = 0.04) but not White girls (p = 0.78). Higher levels of testosterone and DHEA at V1 were associated with greater concurrent and future VAT at V2. These associations were consistent regardless of pubertal stage. In boys, higher testosterone predicted higher future VAT but lower concurrent VAT. Estradiol and DHEA did not predict future VAT in boys. In girls, DHEA predicted future subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and no sex steroids predicted future SAT in boys. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone levels predict VAT in boys and girls, and DHEA predicts VAT in girls, even after adjustment for other hormone changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Kylie K. Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) CenterUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) CenterUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) CenterUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
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10
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Brennan NA, Fishbein KW, Reiter DA, Ferrucci L, Spencer RG. Contribution of Intramyocellular Lipids to Decreased Computed Tomography Muscle Density With Age. Front Physiol 2021; 12:632642. [PMID: 34276390 PMCID: PMC8279780 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.632642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle density, as determined by computed tomography (CT), has been shown to decline with age, resulting in increased frailty and morbidity. However, the mechanism underlying this decrease in muscle density remains elusive. We sought to investigate the role of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation in the age-related decline in muscle density. Muscle density was measured using computerized tomography (CT), and IMCL content was quantified using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The study population consisted of 314 healthy participants (142 men, 32–98 years) of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). In addition to IMCL quantification, obesity-related covariates were measured, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and circulating triglyceride concentration. Higher IMCL concentrations were significantly correlated with lower muscle density in older individuals, independent of age, sex, race, and the obesity-associated covariates (p < 0.01). Lower muscle density was also significantly associated with greater age-adjusted IMCL, a variable we constructed using LOESS regression (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the accumulation of IMCL may be associated with a decrease in muscle density. This may serve to define a potential therapeutic target for treatment of age-associated decreased muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Brennan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Reiter
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Ong YY, Huang JY, Michael N, Sadananthan SA, Yuan WL, Chen LW, Karnani N, Velan SS, Fortier MV, Tan KH, Gluckman PD, Yap F, Chong YS, Godfrey KM, Chong MFF, Chan SY, Lee YS, Tint MT, Eriksson JG. Cardiometabolic Profile of Different Body Composition Phenotypes in Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2015-e2024. [PMID: 33524127 PMCID: PMC7610678 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cardiometabolic profiles of different body composition phenotypes are poorly characterized in young children, where it is well established that high adiposity is unfavorable, but the role of lean mass is unclear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that higher lean mass attenuates cardiometabolic risk in children with high fat mass. METHODS In 6-year-old children (n = 377) from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) prospective birth cohort, whole-body composition was measured by quantitative magnetic resonance, a novel validated technology. Based on fat mass index (FMI) and lean mass index (LMI), 4 body composition phenotypes were derived: low FMI-low LMI (LF-LL), low FMI-high LMI (LF-HL), high FMI-low LMI (HF-LL), high FMI-high LMI (HF-HL). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index (BMI) z-score, fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome risk score, fatty liver index, and blood pressure. RESULTS Compared with the LF-HL group, children in both high FMI groups had increased BMI z-score (HF-HL: 1.43 units 95% CI [1.11,1.76]; HF-LL: 0.61 units [0.25,0.96]) and metabolic syndrome risk score (HF-HL: 1.64 [0.77,2.50]; HF-LL: 1.28 [0.34,2.21]). The HF-HL group also had increased fatty liver index (1.15 [0.54,1.77]). Girls in HF-HL group had lower fasting plasma glucose (-0.29 mmol/L [-0.55,-0.04]) and diastolic blood pressure (-3.22 mmHg [-6.03,-0.41]) than girls in the HF-LL group. No similar associations were observed in boys. CONCLUSION In a multi-ethnic Asian cohort, lean mass seemed to protect against some cardiometabolic risk markers linked with adiposity, but only in girls. The FMI seemed more important than lean mass index in relation to cardiometabolic profiles of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Y. Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling-Wei Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S. Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V. Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mary F-F. Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mya-Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Ooi DSQ, Ling JQR, Sadananthan SA, Velan SS, Ong FY, Khoo CM, Tai ES, Henry CJ, Leow MKS, Khoo EYH, Tan CS, Lee YS, Chong MFF. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Does Not Preserve Lean Mass or Affect Metabolic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity in a Randomized Controlled Weight Loss Intervention. J Nutr 2021; 151:911-920. [PMID: 33537760 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has been shown to increase muscle mass or prevent muscle loss during weight loss. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of a BCAA-supplemented hypocaloric diet on lean mass preservation and insulin sensitivity. METHODS A total of 132 Chinese adults (63 men and 69 women aged 21-45 y, BMI 25-36 kg/m2) were block randomly assigned by gender and BMI into 3 hypocaloric diet (deficit of 500 kcal/d) groups: standard-protein (14%) with placebo (control, CT) or BCAA supplements at 0.1 g · kg-1 body weight · d-1 (BCAA) or high-protein (27%) with placebo (HP). The subjects underwent 16 wk of dietary intervention with provision of meals and supplements, followed by 8 wk of weight maintenance with provision of supplements only. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to analyze the primary (lean mass and insulin sensitivity) and secondary outcomes (anthropometric and metabolic parameters) among the 3 groups. Paired t-test was used to analyze the change in each group. RESULTS The 3 groups demonstrated similar significant reductions in body weight (7.97%), fat mass (13.8%), and waist circumference (7.27%) after 16 wk of energy deficit. Lean mass loss in BCAA (4.39%) tended to be lower than in CT (5.39%) and higher compared with HP (3.67%) (P = 0.06). Calf muscle volume increased 3.4% in BCAA and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) decreased in BCAA (17%) and HP (18%) (P < 0.05) over 16 wk. During the 8 wk weight maintenance period, lean mass gain in BCAA (1.03%) tended to be lower compared with CT (1.58%) and higher than in HP (-0.002%) (P = 0.04). Lean mass gain differed significantly between CT and HP (P = 0.03). Insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles did not differ among the groups throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS BCAA supplementation does not preserve lean mass or affect insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults during weight loss. A higher protein diet may be more advantageous for lean mass preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delicia S Q Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Q R Ling
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fang Yi Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Melvin K S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eric Y H Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Ong YY, Sadananthan SA, Aris IM, Tint MT, Yuan WL, Huang JY, Chan YH, Ng S, Loy SL, Velan SS, Fortier MV, Godfrey KM, Shek L, Tan KH, Gluckman PD, Yap F, Choo JTL, Ling LH, Tan K, Chen L, Karnani N, Chong YS, Eriksson JG, Wlodek ME, Chan SY, Lee YS, Michael N. Mismatch between poor fetal growth and rapid postnatal weight gain in the first 2 years of life is associated with higher blood pressure and insulin resistance without increased adiposity in childhood: the GUSTO cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49:1591-1603. [PMID: 32851407 PMCID: PMC7116531 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using longitudinal ultrasounds as an improved fetal growth marker, we aimed to investigate if fetal growth deceleration followed by rapid postnatal weight gain is associated with childhood cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in a contemporary well-nourished population. METHODS We defined fetal growth deceleration (FGD) as ultrasound-measured 2nd-3rd-trimester abdominal circumference decrease by ≥0.67 standard deviation score (SDS) and rapid postnatal weight gain (RPWG) as 0-2-year-old weight increase by ≥0.67 SDS. In the GUSTO mother-offspring cohort, we grouped 797 children into four groups of FGD-only (14.2%), RPWG-only (23.3%), both (mismatch, 10.7%) or neither (reference, 51.8%). Adjusting for confounders and comparing with the reference group, we tested associations of these growth groups with childhood cardiometabolic biomarkers: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured abdominal fat (n = 262), liver fat (n = 216), intramyocellular lipids (n = 227), quantitative magnetic resonance-measured overall body fat % (BF%) (n = 310), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (n = 323), arterial wall thickness (n = 422) and stiffness (n = 443), and blood pressure trajectories (ages 3-6 years). RESULTS Mean±SD birthweights were: FGD-only (3.11 ± 0.38 kg), RPWG-only (3.03 ± 0.37 kg), mismatch (2.87 ± 0.31 kg), reference (3.30 ± 0.36 kg). FGD-only children had elevated blood pressure trajectories without correspondingly increased BF%. RPWG-only children had altered body fat partitioning, higher BF% [BF = 4.26%, 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.34, 6.19)], HOMA-IR 0.28 units (0.11, 0.45)] and elevated blood pressure trajectories. Mismatch children did not have increased adiposity, but had elevated ectopic fat, elevated HOMA-IR [0.29 units (0.04,0.55)] and the highest blood pressure trajectories. Associations remained even after excluding small-for-gestational-age infants from analyses. CONCLUSIONS Fetal growth deceleration coupled with rapid postnatal weight gain was associated with elevated childhood cardiometabolic risk biomarkers without correspondingly increased BF%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Ong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Y Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Ling Loy
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sendhil S Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lynette Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lieng Hsi Ling
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Tabara Y, Ikezoe T, Setoh K, Sugimoto K, Kawaguchi T, Kosugi S, Nakayama T, Ichihashi N, Tsuboyama T, Matsuda F. Comparison of diagnostic significance of the initial versus revised diagnostic algorithm for sarcopenia from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 89:104071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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21st Century Advances in Multimodality Imaging of Obesity for Care of the Cardiovascular Patient. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 14:482-494. [PMID: 32305476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although obesity is typically defined by body mass index criteria, this does not differentiate true body fatness, as this includes both body fat and muscle. Therefore, other fat depots may better define cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk imposed by obesity. Data from translational, epidemiological, and clinical studies over the past 3 decades have clearly demonstrated that accumulation of adiposity in the abdominal viscera and within tissue depots lacking physiological adipose tissue storage capacity (termed "ectopic fat") is strongly associated with the development of a clinical syndrome characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia/glucose intolerance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and abnormal cardiac remodeling and heart failure. This state-of-the-art paper discusses the impact of various body fat depots on cardiometabolic parameters and CVD risk. Specifically, it reviews novel and emerging imaging techniques to evaluate adiposity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and CVD.
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16
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Keddar M, Muylle T, Carrie E, Trefois P, Nachit M, Crott R, Christiaens C, Bammens B, Jadoul M, Goffin E, Morelle J. Non-invasive Quantification of Fat Deposits in Skeletal Muscle Predicts Cardiovascular Outcome in Kidney Failure. Front Physiol 2020; 11:130. [PMID: 32161551 PMCID: PMC7053428 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat accumulation in skeletal muscle was recently established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, but its relevance for patients with kidney failure is unknown. Here we examined the potential association between muscle radiation attenuation (MRA), a non-invasive indicator of fat deposits in muscle, and cardiovascular events in patients with kidney failure treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and investigated dynamic changes and determinants of MRA in this population. We retrospectively assessed MRA on computed tomography images collected yearly in 101 incident patients with kidney failure starting PD between January 2006 and December 2015. After a median of 21 months on dialysis, 34 patients had 58 non-fatal cardiovascular events, and 22 patients had died. Baseline MRA was associated with cardiovascular events during time on dialysis, and patients with higher MRA (reflecting lower amounts of fat in muscle) showed a reduced incidence of CVD, independently of traditional risk factors (adjusted HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97, P = 0.006). Multivariate regression analysis identified old age, female gender, visceral fat area, and low residual urine volume as independent determinants of MRA. As compared with reference values from a healthy population, patients with kidney failure had lower MRA (i.e., increased fat accumulation), independently of age, gender, and body-mass index. The subset of patients who underwent kidney transplantation showed a significant increase in MRA after restoration of kidney function. These observations expand the association between ectopic fat accumulation and CVD to the population on dialysis, and suggest that kidney failure is reversibly associated with fatty muscle infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Keddar
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Muylle
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medical Imaging, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Carrie
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Trefois
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Nachit
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Claudine Christiaens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Bammens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Goffin
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johann Morelle
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Collao N, Farup J, De Lisio M. Role of Metabolic Stress and Exercise in Regulating Fibro/Adipogenic Progenitors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:9. [PMID: 32047748 PMCID: PMC6997132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern and is associated with decreased muscle quality (i.e., strength, metabolism). Muscle from obese adults is characterized by increases in fatty, fibrotic tissue that decreases the force producing capacity of muscle and impairs glucose disposal. Fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are muscle resident, multipotent stromal cells that are responsible for muscle fibro/fatty tissue accumulation. Additionally, they are indirectly involved in muscle adaptation through their promotion of myogenic (muscle-forming) satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. In conditions similar to obesity that are characterized by chronic muscle degeneration, FAP dysfunction has been shown to be responsible for increased fibro/fatty tissue accumulation in skeletal muscle, and impaired satellite cell function. The role of metabolic stress in regulating FAP differentiation and paracrine function in skeletal muscle is just beginning to be unraveled. Thus, the present review aims to summarize the recent literature on the role of metabolic stress in regulating FAP differentiation and paracrine function in skeletal muscle, and the mechanisms responsible for these effects. Furthermore, we will review the role of physical activity in reversing or ameliorating the detrimental effects of obesity on FAP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collao
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Farup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael De Lisio
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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Kim C, Harrall KK, Glueck DH, Shumer D, Dabelea D. Childhood adiposity and adolescent sex steroids in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:525-533. [PMID: 31278867 PMCID: PMC6744341 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear how childhood adipose tissue deposition influences sex hormone profiles in later adolescence. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Children (n = 418) with a mean age of 10.5 (1.5) years at visit 1 and 16.7 (1.2) at visit 2 in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children (EPOCH) Study. MEASUREMENTS We used reverse-scale Cox proportional hazard models to assess associations between pubertal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (T), and oestradiol (E2) and childhood-to-puberty rate of change in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Models stratified by sex and adjusted for childhood adiposity, maternal factors, birthweight and pubertal onset, and then further adjusted for insulin, luteinizing hormone (LH), leptin and hepatic fat fraction. RESULTS Among boys, more rapid accumulation of either VAT or SAT was associated with lower testosterone at visit 2 (HR 0.86, and .96, respectively, both P < .0001), independently of race/ethnicity, LH, leptin and hepatic fat fraction. Among boys, more childhood VAT was associated with lower testosterone in adolescence (HR 0.98, P = .003), but this association did not persist after adjustment for leptin or insulin. No associations were observed between either fat measure and oestradiol or DHEA in boys. In girls, no associations between childhood fat or fat accumulation and sex hormones were observed. CONCLUSIONS More rapid accumulation of fat is associated with lower testosterone in boys. These associations suggest that fat growth influences androgen profiles in adolescent boys. Since fat accumulation is a modifiable risk factor, the study results provide a possible intervention target and time period for improving adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kylie K Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel Shumer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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19
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Michael N, Gupta V, Sadananthan SA, Sampathkumar A, Chen L, Pan H, Tint MT, Lee KJ, Loy SL, Aris IM, Shek LPC, Yap FKP, Godfrey KM, Leow MKS, Lee YS, Kramer MS, Henry CJ, Fortier MV, Seng Chong Y, Gluckman PD, Karnani N, Velan SS. Determinants of intramyocellular lipid accumulation in early childhood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:1141-1151. [PMID: 31462692 PMCID: PMC7188663 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Accumulation of lipid droplets inside skeletal muscle fibers (intramyocellular lipids or IMCL) with increasing obesity has been linked to skeletal muscle insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes in both adults and prepubertal children. We aimed to evaluate the associations of race, genotype, prenatal factors, and postnatal factors with IMCL in early childhood. Subjects/Methods This study was a secondary analysis performed on the GUSTO birth cohort. Soleus muscle IMCL of 392 children at 4.5 years of age was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, of which usable imaging data were obtained from 277 children (137 Chinese, 87 Malays, and 53 Indians). Metabolic assessments (fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR) were performed at age 6. Results The mean IMCL level at 4.5 years was 0.481 ± 0.279% of water resonance (mean ± sd). Corroborating with results from adults, Indian children had the highest IMCL levels compared with Malay and Chinese children. Among the prenatal factors, the rate of gestational weight gain (GWG rate) was associated with offspring IMCL (B = 0.396 (0.069, 0.724); p = 0.018). Both race and GWG rate continued to be associated with offspring IMCL even after accounting for current offspring BMI. Postnatally, IMCL was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration (B = 0.065 (0.001, 0.128); p = 0.045) and conditional relative weight gain between ages 2 and 3 (B = 0.052 (0.012, 0.093); p = 0.012). The associations with postnatal factors were attenuated after adjusting for current offspring BMI. IMCL was positively associated with offspring BMI (B = 0.028 (0.012, 0.044); p = 0.001). IMCL levels were not associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR at age 6. Conclusion This study provides evidence that IMCL accumulation occurs in early childhood and that developmental factors and race are associated with it. We also show that early childhood IMCL accumulation is well tolerated, suggesting that the adverse associations between IMCL and insulin resistance may emerge at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aparna Sampathkumar
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuan Jin Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Ling Loy
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Kok Peng Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Melvin K-S Leow
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael S Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle Valerie Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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Roberts A, Nip A, Verma A, LaRoche A. Meeting Report: 2017 International Joint Meeting of Pediatric Endocrinology Washington DC (September 14-17, 2017) Selected Highlights. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REVIEWS : PER 2018; 15:255-266. [PMID: 29493130 PMCID: PMC6478025 DOI: 10.17458/per.vol15.2018.rnvl.intjointwashington] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Roberts
- Seattle Children's Hospital, OC.7.820 - Endocrinology, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Angel Nip
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Arushi Verma
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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21
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Tang M, Frank DN, Hendricks AE, Ir D, Esamai F, Liechty E, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF. Iron in Micronutrient Powder Promotes an Unfavorable Gut Microbiota in Kenyan Infants. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070776. [PMID: 28753958 PMCID: PMC5537890 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron supplementation may have adverse health effects in infants, probably through manipulation of the gut microbiome. Previous research in low-resource settings have focused primarily on anemic infants. This was a double blind, randomized, controlled trial of home fortification comparing multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) with and without iron. Six-month-old, non- or mildly anemic, predominantly-breastfed Kenyan infants in a rural malaria-endemic area were randomized to consume: (1) MNP containing 12.5 mg iron (MNP+Fe, n = 13); (2) MNP containing no iron (MNP−Fe, n = 13); or (3) Placebo (CONTROL, n = 7), from 6–9 months of age. Fecal microbiota were profiled by high-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Markers of inflammation in serum and stool samples were also measured. At baseline, the most abundant phylum was Proteobacteria (37.6% of rRNA sequences). The proteobacterial genus Escherichia was the most abundant genus across all phyla (30.1% of sequences). At the end of the intervention, the relative abundance of Escherichia significantly decreased in MNP−Fe (−16.05 ± 6.9%, p = 0.05) and CONTROL (−19.75 ± 4.5%, p = 0.01), but not in the MNP+Fe group (−6.23 ± 9%, p = 0.41). The second most abundant genus at baseline was Bifidobacterium (17.3%), the relative abundance of which significantly decreased in MNP+Fe (−6.38 ± 2.5%, p = 0.02) and CONTROL (−8.05 ± 1.46%, p = 0.01), but not in MNP-Fe (−4.27 ± 5%, p = 0.4445). Clostridium increased in MNP-Fe only (1.9 ± 0.5%, p = 0.02). No significant differences were observed in inflammation markers, except for IL-8, which decreased in CONTROL. MNP fortification over three months in non- or mildly anemic Kenyan infants can potentially alter the gut microbiome. Consistent with previous research, addition of iron to the MNP may adversely affect the colonization of potential beneficial microbes and attenuate the decrease of potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Tang
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Audrey E Hendricks
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Diana Ir
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Fabian Esamai
- School of Medicine, Moi University, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret 30100, Kenya.
| | - Edward Liechty
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - K Michael Hambidge
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity increasing dramatically worldwide over the past several decades, an increasing body of literature has examined the impact of obesity in the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Epidemiologic studies suggest that obesity may be associated with a modestly increased risk for the development of RA, although these studies have shown conflicting results. Among patients with established RA, obesity has been observed to be associated with greater subjective measures of disease activity and poor treatment response, but also with a decreased risk of joint damage and lower mortality. A comprehensive evaluation of the influence of obesity on the measurement of disease, response to therapies, and long-term prognosis is critical in order to understand these observations. This review therefore focuses on recent observations, potential explanations for these findings, and implications for clinicians and investigators caring for and studying patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D George
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Joshua F Baker
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Yoon JW, Jang HC. Response: Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Impaired Muscle Quality in Older Men with Diabetes: The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (Diabetes Metab J 2016;40:140-6). Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40:250-1. [PMID: 27352255 PMCID: PMC4929230 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2016.40.3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
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24
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Fonvig CE, Chabanova E, Ohrt JD, Nielsen LA, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Thomsen HS, Holm JC. Multidisciplinary care of obese children and adolescents for one year reduces ectopic fat content in liver and skeletal muscle. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:196. [PMID: 26714769 PMCID: PMC4696236 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic fat deposition in liver and skeletal muscle tissue is related to cardiovascular disease risk and is a common metabolic complication in obese children. We evaluated the hypotheses of ectopic fat in these organs could be diminished following 1 year of multidisciplinary care specialized in childhood obesity, and whether this reduction would associate with changes in other markers of metabolic function. Methods This observational longitudinal study evaluated 40 overweight children and adolescents enrolled in a multidisciplinary treatment protocol at the Children’s Obesity Clinic, Holbæk, Denmark. The participants were assessed by anthropometry, fasting blood samples (HbA1c, glucose, insulin, lipids, and biochemical variables of liver function), and liver and muscle fat content assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy at enrollment and following an average of 12.2 months of care. Univariate linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, treatment duration, baseline degree of obesity, and pubertal developmental stage were used for investigating possible associations. Results The standard deviation score (SDS) of baseline median body mass index (BMI) was 2.80 (range: 1.49–3.85) and the median age was 14 years (10–17). At the end of the observational period, the 40 children and adolescents (21 girls) significantly decreased their BMI SDS, liver fat, muscle fat, and visceral adipose tissue volume. The prevalence of hepatic steatosis changed from 28 to 20 % (p = 0.26) and the prevalence of muscular steatosis decreased from 75 to 45 % (p = 0.007). Changes in liver and muscle fat were independent of changes in BMI SDS, baseline degree of obesity, duration of treatment, age, sex, and pubertal developmental stage. Conclusions A 1-year multidisciplinary intervention program in the setting of a childhood obesity outpatient clinic confers a biologically important reduction in liver and muscle fat; metabolic improvements that are independent of the magnitude of concurrent weight loss. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00928473, the Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank. Registered June 25, 2009. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0513-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark. .,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Elizaveta Chabanova
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Johanne Dam Ohrt
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Louise Aas Nielsen
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Henrik S Thomsen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, 2730, Herlev, Denmark. .,University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark. .,University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent clinical findings surrounding the muscle-bone relationships in children, while considering muscle adiposity, endocrine factors, and lifestyle influences (i.e., diet and exercise) involved in pediatric musculoskeletal development. RECENT FINDINGS Positive relationships between cortical bone geometry and muscle mass, size and function have been reported. Prospective studies in particular have helped clarify some of the inconsistent relationships between muscle and cortical bone volumetric density. Muscle fat is associated with impaired glucose handling and muscular functionality, which may in turn have a downstream effect on cortical bone growth during adolescence. Lifestyle factors such as healthful diets and higher impact physical activities can promote optimal skeletal development by improving the muscular phenotype and endocrine profile. SUMMARY Muscle and bone are two intricately-related tissue types; however, factors such as sex, maturation, study design, and outcome measures studied can modify this relationship. Further research is warranted to understand the impact of muscle adiposity on cardiometabolic health, muscle function and, subsequently, pediatric musculoskeletal development and fracture risk. Following age-specific diet and physical activity recommendations should be a major focus in obtaining optimal muscle and bone development throughout maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kindler
- aDepartment of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens bDepartment of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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26
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Glouzon BKJ, Barsalani R, Lagacé JC, Dionne IJ. Muscle mass and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women after 6-month exercise training. Climacteric 2015; 18:846-51. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Fonvig CE, Chabanova E, Andersson EA, Ohrt JD, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Thomsen HS, Holm JC. 1H-MRS Measured Ectopic Fat in Liver and Muscle in Danish Lean and Obese Children and Adolescents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135018. [PMID: 26252778 PMCID: PMC4529156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This cross sectional study aims to investigate the associations between ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle and biochemical measures, estimates of insulin resistance, anthropometry, and blood pressure in lean and overweight/obese children. Methods Fasting plasma glucose, serum lipids, serum insulin, and expressions of insulin resistance, anthropometry, blood pressure, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver and muscle fat were obtained in 327 Danish children and adolescents aged 8–18 years. Results In 287 overweight/obese children, the prevalences of hepatic and muscular steatosis were 31% and 68%, respectively, whereas the prevalences in 40 lean children were 3% and 10%, respectively. A multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index z-score (BMI SDS), and pubertal development showed that the OR of exhibiting dyslipidemia was 4.2 (95%CI: [1.8; 10.2], p = 0.0009) when hepatic steatosis was present. Comparing the simultaneous presence of hepatic and muscular steatosis with no presence of steatosis, the OR of exhibiting dyslipidemia was 5.8 (95%CI: [2.0; 18.6], p = 0.002). No significant associations between muscle fat and dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, or blood pressure were observed. Liver and muscle fat, adjusted for age, sex, BMI SDS, and pubertal development, associated to BMI SDS and glycosylated hemoglobin, while only liver fat associated to visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and intramyocellular lipid associated inversely to high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion Hepatic steatosis is associated with dyslipidemia and liver and muscle fat depositions are linked to obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions, especially glycosylated hemoglobin, in children and adolescents, which suggest an increased cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizaveta Chabanova
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ehm Astrid Andersson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Johanne Dam Ohrt
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik S. Thomsen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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28
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McCrindle BW. Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Obesity. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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29
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McCrindle BW. The contribution of anthropometry, adiposity, and adiposopathy to cardiometabolic disturbances in obese youth. J Pediatr 2014; 165:1083-4. [PMID: 25258152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W McCrindle
- Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
The global pandemic of childhood obesity has led to increased risk for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies have shown decreased insulin sensitivity and/or secretion with increasing adiposity and consistently observed greater risk for T2DM in obese, non-Caucasian youth. In the current review we describe recent advances in understanding how obesity and metabolic status in children and adolescents confers various risk profiles for T2DM among Latinos, African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, and Native Americans. These possible determinants include ectopic fat distribution, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and elevated plasma levels of nonesterified free fatty acids. Future work should aim to elucidate the ethnic-specific pathophysiology of T2DM in order to develop and implement appropriate prevention and treatment strategies based on different ethnic profiles of diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Alderete
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Childhood Obesity Research Center, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street CSC 210, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9073, USA
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31
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Cardiovascular disorders in the context of non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease: a literature review. J Tehran Heart Cent 2014; 9:1-8. [PMID: 25561963 PMCID: PMC4277785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and other industrialized countries, and the reported prevalence in the developing countries is also rather high. This disease is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality and damage to the other organs. The cardiovascular system is, perhaps, the most vulnerable organ to NAFLD adverse effects to the extent that most mortality associated with this disease is reportedly from the cardiovascular system rather than from the liver itself. In this article, we review the significant aspects of cardiovascular disorders associated with NAFLD, including the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in NAFLD patients, factors that interfere in this relationship like hypertension, severity of NAFLD, and age of the patients, and finally preventive strategies whose employment could significantly improve the outcome.
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32
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Geometric and architectural contributions to hamstring musculotendinous stiffness. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:105-10. [PMID: 24220042 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater hamstring musculotendinous stiffness is associated with lesser anterior cruciate ligament loading mechanisms during both controlled joint perturbations and dynamic tasks, suggesting a potential protective mechanism. Additionally, lesser hamstring stiffness has been reported in females, potentially contributing to their greater risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. However, the factors which contribute to high vs. low stiffness are unclear. Muscle geometry and architecture influence force production and may, therefore, influence stiffness. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the contributions of geometric and architectural muscle characteristics to hamstring stiffness. METHODS Thirty healthy individuals (15 males, 15 females) volunteered for participation. Biceps femoris long head cross-sectional area, pennation angle, fiber length, tendon stiffness, and posterior thigh fat thickness were assessed via ultrasound imaging, and strength was measured via isometric contraction. Stiffness was assessed via the damped oscillatory technique. FINDINGS Following normalization to anthropometric factors, only strength (r=0.535) and posterior thigh fat thickness (Spearman ρ=-0.305) were correlated with stiffness. Normalized tendon stiffness (0.06 vs. 0.10N/m·kg(-1)) and strength (7.1 vs. 10.0N·kg(-1)) were greater in males, while posterior thigh fat thickness (10.4 vs. 5.0mm) was greater in females. INTERPRETATION Greater posterior thigh fat thickness may influence stiffness by contributing to greater intramuscular fat and shank segment mass, and lesser muscle per unit mass in the thigh segment. These findings suggest that training designed to increase hamstring strength and decrease fat mass may be beneficial for anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention.
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33
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de Paula FJA, Rosen CJ. Bone Remodeling and Energy Metabolism: New Perspectives. Bone Res 2013; 1:72-84. [PMID: 26273493 DOI: 10.4248/br201301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral, adipose tissue and energy metabolism are interconnected by a complex and multilevel series of networks. Calcium and phosphorus are utilized for insulin secretion and synthesis of high energy compounds. Adipose tissue store lipids and cholecalciferol, which, in turn, can influence calcium balance and energy expenditure. Hormones long-thought to solely modulate energy and mineral homeostasis may influence adipocytic function. Osteoblasts are a target of insulin action in bone. Moreover, endocrine mediators, such as osteocalcin, are synthesized in the skeleton but regulate carbohydrate disposal and insulin secretion. Finally, osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from the same mesenchymal progenitor. The mutual crosstalk between osteoblasts and adipocytes within the bone marrow microenvironment plays a crucial role in bone remodeling. In the present review we provide an overview of the reciprocal control between bone and energy metabolism and its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J A de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute , USA
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34
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Weber DR, Leonard MB, Zemel BS. Body composition analysis in the pediatric population. PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REVIEWS : PER 2012; 10:130-139. [PMID: 23469390 PMCID: PMC4154503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Body composition analysis has become a useful tool in both clinical and research settings. Its use in the pediatric population is complicated by the rapid periods of growth and physical development that are characteristic of infancy, childhood, and adolescence. A thorough understanding of the changing nature of body composition during this time is essential for choosing the most appropriate measurement technique for a given individual, population, or clinical question. Growing evidence suggests that tissues such as fat, muscle, and bone are intimately involved in the regulation of whole body energy metabolism. This knowledge, when coupled with advancements in imaging techniques such as MRI and PET-CT, offers the possibility of developing new models of "functional" body composition. These models may prove to be especially important when assessing malnutrition and metabolic risk in patients with chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Weber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Mary B. Leonard
- Division of Nephrology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Babette S. Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
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