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Jiang W, Mooney MH, Shirali M. Unveiling the Genetic Landscape of Feed Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows: Insights into Heritability, Genetic Markers, and Pathways via Meta-Analysis. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae040. [PMID: 38354297 PMCID: PMC10957122 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Improving the feeding efficiency of dairy cows is a key component to improve the utilization of land resources and meet the demand for high-quality protein. Advances in genomic methods and omics techniques have made it possible to breed more efficient dairy cows through genomic selection. The aim of this review is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the biological background of feed efficiency (FE) complex traits in purebred Holstein dairy cows including heritability estimate, and genetic markers, genes, and pathways participating in FE regulation mechanism. Through a literature search, we systematically reviewed the heritability estimation, molecular genetic markers, genes, biomarkers, and pathways of traits related to feeding efficiency in Holstein dairy cows. A meta-analysis based on a random-effects model was performed to combine reported heritability estimates of FE complex. The heritability of residual feed intake, dry matter intake, and energy balance was 0.20, 0.34, and 0.22, respectively, which proved that it was reasonable to include the related traits in the selection breeding program. For molecular genetic markers, a total of 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variance loci, associated genes, and functions were reported to be significant across populations. A total of 169 reported candidate genes were summarized on a large scale, using a higher threshold (adjusted P value < 0.05). Then, the subsequent pathway enrichment of these genes was performed. The important genes reported in the articles were included in a gene list and the gene list was enriched by gene ontology (GO):biological process (BP), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis. Three GO:BP terms and four KEGG terms were statistically significant, which mainly focused on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, electron transport chain, and OXPHOS pathway. Among these pathways, involved genes such as ATP5MC2, NDUFA, COX7A2, UQCR, and MMP are particularly important as they were previously reported. Twenty-nine reported biological mechanisms along with involved genes were explained mainly by four biological pathways (insulin-like growth factor axis, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation pathways, tryptophan metabolism). The information from this study will be useful for future studies of genomic selection breeding and genetic structures influencing animal FE. A better understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms would be beneficial, particularly as it might address genetic antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Masoud Shirali
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, UK
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2
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Conover CA, Oxvig C. The Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) Story. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:1012-1028. [PMID: 37267421 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was first identified in the early 1970s as a placental protein of unknown function, present at high concentrations in the circulation of pregnant women. In the mid-to-late 1990s, PAPP-A was discovered to be a metzincin metalloproteinase, expressed by many nonplacental cells, that regulates local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through cleavage of high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), in particular IGFBP-4. With PAPP-A as a cell surface-associated enzyme, the reduced affinity of the cleavage fragments results in increased IGF available to bind and activate IGF receptors in the pericellular environment. This proteolytic regulation of IGF activity is important, since the IGFs promote proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival in various normal and cancer cells. Thus, there has been a steady growth in investigation of PAPP-A structure and function outside of pregnancy. This review provides historical perspective on the discovery of PAPP-A and its structure and cellular function, highlights key studies of the first 50 years in PAPP-A research, and introduces new findings from recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Lionikas A, Hernandez Cordero AI, Kilikevicius A, Carroll AM, Bewick GS, Bunger L, Ratkevicius A, Heisler LK, Harboe M, Oxvig C. Stanniocalcin-2 inhibits skeletal muscle growth and is upregulated in functional overload-induced hypertrophy. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15793. [PMID: 37568262 PMCID: PMC10510475 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) has recently been implicated in human muscle mass variability by genetic analysis. Biochemically, STC2 inhibits the proteolytic activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A, which promotes muscle growth by upregulating the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. The aim was to examine if STC2 affects skeletal muscle mass and to assess how the IGF axis mediates muscle hypertrophy induced by functional overload. METHODS We compared muscle mass and muscle fiber morphology between Stc2-/- (n = 21) and wild-type (n = 15) mice. We then quantified IGF1, IGF2, IGF binding proteins -4 and -5 (IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5), PAPP-A and STC2 in plantaris muscles of wild-type mice subjected to 4-week unilateral overload (n = 14). RESULTS Stc2-/- mice showed up to 10% larger muscle mass compared with wild-type mice. This increase was mediated by greater cross-sectional area of muscle fibers. Overload increased plantaris mass and components of the IGF axis, including quantities of IGF1 (by 2.41-fold, p = 0.0117), IGF2 (1.70-fold, p = 0.0461), IGFBP-4 (1.48-fold, p = 0.0268), PAPP-A (1.30-fold, p = 0.0154) and STC2 (1.28-fold, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Here we provide evidence that STC2 is an inhibitor of muscle growth upregulated, along with other components of the IGF axis, during overload-induced muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimantas Lionikas
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Ana I. Hernandez Cordero
- Centre for Heart Lung InnovationUniversity of British Columbia, St. Paul's HospitalVancouverCanada
| | - Audrius Kilikevicius
- Department of Health Promotion and RehabilitationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Andrew M. Carroll
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Guy S. Bewick
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Lutz Bunger
- Animal Genetics Company (AnGeCo)EdinburghScotland
| | - Aivaras Ratkevicius
- Department of Health Promotion and RehabilitationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Lora K. Heisler
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Mette Harboe
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Oxvig C, Conover CA. The Stanniocalcin-PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF Axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1624-1633. [PMID: 36718521 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pappalysin metalloproteinases, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, have emerged as highly specific proteolytic enzymes involved in the regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. The only known pappalysin substrates are a subset of the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which bind IGF-I or IGF-II with high affinity to antagonize receptor binding. Thus, by cleaving IGFBPs, the pappalysins have the potential to increase IGF bioactivity and hence promote IGF signaling. This is relevant both in systemic and local IGF regulation, in normal and several pathophysiological conditions. Stanniocalcin-1 and -2 were recently found to be potent pappalysin inhibitors, thus comprising the missing components of a complete proteolytic system, the stanniocalcin-PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF axis. Here, we provide the biological context necessary for understanding the properties of this molecular network, and we review biochemical data, animal experiments, clinical data, and genetic data supporting the physiological operation of this branch as an important part of the IGF system. However, although in vivo data clearly illustrate its power, it is a challenge to understand its subtle operation, for example, multiple equilibria and inhibitory kinetics may determine how, where, and when the IGF receptor is stimulated. In addition, literally all of the regulatory proteins have suspected or known activities that are not directly related to IGF signaling. How such activities may integrate with IGF signaling is also important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Torres G, Yang J, Griffiths M, Brandal S, Damico R, Vaidya D, Simpson CE, Pauciulo MW, Nichols WC, Ivy DD, Austin ED, Hassoun PM, Everett AD. Insulin-like growth factor binding Protein-4: A novel indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension severity and survival. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12235. [PMID: 37152104 PMCID: PMC10156920 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has demonstrated significant abnormalities in the insulin-like growth factor axis (IGF). This study proposed to establish associations between a specific binding protein, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), and PAH severity as well as survival across varying study cohorts. In all cohorts studied, serum IGFBP4 levels were significantly elevated in PAH compared to controls (p < 0.0001). IGFBP4 concentration was also highest in the connective tissue-associated PAH (CTD-PAH) and idiopathic PAH subtypes (876 and 784 ng/mL, median, respectively). After adjustment for age and sex, IGFBP4 was significantly associated with worse PAH severity as defined by a decreased 6-min walk distance (6MWD), New York heart association functional class (NYHA-FC), REVEAL 2.0 score and higher right atrial pressures. In longitudinal analysis provided by one of the study cohorts, IGFBP4 was prospectively significantly associated with a shorter 6MWD, worse NYHA-FC classification, and decreased survival. Cox multivariable analysis demonstrated higher serum IGFBP4 as an independent predictor of survival in the overall PAHB cohort. Therefore, this study established that higher circulating IGFBP4 levels were significantly associated with worse PAH severity, decreased survival and disease progression. Dysregulation of IGF metabolism/growth axis may play a significant role in PAH cardio-pulmonary pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Torres
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jun Yang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Megan Griffiths
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Stephanie Brandal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rachel Damico
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Division of General Internal MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Catherine E. Simpson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael W. Pauciulo
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - William C. Nichols
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - David D. Ivy
- Department of Pediatric CardiologyChildren's Hospital ColoradoDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Eric D. Austin
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Allen D. Everett
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Fernández-Foren A, Sosa C, Abecia JA, Meneses C, Meikle A. Metabolic memory determines oviductal gene expression of underfed ewes during early gestation. Theriogenology 2023; 198:123-130. [PMID: 36584633 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the oviduct environment by studying oviduct gene expression after undernutrition in day-5 pregnant ewes with different initial (i) BCS, and its association with the number of embryos recovered. Thirty-six ewes were divided into 2 groups with different iBCS: iBCS ≥2.75 (n = 19; high, H) and iBCS ≤2.25 (n = 17; low, L), and were randomly assigned to two nutritional treatments for 20 days: 1.5 (control, C) or 0.5 (underfed, U) times the daily maintenance requirements. Thus, the final four groups were: high-iBCS control (HC, n = 9), high-iBCS underfed (HU, n = 10), low-iBCS control (LC, n = 9) and low-iBCS underfed (LU, n = 8). Samples of oviduct were collected and the expression of target genes was quantified using real-time PCR. While high-iBCS control ewes presented more ADIPOR1 mRNA than the high-iBCS underfed group (P < 0.05) and low-iBCS control ewes (P = 0.01), high-iBCS underfed group presented higher ADIPOR2 gene expression than low-iBCS underfed ewes (P < 0.01) evidencing a differential oviductal gene expression for these receptors. In high-iBCS ewes, control animals presented higher IGFBP2 gene expression than underfed ewes (P < 0.05), associated these results with a poor oviductal environment. High-iBCS underfed ewes presented higher IGFBP4 gene expression than high-iBCS control ewes (P < 0.05). Stepwise regression models, using various combinations of data on metabolic and reproductive hormones, and oviduct gene expression as independent variables, identified a set of variables that accounted for 75% of the variation in the number of embryos recovered. In conclusion, the oviductal gene expression depends on body reserves and nutritional treatment, and the effect is gene-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Foren
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - C Sosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - J A Abecia
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - C Meneses
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Jepsen MR, Østergaard JA, Conover CA, Wogensen L, Birn H, Krag SP, Fenton RA, Oxvig C. Increased activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A promotes diabetes-induced glomerular hypertrophy. Metabolism 2022; 132:155218. [PMID: 35588861 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes and a common cause of end stage renal failure. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-signaling has been implicated in DN, but is mechanistically poorly understood. Here, we assessed the activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A, an activator of IGF activity, and its possible interaction with the endogenous PAPP-A inhibitors stanniocalcin (STC)-1 and -2 in the mammalian kidney under normal and hyperglycemic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PAPP-A, its proteolytic substrate IGF binding protein-4, STC1 and STC2 are present in the human kidney. Endogenous inhibited complexes of PAPP-A (PAPP-A:STC1 and PAPP-A:STC2) were demonstrated in media conditioned by human mesangial cells (HMCs), suggesting that PAPP-A activity is regulated by the STCs in kidney tissue. A method for the selective detection of active PAPP-A in tissue was developed and a significant increase in glomerular active PAPP-A in human diabetic kidney relative to normal was observed. In DN patients, the estimated glomerular filtration rate correlated with PAPP-A activity. In diabetic mice, glomerular growth was reduced when PAPP-A activity was antagonized by adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of STC2. CONCLUSION We propose that PAPP-A activity in renal tissue is precisely balanced by STC1 and STC2. An imbalance in this equilibrium causing increased PAPP-A enzymatic activity potentially contributes to the development of DN, and thus, therapeutic targeting of PAPP-A activity may represent a novel strategy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene R Jepsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob A Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Lise Wogensen
- Dean's Office, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren P Krag
- Department of Histopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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8
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Lopez-Tello J, Jimenez-Martinez MA, Salazar-Petres E, Patel R, George AL, Kay RG, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Identification of Structural and Molecular Signatures Mediating Adaptive Changes in the Mouse Kidney in Response to Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6287. [PMID: 35682969 PMCID: PMC9181623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by adaptations in the function of several maternal body systems that ensure the development of the fetus whilst maintaining health of the mother. The renal system is responsible for water and electrolyte balance, as well as waste removal. Thus, it is imperative that structural and functional changes occur in the kidney during pregnancy. However, our knowledge of the precise morphological and molecular mechanisms occurring in the kidney during pregnancy is still very limited. Here, we investigated the changes occurring in the mouse kidney during pregnancy by performing an integrated analysis involving histology, gene and protein expression assays, mass spectrometry profiling and bioinformatics. Data from non-pregnant and pregnant mice were used to identify critical signalling pathways mediating changes in the maternal kidneys. We observed an expansion of renal medulla due to proliferation and infiltration of interstitial cellular constituents, as well as alterations in the activity of key cellular signalling pathways (e.g., AKT, AMPK and MAPKs) and genes involved in cell growth/metabolism (e.g., Cdc6, Foxm1 and Rb1) in the kidneys during pregnancy. We also generated plasma and urine proteomic profiles, identifying unique proteins in pregnancy. These proteins could be used to monitor and study potential mechanisms of renal adaptations during pregnancy and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | | | - Esteban Salazar-Petres
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ritik Patel
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amy L George
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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9
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP)-A2 in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123576. [PMID: 34944082 PMCID: PMC8700087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays fundamental roles during development, maturation, and aging. Members of this axis, composed of various ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, are regulated in a tissue- and time-specific manner that requires precise control that is not completely understood. Some of the most recent advances in understanding the implications of this axis in human growth are derived from the identifications of new mutations in the gene encoding the pregnancy-associated plasma protein PAPP-A2 protease that liberates IGFs from their carrier proteins in a selective manner to allow binding to the IGF receptor 1. The identification of three nonrelated families with mutations in the PAPP-A2 gene has shed light on how this protease affects human physiology. This review summarizes our understanding of the implications of PAPP-A2 in growth physiology, obtained from studies in genetically modified animal models and the PAPP-A2 deficient patients known to date.
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11
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The Insight into Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Insulin-Like Growth-Factor-Binding Proteins and Metabolic Profile in Pediatric Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072432. [PMID: 34371941 PMCID: PMC8308664 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin-like growth-factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) regulate cell proliferation and differentiation and may be of importance in obesity development. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of chosen IGF-axis genes and the concentration of their protein products in 28 obese children (OB) and 34 healthy control (HC), and their correlation with essential parameters associated with childhood obesity. The gene expression of IGFBP7 was higher, and the expression of IGF2 and IGFBP1 genes was lower in the OB. The expression of IGFBP6 tended to be lower in OB. IGFBP4 concentration was significantly higher, and IGFBP3 tended to be higher in the OB compared to the HC, while IGFBP1, IGFBP2, and IGFBP6 were significantly lower, and IGFBP7 tended to be lower in OB. We found numerous correlations between IGFs and IGFBP concentration and obesity metabolic parameters. IGFBP6 correlated positively with apelin, cholecystokinin, glucagone-like peptide-1, and leptin receptor. These peptides were also significantly lower in obese children in our study. The biological role of decreased levels of IGFBP6 in obese children needs further investigation.
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12
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Castillo-Castrejon M, Yang IV, Davidson EJ, Borengasser SJ, Jambal P, Westcott J, Kemp JF, Garces A, Ali SA, Saleem S, Goldenberg RL, Figueroa L, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Powell TL. Preconceptional Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation in 2 Low-Resource Countries Results in Distinctly Different IGF-1/mTOR Placental Responses. J Nutr 2021; 151:556-569. [PMID: 33382407 PMCID: PMC7948206 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconceptional maternal small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation (SQLNS) improved intrauterine linear growth in low-resource countries as demonstrated by the Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial (WF). Fetal growth is dependent on nutrient availability and regulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) through changes in placental transfer capacity, mediated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to evaluate the role of placental mTOR and IGF-1 signaling on fetal growth in women from 2 low-resource countries with high rates of stunting after they received preconceptional SQLNS. METHODS We studied 48 women from preconception through delivery who were from Guatemala and Pakistan and received SQLNS or not, as part of the WF study. Placental samples were obtained at delivery (control, n = 24; SQLNS, n = 24). Placental protein or mRNA expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKA), IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), and pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A, and DNA methylation of the IGF1 promoter were determined. Maternal serum IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and zinc were measured. RESULTS Mean ± SEM maternal prepregnancy BMI differed between participants in Guatemala (26.5 ± 1.3) and Pakistan (19.8 ± 0.7) (P < 0.001). In Pakistani participants, SQLNS increased the placental rpS6(T37/46):rpS6 ratio (1.5-fold) and decreased the AMPKA(T172):AMPKA ratio. Placental IGF1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with birth length and birth weight z-scores. Placental PAPP-A (30-fold) and maternal serum zinc (1.2-fold) increased with SQLNS. In Guatemalan participants SQLNS did not influence placental mTOR signaling. Placental IGF-1R protein expression was positively associated with birth length and birth weight z-scores. SQLNS increased placental PAPP-A (40-fold) and maternal serum IGFBP-4 (1.6-fold). CONCLUSIONS In Pakistani pregnant women with poor nutritional status, preconceptional SQLNS activated placental mTOR and IGF-1 signaling and was associated with improved fetal growth. In contrast, in Guatemalan women SQLNS did not activate placental nutrient-sensing pathways. In populations experiencing childhood stunting, preconceptional SQLNS improves placental function and fetal growth only in the context of poor maternal nutrition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01883193.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Castillo-Castrejon
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Davidson
- Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah J Borengasser
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Purevsuren Jambal
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer F Kemp
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ana Garces
- Maternal and Infant Health Center, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sumera A Ali
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Saleem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Robert L Goldenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lester Figueroa
- Maternal and Infant Health Center, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - K Michael Hambidge
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Forbes BE, Blyth AJ, Wit JM. Disorders of IGFs and IGF-1R signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111035. [PMID: 32941924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, that regulate multiple physiological processes, including mammalian development, metabolism and growth, through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R). The growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis is the major regulator of longitudinal growth. IGF-II is expressed in many tissues, notably the placenta, to regulate human pre- and post-natal growth and development. This review provides a brief introduction to the IGF system and summarizes findings from reports arising from recent larger genomic sequencing studies of human genetic mutations in IGF1 and IGF2 and genes of proteins regulating IGF action, namely the IGF-1R, IGF-1R signaling pathway components and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). A perspective on the effect of homozygous mutations on structure and function of the IGFs and IGF-1R is also given and this is related to the effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Blyth
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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14
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Hou ZS, Xin YR, Zeng C, Zhao HK, Tian Y, Li JF, Wen HS. GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis regulates crosstalk between growth and immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:887-897. [PMID: 32866610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An energy trade-off is existed between immunological competence and growth. The axis of growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis) regulates growth performances and immune competences in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The salmonid-specific whole genome duplication event is known to result in duplicated copies of several key genes in GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis. In this study, we evaluated the physiological functions of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis in regulating crosstalk between growth and immunity. Based on principal components analysis (PCA), we observed the overall expression profiles of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis were significantly altered by Vibrio anguillarum infection. Trout challenged with Vibrio anguillarum showed down-regulated igf1s subtypes and up-regulated igfbp1a1. The brain sst genes (sst1a, sst1b, sst3b and sst5) and igfpbs genes (igfbp4s and igfbp5b2) were significantly affected by V. anguillarum infection, while the igfbp4s, igfbp5s, igfbp6s and igf2bps genes showed significant changes in peripheral immune tissues in response to V. anguillarum infection. Gene enrichment analyses showed functional and signaling pathways associated with apoptosis (such as p53, HIF-1 or FoxO signaling) were activated. We further proposed a possible model that describes the IGF and IGFBPs-regulated interaction between cell growth and programmed death. Our study provided new insights into the physiological functions and potentially regulatory mechanisms of the GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis, indicating the pleiotropic effects of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis in regulating crosstalk between growth and immunity in trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China.
| | - Yuan-Ru Xin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Chu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Ji-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Shen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China.
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15
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Ramakrishna A, Bale LK, West SA, Conover CA. Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of PAPP-A Protects Against Visceral Obesity in Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5901798. [PMID: 32888014 PMCID: PMC7528556 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenicity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been linked to the metabolic stress of enlarging mature adipocytes and a limited ability to recruit new adipocytes. One of the major distinguishing features of VAT preadipocytes is the high expression of the zinc metalloprotease, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). In this study we used 2 different approaches to investigate the effect of PAPP-A inhibition on different fat depots in mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Conditional knockdown of PAPP-A gene expression in female adult mice resulted in significant decreases of 30% to 40% in adipocyte size in VAT (mesenteric and pericardial depots) compared to control mice. There was no effect on SAT (inguinal) or intra-abdominal perigonadal fat. Liver lipid was also significantly decreased without any effect on heart and skeletal muscle lipid. We found similar effects when using a pharmacological approach. Weekly injections of a specific immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb-PA 1/41) or isotype control were given to male and female wild-type mice on HFD for 15 weeks. Adipocyte size was significantly decreased (30%-50%) only in VAT with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. In this model, cell number was significantly increased in mesenteric fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41, suggesting hyperplasia along with reduced hypertrophy in this VAT depot. Gene expression data indicated a significant decrease in F4/80 (macrophage marker) and interleukin-6 (proinflammatory cytokine) and a significant increase in adiponectin (anti-inflammatory adipokine with beneficial metabolic effects) in mesenteric fat compared to inguinal fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41. Furthermore, there was significantly decreased liver lipid content with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. Thus, using 2 different models systems we provide proof of principle that PAPP-A inhibition is a potential therapeutic target to prevent visceral obesity and its metabolic sequelae, such as fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie K Bale
- Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sally A West
- Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Correspondence: Cheryl A. Conover, PhD, Mayo Clinic, Endocrine Research Unit, 200 First St SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. E-mail:
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16
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Kallestrup M, Frystyk J, Espelund U, Hjortebjerg R, Tankisi H, Andersen H. PAPP-A activity is increased in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and correlates with peripheral nerve impairment. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 48-49:53-59. [PMID: 31670029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have neuroprotective effects. IGF activity is partly controlled by pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), an enzyme which enhances IGF-action by cleavage of IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). To study the role of PAPP-A and the IGF system in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), we measured immunoreactive (total) concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II, bioactive IGF by cell-based bioassay, PAPP-A, as well as intact and PAPP-A-cleaved IGFBP-4 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with and without DPN. DESIGN Twenty-three patients with T2D were included. Based on clinical examination, vibratory perception thresholds and nerve conduction studies, patients were diagnosed with (n = 9) or without (n = 14) DPN. RESULTS In CSF, PAPP-A activity, as estimated by IGFBP-4 fragment levels, was higher in patients with than without DPN (34.57 vs 13.79 μg/L, p = .003) and concentrations correlated with peripheral nerve impairment measures (r = 0.73, p < .01). Furthermore, serum bioactive IGF was lower in patients with than without DPN (0.8 vs 1.3 μg/L, p = .006) and correlated inversely to the severity of DPN (r = -0.67, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS In both CSF and serum, members of the IGF system correlated with measures of peripheral nerve impairment in patients with T2D. This supports a relationship between the IGF system and the development of DPN. Further studies are needed to clarify if these changes are causally linked to the pathogenesis of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kallestrup
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - J Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - U Espelund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - R Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; The Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - H Tankisi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - H Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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17
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Steffensen LB, Conover CA, Oxvig C. PAPP-A and the IGF system in atherosclerosis: what's up, what's down? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1039-H1049. [PMID: 31518159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00395.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a metalloproteinase with a well-established role in releasing bioactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from IGF-binding protein-2, -4, and -5 by proteolytic processing of these. The IGF system has repeatedly been suggested to be involved in the pathology of atherosclerosis, and both PAPP-A and IGF-1 are proposed biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this disease. Several experimental approaches based on atherosclerosis mouse models have been undertaken to obtain causative and mechanistic insight to the role of these molecules in atherogenesis. However, reports seem conflicting. The literature suggests that PAPP-A is detrimental, while IGF-1 is beneficial. This raises important questions that need to be addressed. Here we summarize the various studies and discuss potential underlying explanations for this seemingly inconsistency with the objective of better understanding complexities and limitations when manipulating the IGF system in mouse models of atherosclerosis. A debate clarifying what's up and what's down is highly warranted going forward with the ultimate goal of improving atherosclerosis therapy by targeting the IGF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse B Steffensen
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Neirijnck Y, Papaioannou MD, Nef S. The Insulin/IGF System in Mammalian Sexual Development and Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184440. [PMID: 31505893 PMCID: PMC6770468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent research over the past few decades has clearly established that the insulin-like family of growth factors, which is composed of insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF1) and 2 (IGF2), plays essential roles in sexual development and reproduction of both males and females. Within the male and female reproductive organs, ligands of the family act in an autocrine/paracrine manner, in order to guide different aspects of gonadogenesis, sex determination, sex-specific development or reproductive performance. Although our knowledge has greatly improved over the last years, there are still several facets that remain to be deciphered. In this review, we first briefly outline the principles of sexual development and insulin/IGF signaling, and then present our current knowledge, both in rodents and humans, about the involvement of insulin/IGFs in sexual development and reproductive functions. We conclude by highlighting some interesting remarks and delineating certain unanswered questions that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Neirijnck
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Marilena D Papaioannou
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Hjortebjerg R, Thomsen KL, Agnholt J, Frystyk J. The IGF system in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with prednisolone or infliximab: potential role of the stanniocalcin-2 / PAPP-A / IGFBP-4 axis. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:83. [PMID: 31159802 PMCID: PMC6547608 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) present with reduced serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Anti-inflammatory treatment with prednisolone or infliximab ameliorates symptoms and increases circulating IGF-I, but prednisolone induces catabolism, whereas infliximab may promote protein synthesis. Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as a novel inhibitor of the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which modulates IGF-I activity. PAPP-A can cleave IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), upon which IGF-I is liberated. We hypothesized that prednisolone and infliximab exert different effects on levels of STC2, PAPP-A, and IGFBP-4, thereby explaining the distinct metabolic effects of prednisolone and infliximab. Methods Thirty-eight patients with active IBD treated with either prednisolone (n = 17) or infliximab (n = 21) were examined before and after 7 days of treatment. Circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, PAPP-A, and STC2 were measured by immunoassays. Intact IGFBP-4 and two IGFBP-4 fragments were determined by a novel immunoassay. Bioactive IGF was assessed by cell-based IGF receptor activation assay. Concentrations of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 on day 0 and 7 were compared to healthy control subjects. Results Following seven days of prednisolone treatment, total and bioactive IGF-I were increased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Upon infliximab treatment, total IGF-I levels were augmented (p < 0.05), yet IGF bioactivity remained unaltered. Intact IGFBP-4 and the two IGFBP-4 fragments generated upon cleavage by PAPP-A were all decreased following treatment with either prednisolone or infliximab (all p < 0.05). PAPP-A levels were only increased by infliximab (p = 0.005), whereas the inhibitor STC2 did not respond to any of the treatments. Conclusion IGF-I and IGFBP-4 concentrations were markedly altered in patients with IBD and near-normalized with disease remission following treatment with prednisolone or infliximab. Thus, IGFBP-4 may modulate IGF bioavailability in IBD. The effect of immunosuppression did not appear to extend beyond the regulation of IGF and IGFBP-4, as neither PAPP-A nor STC2 were discernibly affected. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00955123. Date of registration: August 7, 2009 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Karen L Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Agnholt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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20
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Son JW, Park J, Kim YE, Ha J, Park DW, Chang MS, Koh SH. Glia-Like Cells from Late-Passage Human MSCs Protect Against Ischemic Stroke Through IGFBP-4. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7617-7630. [PMID: 31081524 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is considered to be a promising future treatment for intractable neurological diseases, although all the clinical trials using stem cells have not yet shown any good results. Early passage mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in most clinical trials because of the issues on safety and efficacy. However, it is not easy to get plenty of cells enough for the treatment and it costs too much. Lots of late passage MSCs can be obtained at lower cost but their efficacy would be a big hurdle for clinical trials. If late passage MSCs with better efficacy could be used in clinical trials, it could be a new and revolutionary solution to reduce cost and enhance easier clinical trials. In the present study, it was investigated whether late passage MSCs could be induced into glia-like cells (ghMSCs); ghMSCs had better efficacy and they protected neurons and the brain from ischemia, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) played a critical role in beneficial effect of ghMSCs. ghMSCs were induced from MSCs and treated in in vitro and in vivo models of ischemia. They effectively protected neurons from ischemia and restored the brain damaged by cerebral infarction. These beneficial effects were significantly blocked by IGFBP-4 antibody. The current study demontsrated that late passage hMSCs can be efficiently induced into ghMSCs with better neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke. Moreover, the results indicate that IGFBP-4 released from ghMSCs may serve as one of the key neuronal survival factors secreted from ghMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woo Son
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-Si, 11923, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-Si, 11923, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-Si, 11923, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Ha
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Park
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Neurobiology, Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute and School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-Si, 11923, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-Si, 11923, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Dobolyi A, Lékó AH. The insulin-like growth factor-1 system in the adult mammalian brain and its implications in central maternal adaptation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:181-194. [PMID: 30552909 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the bioavailability and actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has markedly expanded in recent years as novel mechanisms were discovered on IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their ability to release IGF-1. The new discoveries allowed a better understanding of the endogenous physiological actions of IGF-1 and also its applicability in therapeutics. The focus of the present review is to summarize novel findings on the neuronal, neuroendocrine and neuroplastic actions of IGF-1 in the adult brain. As most of the new regulatory mechanisms were described in the periphery, their implications on brain IGF system will also be covered. In addition, novel findings on the effects of IGF-1 on lactation and maternal behavior are described. Based on the enormous neuroplastic changes related to the peripartum period, IGF-1 has great but largely unexplored potential in maternal adaptation of the brain, which is highlighted in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András H Lékó
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Finken MJJ, van der Steen M, Smeets CCJ, Walenkamp MJE, de Bruin C, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Wit JM. Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Differential Diagnosis, Molecular Genetic Evaluation, and Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:851-894. [PMID: 29982551 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length below -2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are multifactorial and include maternal lifestyle and obstetric factors, placental dysfunction, and numerous fetal (epi)genetic abnormalities. Short-term consequences of SGA include increased risks of hypothermia, polycythemia, and hypoglycemia. Although most SGA infants show catch-up growth by 2 years of age, ∼10% remain short. Short children born SGA are amenable to GH treatment, which increases their adult height by on average 1.25 SD. Add-on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may be considered in early pubertal children with an expected adult height below -2.5 SDS. A small birth size increases the risk of later neurodevelopmental problems and cardiometabolic diseases. GH treatment does not pose an additional risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J J Finken
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manouk van der Steen
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolina C J Smeets
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie J E Walenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, Netherlands
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23
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Austin K, Tsang D, Chalmers JA, Maalouf MF, Brubaker PL. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 inhibits epithelial growth and proliferation in the rodent intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G206-G219. [PMID: 29631376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a binding protein that modulates the action of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a growth factor whose presence is required for the intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). GLP-2 is a gut hormone that uses both IGF-1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as intermediary factors to promote intestinal growth. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism through which IGFBP-4 regulates IGF-1 activity in the intestine, proliferation assays were conducted using rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). IGF-1 and EGF synergistically enhanced proliferation, an effect that was dose-dependently decreased by IGFBP-4 ( P < 0.05-0.001) in an IGF-1 receptor (R)- and MEK1/2- but not a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner ( P > 0.05 for IGFBP-4 effects with IGF-1R and MEK1/2 inhibitors). Intestinal organoids derived from IGFBP-4 knockout mice demonstrated significantly greater Ki-67 expression and an enhanced surface area increase in response to IGF-1 treatment, compared with organoids from control mice ( P < 0.05-0.01). GLP-2 is also known to increase the mucosal expression of IGFBP-4 mRNA. To investigate whether this occurs through the actions of its intermediaries, IGF-1 and EGF, inducible intestinal epithelial-IGF-1R knockout and control mice were treated for 10 days with and without the pan-ErbB inhibitor, CI-1033. However, no differences in mucosal IGFBP-4 mRNA expression were found for any of the treatment groups ( P > 0.05). Consistently, IEC-6 cells treated with IGF-1 and/or EGF displayed no alteration in IGFBP-4 mRNA or in cellular and secreted IGFBP-4 protein ( P > 0.05). Overall, this study establishes that endogenous IGFBP-4 plays an important role in inhibiting IGF-1-induced intestinal epithelial proliferation and that mucosal IGFBP-4 expression is independent of IGF-1 and EGF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates, for the first time, the inhibitory role of locally expressed insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) on the intestinal proliferative actions of IGF-1 and supports the notion of the synergistic roles of IGF-1 and EGF in promoting intestinal epithelial growth. In turn, intestinal IGFBP-4 expression was not found to be regulated by IGF-1 and/or EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Austin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Tsang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael F Maalouf
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Hjortebjerg R. IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:7-22. [PMID: 29864720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a modulator of the IGF system, exerting both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on IGF-induced cellular growth. IGFBP-4 is the principal substrate for the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Through IGF-dependent cleavage of IGFBP-4 in the vicinity of the IGF receptor, PAPP-A is able to increase IGF bioavailability and stimulate IGF-mediated growth. Recently, the stanniocalcins (STCs) were identified as novel inhibitors of PAPP-A proteolytic activity, hereby adding additional members to the seemingly endless list of proteins belonging to the IGF family. Our understanding of these proteins has advanced throughout recent years, and there is evidence to suggest that the role of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in defining the relationship between total IGF and IGF bioactivity can be linked to a number of pathological conditions. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical findings on the IGFBP-4/PAPP-A/STC axis as a regulator of IGF activity and examines the conundrum surrounding extrapolation of circulating concentrations to tissue action of these proteins. The primary focus will be on the biological significance of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and in pathophysiology with emphasis on metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Finally, the review assesses current new trajectories of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
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25
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Li H, Yu S, Hao F, Sun X, Zhao J, Xu Q, Duan D. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 inhibits proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and enhances growth of neurospheres derived from the stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:331-341. [PMID: 30028031 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4) was reported to trigger cellular senescence and reduce cell growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), but its contribution to neurogenic differentiation of BMSCs remains unknown. In the present study, BMSCs were isolated from the femur and tibia of young rats to investigate effects of IGFBP-4 on BMSC proliferation and growth of neurospheres derived from BMSCs. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 after treatment with IGFBP-4 or blockers of IGF-IR and β-catenin. Phosphorylation levels of Akt, Erk, and p38 in BMSCs were analysed by Western blotting. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were induced into neural lineages in NeuroCult medium; the number and the size of BMSC-derived neurospheres were counted after treatment with IGFBP-4 or the blockers. It was shown that addition of IGFBP-4 inhibited BMSC proliferation and immunodepletion of IGFBP-4 increased the proliferation. The blockade of IGF-IR with AG1024 increased BMSC proliferation and reversed IGFBP-4-induced proliferation inhibition; however, blocking of β-catenin with FH535 did not. p-Erk was significantly decreased in IGFBP-4-treated BMSCs. IGFBP-4 promoted the growth of neurospheres derived from BMSCs, as manifested by the increases in the number and the size of the derived neurospheres. Both AG1024 and FH535 inhibited the formation of NeuroCult-induced neurospheres, but FH535 significantly inhibited the growth of neurospheres in NeuroCult medium with EGF, bFGF, and IGFBP-4. The data suggested that IGFBP-4 inhibits BMSC proliferation through IGF-IR pathway and promotes growth of BMSC-derived neurospheres via stabilizing β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shukui Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qunyuan Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deyi Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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26
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1-6 bind IGFs but not insulin with high affinity. They were initially identified as serum carriers and passive inhibitors of IGF actions. However, subsequent studies showed that, although IGFBPs inhibit IGF actions in many circumstances, they may also potentiate these actions. IGFBPs are widely expressed in most tissues, and they are flexible endocrine and autocrine/paracrine regulators of IGF activity, which is essential for this important physiological system. More recently, individual IGFBPs have been shown to have IGF-independent actions. Mechanisms underlying these actions include (i) interaction with non-IGF proteins in compartments including the extracellular space and matrix, the cell surface and intracellular space, (ii) interaction with and modulation of other growth factor pathways including EGF, TGF-β and VEGF, and (iii) direct or indirect transcriptional effects following nuclear entry of IGFBPs. Through these IGF-dependent and IGF-independent actions, IGFBPs modulate essential cellular processes including proliferation, survival, migration, senescence, autophagy and angiogenesis. They have been implicated in a range of disorders including malignant, metabolic, neurological and immune diseases. A more complete understanding of their cellular roles may lead to the development of novel IGFBP-based therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bach
- Department of Medicine (Alfred)Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesAlfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Abstract
The zinc metalloproteinase, PAPP-A, enhances local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action through cleavage of inhibitory IGF-binding proteins, thereby increasing IGF available for IGF receptor-mediated cell proliferation, migration and survival. In many tumors, enhanced IGF receptor signaling is associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. We will first discuss PAPP-A structure and function, and post-translational inhibitors of PAPP-A expression or proteolytic activity. We will then review the evidence supporting an important role for PAPP-A in many cancers, including breast, ovarian and lung cancer, and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- From the Division of Endocrinology Mayo ClinicRochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Yakar S, Werner H, Rosen CJ. Insulin-like growth factors: actions on the skeleton. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T115-T137. [PMID: 29626053 PMCID: PMC5966339 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the growth hormone (GH)-mediated somatic factors (somatomedins), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II, has elicited an enormous interest primarily among endocrinologists who study growth and metabolism. The advancement of molecular endocrinology over the past four decades enables investigators to re-examine and refine the established somatomedin hypothesis. Specifically, gene deletions, transgene overexpression or more recently, cell-specific gene-ablations, have enabled investigators to study the effects of the Igf1 and Igf2 genes in temporal and spatial manners. The GH/IGF axis, acting in an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine fashion, is the major axis controlling skeletal growth. Studies in rodents have clearly shown that IGFs regulate bone length of the appendicular skeleton evidenced by changes in chondrocytes of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. IGFs affect radial bone growth and regulate cortical and trabecular bone properties via their effects on osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast function. Interactions of the IGFs with sex steroid hormones and the parathyroid hormone demonstrate the significance and complexity of the IGF axis in the skeleton. Finally, IGFs have been implicated in skeletal aging. Decreases in serum IGFs during aging have been correlated with reductions in bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. This review highlights many of the most relevant studies in the IGF research landscape, focusing in particular on IGFs effects on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010-4086, USA
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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29
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Cediel G, Rueda F, Oxvig C, Oliveras T, Labata C, de Diego O, Ferrer M, Aranda-Nevado MC, Serra-Gregori J, Núñez J, García C, Bayes-Genis A. Prognostic value of the Stanniocalcin-2/PAPP-A/IGFBP-4 axis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:63. [PMID: 29712555 PMCID: PMC5925828 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the Stanniocalcin-2/PAPP-A/IGFBP-4 axis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods Observational cohort study performed in 1085 consecutive STEMI patients treated with early reperfusion between February 2011 and August 2014. Stanniocalcin-2, PAPP-A, and IGFBP-4 were measured using state-of-the art immunoassays. The primary outcome was the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and readmission due to heart failure (HF). Results Median follow-up was 3.3 years (IQR 1.0–3.7), during which 176 patients (16.2%) presented a composite endpoint. Multivariable cox regression analysis revealed that Stanniocalcin-2 (HR 2.06; 95% CI 1.13–3.75; p = 0.018), IGFBP-4 (HR 1.73; 95% CI 1.14–2.64; p = 0.010), Killip–Kimball class III–IV (HR 1.40; 95% CI 1.13–1.74; p = 0.002), NT-ProBNP (HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.07–1.37; p = 0.002), age (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.04–1.08; p < 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95–0.98; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of the composite endpoint. A model containing Stanniocalcin-2 and IGFBP-4 on top of clinical variables significantly improved C-index discrimination (p = 0.036). Stanniocalcin-2 was also identified as independent predictor of all-cause mortality (HR 2.23; 95% CI 1.16–4.29; p = 0.017) and readmission due to HF (HR 3.42; 95% CI 1.22–9.60; p = 0.020). Conclusions In STEMI patients, Stanniocalcin-2 and IGFBP-4 emerged as independent predictors of all-cause death and readmission due to HF. The Stanniocalcin-2/PAPP-A/IGFBP-4 axis exhibits a significant role in STEMI risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Cediel
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Rueda
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Teresa Oliveras
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Labata
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol de Diego
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cruz Aranda-Nevado
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Serra-Gregori
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Núñez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA, Departamento de Medicina, CIBERCV Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cosme García
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, CIBERCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Hjortebjerg R, Berryman DE, Comisford R, List EO, Oxvig C, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Kopchick JJ. Depot-specific and GH-dependent regulation of IGF binding protein-4, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, and stanniocalcin-2 in murine adipose tissue. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 39:54-61. [PMID: 29398370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I action through proteolytic cleavage of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as an inhibitor of PAPP-A. Most members of the IGF system are expressed in adipose tissue (AT), but there is a relative paucity of information on the distribution of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 in different AT depots. Since IGF-I expression in AT is highly GH-dependent, we used bovine GH transgenic (bGH) and GH receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice to investigate AT depot-specific expression patterns of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2, and whether the regulation is GH-dependent. METHODS Seven-month-old male bGH, GHR-/- and wild type (WT) control mice were used. Body composition was determined, and subcutaneous, epididymal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots were collected. RNA expression of Igfbp4, Pappa, and Stc2 was assessed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and IGFBP-4 protein by Western blotting. RESULTS Igfbp4, Pappa, and Stc2 RNA levels were differentially expressed in an AT depot-dependent manner in WT mice. Igfbp4 RNA levels were significantly higher in all white AT depots than in BAT. Pappa was most highly expressed in the mesenteric depot: levels were 7.5-fold higher in mesenteric than in subcutaneous AT (p < .001). Although intraabdominal in origin, epididymal and retroperitoneal Pappa expression levels were 69% and 68% lower, respectively, as compared to mesenteric levels (p < .001). Stc2 RNA expression was significantly higher in all intraabdominal white AT as compared to subcutaneous AT and BAT; levels in epididymal, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric were all more than three-fold higher than in subcutaneous AT (p < .001) and 12-fold higher than in BAT (p < .001). Gene expression patterns in bGH and GHR-/- mice mimicked those in WT mice, suggesting that GH does not affect the transcription of the STC2-PAPP-A-IGFBP-4-axis in AT. However, proteins levels of intact IGFBP-4 were significantly increased in bGH mice and decreased in GHR-/- mice, whereas the PAPP-A-generated IGFBP-4 fragment level was unaltered. CONCLUSION Expression of Igfbp4, Pappa, and Stc2 differ between AT depots and is generally higher in white AT than in BAT. The transcription appears to occur in a GH-independent manner, whereas IGFBP-4 protein levels are highly influenced by altered GH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Ross Comisford
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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31
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Mense K, Heidekorn-Dettmer J, Wirthgen E, Brockelmann Y, Bortfeldt R, Peter S, Jung M, Höflich C, Hoeflich A, Schmicke M. Increased Concentrations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP)-2, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 Are Associated With Fetal Mortality in Pregnant Cows. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:310. [PMID: 29946296 PMCID: PMC6006986 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play a critical role in fetal growth, and components of the IGF system have been associated with fetal growth restriction in women. In human pregnancy, the proteolytic cleavage of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), particularly IGFBP-4, releases free IGF for respective action at the tissue level. The aim of the present study was to determine IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 concentrations by Western ligand blotting during pregnancy until day 100 in cows and to compare these concentrations with those of non-pregnant cows and cows undergoing embryonic/fetal mortality. Therefore, two study trials (I and II) and an in vitro study were conducted. In study I, 43 cows were not pregnant, 34 cows were pregnant, and 4 cows were undergoing fm. In study II, 500 cows were examined, and 7 cases of pregnancy loss between days 24-27 and 34-37 after artificial insemination (AI, late embryonic mortality; em) and 8 cases of pregnancy loss between days 34-37 and 54-57 after AI (late embryonic mortality and early fetal mortality; em/fm) were defined from the analyses of 30 pregnant and 20 non-pregnant cows randomly selected for insulin-like growth factor 1 and IGFBP analyses. In vitro serum from pregnant (n = 3) and non-pregnant (n = 3) cows spiked after incubation with recombinant human (rh) IGFBP-4 for 24 h, and IGFBP-4 levels were analyzed before and after incubation to detect proteolytic degradation. The IGFBP-2, -3, and -4 concentrations did not decline during early pregnancy in cows, while IGFBP-4 concentrations were comparable between pregnant and non-pregnant cows, irrespective of low proteolytic activity, which was also demonstrated in cows. Interestingly, cows with em or fm showed distinct IGFBP patterns. The IGFBP-2 and -3 concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in cows with fm compared to pregnant. The IGFBP-4 levels were significantly higher in cows developing fm. Thus, distinct differences in the circulating IGFBP concentrations could be associated with late embryonic and early fetal losses in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Mense
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schoenow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Julia Heidekorn-Dettmer
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Yette Brockelmann
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Bortfeldt
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schoenow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Sarah Peter
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schoenow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Markus Jung
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schoenow, Bernau, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marion Schmicke,
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Garcia de la Serrana D, Macqueen DJ. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins of Teleost Fishes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:80. [PMID: 29593649 PMCID: PMC5857546 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (Igf) binding protein (Igfbp) family has a broad range of physiological functions and a fascinating evolutionary history. This review focuses on the Igfbps of teleost fishes, where genome duplication events have diversified gene repertoire, function, and physiological regulation-with six core Igfbps expanded into a family of over twenty genes in some lineages. In addition to briefly summarizing the current state of knowledge on teleost Igfbp evolution, function, and expression-level regulation, we highlight gaps in our understanding and promising areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia de la Serrana
- School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Daniel Garcia de la Serrana,
| | - Daniel J. Macqueen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Allard JB, Duan C. IGF-Binding Proteins: Why Do They Exist and Why Are There So Many? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:117. [PMID: 29686648 PMCID: PMC5900387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key growth-promoting peptides that act as both endocrine hormones and autocrine/paracrine growth factors. In the bloodstream and in local tissues, most IGF molecules are bound by one of the members of the IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) family, of which six distinct types exist. These proteins bind to IGF with an equal or greater affinity than the IGF1 receptor and are thus in a key position to regulate IGF signaling globally and locally. Binding to an IGFBP increases the half-life of IGF in the circulation and blocks its potential binding to the insulin receptor. In addition to these classical roles, IGFBPs have been shown to modulate IGF signaling locally under various conditions. Although members of the IGFBP family share significant sequence homology, they each have unique structural features and play distinct roles. These IGFBP genes also have different modes of regulation and distinct expression patterns. Some IGFBPs have been found to bind to their own receptors or to translocate into the interior compartments of cells where they may execute IGF-independent actions. In spite of this functional and regulatory diversity, it has been puzzling that loss-of-function studies have yielded relatively little information about the physiological functions of IGFBPs. In this review, we suggest that evolution has tended to retain an array of IGFBPs in order to facilitate fine-tuning of IGF signaling. We explore the emerging explanation that many IGFBP functions have evolved to allow the targeted adjustment of IGF signaling under stressful or irregular conditions, which would likely not be revealed in a standard laboratory setting.
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Beattie J, Al-Khafaji H, Noer PR, Alkharobi HE, Alhodhodi A, Meade J, El-Gendy R, Oxvig C. Insulin- like Growth Factor-Binding Protein Action in Bone Tissue: A Key Role for Pregnancy- Associated Plasma Protein-A. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29503631 PMCID: PMC5820303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is required for the differentiation, development, and maintenance of bone tissue. Accordingly, dysregulation of this axis is associated with various skeletal pathologies including growth abnormalities and compromised bone structure. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the action of the IGF axis must be viewed holistically taking into account not just the actions of the growth factors and receptors, but also the influence of soluble high affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs).There is a recognition that IGFBPs exert IGF-dependent and IGF-independent effects in bone and other tissues and that an understanding of the mechanisms of action of IGFBPs and their regulation in the pericellular environment impact critically on tissue physiology. In this respect, a group of IGFBP proteinases (which may be considered as ancillary members of the IGF axis) play a crucial role in regulating IGFBP function. In this model, cleavage of IGFBPs by specific proteinases into fragments with lower affinity for growth factor(s) regulates the partition of IGFs between IGFBPs and cell surface IGF receptors. In this review, we examine the importance of IGFBP function in bone tissue with special emphasis on the role of pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). We examine the function of PAPP-A primarily as an IGFBP-4 proteinase and present evidence that PAPP-A induced cleavage of IGFBP-4 is potentially a key regulatory step in bone metabolism. We also highlight some recent findings with regard to IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5 (also PAPP-A substrates) function in bone tissue and briefly discuss the actions of the other three IGFBPs (-1, -3, and -6) in this tissue. Although our main focus will be in bone we will allude to IGFBP activity in other cells and tissues where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: James Beattie,
| | - Hasanain Al-Khafaji
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pernille R. Noer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanaa Esa Alkharobi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Alhodhodi
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Meade
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Mazerbourg S, Monget P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and IGFBP Proteases: A Dynamic System Regulating the Ovarian Folliculogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:134. [PMID: 29643837 PMCID: PMC5890141 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present article is to update our understanding of the expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), IGFBP proteases and their implication in the different processes of ovarian folliculogenesis in mammals. In the studied species, IGFs and several small-molecular weight IGFBPs (in particular IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4) are considered, respectively, as stimulators and inhibitors of follicular growth and maturation. IGFs play a key role in sensitizing ovarian granulosa cells to FSH action during terminal follicular growth. Concentrations of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 in follicular fluid strongly decrease during follicular growth, leading to an increase in IGF bioavailability. Inversely, atresia is characterized by an increase of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 levels, leading to a decrease in IGF bioavailability. Changes in intrafollicular IGFBPs content are due to variations in mRNA expression and/or proteolytic degradation by the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), and likely participates in the selection of dominant follicles. The identification of PAPP-A2, as an IGFBP-3 and -5 protease, and stanniocalcins (STCs) as inhibitors of PAPP-A activity extends the IGF system. Studies on their implication in folliculogenesis in mammals are still in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mazerbourg
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Sabine Mazerbourg, ; Philippe Monget,
| | - Philippe Monget
- INRA, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6078 INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Sabine Mazerbourg, ; Philippe Monget,
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Rodríguez F, Gareis N, Hein G, Salvetti N, Amweg A, Huber E, Stassi A, Ortega H, Rey F. Role of Components of the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in the Early Stages of Ovarian Follicular Persistence in Cattle. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:201-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Astessiano AL, Carriquiry M, Mattiauda DA, Adrien ML, Chilibroste P, Meikle A. Endometrial gene expression in primiparous dairy cows at the end of the voluntary waiting period is affected by nutrition: Total mixed ration vs increasing levels of herbage allowance. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:798-805. [PMID: 28406532 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The study postulated that differential nutritional management during the early lactation period would be reflected in endometrial expression of genes related to embryo growth at the end of the voluntary waiting period. Thus, the effect of the combined use of total mixed ration (TMR) and grazing under different herbage allowances during the first 75 days post-partum (DPP) on endometrial gene expression was evaluated in primiparous dairy cows. Cows were blocked by body weight, age and body condition score and randomly assigned to three grazing treatments: high (HA, 30 kg DM per cow per day), medium (MA, 15 kg DM per cow per day) and low (LA, 7.5 kg DM per cow per day) herbage allowance (mixed pasture, 2,600 kg DM per ha) plus 8 kg DM of supplement or TMR (55% forage, 45% concentrate) fed ad libitum (TMR) from calving to 75 DPP. At 57 DPP, cows were synchronized for oestrus (day 0, 68 DPP) and at day 7, endometrial biopsies were obtained. The nutritional treatment did not affect insulin, IGF-1 and leptin concentrations on days 0, 4 or 7. Expression of IGF1, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 mRNA was significantly affected by the nutritional treatment. Endometrial IGF1 and IGFBP4 mRNA were twofold greater in TMR and HA than MA and LA cows. Expression of IGFBP3 and ADIPOR1 mRNAs was greater in TMR and HA than MA cows, but did not differ from LA cows. All groups had greater expression of ADIPOR2 mRNA than MA cows. This study provided solid evidence of the importance of nutritional management during early lactation on uterine environment at the end of the voluntary waiting period. The greater expression of genes related to embryo growth and uterine function (IGF system, progesterone and adiponectin receptors) in cows fed diets maximizing energy intake suggests a favourable environment for embryonic growth, which may explain the improved reproductive performance of cows in good energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Astessiano
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Carriquiry
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D A Mattiauda
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M L Adrien
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - P Chilibroste
- School of Agronomy, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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38
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Conover CA, Oxvig C. PAPP-A: a promising therapeutic target for healthy longevity. Aging Cell 2017; 16:205-209. [PMID: 28035757 PMCID: PMC5334524 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a proteolytic enzyme that was discovered to increase local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) availability for receptor activation through cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Reduced IGF signaling has been associated with increased lifespan and healthspan. Therefore, inhibition of PAPP-A represents a novel approach to indirectly decrease the availability of bioactive IGF. Here, we will review data in support of PAPP-A as a therapeutic target to promote healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Aarhus Universitet; Aarhus Denmark
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Maridas DE, DeMambro VE, Le PT, Nagano K, Baron R, Mohan S, Rosen CJ. IGFBP-4 regulates adult skeletal growth in a sex-specific manner. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:131-144. [PMID: 28184001 PMCID: PMC5425953 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding proteins are critical mediators of skeletal growth. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4) is highly expressed in osteoblasts and inhibits IGF-1 actions in vitro Yet, in vivo studies suggest that it could potentiate IGF-1 and IGF-2 actions. In this study, we hypothesized that IGFBP-4 might potentiate the actions of IGF-1 on the skeleton. To test this, we comprehensively studied 8- and 16-week-old Igfbp4-/- mice. Both male and female adult Igfbp4-/- mice had marked growth retardation with reductions in body weight, body and femur lengths, fat proportion and lean mass at 8 and 16 weeks. Marked reductions in aBMD and aBMC were observed in 16-week-old Igfbp4-/- females, but not in males. Femoral trabecular BV/TV and thickness, cortical fraction and thickness in 16-week-old Igfbp4-/- females were significantly reduced. However, surprisingly, males had significantly more trabeculae with higher connectivity density than controls. Concordantly, histomorphometry revealed higher bone resorption and lower bone formation in Igfbp4-/- females. In contrast, Igfbp4-/- males had lower mineralized surface/bone surface. Femoral expression of Sost and circulating levels of sclerostin were reduced but only in Igfbp4-/- males. Bone marrow stromal cultures from mutants showed increased osteogenesis, whereas osteoclastogenesis was markedly increased in cells from Igfbp4-/- females but decreased in males. In sum, our results indicate that loss of Igfbp4 affects mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation, regulates osteoclastogenesis and influences both skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Thus, IGFBP-4 modulates the skeleton in a gender-specific manner, acting as both a cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Maridas
- Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | | | - Phuong T Le
- Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Harvard School of Dental MedicineBoston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Harvard School of Dental MedicineBoston, Massachusetts, USA
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Niu H, Gou R, Xu Q, Duan D. Recombinant insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 inhibits proliferation and promotes differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Neurosci Lett 2017; 642:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Breves JP, Fujimoto CK, Phipps-Costin SK, Einarsdottir IE, Björnsson BT, McCormick SD. Variation in branchial expression among insulin-like growth-factor binding proteins (igfbps) during Atlantic salmon smoltification and seawater exposure. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 17:2. [PMID: 28100217 PMCID: PMC5242021 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-017-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background In preparation for migration from freshwater to marine habitats, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) undergo smoltification, a transformation that includes the acquisition of hyposmoregulatory capacity. The growth hormone (Gh)/insulin-like growth-factor (Igf) axis promotes the development of branchial ionoregulatory functions that underlie ion secretion. Igfs interact with a suite of Igf binding proteins (Igfbps) that modulate hormone activity. In Atlantic salmon smolts, igfbp4,−5a,−5b1,−5b2,−6b1 and−6b2 transcripts are highly expressed in gill. We measured mRNA levels of branchial and hepatic igfbps during smoltification (March, April, and May), desmoltification (July) and following seawater (SW) exposure in March and May. We also characterized parallel changes in a broad suite of osmoregulatory (branchial Na+/K+-ATPase (Nka) activity, Na+/K+/2Cl−cotransporter 1 (nkcc1) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 1 (cftr1) transcription) and endocrine (plasma Gh and Igf1) parameters. Results Indicative of smoltification, we observed increased branchial Nka activity, nkcc1 and cftr1 transcription in May. Branchial igfbp6b1 and -6b2 expression increased coincidentally with smoltification. Following a SW challenge in March, igfbp6b1 showed increased expression while igfbp6b2 exhibited diminished expression. igfbp5a,−5b1 and−5b2 mRNA levels did not change during smolting, but each had lower levels following a SW exposure in March. Conclusions Salmonids express an especially large suite of igfbps. Our data suggest that dynamic expression of particular igfbps accompanies smoltification and SW challenges; thus, transcriptional control of igfbps may provide a mechanism for the local modulation of Igf activity in salmon gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N Broadway, Saratoga Springs, 12866, NY, USA.
| | - Chelsea K Fujimoto
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N Broadway, Saratoga Springs, 12866, NY, USA
| | - Silas K Phipps-Costin
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N Broadway, Saratoga Springs, 12866, NY, USA
| | - Ingibjörg E Einarsdottir
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- USGS, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, P.O. Box 796, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, 01376, MA, USA
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Swiderski K, Martins KJB, Chee A, Trieu J, Naim T, Gehrig SM, Baum DM, Brenmoehl J, Chau L, Koopman R, Gregorevic P, Metzger F, Hoeflich A, Lynch GS. Skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of IGFBP-2 promotes a slower muscle phenotype in healthy but not dystrophic mdx mice and does not affect the dystrophic pathology. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:1-10. [PMID: 27544574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are thought to modulate cell size and homeostasis via IGF-I-dependent and -independent pathways. There is a considerable dearth of information regarding the function of IGFBPs in skeletal muscle, particularly their role in the pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In this study we tested the hypothesis that intramuscular IGFBP-2 overexpression would ameliorate the pathology in mdx dystrophic mice. DESIGN 4week old male C57Bl/10 and mdx mice received a single intramuscular injection of AAV6-empty or AAV6-IGFBP-2 vector into the tibialis anterior muscle. At 8weeks post-injection the effect of IGFBP-2 overexpression on the structure and function of the injected muscle was assessed. RESULTS AAV6-mediated IGFBP-2 overexpression in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of 4-week-old C57BL/10 and mdx mice reduced the mass of injected muscle after 8weeks, inducing a slower muscle phenotype in C57BL/10 but not mdx mice. Analysis of inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression revealed no changes between control and IGFBP-2 injected muscles in dystrophic (mdx) mice. CONCLUSIONS Together these results indicate that the IGFBP-2-induced promotion of a slower muscle phenotype is impaired in muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, which contributes to the inability of IGFBP-2 to ameliorate the dystrophic pathology. The findings implicate the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) in the signaling required for this adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Swiderski
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Karen Janet Bernice Martins
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Annabel Chee
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jennifer Trieu
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Timur Naim
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stefan Martin Gehrig
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dale Michael Baum
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Luong Chau
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - René Koopman
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Friedrich Metzger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Neuroscience, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gordon Stuart Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Clemmons DR. Role of IGF Binding Proteins in Regulating Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:375-391. [PMID: 27117513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) circulate in extracellular fluids bound to a family of binding proteins. Although they function in a classical manner to limit the access of the IGFs to their receptors they also have a multiplicity of actions that are independent of this property; they bind to their own receptors or are transported to intracellular and intranuclear sites to influence cellular functions that may directly or indirectly modify IGF actions. The availability of genetically modified animals has helped to determine their functions in a physiological context. These results show that many of their actions are cell type- and context-specific, and have led to a broader understanding of how these proteins function coordinately with IGF-I and -II to regulate growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Clemmons
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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PAPP-A and the IGF system. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yakar S, Isaksson O. Regulation of skeletal growth and mineral acquisition by the GH/IGF-1 axis: Lessons from mouse models. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:26-42. [PMID: 26432542 PMCID: PMC4809789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and its downstream mediator, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), construct a pleotropic axis affecting growth, metabolism, and organ function. Serum levels of GH/IGF-1 rise during pubertal growth and associate with peak bone acquisition, while during aging their levels decline and associate with bone loss. The GH/IGF-1 axis was extensively studied in numerous biological systems including rodent models and cell cultures. Both hormones act in an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine fashion and understanding their distinct and overlapping contributions to skeletal acquisition is still a matter of debate. GH and IGF-1 exert their effects on osteogenic cells via binding to their cognate receptor, leading to activation of an array of genes that mediate cellular differentiation and function. Both hormones interact with other skeletal regulators, such as sex-steroids, thyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone, to facilitate skeletal growth and metabolism. In this review we summarized several rodent models of the GH/IGF-1 axis and described key experiments that shed new light on the regulation of skeletal growth by the GH/IGF-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010-408
| | - Olle Isaksson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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The Beneficial Impact of Antidepressant Drugs on Prenatal Stress-Evoked Malfunction of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Protein Family in the Olfactory Bulbs of Adult Rats. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:288-98. [PMID: 26610812 PMCID: PMC4712215 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) promotes the growth, differentiation, and survival of both neurons and glial cells, and it is believed to exert antidepressant-like activity. Thus, disturbances in the IGF-1 system could be responsible for the course of depression. To date, there have been no papers showing the impact of chronic antidepressant treatment on the IGF-1 network in the olfactory bulb (OB) in an animal model of depression. Prenatal stress was used as model of depression. Twenty-four 3-month-old male offspring of control and stressed mothers were subjected to behavioral testing (forced swim test). The mRNA expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the protein level of IGF-1 and its phosphorylation, as well as the concentrations of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-2, -4, -3, and -6), were measured in OBs before and after chronic imipramine, fluoxetine, or tianeptine administration. Adult rats exposed prenatally to stressful stimuli displayed not only depression-like behavior but also decreased IGF-1 expression, dysregulation in the IGFBP network, and diminished mRNA expression, as well as IGF-1R phosphorylation, in the OB. The administration of antidepressants normalized most of the changes in the IGF-1 system of the OB evoked by prenatal stress. These results suggested a beneficial effect of chronic antidepressant drug treatment in the alleviation of IGF-1 family malfunction in OBs in an animal model of depression.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) 4-6 have important roles as modulators of IGF actions. IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-6 predominantly inhibit IGF actions, whereas IGFBP-5 may enhance these actions under some circumstances. IGFBP-6 is unique among the IGFBPs for its marked IGF-II binding preference. IGFBPs 4-6 are found in the circulation as binary complexes with IGFs that can enter tissues. Additionally, about half of the circulating IGFBP-5 is found in ternary complexes with IGFs and an acid labile subunit; this high molecular complex cannot leave the circulation and acts as an IGF reservoir. IGFBPs 4-6 also have IGF-independent actions. These IGFBPs are regulated in a cell-specific manner and their dysregulation may play a role in a range of diseases including cancer. However, there is no clear clinical indication for measuring serum levels of these IGFBPs at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Bach
- Department of Medicine (Alfred), Monash University, Prahran, 3181, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
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Mikkelsen JH, Resch ZT, Kalra B, Savjani G, Kumar A, Conover CA, Oxvig C. Indirect targeting of IGF receptor signaling in vivo by substrate-selective inhibition of PAPP-A proteolytic activity. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1014-25. [PMID: 24572990 PMCID: PMC4011579 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway is involved in certain human cancers, and the feasibility of directly targeting the IGF receptor has been actively investigated. However, recent evidence from clinical trials suggests that this approach can be problematic. We have developed an alternative strategy to indirectly inhibit the IGF signaling by targeting the metalloproteinase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). PAPP-A associated with the cell surface cleaves IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), when IGF is bound to IGFBP-4, and thereby increases IGF bioavailability for receptor activation in an autocrine/paracrine manner. We hypothesized that inhibition of PAPP-A would suppress excessive local IGF signaling in tissues where this is caused by increased PAPP-A proteolytic activity. To test this hypothesis, we developed an inhibitory monoclonal antibody, mAb 1/41, which targets a unique substrate-binding exosite of PAPP-A. This inhibitor selectively and specifically inhibits proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP-4 with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 135 pM. In addition, it inhibited intracellular signaling of the IGF receptor (AKT phosphorylation) in monolayers of A549 cells, an IGF-responsive lung cancer-derived cell line found to express high levels of PAPP-A. We further showed that mAb 1/41 is effective towards PAPP-A bound to cell surfaces, and that it is capable of inhibiting PAPP-A activity in vivo. Using a murine xenograft model of A549 cells, we demonstrated that mAb 1/41 administered intraperitoneally significantly inhibited tumor growth. Analysis of xenograft tumor tissue recovered from treated mice showed penetration of mAb 1/41, reduced IGFBP-4 proteolysis, and reduced AKT phosphorylation. Our study provides proof of concept that IGF signaling can be selectively reduced by targeting a regulatory proteinase that functions extracellularly, upstream of the IGF receptor. PAPP-A targeting thus represents an alternative therapeutic strategy for inhibiting IGF receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob H Mikkelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Austin K, Imam NA, Pintar JE, Brubaker PL. IGF binding protein-4 is required for the growth effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in murine intestine. Endocrinology 2015; 156:429-36. [PMID: 25514089 PMCID: PMC4298331 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an enteroendocrine hormone that stimulates the growth of the intestinal epithelium. We have previously demonstrated that GLP-2 exerts its intestinotropic effect through an indirect mechanism that requires both IGF-1 and the intestinal epithelial IGF-1 receptor. However, the biological activity of IGF-1 is modulated by IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), including IGFBP-4, which is highly expressed in the intestine. To determine the role of IGFBP-4 in the tropic effects of GLP-2, IGFBP-4 knockout (KO) and control mice were treated with degradation-resistant GLP-2 or vehicle for 10 days. Comparable levels of IGFBP-1-3/5-7 mRNAs were observed in the intestinal mucosa of all animals. IGFBP-4 KO mice had greater small intestinal weight and length, and deeper crypts (P < .05) as compared with controls, suggesting that IGFBP-4 has an inhibitory role in basal intestinal growth. However, small intestinal weight, crypt-villus height and crypt cell proliferation increased in response to GLP-2 in control mice (P < .05), and these changes were abrogated with IGFBP-4 KO. In contrast, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A KO mice, which have increased levels of circulating IGFBP-4, demonstrated a normal intestinotropic response to GLP-2. Finally, GLP-2 treatment of control mice significantly increased IGFBP-4 mRNA expression in the jejunal mucosa (P < .05), a finding that was recapitulated by GLP-2 treatment of fetal rat intestinal cells in culture (10(-8)M for 2 h; P < .05). Collectively, these results indicate that the IGF-I-modulating protein, IGFBP-4, exerts a negative effect on basal intestinal growth but plays a positive regulatory role in the intestinotropic actions of GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Austin
- Departments of Physiology (K.A., N.A.I., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.E.P.), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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The role of PAPP-A in the IGF system: location, location, location. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:177-87. [PMID: 25617049 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although discovered as a placental protein present abundantly in the circulation of pregnant women, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is widely expressed in multiple tissues. PAPP-A is a highly specific metalloproteinase binding tightly to glycosaminoglycans present on the surface of cells. By cleaving a subset of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), PAPP-A thus functions within tissues as a growth-promoting enzyme, releasing bioactive IGF in close proximity to the IGF receptor. IGFBP-4 is believed to be the principal PAPP-A substrate, and the focus in this review is on PAPP-A enzymatic activity and its role in the PAPP-A-IGFBP-4-IGF axis, which is subject to regulation at several different levels. These include e.g., transcriptional control, competing reactions potentially sequestering IGF from IGFBP-4 and hence antagonizing PAPP-A-mediated IGF activation, and proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A. The latter may involve the protein stanniocalcin-2 (STC2), recently found to potently inhibit PAPP-A activity by forming a covalent complex with PAPP-A. PAPP-A or complex-bound variants may escape from pathological tissues into the circulation. It is emphasized that the potential use of PAPP-A as a diagnostic or predictive biomarker in nonpregnant individuals requires precise knowledge of analyte identity and assay specificity in addition to an appropriate material for standardization. Finally, PAPP-A may serve as a therapeutic target to indirectly inhibit IGF signaling in tissues where this is driven by increased PAPP-A activity. By taking advantage of the intricate interaction between PAPP-A and IGFBP-4, highly specific and selective inhibition of PAPP-A is possible.
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