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Richard S, Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone action during GABAergic neuron maturation: The quest for mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1256877. [PMID: 37854197 PMCID: PMC10579935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1256877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays a major role in mammalian brain development. Data obtained in the past years in animal models have pinpointed GABAergic neurons as a major target of TH signaling during development, which opens up new perspectives to further investigate the mechanisms by which TH affects brain development. The aim of the present review is to gather the available information about the involvement of TH in the maturation of GABAergic neurons. After giving an overview of the kinds of neurological disorders that may arise from disruption of TH signaling during brain development in humans, we will take a historical perspective to show how rodent models of hypothyroidism have gradually pointed to GABAergic neurons as a main target of TH signaling during brain development. The third part of this review underscores the challenges that are encountered when conducting gene expression studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are at play downstream of TH receptors during brain development. Unravelling the mechanisms of action of TH in the developing brain should help make progress in the prevention and treatment of several neurological disorders, including autism and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, USC1370 Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Lyon, France
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2
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Affortit C, Blanc F, Nasr J, Ceccato JC, Markossian S, Guyot R, Puel JL, Flamant F, Wang J. A disease-associated mutation in thyroid hormone receptor α1 causes hearing loss and sensory hair cell patterning defects in mice. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabj4583. [PMID: 35700264 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abj4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations in THRA, which encodes the thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα1), shows variable clinical presentation. Mutations affecting TRβ1 and TRβ2 cause deafness in mice and have been associated with deafness in humans. To test whether TRα1 also affects hearing function, we used mice heterozygous for a frameshift mutation in Thra that is similar to human THRA mutations (ThraS1/+ mice) and reduces tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormone. Compared to wild-type littermates, ThraS1/+ mice showed moderate high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss as juveniles and increased age-related hearing loss. Ultrastructural examination revealed aberrant orientation of ~20% of sensory outer hair cells (OHCs), as well as increased numbers of mitochondria with fragmented morphology and autophagic vacuoles in both OHCs and auditory nerve fibers. Molecular dissection of the OHC lateral wall components revealed that the potassium ion channel Kcnq4 was aberrantly targeted to the cytoplasm of mutant OHCs. In addition, mutant cochleae showed increased oxidative stress, autophagy, and mitophagy associated with greater age-related cochlear cell damage, demonstrating that TRα1 is required for proper development of OHCs and for maintenance of OHC function. These findings suggest that patients with THRA mutations may present underdiagnosed, mild hearing loss and may be more susceptible to age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Affortit
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabian Blanc
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamal Nasr
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Charles Ceccato
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Suzy Markossian
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), INRAE USC1370, CNRS (UMR5242), ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), INRAE USC1370, CNRS (UMR5242), ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), INRAE USC1370, CNRS (UMR5242), ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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3
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Dinh DT, Russell DL. Nuclear Receptors in Ovarian Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:41-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Zhou J, Gauthier K, Ho JP, Lim A, Zhu XG, Han CR, Sinha RA, Cheng SY, Yen PM. Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Regulates Autophagy, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Fatty Acid Use in Skeletal Muscle. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6291921. [PMID: 34086893 PMCID: PMC8427735 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) weakness occurs in hypothyroidism and resistance to thyroid hormone α (RTHα) syndrome. However, the cell signaling and molecular mechanism(s) underlying muscle weakness under these conditions is not well understood. We thus examined the role of thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα), the predominant TR isoform in SM, on autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and metabolism to demonstrate the molecular mechanism(s) underlying muscle weakness in these two conditions. Two genetic mouse models were used in this study: TRα1PV/+ mice, which express the mutant Thra1PV gene ubiquitously, and SM-TRα1L400R/+ mice, which express TRα1L400R in a muscle-specific manner. Gastrocnemius muscle from TRα1PV/+, SM-TRα1L400R/+, and their control mice was harvested for analyses. We demonstrated that loss of TRα1 signaling in gastrocnemius muscle from both the genetic mouse models led to decreased autophagy as evidenced by accumulation of p62 and decreased expression of lysosomal markers (lysosomal-associated membrane protein [LAMP]-1 and LAMP-2) and lysosomal proteases (cathepsin B and cathepsin D). The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), key factors contributing to mitochondrial biogenesis as well as mitochondrial proteins, were decreased, suggesting that there was reduced mitochondrial biogenesis due to the expression of mutant TRα1. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of SM suggested that lipid catabolism was impaired and was associated with decreased acylcarnitines and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in the SM from the mouse line expressing SM-specific mutant TRα1. Our results provide new insight into TRα1-mediated cell signaling, molecular, and metabolic changes that occur in SM when TR action is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: Jin Zhou, PhD, Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Universite de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jia Pei Ho
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Andrea Lim
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Xu-Guang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Correspondence: Paul M. Yen, MD, Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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Central vs. Peripheral Action of Thyroid Hormone in Adaptive Thermogenesis: A Burning Topic. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061327. [PMID: 34071979 PMCID: PMC8229489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) contribute to the control of adaptive thermogenesis, which is associated with both higher energy expenditure and lower body mass index. While it was clearly established that TH act directly in the target tissues to fulfill its metabolic activities, some studies have rather suggested that TH act in the hypothalamus to control these processes. This paradigm shift has subjected the topic to intense debates. This review aims to recapitulate how TH control adaptive thermogenesis and to what extent the brain is involved in this process. This is of crucial importance for the design of new pharmacological agents that would take advantage of the TH metabolic properties.
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Godart M, Frau C, Farhat D, Giolito MV, Jamard C, Le Nevé C, Freund JN, Penalva LO, Sirakov M, Plateroti M. Murine intestinal stem cells are highly sensitive to modulation of the T3/TRα1-dependent pathway. Development 2021; 148:dev.194357. [PMID: 33757992 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone T3 and its nuclear receptor TRα1 control gut development and homeostasis through the modulation of intestinal crypt cell proliferation. Despite increasing data, in-depth analysis on their specific action on intestinal stem cells is lacking. By using ex vivo 3D organoid cultures and molecular approaches, we observed early responses to T3 involving the T3-metabolizing enzyme Dio1 and the transporter Mct10, accompanied by a complex response of stem cell- and progenitor-enriched genes. Interestingly, specific TRα1 loss-of-function (inducible or constitutive) was responsible for low ex vivo organoid development and impaired stem cell activity. T3 treatment of animals in vivo not only confirmed the positive action of this hormone on crypt cell proliferation but also demonstrated its key action in modulating the number of stem cells, the expression of their specific markers and the commitment of progenitors into lineage-specific differentiation. In conclusion, T3 treatment or TRα1 modulation has a rapid and strong effect on intestinal stem cells, broadening our perspectives in the study of T3/TRα1-dependent signaling in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Godart
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Carla Frau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Diana Farhat
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Maria Virginia Giolito
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Jamard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Clementine Le Nevé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Noel Freund
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Luiz O Penalva
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Maria Sirakov
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de la recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
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7
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Liang Y, Zhao D, Wang R, Dang P, Xi Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Shan Z, Teng X, Teng W. Generation and Characterization of a New Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mouse Model with Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Gene Mutation. Thyroid 2021; 31:678-691. [PMID: 32924834 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: In humans, resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) caused by mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) gene, RTHα, manifests as tissue-specific hypothyroidism and circulating thyroid hormone levels exhibit hypothyroid-like clinical features. Before the identification of patients with RTHα, several Thrα1 knock-in mouse models were generated to clarify the function of TRα1. However, the phenotypes of these mice were not consistent with the clinical presentation of RTHα in humans. For the present study, we generated an RTHα mouse model that carries the Thra1E403X mutation found in human RTHα patients. Here, we report the gross phenotypes of this mouse RTHα model. Methods: Traditional homologous recombination gene targeting techniques were used to introduce a mutation (Thra1E403X) in the mouse Thra gene. The phenotypes of the resulting mice were studied and compared with clinical features observed for RTHα with THRAE403X. Results: Thrα1E403X/E403X homozygous mice exhibited severe neurological phenotypes, such as spasticity and motor ataxia, which were similar to those observed in endemic cretinism. Thrα1E403X/+ heterozygous mice reproduced most clinical manifestations of patient with RTHα, such as a normal survival rate and male fertility, as well as delayed postnatal growth and development, neurological and motor coordination deficits, and anemia. The mice had typical thyroid function with a modest increase in serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels, a low thyroxine (T4)/T3 ratio, and low reverse T3 (rT3) levels. Conclusions: The Thrα1E403X/+ mice faithfully recapitulate the clinical features of human RTHα and thus can provide a useful tool to dissect the role of TRα1 in development and to determine the pathological mechanisms of RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Defa Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingping Dang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha occurs due to pathogenic, heterozygous variants in THRA. The entity was first described in 2012 and to date only a small number of patients with varying severity have been reported. In this review, we summarize and interpret the heterogeneous clinical and laboratory features of all published cases, including ours. Many symptoms and findings are similar to those seen in primary hypothyroidism. However, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are normal. Free triiodothyronine (T3) levels are in the upper half of normal range or frankly high and free thyroxine (T4) levels are low or in the lower half of normal range. Alterations in free T3 and free T4 may not be remarkable, particularly in adults, possibly contributing to underdiagnosis. In such patients, low reverse T3 levels, normo- or macrocytic anemia or, particularly in children, mildly elevated creatine kinase levels would warrant THRA sequencing. Treatment with L-thyroxine results in improvement of some clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Mert Erbaş
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey Phone: +90 232 412 60 77 E-mail:
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9
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Nicolaisen TS, Klein AB, Dmytriyeva O, Lund J, Ingerslev LR, Fritzen AM, Carl CS, Lundsgaard AM, Frost M, Ma T, Schjerling P, Gerhart-Hines Z, Flamant F, Gauthier K, Larsen S, Richter EA, Kiens B, Clemmensen C. Thyroid hormone receptor α in skeletal muscle is essential for T3-mediated increase in energy expenditure. FASEB J 2020; 34:15480-15491. [PMID: 32969079 PMCID: PMC7702122 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001258rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important for homeostatic control of energy metabolism and body temperature. Although skeletal muscle is considered a key site for thyroid action, the contribution of thyroid hormone receptor signaling in muscle to whole‐body energy metabolism and body temperature has not been resolved. Here, we show that T3‐induced increase in energy expenditure requires thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1) in skeletal muscle, but that T3‐mediated elevation in body temperature is achieved in the absence of muscle‐TRα1. In slow‐twitch soleus muscle, loss‐of‐function of TRα1 (TRαHSACre) alters the fiber‐type composition toward a more oxidative phenotype. The change in fiber‐type composition, however, does not influence the running capacity or motivation to run. RNA‐sequencing of soleus muscle from WT mice and TRαHSACre mice revealed differentiated transcriptional regulation of genes associated with muscle thermogenesis, such as sarcolipin and UCP3, providing molecular clues pertaining to the mechanistic underpinnings of TRα1‐linked control of whole‐body metabolic rate. Together, this work establishes a fundamental role for skeletal muscle in T3‐stimulated increase in whole‐body energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine S Nicolaisen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars R Ingerslev
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Carl
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Frost
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Ma
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederic Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Quignon C, Beymer M, Gauthier K, Gauer F, Simonneaux V. Thyroid hormone receptors are required for the melatonin-dependent control of Rfrp gene expression in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12072-12082. [PMID: 32776612 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000961r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals adapt to seasons using a neuroendocrine calendar defined by the photoperiodic change in the nighttime melatonin production. Under short photoperiod, melatonin inhibits the pars tuberalis production of TSHβ, which, in turn, acts on tanycytes to regulate the deiodinase 2/3 balance resulting in a finely tuned seasonal control of the intra-hypothalamic thyroid hormone T3. Despite the pivotal role of this T3 signaling for synchronizing reproduction with the seasons, T3 cellular targets remain unknown. One candidate is a population of hypothalamic neurons expressing Rfrp, the gene encoding the RFRP-3 peptide, thought to be integral for modulating rodent's seasonal reproduction. Here we show that nighttime melatonin supplementation in the drinking water of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice mimics photoperiodic variations in the expression of the genes Tshb, Dio2, Dio3, and Rfrp, as observed in melatonin-proficient mammals. Notably, we report that this melatonin regulation of Rfrp expression is no longer observed in mice carrying a global mutation of the T3 receptor, TRα, but is conserved in mice with a selective neuronal mutation of TRα. In line with this observation, we find that TRα is widely expressed in the tanycytes. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the melatonin-driven T3 signal regulates RFRP-3 neurons through non-neuronal, possibly tanycytic, TRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Quignon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthew Beymer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - François Gauer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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11
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Cutie S, Payumo AY, Lunn D, Huang GN. In vitro and in vivo roles of glucocorticoid and vitamin D receptors in the control of neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferative potential. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 142:126-134. [PMID: 32289320 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferative potential varies considerably across species. While lower vertebrates and neonatal mammals retain robust capacities for CM proliferation, adult mammalian CMs lose proliferative potential due to cell-cycle withdrawal and polyploidization, failing to mount a proliferative response to regenerate lost CMs after cardiac injury. The decline of murine CM proliferative potential occurs in the neonatal period when the endocrine system undergoes drastic changes for adaptation to extrauterine life. We recently demonstrated that thyroid hormone (TH) signaling functions as a primary factor driving CM proliferative potential loss in vertebrates. Whether other hormonal pathways govern this process remains largely unexplored. Here we showed that agonists of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) suppressed neonatal CM proliferation. We next examined CM nucleation and proliferation in neonatal mutant mice lacking GR or VDR specifically in CMs, but we observed no difference between mutant and control littermates at postnatal day 14. Additionally, we generated compound mutant mice that lack GR or VDR and express dominant-negative TH receptor alpha in their CMs, and similarly observed no increase in CM proliferative potential compared to dominant-negative TH receptor alpha mice alone. Thus, although GR and VDR activation is sufficient to inhibit CM proliferation, they seem to be dispensable for neonatal CM cell-cycle exit and polyploidization in vivo. In addition, given the recent report that VDR activation in zebrafish promotes CM proliferation and tissue regeneration, our results suggest distinct roles of VDR in zebrafish and rodent CM cell-cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cutie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Y Payumo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dominic Lunn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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12
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Action on Spermatogenesis: A Focus on Physiological and Therapeutic Roles. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041014. [PMID: 32260182 PMCID: PMC7230878 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human reproduction is regulated by the combined action of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) on the gonads. Although FSH is largely used in female reproduction, in particular in women attending assisted reproductive techniques to stimulate multi-follicular growth, its efficacy in men with idiopathic infertility is not clearly demonstrated. Indeed, whether FSH administration improves fertility in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the therapeutic benefit in men presenting alterations in sperm production despite normal FSH serum levels is still unclear. In the present review, we evaluate the potential pharmacological benefits of FSH administration in clinical practice. METHODS This is a narrative review, describing the FSH physiological role in spermatogenesis and its potential therapeutic action in men. RESULTS The FSH role on male fertility is reviewed starting from the physiological control of spermatogenesis, throughout its mechanism of action in Sertoli cells, the genetic regulation of its action on spermatogenesis, until the therapeutic options available to improve sperm production. CONCLUSION FSH administration in infertile men has potential benefits, although its action should be considered by evaluating its synergic action with testosterone, and well-controlled, powerful trials are required. Prospective studies and new compounds could be developed in the near future.
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13
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Richard S, Guyot R, Rey-Millet M, Prieux M, Markossian S, Aubert D, Flamant F. A Pivotal Genetic Program Controlled by Thyroid Hormone during the Maturation of GABAergic Neurons. iScience 2020; 23:100899. [PMID: 32092701 PMCID: PMC7037980 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain development critically depends on proper thyroid hormone signaling, via the TRα1 nuclear receptor. The downstream mechanisms by which TRα1 impacts brain development are currently unknown. In order to investigate these mechanisms, we used mouse genetics to induce the expression of a dominant-negative mutation of TRα1 specifically in GABAergic neurons, the main inhibitory neurons in the brain. This triggered post-natal epileptic seizures and a profound impairment of GABAergic neuron maturation in several brain regions. Analysis of the transcriptome and TRα1 cistrome in the striatum allowed us to identify a small set of genes, the transcription of which is upregulated by TRα1 in GABAergic neurons and which probably plays an important role during post-natal maturation of the brain. Thus, our results point to GABAergic neurons as direct targets of thyroid hormone during brain development and suggest that many defects seen in hypothyroid brains may be secondary to GABAergic neuron malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Richard
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France.
| | - Romain Guyot
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Martin Rey-Millet
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Margaux Prieux
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Suzy Markossian
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Denise Aubert
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
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14
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Hirose K, Payumo AY, Cutie S, Hoang A, Zhang H, Guyot R, Lunn D, Bigley RB, Yu H, Wang J, Smith M, Gillett E, Muroy SE, Schmid T, Wilson E, Field KA, Reeder DM, Maden M, Yartsev MM, Wolfgang MJ, Grützner F, Scanlan TS, Szweda LI, Buffenstein R, Hu G, Flamant F, Olgin JE, Huang GN. Evidence for hormonal control of heart regenerative capacity during endothermy acquisition. Science 2019; 364:184-188. [PMID: 30846611 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regenerative potential displays striking divergence across phylogeny and ontogeny, but the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative potential correlates with cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and polyploidization as well as the development of postnatal endothermy. We reveal that diploid cardiomyocyte abundance across 41 species conforms to Kleiber's law-the ¾-power law scaling of metabolism with bodyweight-and inversely correlates with standard metabolic rate, body temperature, and serum thyroxine level. Inactivation of thyroid hormone signaling reduces mouse cardiomyocyte polyploidization, delays cell-cycle exit, and retains cardiac regenerative potential in adults. Conversely, exogenous thyroid hormones inhibit zebrafish heart regeneration. Thus, our findings suggest that loss of heart regenerative capacity in adult mammals is triggered by increasing thyroid hormones and may be a trade-off for the acquisition of endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hirose
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Y Payumo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen Cutie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alison Hoang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Romain Guyot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Superieure de Lyon, 69 007 France
| | - Dominic Lunn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rachel B Bigley
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hongyao Yu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Megan Smith
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ellen Gillett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Sandra E Muroy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Emily Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Malcom Maden
- Department of Biology and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael M Yartsev
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Frank Grützner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Luke I Szweda
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guang Hu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Frederic Flamant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Superieure de Lyon, 69 007 France
| | - Jeffrey E Olgin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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15
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone has profound effects on skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Here, we review the current literature concerning thyroid hormone action in bone and cartilage in relation to human disease and animal models. We describe state-of-the-art imaging and biomechanical methods used to determine structural and functional parameters in the skeletal phenotyping of mouse models.
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17
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for skeletal development and are important regulators of bone maintenance in adults. Childhood hypothyroidism causes delayed skeletal development, retarded linear growth and impaired bone mineral accrual. Epiphyseal dysgenesis is evidenced by classic features of stippled epiphyses on X-ray. In severe cases, post-natal growth arrest results in a complex skeletal dysplasia. Thyroid hormone replacement stimulates catch-up growth and bone maturation, but recovery may be incomplete dependent on the duration and severity of hypothyroidism prior to treatment. A severe phenotype characteristic of hypothyroidism occurs in children with resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations affecting THRA encoding thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα). Discovery of this rare condition recapitulated animal studies demonstrating that TRα mediates thyroid hormone action in the skeleton. In adults, thyrotoxicosis is well known to cause severe osteoporosis and fracture, but cases are rare because of prompt diagnosis and treatment. Recent data, however, indicate that subclinical hyperthyroidism is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fracture. Population studies have also shown that variation in thyroid status within the reference range in post-menopausal women is associated with altered BMD and fracture risk. Thus, thyroid status at the upper end of the euthyroid reference range is associated with low BMD and increased risk of osteoporotic fragility fracture. Overall, extensive data demonstrate that euthyroid status is required for normal post-natal growth and bone mineral accrual, and is fundamental for maintenance of adult bone structure and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N5 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - J. H. D. Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N6 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN UK
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Markossian S, Guyot R, Richard S, Teixeira M, Aguilera N, Bouchet M, Plateroti M, Guan W, Gauthier K, Aubert D, Flamant F. CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the Mouse Thra Gene Produces Models with Variable Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. Thyroid 2018; 28:139-150. [PMID: 29205102 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to thyroid hormone due to THRA mutations (RTHα) is a recently discovered genetic disease, displaying important variability in its clinical presentation. The mutations alter the function of TRα1, one of the two nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone. METHODS The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between specific THRA mutations and phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was used to generate five new mouse models of RTHα, with frameshift or missense mutations. RESULTS Like human patients, mutant mice displayed a hypothyroid-like phenotype, with altered development. Phenotype severity varied between the different mouse models, mainly depending on the ability of the mutant receptor to interact with transcription corepressor in the presence of thyroid hormone. CONCLUSION The present mutant mice represent highly relevant models for the human genetic disease which will be useful for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Markossian
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Romain Guyot
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Richard
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Marie Teixeira
- 2 Plateau de Biologie Expérimentale de la Souris SFR Biosciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Nadine Aguilera
- 2 Plateau de Biologie Expérimentale de la Souris SFR Biosciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde Bouchet
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | | | - Wenyue Guan
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Denise Aubert
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- 1 Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
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20
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: Advances and Remaining Challenges. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:1-58. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Frau C, Godart M, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormone regulation of intestinal epithelial stem cell biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:90-97. [PMID: 28288904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a well-characterized target of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone nuclear receptors TRs, as extensively described in the literature. The paradigm is its important remodelling in amphibians during thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. Interestingly, several studies have described the conservation of this hormonal signal during intestinal development in mammals. Additional data suggested that it may also play a role in intestinal homeostasis, stem cell physiology and progenitor commitment as well as in tumour development. It is worth underlining that in the mammalian intestine the functionality of the TRα1 receptor is coordinated and integrated with other signalling pathways, such as Wnt and Notch, specifically at the level of stem/progenitor cell populations. Here, we summarize these data and concepts and discuss this new role for thyroid hormones and the TRα1 receptor in the biology of intestinal epithelial precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Frau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Godart
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France.
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22
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Kalikiri MK, Mamidala MP, Rao AN, Rajesh V. Analysis and functional characterization of sequence variations in ligand binding domain of thyroid hormone receptors in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. Autism Res 2017; 10:1919-1928. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Kalikiri
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Hyderabad Campus, Pilani Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Madhu Poornima Mamidala
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Hyderabad Campus, Pilani Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Ananth N. Rao
- Metabolic Diseases and Research Unit, Apollo Hospitals; Bangalore India
| | - Vidya Rajesh
- Department of Biological Sciences; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Hyderabad Campus, Pilani Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
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23
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Methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 interacts with thyroid hormone nuclear receptors and stabilizes their association to chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8229-8234. [PMID: 28716910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702192114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Here we identified the ten-eleven translocation protein 3 (TET3) as a TR interacting protein increasing cell sensitivity to T3. The interaction between TET3 and TRs is independent of TET3 catalytic activity and specifically allows the stabilization of TRs on chromatin. We provide evidence that TET3 is required for TR stability, efficient binding of target genes, and transcriptional activation. Interestingly, the differential ability of different TRα1 mutants to interact with TET3 might explain their differential dominant activity in patients carrying TR germline mutations. So this study evidences a mode of action for TET3 as a nonclassical coregulator of TRs, modulating its stability and access to chromatin, rather than its intrinsic transcriptional activity. This regulatory function might be more general toward nuclear receptors. Indeed, TET3 interacts with different members of the superfamily and also enhances their association to chromatin.
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24
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van Gucht ALM, Moran C, Meima ME, Visser WE, Chatterjee K, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone due to Heterozygous Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:337-355. [PMID: 28527577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) acts via nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). TR isoforms (TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2) are encoded by distinct genes (THRA and THRB) and show differing tissue distributions. Patients with mutations in THRB, exhibiting resistance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis with elevated TH and nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, were first described decades ago. In 2012, the first patients with mutations in THRA were identified. Scope of this review: This review describes the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) due to heterozygous mutations in THRA. The genetic basis and molecular pathogenesis of the disorder together with effects of levothyroxine treatment are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The severity of the clinical phenotype of RTHα patients seems to be associated with the location and type of mutation in THRA. The most frequent abnormalities observed include anemia, constipation, and growth and developmental delay. In addition, serum (F)T3 levels can be high-normal to high, (F)T4 and rT3 levels normal to low, while TSH is normal or mildly raised. Despite heterogeneous consequences of mutations in THRA, RTHα should be suspected in subjects with even mild clinical features of hypothyroidism together with high/high-normal (F)T3, low/low-normal (F)T4, and normal TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Moran
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theo J Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Flamant F, Gauthier K, Richard S. Genetic Investigation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Function in the Developing and Adult Brain. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:303-335. [PMID: 28527576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert a broad influence on brain development and function, which has been extensively studied over the years. Mouse genetics has brought an important contribution, allowing precise analysis of the interplay between TRα1 and TRβ1 nuclear receptors in neural cells. However, the exact contribution of each receptor, the possible intervention of nongenomic signaling, and the nature of the genetic program that is controlled by the receptors remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex, France.
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex, France
| | - Sabine Richard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex, France
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26
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Richard S, Aguilera N, Thévenet M, Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Flamant F. Neuronal expression of a thyroid hormone receptor α mutation alters mouse behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2016; 321:18-27. [PMID: 28011173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, alterations in thyroid hormone signalling are associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but the neural mechanisms underlying such association are poorly understood. The present study investigates the involvement of neuronal thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in anxiety, using mouse genetics and Cre/loxP technology to specifically alter TRα signalling in neurons. We evaluated the behaviour of mice expressing a dominant negative, neuron-specific mutation of TRα (TRαAMI/Cre3 mice), using the elevated-plus maze, light-dark box and open-field tests. In a first experiment, mice were housed individually, and the behaviour of TRαAMI/Cre3 mice differed significantly from that of control littermates in these 3 tests, suggesting heightened anxiety. In a second experiment, designed to evaluate the robustness of the results with the same 3 tests, mice were housed in groups. In these conditions, the behaviour of TRαAMI/Cre3 mice differed from that of control littermates only in the light-dark box. Thus, TRαAMI/Cre3 mice appear to be more likely to develop anxiety under stressful housing conditions than control mice. These results suggest that in adult mice, thyroid hormone signalling in neurons, via TRα, is involved in the control of anxiety behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard
- IGFL, INRA, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 69 007 France.
| | - N Aguilera
- PBES, SFR Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMS3444, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, France
| | | | - O Dkhissi-Benyahya
- INSERM U846, Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, University of Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France.
| | - F Flamant
- IGFL, INRA, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 69 007 France.
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REMODELING OF THE BONE TISSUE OF RATS OF DIFFERENT LINES AFTER MELATONIN EFFECT. EUREKA: LIFE SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The markers of remodeling of bone tissue (BT) were studied after the impact of pharmacologic dose of melatonin (5 mg/kg of the animal body weight) during 28 days for 3-months rats-males of Wistar and SHR lines. The studies were carried out in autumn.
The aim of our work was to study the indices of bone tissue remodeling of rats of Wistar and SHR lines after introduction of pharmacologic dose of exogenous melatonin.
Biochemical and immune-enzyme methods of analysis were used in the study. In rats of Wistar line was revealed a reliable increase of activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 43,9% (Р<0,05), hyaluronidase activity (HA) by 15,4% and free thyroxin concentration (fТ4) by 30%. There was also registered the decrease of pyridinoline (PYD) concentration by 48% and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) by 46,7%. In rats of SHR line under the same conditions the results essentially differed. The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) has a tendency to increase by 11,6%, and PYD concentration decreased by 25%. The concentrations of free triiodothyronine (fТ3) and fТ4 reliably increased by 51,3% and 31,1% respectively.
In the result of research we revealed that melatonin plays the main role among several main factors of regulation of bone tissue remodeling. It has stimulating influence on bone tissue and hormones of thyroid gland.
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Tang Y, Yu M, Lian X. Resistance to thyroid hormone α, revelation of basic study to clinical consequences. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:511-22. [PMID: 26812777 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 3 years, 15 patients with resistance to thyroid hormone α (RTHα), nine THRA gene mutations have been reported, reforming classification of RTH. RTHα exhibits distinguished clinical manifestations from RTHβ, including growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia, impaired neurodevelopment, cardiovascular dysfunction, constipation and specific thyroid axis type. This review focuses on possible pathogenesis by revelatory basic science of RTHα animal models in vivo, and patients' mutant thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in vitro. Clinical manifestations and L-T4 effects are summarized, showing strong correlation to the severity of mutation mostly within the domain which dominated TR interaction with T3 and its corepressors/coactivators. In particular, we propose the diagnosis clues and promising treatment for clinicians.
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Astapova I. Role of co-regulators in metabolic and transcriptional actions of thyroid hormone. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:73-97. [PMID: 26673411 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a wide range of physiological processes through TH receptor (TR) isoforms. Classically, TRs are proposed to function as tri-iodothyronine (T3)-dependent transcription factors: on positively regulated target genes, unliganded TRs mediate transcriptional repression through recruitment of co-repressor complexes, while T3 binding leads to dismissal of co-repressors and recruitment of co-activators to activate transcription. Co-repressors and co-activators were proposed to play opposite roles in the regulation of negative T3 target genes and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, but exact mechanisms of the negative regulation by TH have remained elusive. Important insights into the roles of co-repressors and co-activators in different physiological processes have been obtained using animal models with disrupted co-regulator function. At the same time, recent studies interrogating genome-wide TR binding have generated compelling new data regarding effects of T3, local chromatin structure, and specific response element configuration on TR recruitment and function leading to the proposal of new models of transcriptional regulation by TRs. This review discusses data obtained in various mouse models with manipulated function of nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR or NCOR1) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT or NCOR2), and family of steroid receptor co-activators (SRCs also known as NCOAs) in the context of TH action, as well as insights into the function of co-regulators that may emerge from the genome-wide TR recruitment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Marelli F, Carra S, Agostini M, Cotelli F, Peeters R, Chatterjee K, Persani L. Patterns of thyroid hormone receptor expression in zebrafish and generation of a novel model of resistance to thyroid hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 424:102-17. [PMID: 26802880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone can be due to heterozygous, dominant negative (DN) THRA (RTHα) or THRB (RTHβ) mutations, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we delineate the spatiotemporal expression of TH receptors (TRs) in zebrafish and generated morphants expressing equivalent amounts of wild-type and DN TRαs (thraa_MOs) and TRβs (thrb_MOs) in vivo. Both morphants show severe developmental abnormalities. The phenotype of thraa_MOs includes brain and cardiac defects, but normal thyroid volume and tshba expression. A combined modification of dio2 and dio3 expression can explain the high T3/T4 ratio seen in thraa_MOs, as in RTHα. Thrb_MOs show abnormal eyes and otoliths, with a typical RTHβ pattern of thyroid axis. The coexpression of wild-type, but not mutant, human TRs can rescue the phenotype in both morphants. High T3 doses can partially revert the dominant negative action of mutant TRs in morphant fish. Therefore, our morphants recapitulate the RTHα and RTHβ key manifestations representing new models in which the functional consequences of human TR mutations can be rapidly and faithfully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marelli
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carra
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maura Agostini
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Persani
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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TRα receptor mutations extend the spectrum of syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone. Presse Med 2015; 44:1103-12. [PMID: 26585273 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, eight different abnormalities have been described in the THRA gene (encoding the TRα1 thyroid hormone receptor) of 14 patients from 9 families. These mutations induce a clinical phenotype (resistance to thyroid hormone type α) associating symptoms of untreated mild congenital hypothyroidism and a near-normal range of free and total thyroid hormones and TSH (the T4/T3 ratio is nevertheless usually low). The phenotype can diversely include short stature (due to growth retardation), dysmorphic syndrome (face and limb extremities), psychoneuromotor disorders, constipation and bradycardia. The identified genetic abnormalities are located within the ligand-binding domain and result in defective T3 binding, an abnormally strong interaction with corepressors and a dominant negative activity against still functional receptors. The identification of patients with consistent phenotypes and the underlying mutations are warranted to better delineate the spectrum of the syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones act via nuclear receptors (TRα1, TRβ1, TRβ2) with differing tissue distribution; the role of α2 protein, derived from the same gene locus as TRα1, is unclear. Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) is characterised by tissue-specific hypothyroidism associated with near-normal thyroid function tests. Clinical features include dysmorphic facies, skeletal dysplasia (macrocephaly, epiphyseal dysgenesis), growth retardation, constipation, dyspraxia and intellectual deficit. Biochemical abnormalities include low/low-normal T4 and high/high-normal T3 concentrations, a subnormal T4/T3 ratio, variably reduced reverse T3, raised muscle creatine kinase and mild anaemia. The disorder is mediated by heterozygous, loss-of-function, mutations involving either TRα1 alone or both TRα1 and α2, with no discernible phenotype attributable to defective α2. Whole exome sequencing and diagnostic biomarkers may enable greater ascertainment of RTHα, which is important as thyroxine therapy reverses some metabolic abnormalities and improves growth, constipation, dyspraxia and wellbeing. The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of RTHα and its optimal management remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Moran
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Fumel B, Froment P, Holzenberger M, Livera G, Monget P, Fouchécourt S. Expression of dominant-negative thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 in Leydig and Sertoli cells demonstrates no additional defect compared with expression in Sertoli cells only. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119392. [PMID: 25793522 PMCID: PMC4368620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the testis, thyroid hormone (T3) regulates the number of gametes produced through its action on Sertoli cell proliferation. However, the role of T3 in the regulation of steroidogenesis is still controversial. METHODS The TRαAMI knock-in allele allows the generation of transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative TRα1 (thyroid receptor α1) isoform restricted to specific target cells after Cre-loxP recombination. Here, we introduced this mutant allele in both Sertoli and Leydig cells using a novel aromatase-iCre (ARO-iCre) line that expresses Cre recombinase under control of the human Cyp19(IIa)/aromatase promoter. FINDINGS We showed that loxP recombination induced by this ARO-iCre is restricted to male and female gonads, and is effective in Sertoli and Leydig cells, but not in germ cells. We compared this model with the previous introduction of TRαAMI specifically in Sertoli cells in order to investigate T3 regulation of steroidogenesis. We demonstrated that TRαAMI-ARO males exhibited increased testis weight, increased sperm reserve in adulthood correlated to an increased proliferative index at P3 in vivo, and a loss of T3-response in vitro. Nevertheless, TRαAMI-ARO males showed normal fertility. This phenotype is similar to TRαAMI-SC males. Importantly, plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels, as well as mRNA levels of steroidogenesis enzymes StAR, Cyp11a1 and Cyp17a1 were not affected in TRαAMI-ARO. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We concluded that the presence of a mutant TRαAMI allele in both Leydig and Sertoli cells does not accentuate the phenotype in comparison with its presence in Sertoli cells only. This suggests that direct T3 regulation of steroidogenesis through TRα1 is moderate in Leydig cells, and that Sertoli cells are the main target of T3 action in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Fumel
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM and Sorbonne Universités—UPMC, UMRS 938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, INSERM U967, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR/LDG, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Sud, F-92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Monget
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie Fouchécourt
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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Chatonnet F, Livera G, Fumel B, FouchÉCourt S, Flamant F. Direct and indirect consequences on gene expression of a thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 mutation restricted to Sertoli cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:1159-66. [PMID: 25487743 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is required for the timely transition of Sertoli cells from proliferative to differentiating and maturing. This transition takes place during a critical developmental period in mammals, which in mice is the first post-natal week. In order to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of this differentiation process, we used Cre/loxP technology to selectively block the function of the thyroid hormone receptor TRα1 in Sertoli cells. We then used RNA-seq to analyze the changes in gene expression induced in the post-natal testis. This differential analysis provides genetic clues to the initial testicular defects resulting from disrupted thyroid hormone signaling, and suggests that Sertoli cells influence germ cells soon after their birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Chatonnet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, Cedex, France
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE. Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:582-91. [PMID: 25135573 PMCID: PMC4578869 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action is predominantly mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), which are encoded by the thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) and thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB) genes. Patients with mutations in THRB present with resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ), which is a disorder characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormone, normal or elevated levels of TSH and goitre. Mechanistic insights about the contributions of THRβ to various processes, including colour vision, development of the cochlea and the cerebellum, and normal functioning of the adult liver and heart, have been obtained by either introducing human THRB mutations into mice or by deletion of the mouse Thrb gene. The introduction of the same mutations that mimic human THRβ alterations into the mouse Thra and Thrb genes resulted in distinct phenotypes, which suggests that THRA and THRB might have non-overlapping functions in human physiology. These studies also suggested that THRA mutations might not be lethal. Seven patients with mutations in THRα have since been described. These patients have RTHα and presented with major abnormalities in growth and gastrointestinal function. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in these individuals is minimally affected, which suggests that the central T3 feedback loop is not impaired in patients with RTHα, in stark contrast to patients with RTHβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, S/N, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aniket R Sidhaye
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Moran C, Agostini M, Visser WE, Schoenmakers E, Schoenmakers N, Offiah AC, Poole K, Rajanayagam O, Lyons G, Halsall D, Gurnell M, Chrysis D, Efthymiadou A, Buchanan C, Aylwin S, Chatterjee KK. Resistance to thyroid hormone caused by a mutation in thyroid hormone receptor (TR)α1 and TRα2: clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses of three related patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:619-26. [PMID: 24969835 PMCID: PMC5989926 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid hormone receptor α gene (THRA) transcript is alternatively spliced to generate either thyroid hormone receptor (TR)α1 or a non-hormone-binding variant protein, TRα2, the function of which is unknown. Here, we describe the first patients identified with a mutation in THRA that affects both TRα1 and TRα2, and compare them with patients who have resistance to thyroid hormone owing to a mutation affecting only TRα1, to delineate the relative roles of TRα1 and TRα2. METHODS We did clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses of an index case and her two sons. We assessed physical and radiological features, thyroid function, physiological and biochemical markers of thyroid hormone action, and THRA sequence. FINDINGS The patients presented in childhood with growth failure, developmental delay, and constipation, which improved after treatment with thyroxine, despite normal concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones. They had similar clinical (macrocephaly, broad faces, skin tags, motor dyspraxia, slow speech), biochemical (subnormal ratio of free thyroxine:free tri-iodothyronine [T3], low concentration of total reverse T3, high concentration of creatine kinase, mild anaemia), and radiological (thickened calvarium) features to patients with TRα1-mediated resistance to thyroid hormone, although our patients had a heterozygous mis-sense mutation (Ala263Val) in both TRα1 and TRα2 proteins. The Ala263Val mutant TRα1 inhibited the transcriptional function of normal receptor in a dominant-negative fashion. By contrast, function of Ala263Val mutant TRα2 matched its normal counterpart. In vitro, high concentrations of T3 restored transcriptional activity of Ala263Val mutant TRα1, and reversed the dominant-negative inhibition of its normal counterpart. High concentrations of T3 restored expression of thyroid hormone-responsive target genes in patient-derived blood cells. INTERPRETATION TRα1 seems to be the principal functional product of the THRA gene. Thyroxine treatment alleviates hormone resistance in patients with mutations affecting this gene, possibly ameliorating the phenotype. These findings will help the diagnosis and treatment of other patients with resistance to thyroid hormone resulting from mutations in THRA. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Marie Curie Actions, Foundation for Development of Internal Medicine in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Moran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maura Agostini
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Edward Visser
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ken Poole
- Department of Rheumatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Odelia Rajanayagam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Greta Lyons
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Halsall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Gurnell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Medical School University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandra Efthymiadou
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Medical School University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Simon Aylwin
- Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Krishna K Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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39
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Desjardin C, Charles C, Benoist-Lasselin C, Riviere J, Gilles M, Chassande O, Morgenthaler C, Laloé D, Lecardonnel J, Flamant F, Legeai-Mallet L, Schibler L. Chondrocytes play a major role in the stimulation of bone growth by thyroid hormone. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3123-35. [PMID: 24914940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is required for postnatal skeletal growth. It exerts its effect by binding to nuclear receptors, TRs including TRα1 and TRβ1, which are present in most cell types. These cell types include chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the interactions of which are known to regulate endochondral bone formation. In order to analyze the respective functions of T3 stimulation in chondrocytes and osteoblasts during postnatal growth, we use Cre/loxP recombination to express a dominant-negative TRα1(L400R) mutant receptor in a cell-specific manner. Phenotype analysis revealed that inhibiting T3 response in chondrocytes is sufficient to reproduce the defects observed in hypothyroid mice, not only for cartilage maturation, but also for ossification and mineralization. TRα1(L400R) in chondrocytes also results in skull deformation. In the meantime, TRα1(L400R) expression in mature osteoblasts has no visible effect. Transcriptome analysis identifies a number of changes in gene expression induced by TRα1(L400R) in cartilage. These changes suggest that T3 normally cross talks with several other signaling pathways to promote chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Desjardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) (C.D., J.R., M.G., C.M., D.L., J.L., L.S.), UMR1313, Biologie Intégrative et Génétique Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242 (C.C.), ENS Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Institut Imagine (C.B.-L., L.L.-G.) Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France; University of Bordeaux (O.C.), U1026, Bioingénierie Tissulaire, Bordeaux, France; and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (F.F.), Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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40
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Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Picou F, Richard S, Fossat N, Aguilera N, Lamonerie T, Flamant F. Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia are primary targets of the TRα1 thyroid hormone receptor during mouse cerebellum postnatal development. Development 2014; 141:166-75. [PMID: 24346699 DOI: 10.1242/dev.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal development of the central nervous system, as shown by the severe mental retardation syndrome affecting hypothyroid patients with low levels of active thyroid hormone. The postnatal defects observed in hypothyroid mouse cerebellum are recapitulated in mice heterozygous for a dominant-negative mutation of Thra, the gene encoding the ubiquitous TRα1 receptor. Using CRE/loxP-mediated conditional expression approach, we found that this mutation primarily alters the differentiation of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia, two cerebellum-specific cell types. These primary defects indirectly affect cerebellum development in a global manner. Notably, the inward migration and terminal differentiation of granule cell precursors is impaired. Therefore, despite the broad distribution of its receptors, thyroid hormone targets few cell types that exert a predominant role in the network of cellular interactions that govern normal cerebellum maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Fauquier
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
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41
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Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Richard S, Flamant F. Deciphering direct and indirect influence of thyroid hormone with mouse genetics. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:429-41. [PMID: 24617548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, binds nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of a large number of genes in many cell types. Unraveling the direct and indirect effect of this hormonal stimulation, and establishing links between these molecular events and the developmental and physiological functions of the hormone, is a major challenge. New mouse genetics tools, notably those based on Cre/loxP technology, are suitable to perform a multiscale analysis of T3 signaling and achieve this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picou
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale, Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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42
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van Mullem AA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Clinical Consequences of Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor-α1. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3:17-24. [PMID: 24847461 PMCID: PMC4005264 DOI: 10.1159/000360637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) exerts its biological activity via the TH receptors TRα1 and TRβ1/2, which are encoded by the THRA and THRB genes. The first patients with mutations in THRB were identified decades ago. These patients had a clinical syndrome of resistance to TH associated with high serum TH and nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Until recently, no patients with mutations in THRA had been identified. In an attempt to predict the clinical phenotype of such patients, different TRα1 mutant mouse models have been generated. These mice have a variable phenotype depending on the location and severity of the mutation. Recently, the first humans with mutations in THRA were identified. Their phenotype consists of relatively low serum T4 and high serum T3 levels (and thus an elevated T3/T4 ratio), growth retardation, delayed mental and bone development, and constipation. While, in retrospect, certain features present in humans can also be found in mouse models, the first humans carrying a defect in TRα1 were not suspected of having a THRA gene mutation initially. The current review focuses on the clinical consequences of TRα1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin P. Peeters
- *Robin P. Peeters, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Dr Molewaterplein 50, NL-3015 Rotterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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43
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Dettling J, Franz C, Zimmermann U, Lee SC, Bress A, Brandt N, Feil R, Pfister M, Engel J, Flamant F, Rüttiger L, Knipper M. Autonomous functions of murine thyroid hormone receptor TRα and TRβ in cochlear hair cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:26-37. [PMID: 24012852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone acts on gene transcription by binding to its nuclear receptors TRα1 and TRβ. Whereas global deletion of TRβ causes deafness, global TRα-deficient mice have normal hearing thresholds. Since the individual roles of the two receptors in cochlear hair cells are still unclear, we generated mice with a hair cell-specific mutation of TRα1 or deletion of TRβ using the Cre-loxP system. Hair cell-specific TRβ mutant mice showed normal hearing thresholds but delayed BK channel expression in inner hair cells, slightly stronger outer hair cell function, and slightly reduced amplitudes of auditory brainstem responses. In contrast, hair cell-specific TRα mutant mice showed normal timing of BK channel expression, slightly reduced outer hair cell function, and slightly enhanced amplitudes of auditory brainstem responses. Our data demonstrate that TRβ-related deafness originates outside of hair cells and that TRα and TRβ play opposing, non-redundant roles in hair cells. A role for thyroid hormone receptors in controlling key regulators that shape signal transduction during development is discussed. Thyroid hormone may act through different thyroid hormone receptor activities to permanently alter the sensitivity of auditory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Dettling
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Franz
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sze Chim Lee
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bress
- Molecular Genetics, THRC, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Brandt
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Department of Signal Transduction & Transgenic Models, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Pfister
- Molecular Genetics, THRC, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Engel
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, Lyon, France
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Faustino LC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Thyroid hormone role on cerebellar development and maintenance: a perspective based on transgenic mouse models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24904526 PMCID: PMC4033007 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellum development is sensitive to thyroid hormone (TH) levels, as THs regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and myelination. Most effects of THs are mediated by the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms TRβ1, TRβ2, and TRα1. Studies aimed at identifying TH target genes during cerebellum development have only achieved partial success, as some of these genes do not possess classical TH-responsive elements, and those that do are likely to be temporally and spatially regulated by THs. THs may also affect neurodevelopment by regulating transcription factors that control particular groups of genes. Furthermore, TH action can also be affected by TH transport, which is mediated mainly by monocarboxylate transporter family members. Studies involving transgenic animal models and genome-wide expression analyses have helped to address the unanswered questions regarding the role of TH in cerebellar development. Recently, a growing body of evidence has begun to clarify the molecular, cellular, and functional aspects of THs in the developing cerebellum. This review describes the current findings concerning the effects of THs on cerebellar development and maintenance as well as advances in the genetic animal models used in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C. Faustino
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania M. Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Tania M. Ortiga-Carvalho, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil e-mail:
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Visser WE, van Mullem AAA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Different causes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: diagnosis and clinical management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:595-605. [PMID: 23834164 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Normal thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and action require adequate cellular TH signalling. This entails proper function of TH transporters in the plasma membrane, intracellular deiodination of TH and action of the bioactive hormone T3 at its nuclear receptors (TRs). The present review summarizes the discoveries of different syndromes with reduced sensitivity at the cellular level. Mutations in the TH transporter MCT8 cause psychomotor retardation and abnormal thyroid parameters. Mutations in the SBP2 protein, which is required for normal deiodination, give rise to a multisystem disorder including abnormal thyroid function tests. Mutations in TRβ1 are a well-known cause of resistance to TH with mostly a mild phenotype, while only recently, patients with mutations in TRα1 were identified. The latter patients have slightly abnormal TH levels, growth retardation and cognitive defects. This review will describe the mechanisms of disease, clinical phenotype, diagnostic testing and suggestions for treatment strategies for each of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Thyroid hormone receptor activity in the absence of ligand: Physiological and developmental implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3893-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schoenmakers N, Moran C, Peeters RP, Visser T, Gurnell M, Chatterjee K. Resistance to thyroid hormone mediated by defective thyroid hormone receptor alpha. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4004-8. [PMID: 23528896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone acts via receptor subtypes (TRα1, TRβ1, TRβ2) with differing tissue distributions, encoded by distinct genes (THRA, THRB). THRB mutations cause a disorder with central (hypothalamic-pituitary) resistance to thyroid hormone action with markedly elevated thyroid hormone and normal TSH levels. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the clinical features, genetic and molecular pathogenesis of a homologous human disorder mediated by defective THRA. Clinical features include growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia and constipation associated with low-normal T4 and high-normal T3 levels and a low T4/T3 ratio, together with subnormal reverse T3 levels. Heterozygous TRa1 mutations in affected individuals generate defective mutant receptors which inhibit wild-type receptor action in a dominant negative manner. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mutations in human TRα1 mediate RTH with features of hypothyroidism in particular tissues (e.g. skeleton, gastrointestinal tract), but are not associated with a markedly dysregulated pituitary-thyroid axis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Human THRA mutations could be more common but may have eluded discovery due to the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction. Nevertheless, in the appropriate clinical context, a thyroid biochemical signature (low T4/T3 ratio, subnormal reverse T3 levels), may enable future identification of cases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Genome-wide analysis of thyroid hormone receptors shared and specific functions in neural cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E766-75. [PMID: 23382204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210626110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TRα1 and TRβ1, the two main thyroid hormone receptors in mammals, are transcription factors that share similar properties. However, their respective functions are very different. This functional divergence might be explained in two ways: it can reflect different expression patterns or result from different intrinsic properties of the receptors. We tested this second hypothesis by comparing the repertoires of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)-responsive genes of two neural cell lines, expressing either TRα1 or TRβ1. Using transcriptome analysis, we found that a substantial fraction of the T3 target genes display a marked preference for one of the two receptors. So when placed alone in identical situations, the two receptors have different repertoires of target genes. Chromatin occupancy analysis, performed at a genome-wide scale, revealed that TRα1 and TRβ1 cistromes were also different. However, receptor-selective regulation of T3 target genes did not result from receptor-selective chromatin occupancy of their promoter regions. We conclude that modification of TRα1 and TRβ1 intrinsic properties contributes in a large part to the divergent evolution of the receptors' function, at least during neurodevelopment.
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Thyroid hormone triggers the developmental loss of axonal regenerative capacity via thyroid hormone receptor α1 and krüppel-like factor 9 in Purkinje cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14206-11. [PMID: 22891348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119853109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the CNS of higher vertebrates lose their ability to regenerate their axons at a stage of development that coincides with peak circulating thyroid hormone (T(3)) levels. Here, we examined whether this peak in T(3) is involved in the loss of axonal regenerative capacity in Purkinje cells (PCs). This event occurs at the end of the first postnatal week in mice. Using organotypic culture, we found that the loss of axon regenerative capacity was triggered prematurely by early exposure of mouse PCs to T(3), whereas it was delayed in the absence of T(3). Analysis of mutant mice showed that this effect was mainly mediated by the T(3) receptor α1. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we also showed that Krüppel-like factor 9 was a key mediator of this effect of T(3). These results indicate that the sudden physiological increase in T(3) during development is involved in the onset of the loss of axon regenerative capacity in PCs. This loss of regenerative capacity might be part of the general program triggered by T(3) throughout the body, which adapts the animal to its postnatal environment.
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Fumel B, Guerquin MJ, Livera G, Staub C, Magistrini M, Gauthier C, Flamant F, Guillou F, Fouchécourt S. Thyroid hormone limits postnatal Sertoli cell proliferation in vivo by activation of its alpha1 isoform receptor (TRalpha1) present in these cells and by regulation of Cdk4/JunD/c-myc mRNA levels in mice. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:16, 1-9. [PMID: 22539677 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypo- and hyperthyroidism alter testicular functions in the young. Among T3 receptors, TRalpha1 is ubiquitous, and its previously described knockout leads to an increase in testis weight and sperm production. We tested, for the first time, the hypothesis that TRalpha1-dependent regulation of Sertoli cell (SC) proliferation was directly regulated by TRalpha1 present in these cells. Thus, after crossing with the AMH-Cre line, we generated and analyzed a new line that expressed a dominant-negative TRalpha1 isoform (TRalpha(AMI)) in SCs only. So-called TRalpha(AMI)-SC (TRalpha(AMI/+) Cre(+)) mice exhibited similar phenotypic features to the knockout line: heavier testicular weight and higher sperm reserve, in comparison with their adequate controls (TRalpha(AMI/+) Cre(-)). SC density increased significantly as a result of a higher proliferative index at ages Postnatal Day (P) 0 and P3. When explants of control testes were cultured (at age P3), a significant decrease in the proliferation of SCs was observed in response to an excess of T3. This response was not observed in the TRalpha(AMI)-SC and knockout lines. Finally, when TRalpha(AMI) is present in SCs, the phenotype observed is similar to that of the knockout line. This study demonstrates that T3 limits postnatal SC proliferation by activation of TRalpha1 present in these cells. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR provided evidence that regulation of the Cdk4/JunD/c-myc pathway was involved in this negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Fumel
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
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