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Shen AL, Moran SM, Glover EN, Lin BC, Carney PR, Bradfield CA. Familial isolated pituitary adenoma is independent of Ahr genotype in a novel mouse model of disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28231. [PMID: 38590848 PMCID: PMC10999881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) has been linked to germline heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP, also known as ARA9, XAP2, FKBP16, or FKBP37). To investigate the hypothesis that AIP is a pituitary adenoma tumor suppressor via its role in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, we have compared the pituitary phenotype of our global null Aip (AipΔC) mouse model with that of a conditional null Aip model (Aipfx/fx) carrying the same deletion, as well as pituitary phenotypes of Ahr global null and Arnt conditional null animals. We demonstrate that germline AipΔC heterozygosity results in a high incidence of pituitary tumors in both sexes, primarily somatotropinomas, at 16 months of age. Biallelic deletion of Aip in Pit-1 cells (Aipfx/fx:rGHRHRcre) increased pituitary tumor incidence and also accelerated tumor progression, supporting a loss-of-function/loss-of-heterozygosity model of tumorigenesis. Tumor development exhibited sexual dimorphism in wildtype and Aipfx/fx:rGHRHRcre animals. Despite the role of AHR as a tumor suppressor in other cancers, the observation that animals lacking AHR in all tissues, or ARNT in Pit-1 cells, do not develop somatotropinomas argues against the hypothesis that pituitary tumorigenesis in AIP-associated FIPA is related to decreased activities of either the Ahr or Arnt gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Shen
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Susan M. Moran
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Edward N. Glover
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Bernice C. Lin
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Current address, Lin-Zhi International, 2945, Oakmead Village Court, Santa Clara, CA, 95051, United States
| | - Patrick R. Carney
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Christopher A. Bradfield
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
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2
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Kazzaz SA, Tawil J, Harhaj EW. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein in cancer and immunity: Beyond a chaperone protein for the dioxin receptor. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107157. [PMID: 38479600 PMCID: PMC11002312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-interacting protein (AIP) is a ubiquitously expressed, immunophilin-like protein best known for its role as a co-chaperone in the AhR-AIP-Hsp90 cytoplasmic complex. In addition to regulating AhR and the xenobiotic response, AIP has been linked to various aspects of cancer and immunity that will be the focus of this review article. Loss-of-function AIP mutations are associated with pituitary adenomas, suggesting that AIP acts as a tumor suppressor in the pituitary gland. However, the tumor suppressor mechanisms of AIP remain unclear, and AIP can exert oncogenic functions in other tissues. While global deletion of AIP in mice yields embryonically lethal cardiac malformations, heterozygote, and tissue-specific conditional AIP knockout mice have revealed various physiological roles of AIP. Emerging studies have established the regulatory roles of AIP in both innate and adaptive immunity. AIP interacts with and inhibits the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor IRF7 to inhibit type I interferon production. AIP also interacts with the CARMA1-BCL10-MALT1 complex in T cells to enhance IKK/NF-κB signaling and T cell activation. Taken together, AIP has diverse functions that vary considerably depending on the client protein, the tissue, and the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kazzaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Tawil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward W Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Kim K, Ku CR, Lee EJ. Multiomics Approach to Acromegaly: Unveiling Translational Insights for Precision Medicine. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:463-471. [PMID: 37828709 PMCID: PMC10613768 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical characteristics and prognoses of acromegaly vary among patients. Assessment of current and novel predictors can lead to multilevel categorization of patients, allowing integration into new clinical guidelines and a reduction in the increased morbidity and mortality associated with acromegaly. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Recent advancements in multiomics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and radiomics, have offered new opportunities to unravel the complex pathophysiology of acromegaly. This review comprehensively explores the emerging role of multiomics approaches in elucidating the molecular landscape of acromegaly. We discuss the potential implications of multiomics data integration in the development of novel diagnostic tools, identification of therapeutic targets, and the prospects of precision medicine in acromegaly management. By integrating diverse omics datasets, these approaches can provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms, facilitate the identification of diagnostic biomarkers, and identify potential therapeutic targets for precision medicine in the management of acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Kim
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Garcia-Rendueles AR, Chenlo M, Oroz-Gonjar F, Solomou A, Mistry A, Barry S, Gaston-Massuet C, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Perez-Romero S, Suarez-Fariña M, Pradilla-Dieste A, Dieguez C, Mehlen P, Korbonits M, Alvarez CV. RET signalling provides tumorigenic mechanism and tissue specificity for AIP-related somatotrophinomas. Oncogene 2021; 40:6354-6368. [PMID: 34588620 PMCID: PMC8585666 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how loss-of-function germline mutations in the widely-expressed co-chaperone AIP, result in young-onset growth hormone secreting pituitary tumours. The RET receptor, uniquely co-expressed in somatotrophs with PIT1, induces apoptosis when unliganded, while RET supports cell survival when it is bound to its ligand. We demonstrate that at the plasma membrane, AIP is required to form a complex with monomeric-intracellular-RET, caspase-3 and PKCδ resulting in PIT1/CDKN2A-ARF/p53-apoptosis pathway activation. AIP-deficiency blocks RET/caspase-3/PKCδ activation preventing PIT1 accumulation and apoptosis. The presence or lack of the inhibitory effect on RET-induced apoptosis separated pathogenic AIP variants from non-pathogenic ones. We used virogenomics in neonatal rats to demonstrate the effect of mutant AIP protein on the RET apoptotic pathway in vivo. In adult male rats altered AIP induces elevated IGF-1 and gigantism, with pituitary hyperplasia through blocking the RET-apoptotic pathway. In females, pituitary hyperplasia is induced but IGF-1 rise and gigantism are blunted by puberty. Somatotroph adenomas from pituitary-specific Aip-knockout mice overexpress the RET-ligand GDNF, therefore, upregulating the survival pathway. Somatotroph adenomas from patients with or without AIP mutation abundantly express GDNF, but AIP-mutated tissues have less CDKN2A-ARF expression. Our findings explain the tissue-specific mechanism of AIP-induced somatotrophinomas and provide a previously unknown tumorigenic mechanism, opening treatment avenues for AIP-related tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Oroz-Gonjar
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonia Solomou
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anisha Mistry
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sayka Barry
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Pradilla-Dieste
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Patrick Mehlen, Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Trivellin G, Roetzer T, Hainfellner JA, Starost MF, Stratakis CA. Prkar1a haploinsufficiency ameliorates the growth hormone excess phenotype in Aip-deficient mice. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2951-2961. [PMID: 32821937 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA), leading to activation of the PKA pathway, are the genetic cause of Carney complex which is frequently accompanied by somatotroph tumors. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations lead to somatotroph tumorigenesis in mice and humans. The mechanisms of AIP-dependent pituitary tumorigenesis are still under investigation and evidence points to a connection between the AIP and PKA pathways. In this study, we explore the combined effects of Aip and Prkar1a deficiency on mouse phenotype and, specifically, pituitary histopathology. Aip+/- mice were compared with double heterozygous Aip+/-, Prkar1a+/- mice. The phenotype (including histopathology and serological studies) was recorded at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Detailed pituitary histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed at 12 months. Twelve-month old Aip+/- mice demonstrated phenotypic and biochemical evidence of GH excess including significantly elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, larger weight and body length, higher hemoglobin and cholesterol levels and a higher frequency of growth plate thickening in comparison to Aip+/, Prkar1a+/- mice. Pituitary histopathology did not uncover any pituitary adenomas or somatotroph hyperplasia in either group. These results demonstrate a slow progression from elevated GH release to the formation of overt somatotropinomas in Aip+/- mice; the acromegalic phenotype of these mice is surprisingly ameliorated in Aip+/-, Prkar1a+/- mice. This highlights the complexities of interaction between the AIP and PKA pathway. Specifically targeting GH secretion rather than somatotroph proliferation may be an advantage in the medical treatment of AIP-dependent human acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology and Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Thomas Roetzer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Hainfellner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Office of Research Services (ORS), Division of Veterinary Resources (DVR), Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Srirangam Nadhamuni V, Korbonits M. Novel Insights into Pituitary Tumorigenesis: Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa006. [PMID: 32201880 PMCID: PMC7441741 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the identification of novel germline variants in patients with familial or simplex pituitary tumors and establishment of novel somatic variants identified through next generation sequencing. Advanced techniques have allowed the exploration of epigenetic mechanisms mediated through DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs, such as microRNA, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs. These mechanisms can influence tumor formation, growth, and invasion. While genetic and epigenetic mechanisms often disrupt similar pathways, such as cell cycle regulation, in pituitary tumors there is little overlap between genes altered by germline, somatic, and epigenetic mechanisms. The interplay between these complex mechanisms driving tumorigenesis are best studied in the emerging multiomics studies. Here, we summarize insights from the recent developments in the regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Srirangam Nadhamuni
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial neoplasms, with diverse phenotypes. Most of these tumors occur sporadically and are not part of genetic disorders. Over the last decades numerous genetic studies have led to identification of somatic and germline mutations associated with pituitary tumors, which has advanced the understanding of pituitary tumorigenesis. Exploring the genetic background of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors can lead to early diagnosis associated with better outcomes, and their molecular mechanisms should lead to novel targeted therapies even for sporadic tumors. This article summarizes the genes and the syndromes associated with pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayka Barry
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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8
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Ku CR, Melnikov V, Zhang Z, Lee EJ. Precision Therapy in Acromegaly Caused by Pituitary Tumors: How Close Is It to Reality? Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:206-216. [PMID: 32615705 PMCID: PMC7386101 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly presents with an enigmatic range of symptoms and comorbidities caused by chronic and progressive growth hormone elevations, commonly due to endocrinologic hypersecretion from a pituitary gland tumor. Comprehensive national acromegaly databases have been appearing over the years, allowing for international comparisons of data, although still presenting varying prevalence and incidence rates. Lack of large-scale analysis in geographical and ethnic differences in clinical presentation and management requires further research. Assessment of current and novel predictors of responsiveness to distinct therapy can lead to multilevel categorization of patients, allowing integration into new clinical guidelines and reduction of increased morbidity and mortality associated with acromegaly. This review compares current data from epidemiological studies and assesses the present-day application of prognostic factors in medical practice, the reality of precision therapy, as well as its future prospects in acromegaly, with a special focus on its relevance to the South Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Ryong Ku
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Vladimir Melnikov
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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9
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Kim J, Oh JH, Harlem H, Culler MD, Ku CR, Lee EJ. Therapeutic Effect of a Novel Chimeric Molecule Targeting Both Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors on Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:177-187. [PMID: 32207278 PMCID: PMC7090307 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.1.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acromegaly is a rare disease primarily caused by growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, and its treatment is costly. Moreover, some patients are unresponsive to treatment. Hence, there are increasing efforts to develop new drugs with improved effectiveness for this disease. BIM23B065 is a novel chimeric molecule that acts on both somatostatin and dopamine receptors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BIM23B065 compared with those of a somatostatin receptor analog and a dopamine agonist. METHODS The effects of BIM23B065 on the proliferation, GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) phosphorylation of GH3 cells were investigated with MTS assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting, respectively. The dosage and treatment duration of BIM23B065 were tested in animal models of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. The effect of BIM23B065 (3 mg/kg/day) on changes in IGF-1 levels before and after treatment was further investigated. RESULTS In vitro, BIM23B065 treatment decreased GH release in the culture media and downregulated ERK 1/2 and CREB phosphorylation to 22% and 26%, respectively. In vivo, IGF-1 expression decreased to 50 % after 4 weeks of treatment with BIM23B065 using an osmotic pump implant. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging results showed that the tumor size decreased significantly following treatment with BIM23B065 for 4 weeks. CONCLUSION The novel chimeric molecule was effective in decreasing IGF-1 and GH levels and may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hun Oh
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heather Harlem
- Endocrinology Research, Ipsen Bioscience Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Culler
- Endocrinology Research, Ipsen Bioscience Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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10
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Pepe S, Korbonits M, Iacovazzo D. Germline and mosaic mutations causing pituitary tumours: genetic and molecular aspects. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:R21-R45. [PMID: 30530903 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While 95% of pituitary adenomas arise sporadically without a known inheritable predisposing mutation, in about 5% of the cases they can arise in a familial setting, either isolated (familial isolated pituitary adenoma or FIPA) or as part of a syndrome. FIPA is caused, in 15-30% of all kindreds, by inactivating mutations in the AIP gene, encoding a co-chaperone with a vast array of interacting partners and causing most commonly growth hormone excess. While the mechanisms linking AIP with pituitary tumorigenesis have not been fully understood, they are likely to involve several pathways, including the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway via defective G inhibitory protein signalling or altered interaction with phosphodiesterases. The cAMP pathway is also affected by other conditions predisposing to pituitary tumours, including X-linked acrogigantism caused by duplications of the GPR101 gene, encoding an orphan G stimulatory protein-coupled receptor. Activating mosaic mutations in the GNAS gene, coding for the Gα stimulatory protein, cause McCune-Albright syndrome, while inactivating mutations in the regulatory type 1α subunit of protein kinase A represent the most frequent genetic cause of Carney complex, a syndromic condition with multi-organ manifestations also involving the pituitary gland. In this review, we discuss the genetic and molecular aspects of isolated and syndromic familial pituitary adenomas due to germline or mosaic mutations, including those secondary to AIP and GPR101 mutations, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, Carney complex, McCune-Albright syndrome, DICER1 syndrome and mutations in the SDHx genes underlying the association of familial paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas with pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pepe
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Donato Iacovazzo
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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11
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Abstract
In the general population, height is determined by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Pituitary gigantism is a rare but very important subgroup of patients with excessive height, as it has an identifiable and clinically treatable cause. The disease is caused by chronic growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 secretion from a pituitary somatotrope adenoma that forms before the closure of the epiphyses. If not controlled effectively, this hormonal hypersecretion could lead to extremely elevated final adult height. The past 10 years have seen marked advances in the understanding of pituitary gigantism, including the identification of genetic causes in ~50% of cases, such as mutations in the AIP gene or chromosome Xq26.3 duplications in X-linked acrogigantism syndrome. Pituitary gigantism has a male preponderance, and patients usually have large pituitary adenomas. The large tumour size, together with the young age of patients and frequent resistance to medical therapy, makes the management of pituitary gigantism complex. Early diagnosis and rapid referral for effective therapy appear to improve outcomes in patients with pituitary gigantism; therefore, a high level of clinical suspicion and efficient use of diagnostic resources is key to controlling overgrowth and preventing patients from reaching very elevated final adult heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège Université, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Petrossians
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège Université, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases and Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, Liège Université, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège Université, Liège, Belgium
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Lee YJ, Cho JM, Moon JH, Ku CR, Kim J, Kim SH, Lee EJ. Increased miR-338-3p expression correlates with invasiveness of GH-producing pituitary adenomas. Endocrine 2017; 58:184-189. [PMID: 28808880 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jong Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Mo Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Moon
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jean Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ho Kim
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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