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Stocker L, Zervou SK, Papageorgiou SN, Karakousoglou S, Triantis T, Hiskia A, Eliades G, Eliades T. Salivary levels of eluents during Invisalign™ treatment with attachments: an in vivo investigation. Prog Orthod 2024; 25:22. [PMID: 38825612 PMCID: PMC11144685 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-024-00522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the elution of substances from polyester-urethane (Invisalign™) aligners and resin composite attachments (Tetric EvoFlow) in vivo. METHODS Patients (n = 11) treated with the aligners and attachments (16 per patient, without other composite restorations) for an average of 20 months, who were planned for attachment removed were enrolled in the study. Patients were instructed to rinse with 50 mL of distilled water upon entry and the rinsing solution was collected (before removal). Then, the attachments were removed with low-speed tungsten carbide burs for adhesive residue removal, a thorough water rinsing was performed immediately after the grinding process to discard grinding particle residues, and subsequently, after a second water-rinsing the solution was collected for analysis (after removal). The rinsing solutions were analyzed for targeted (LC-MS/MS: Bis-GMA, DCDMA, UDMA, BPA) and untargeted (LC-HRMS: screening of leached species and their degradation products) compounds. RESULTS Targeted analysis revealed a significant reduction in BPA after attachment removal (4 times lower). Bis-GMA, DCDMA, UDMA were below the detection limit before removal but were all detectable after removal with Bis-GMA and UDMA at quantifiable levels. Untargeted analysis reviled the presence of mono-methacrylate transformation products of Bis-GMA (Bis-GMA-M1) and UDMA (UDMA-M1), UDMA without methacrylate moieties (UDMA-M2), and 4-(dimethylamino) benzoic acid (DMAB), the degradation product of the photo-initiator ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB), all after attachment removal. Several amino acids and endogenous metabolites were also found both before and after removal. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of BPA were traced instantaneously in patients treated with Invisalign™ and flowable resin composite attachments for the testing period. BPA was reduced after attachment removal, but residual monomers and resin degradation products were found after removal. Alternative resin formulations and attachment materials may be utilized to reduce eluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Stocker
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory for Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | | | - Theodoros Triantis
- Laboratory for Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory for Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - George Eliades
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.
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Sadighara P, Mahdavi V, Tahmasebi R, Saatloo NV. Cell proliferation assay for determination of estrogenic components in food: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:621-627. [PMID: 35934880 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread use and environmental pollution of estrogenic chemicals, the need for screening tests to detect these compounds is felt more than ever. These compounds lead to cell proliferation. Therefore, studies used cell proliferation to evaluate estrogenic compounds was studied in this systematic review. This systematic review was performed with the keywords; DNA proliferation, cell proliferation, estrogenic component, estrogen, food, bioassay, screening, and detection. After initial screening and full text quality assessment, 16 manuscripts were selected and data were extracted. Four cell lines, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Ishikawa, and T47D cells were used in the studies. MCF-7 was more sensitive to estrogenic compounds than other lines. Most of the samples studied were plant compounds and mycotoxins and substances that migrate from packaging to food. This screening test is valid and has similar results as others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahele Tahmasebi
- Research and Department of Chromatography, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Urmia, Iran
| | - Naiema Vakili Saatloo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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3
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Silva GKD, de Arruda JAA, Almeida TFA, Oliveira SR, Rocha PADS, Mesquita RA, Cardeal ZDL, Menezes HC, Diniz IMA, Macari S, Leopoldino AM, Silva TA. Effects of bisphenol A on murine salivary glands and human tumor cell lines. Exp Mol Pathol 2023; 134:104870. [PMID: 37690528 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2023.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical with a potential role in endocrine cancers. However, the effects of BPA on the salivary glands have been barely explored. We investigated the impact of in vivo sub-chronic exposure to BPA and its in vitro effects on human salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines. Male and female mice were exposed to BPA (30 mg/kg/day). Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands from an estrogen-deficiency model were also analyzed. BPA concentration in salivary glands was evaluated by gas chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-p63 and anti-α-SMA antibodies was performed on mouse salivary gland tissues. Gene expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta, P63 and α-SMA was quantified in mouse salivary gland and/or mucoepidermoid (UM-HMC-1 and UM-HMC-3A) cell lines. Cell viability, p63 and Ki-67 immunostaining were evaluated in vitro. BPA disrupted the tissue architecture of the submandibular and sublingual glands, particularly in female mice, and increased the expression of estrogen receptors and p63, effects that were accompanied by significant BPA accumulation in these tissues. Conversely, ovariectomy slightly impacted BPA-induced morphological changes. In vitro, BPA did not affect the proliferation of neoplastic cells, but augmented the expression of p63 and estrogen receptors. The present data highlight a potential harmful effect of BPA on salivary gland tissues, particularly in female mice, and salivary gland tumor cells. Our findings suggest that estrogen-dependent pathways may orchestrate the effects of BPA in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kelly da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Fernandes Araújo Almeida
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sicília Rezende Oliveira
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Alves da Silva Rocha
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zenilda de Lourdes Cardeal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Soraia Macari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Leopoldino
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Ishtiaq A, Nasrullah MA, Khan JS, Malik S, Tareen U, Anees M, Sultan A, Murtaza I. A cohort study investigating the role of Bisphenol A in the molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:14565-14575. [PMID: 37580403 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is an abnormal division of breast cells. Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental toxicant, is identified as an emerging risk factor for breast cancer development. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the BPA levels in breast cancer patients in Pakistan. The present study sought to explore the role of BPA in tumor growth among the Pakistani population. METHODS The levels of BPA were analyzed in the serum samples of breast cancer patients and controls by using HPLC. To elucidate the role of BPA to initiate tumorigenic events in breast tissue different biochemical assays along with expression analysis of tumor markers were performed. RESULTS The level of BPA in the serum samples of breast cancer patients was significantly higher than control. Histological analysis of breast cancer tissue samples revealed distinct subtypes of tumor, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). There was a significant increase in ROS level while a significant decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in malignant breast tissue samples as compared to control tissue samples. We found upregulated expression of p53, ZEB1 and WNT1 genes at mRNA level in malignant breast tissue samples by 17 folds, 328 folds and 35 folds, respectively. p53 protein expression in malignant breast tissue samples was also enhanced at the translational level. CONCLUSION Current findings suggest a relationship between BPA and the progression of breast cancer among the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Ishtiaq
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Maryam Anyat Nasrullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Sara Malik
- Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Usman Tareen
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Anees
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aneesa Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Iram Murtaza
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Liu H, Zhou Y, Li Y, Gong Z. Important roles of Hif1a in maternal or adult BPA exposure induced pancreatic injuries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11502. [PMID: 37460698 PMCID: PMC10352259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer to produce polycarbonate plastics and can be released into the environment through human activities, leading to its accumulation in animals, plants and humans through direct contact or environmental exposure. Epidemiological studies have reported that BPA exposure is associated with metabolic disorders. The pancreas is an important endocrine organ and plays an important role in metabolic disorders. To explore the possible long-term effects of BPA exposure on neonatal health, bioinformatic methods were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the neonatal pancreas after maternal exposure to BPA with the adult pancreas after direct exposure to BPA. Two datasets about BPA exposure and pancreatic abnormality, GSE82175 and GSE126297 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were collected. Control (or BPA-exposed) offspring (maternal exposure) and Control (or BPA-exposed) adults (direct exposure) were defined as Control (or BPA) groups. The results showed that BPA disturbed the normal function of the pancreas in both offspring and adults, with offspring showing higher susceptibility to BPA than adults. Seventeen insulin secretion-related DEGs (Stxbp5l, Fam3d, Mia3, Igf1, Hif1a, Aqp1, Kif5b, Tiam1, Map4k4, Cyp51, Pde1c, Rab3c, Arntl, Clock, Edn3, Kcnb1, and Krt20) in the BPA group were identified, and 15 regulator DEGs (Zfp830, 4931431B13Rik, Egr1, Ddit4l, Cep55, G530011O06Rik, Hspa1b, Hspa1a, Cox6a2, Ibtk, Banf1, Slc35b2, Golt1b, Lrp8, and Pttg1) with opposite expression trends and a regulator gene Cerkl with the similar expression trend in the Control and BPA groups were identified. Hif1α might be an important molecular target for pancreatic cancer caused by BPA exposure, and pregnancy is a critical window of susceptibility to BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Liu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Function Examination, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, China
| | - Yongnian Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yike Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihua Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L, Leitzmann C, Weiskirchen R, Schmitz G. The Role of Cow's Milk Consumption in Breast Cancer Initiation and Progression. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:122-140. [PMID: 36729355 PMCID: PMC9974716 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review evaluates cow milk's impact on breast carcinogenesis by linking recent epidemiological evidence and new insights into the molecular signaling of milk and its constituents in breast cancer (BCa) pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent prospective cohort studies support the association between cow's milk consumption and the risk of estrogen receptor-α-positive (ER+) BCa. Milk is a complex biological fluid that increases systemic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and estrogen signaling, and interacting hormonal promoters of BCa. Further potential oncogenic components of commercial milk include exosomal microRNAs (miR-148a-3p, miR-21-5p), bovine meat and milk factors, aflatoxin M1, bisphenol A, pesticides, and micro- and nanoplastics. Individuals with BRCA1 loss-of-function mutations and FTO and IGF1 gain-of-function polymorphisms enhancing IGF-1/mTORC1 signaling may be at increased risk for milk-induced ER+ BCa. Recent prospective epidemiological and pathobiochemical studies identify commercial milk consumption as a critical risk factor of ER+ BCa. Large meta-analyses gathering individuals of different ethnic origins with milk derived from dairy cows of varying genetic backgrounds and diverse feeding procedures as well as missing data on thermal processing of milk (pasteurization versus ultra-heat treatment) make multi-national meta-analyses unsuitable for BCa risk estimations in susceptible populations. Future studies are required that consider all vulnerable periods of breast carcinogenesis to cow's milk exposure, beginning during the perinatal period and puberty, since these are the most critical periods of mammary gland morphogenesis. Notwithstanding the need for better studies including detailed information on milk processing and vulnerable periods of human breast carcinogenesis, the available evidence suggests that dietary guidelines on milk consumption may have to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Lower-Saxonian Institute of Occupational Dermatology (NIB), Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 11007, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Manzoor MF, Tariq T, Fatima B, Sahar A, Tariq F, Munir S, Khan S, Nawaz Ranjha MMA, Sameen A, Zeng XA, Ibrahim SA. An insight into bisphenol A, food exposure and its adverse effects on health: A review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1047827. [PMID: 36407508 PMCID: PMC9671506 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1047827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical widely employed to synthesize epoxy resins, polymer materials, and polycarbonate plastics. BPA is abundant in the environment, i.e., in food containers, water bottles, thermal papers, toys, medical devices, etc., and is incorporated into soil/water through leaching. Being a potent endocrine disrupter, and has the potential to alter several body mechanisms. Studies confirmed its anti-androgen action and estrogen-like effects, which impart many negative health impacts, especially on the immune system, neuroendocrine process, and reproductive mechanism. Moreover, it can also induce mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, as per recent scientific research. This review focuses on BPA's presence and concentrations in different environments, food sources and the basic mechanisms of BPA-induced toxicity and health disruptions. It is a unique review of its type because it focuses on the association of cancer, hormonal disruption, immunosuppression, and infertility with BPA. These issues are widespread today, and BPA significantly contributes to their incidence because of its wide usage in daily life utensils and other accessories. The review also discusses researched-based measures to cope with the toxic chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tayyaba Tariq
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Birjees Fatima
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amna Sahar
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Farwa Tariq
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Seemal Munir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sipper Khan
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Aysha Sameen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Salam A. Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
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8
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Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers have patient specific hormone sensitivities and rely on progesterone receptor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3127. [PMID: 35668111 PMCID: PMC9170711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER, PR) signaling control breast development and impinge on breast carcinogenesis. ER is an established driver of ER + disease but the role of the PR, itself an ER target gene, is debated. We assess the issue in clinically relevant settings by a genetic approach and inject ER + breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells to the milk ducts of immunocompromised mice. Such ER + xenografts were exposed to physiologically relevant levels of 17-β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). We find that independently both premenopausal E2 and P4 levels increase tumor growth and combined treatment enhances metastatic spread. The proliferative responses are patient-specific with MYC and androgen receptor (AR) signatures determining P4 response. PR is required for tumor growth in patient samples and sufficient to drive tumor growth and metastasis in ER signaling ablated tumor cells. Our findings suggest that endocrine therapy may need to be personalized, and that abrogating PR expression can be a therapeutic option.
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Zhang X, Guo N, Jin H, Liu R, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Fan Z, Zhang G, Xiao M, Wu S, Zhao Y, Lu X. Bisphenol A drives di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate promoting thyroid tumorigenesis via regulating HDAC6/PTEN and c-MYC signaling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127911. [PMID: 34910997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalate (DEHP) are exist widespread in the environment and produce adverse effect to human as environmental disruptors (EDCs). Epidemiological studies have found that the exposure of DEHP and BPA could increase the susceptibility to thyroid diseases including thyroid cancer and benign thyroid nodules. Due to the existence of multiple pollutants in our daily life, the mixed toxic effects of exposure and their interrelationships may distinguish from the exposure to a single chemical, so it is of great significance to explore the mixed toxic effect of DEHP and BPA co-exposure. Thyroid, as one of the target organs of EDCs, is prone to tumor occurrence, however, whether the mixture of BPA and DEHP will affect the occurrence of thyroid cancer is still obscure. We aim to investigate the effect of single or combined exposure to BPA and DEHP on the occurrence of thyroid cancer. An animal model of exposure to BPA and DEHP was firstly established to evaluate their effect on DMD-induced thyroid cancer. Additionally, human thyroid cancer cells BCPAP and thyroid cells Nthy-ori3-1 were used to further clarify some possible mechanisms of BPA and MEHP, the main metabolite of DEHP. Consequently, we found that BPA alone could increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in female rats compared with DEHP, and DEHP enhanced the effect of BPA on cancer promotion. BPA alone and in combination with DEHP mainly induced the expression of HDAC6, inhibited tumor suppressor gene PTEN upregulated the expression of oncogene c-MYC, and eventually elevate the susceptibility to thyroid tumors. Mechanistically, BPA alone and in combination with MEHP could significantly induce the proliferation of BCPAP cells depending on HDAC6, which could modulate H3K9ac to inhibit PTEN, activate AKT signaling pathway, and simultaneously upregulate the expression of c-MYC. Interestingly, we found that BPA alone and in combination with MEHP could significantly induce the proliferation of Nthy-ori3-1 cells independent on HDAC6 via activating ERK signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings not only provide new evidence of the promoting effect of BPA and DEHP on thyroid cancer but also discusses some possible mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Nan Guo
- Department of head and Neck Surgery, Cancer hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer hospital & Institute, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Hao Jin
- Jin Zhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Renqi Liu
- Jin Zhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Jin Zhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zhijun Fan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guopei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Mingyang Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuejiao Zhao
- Department of head and Neck Surgery, Cancer hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer hospital & Institute, Shenyang, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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Ruiz TFR, Leonel ECR, Colleta SJ, Bedolo CM, Pegorin de Campos SG, Taboga SR. Gestational and lactational xenoestrogen exposure disrupts morphology and inflammatory aspects in mammary gland of gerbil mothers during involution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103785. [PMID: 34896274 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the mammary gland (MG), the developmental window for gestational/lactational differentiation and growth is highly vulnerable to hormonal disruption. Here we describe that the MG involution process in female gerbil mothers is delayed by bisphenol A (BPA) exposure during gestation and lactation. The process is directly influenced by changes in expression of extracellular matrix proteases MMP-2, MMP-9, and FAP, and the incidence of collagen and elastin is reduced after 7 and 14 days of weaning. A pro-inflammatory environment in the late involution process was confirmed by higher expression of TNF-α, COX-2 and phospho-STAT3 n the MG stroma, allied to increases in the incidence of macrophages and mast cells. These aspects impacted the proliferative pattern of epithelial cells, which decreased on the 14th post-weaning day. These data confirm that the milk production window of susceptibility is vulnerable to the impact of BPA, which promotes a suggestive pro-tumoral microenvironment during mammary involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Simone Jacovaci Colleta
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin de Campos
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Chemical Effects on Breast Development, Function, and Cancer Risk: Existing Knowledge and New Opportunities. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:535-562. [PMID: 35984634 PMCID: PMC9729163 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Population studies show worrisome trends towards earlier breast development, difficulty in breastfeeding, and increasing rates of breast cancer in young women. Multiple epidemiological studies have linked these outcomes with chemical exposures, and experimental studies have shown that many of these chemicals generate similar effects in rodents, often by disrupting hormonal regulation. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter the progression of mammary gland (MG) development, impair the ability to nourish offspring via lactation, increase mammary tissue density, and increase the propensity to develop cancer. However, current toxicological approaches to measuring the effects of chemical exposures on the MG are often inadequate to detect these effects, impairing our ability to identify exposures harmful to the breast and limiting opportunities for prevention. This paper describes key adverse outcomes for the MG, including impaired lactation, altered pubertal development, altered morphology (such as increased mammographic density), and cancer. It also summarizes evidence from humans and rodent models for exposures associated with these effects. We also review current toxicological practices for evaluating MG effects, highlight limitations of current methods, summarize debates related to how effects are interpreted in risk assessment, and make recommendations to strengthen assessment approaches. Increasing the rigor of MG assessment would improve our ability to identify chemicals of concern, regulate those chemicals based on their effects, and prevent exposures and associated adverse health effects.
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12
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Ruiz TFR, Colleta SJ, Zuccari DAPDC, Vilamaior PSL, Leonel ECR, Taboga SR. Hormone receptor expression in aging mammary tissue and carcinoma from a rodent model after xenoestrogen disruption. Life Sci 2021; 285:120010. [PMID: 34606849 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hormone receptors are the main markers applied for prognosis of breast cancer subtypes. Among modulators, exogenous chemical agents known as endocrine disruptors interact with certain receptors, triggering molecular pathways or increasing their expression. Bisphenol A (BPA), a xenoestrogen, interacts with several hormone receptors. Thus, our aim was to characterize the hormone receptor status in the mammary gland (MG) of aged female Mongolian gerbils exposed to BPA in pregnancy and lactation. METHODS We evaluated the expression of receptors for estrogens (ERα and ERβ), progesterone (PR), prolactin (PRL-R), HER2/ErbB2, and androgen (AR) in normal and hyperplastic mammary tissue and in carcinomas developed after BPA exposure. KEY FINDINGS BPA-exposed MG presented increased ERα, whereas ERβ, PR, and PRL-R showed lower expression. AR and HER2/ErbB2 showed similar expression in normal and hyperplastic tissue from control, vehicle, and BPA groups. Both receptors were found in cytoplasm and nucleus in BPA-induced carcinoma. We demonstrate the presence of EZH2 expression, an epigenetic and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, with a high H-score in BPA-exposed MG, which was associated with poor prognosis of cancer. Co-localization of ERα and EZH2 was present in normal and carcinoma features, corroborating the installation of ERα-positive mammary cancer associated with the EMT process. Enhanced EZH2 in BPA-exposed mammary tissue could decrease ERβ expression and promote tumorigenesis progress through HER2/ErbB2. SIGNIFICANCE The present study proposes the Mongolian gerbil as an experimental model for mammary carcinogenesis studies, based on BPA disruption that triggers a phenotype of increased ERα/HER2 positivity and depletion of ERβ/PR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Simone Jacovaci Colleta
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB III), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Prenatal exposure to a mixture of different phthalates increases the risk of mammary carcinogenesis in F1 female offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112519. [PMID: 34428494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates metabolites have been detected in the urine of pregnant and breastfeeding women. Thus, this study evaluated the adverse effects of maternal exposure to a mixture of six phthalates (Pth mix) on the mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in F1 female offspring. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed daily to vehicle or Pth mix (35.22% diethyl-phthalate, 21.03% di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate, 14.91% dibutyl-phthalate, 15.10% diisononyl-phthalate, 8.61% diisobutyl-phthalate, and 5.13% benzylbutyl-phthalate) by gavage at 20 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg or 200 mg/kg during gestational day 10 (GD 10) to postnatal day 21 (PND 21). After weaning (PND 22), some female offspring were euthanized for mammary gland analyses while other females received a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, 50 mg/kg) or vehicle and then tumor incidence and multiplicity were recorded until PND 180. Maternal Pth mix exposure increased the number of Ki-67 and progesterone receptor-positive epithelial cells in the mammary gland from Pth mix 200 at μg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups. In addition, tumor incidence and mean number were higher only in Pth mix at 200 mg/kg when compared to the vehicle-treated group, and percentage of tumor-free animals was lower in Pth mix at 200 μg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups. The findings indicate that perinatal Pth mixture exposure increased susceptibility to MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis in adult F1 female offspring.
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14
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Salamanca-Fernández E, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Amiano P, Delfrade J, Chirlaque MD, Colorado S, Guevara M, Jimenez A, Arrebola JP, Vela F, Olea N, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ. Bisphenol-A exposure and risk of breast and prostate cancer in the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Environ Health 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 34399780 PMCID: PMC8369702 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that it is present in numerous products of daily use. The aim of this study was to assess the potential association of serum BPA concentrations and the risk of incident breast and prostate cancer in a sub-cohort of the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS We designed a case-cohort study within the EPIC-Spain cohort. Study population consisted on 4812 participants from 4 EPIC-Spain centers (547 breast cancer cases, 575 prostate cancer cases and 3690 sub-cohort participants). BPA exposure was assessed by means of chemical analyses of serum samples collected at recruitment. Borgan II weighted Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios. RESULTS Median follow-up time in our study was 16.9 years. BPA geometric mean serum values of cases and sub-cohort were 1.12 ng/ml vs 1.10 ng/ml respectively for breast cancer and 1.33 ng/ml vs 1.29 ng/ml respectively for prostate cancer. When categorizing BPA into tertiles, a 40% increase in risk of prostate cancer for tertile 1 (p = 0.022), 37% increase for tertile 2 (p = 0.034) and 31% increase for tertile 3 (p = 0.072) was observed with respect to values bellow the limit of detection. No significant association was observed between BPA levels and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS We found a similar percentage of detection of BPA among cases and sub-cohort from our population, and no association with breast cancer risk was observed. However, we found a higher risk of prostate cancer for the increase in serum BPA levels. Further investigation is needed to understand the influence of BPA in prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Campus Universitario de Cartuja, C/Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18080, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Campus Universitario de Cartuja, C/Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18080, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Josu Delfrade
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Health and Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra Colorado
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Research Group on Demography and Health, National Faculty of Public Health, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Jimenez
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Vela
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Campus Universitario de Cartuja, C/Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18080, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Ruiz TFR, Taboga SR, Leonel ECR. Molecular mechanisms of mammary gland remodeling: A review of the homeostatic versus bisphenol a disrupted microenvironment. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:1-16. [PMID: 34343637 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland (MG) undergoes critical points of structural changes throughout a woman's life. During the perinatal and pubertal stages, MG develops through growth and differentiation to establish a pre-mature feature. If pregnancy and lactation occur, the epithelial compartment branches and differentiates to create a specialized structure for milk secretion and nurturing of the newborn. However, the ultimate MG modification consists of a regression process aiming to reestablish the smaller and less energy demanding structure until another production cycle happens. The unraveling of these fascinating physiologic cycles has helped the scientific community elucidate aspects of molecular regulation of proliferative and apoptotic events and remodeling of the stromal compartment. However, greater understanding of the hormonal pathways involved in MG developmental stages led to concern that endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA), may influence these specific development/involution stages, called "windows of susceptibility". Since it is used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, BPA is a ubiquitous chemical present in human everyday life, exerting an estrogenic effect. Thus, descriptions of its deleterious effects on the MG, especially in terms of serum hormone concentrations, hormonal receptor expression, molecular pathways, and epigenetic alterations, have been widely published. Therefore, allied to a didactic description of the main physiological mechanisms involved in different critical points of MG development, the current review provides a summary of key mechanisms by which the endocrine disruptor BPA impacts MG homeostasis at different windows of susceptibility, causing short- and long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil.
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil.
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil; Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Goiânia, Brazil.
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16
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Shamseddin M, De Martino F, Constantin C, Scabia V, Lancelot AS, Laszlo C, Ayyannan A, Battista L, Raffoul W, Gailloud-Matthieu MC, Bucher P, Fiche M, Ambrosini G, Sflomos G, Brisken C. Contraceptive progestins with androgenic properties stimulate breast epithelial cell proliferation. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14314. [PMID: 34042278 PMCID: PMC8261488 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal contraception exposes women to synthetic progesterone receptor (PR) agonists, progestins, and transiently increases breast cancer risk. How progesterone and progestins affect the breast epithelium is poorly understood because we lack adequate models to study this. We hypothesized that individual progestins differentially affect breast epithelial cell proliferation and hence breast cancer risk. Using mouse mammary tissue ex vivo, we show that testosterone-related progestins induce the PR target and mediator of PR signaling-induced cell proliferation receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (Rankl), whereas progestins with anti-androgenic properties in reporter assays do not. We develop intraductal xenografts of human breast epithelial cells from 36 women, show they remain hormone-responsive and that progesterone and the androgenic progestins, desogestrel, gestodene, and levonorgestrel, promote proliferation but the anti-androgenic, chlormadinone, and cyproterone acetate, do not. Prolonged exposure to androgenic progestins elicits hyperproliferation with cytologic changes. Androgen receptor inhibition interferes with PR agonist- and levonorgestrel-induced RANKL expression and reduces levonorgestrel-driven cell proliferation. Thus, different progestins have distinct biological activities in the breast epithelium to be considered for more informed choices in hormonal contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Shamseddin
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio De Martino
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Constantin
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Scabia
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Lancelot
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Laszlo
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ayyakkannu Ayyannan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Battista
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wassim Raffoul
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Bucher
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maryse Fiche
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Ambrosini
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Sflomos
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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17
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Shi J, Liu C, Chen M, Yan J, Wang C, Zuo Z, He C. The interference effects of bisphenol A on the synthesis of steroid hormones in human ovarian granulosa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:665-674. [PMID: 33258555 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that endocrine-disrupting chemicals are one of the important pathogenic factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Our previous study has revealed that bisphenol A (BPA) can cause steroid hormone imbalance, polycystic ovary, and estrus cycle disorder. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of BPA, a typical environmental estrogen, on the synthesis of steroid hormones in human ovarian granulosa KGN cells. Exposure of KGN cells to BPA (0.5, 5, 50, and 500 μg/L) resulted in the decrease of progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone (E2/T). BPA affected the expression of genes related to steroid hormone synthesis in KGN cells, including the decreased expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, ferredoxin, and ferredoxin reductase genes during progesterone synthesis; upregulating the expression of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene associated with E2 and T synthesis; and the downregulated cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 and cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 in E2 degradation. BPA also reduced the expression of stimulatory G proteins (GS) in follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)/GS/adenylate cyclase (AC) signaling pathway. In summary, our research has demonstrated that environment-relevant level of BPA exposure leads to steroid hormone synthesis disorder in human ovarian granulosa cells, which might cause the reduction of gene expression in hormone synthesis and the suppression of the FSHR/GS/AC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chenyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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18
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Bleak TC, Calaf GM. Breast and prostate glands affected by environmental substances (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:20. [PMID: 33649835 PMCID: PMC7879422 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals are substances that can alter the homeostasis of the endocrine system in living organisms. They can be released from several products used in daily activities. Once in the organism, they can disrupt the endocrine function by mimicking or blocking naturally occurring hormones due to their similar chemical structure. This endocrine disruption is the most important cause of the well‑known hormone‑associate types of cancer. Additionally, it is decisive to determine the susceptibility of each organ to these compounds. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the effect of different environmental substances such as bisphenol A, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls in both the mammary and the prostate tissues. These organs were chosen due to their association with the hormonal system and their common features in carcinogenic mechanisms. Outcomes derived from the present review may provide evidence that should be considered in future debates regarding the effects of endocrine disruptors on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy C. Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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19
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Catenza CJ, Farooq A, Shubear NS, Donkor KK. A targeted review on fate, occurrence, risk and health implications of bisphenol analogues. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129273. [PMID: 33352513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to its widespread applications and its ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, bisphenol A (BPA) and its alternatives have gained increasing attention, especially in terms of human safety. Like BPA, alternatives such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) have also been identified to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Hence, in this study, we reviewed the literature of BPA and its alternatives mainly published between the period 2018-2020, including their occurrences in the environment, human exposure, and adverse health effects. The review shows that bisphenols are prevalent in the environment with BPA, BPS, and BPF being the most ubiquitous in the environment worldwide, though BPA remains the most abundant bisphenol. However, the levels of BPS and BPF in different environmental media have been constantly increasing and their fates and health risks are being evaluated. The studies show that humans and animals are exposed to bisphenols in many different ways through inhalation and ingestion and the exposure can have serious health effects. Urinary bisphenols (BPs) levels were frequently reported to be positively associated with different health problems such as cancer, infertility, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Our literature study also shows that BPs generate reactive oxygen species and disrupt various signalling pathways, which could lead to the development of chronic diseases. Activated carbon-based and chitosan-based sorbents have been widely utilized in the removal of BPA in aqueous solutions. In addition, enzymes and microorganisms have also been getting much attention due to their high removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrene J Catenza
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Amna Farooq
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Noor S Shubear
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Kingsley K Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada.
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vom Saal FS, Vandenberg LN. Update on the Health Effects of Bisphenol A: Overwhelming Evidence of Harm. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6124507. [PMID: 33516155 PMCID: PMC7846099 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, the first in vivo bisphenol A (BPA) study by endocrinologists reported that feeding BPA to pregnant mice induced adverse reproductive effects in male offspring at the low dose of 2 µg/kg/day. Since then, thousands of studies have reported adverse effects in animals administered low doses of BPA. Despite more than 100 epidemiological studies suggesting associations between BPA and disease/dysfunction also reported in animal studies, regulatory agencies continue to assert that BPA exposures are safe. To address this disagreement, the CLARITY-BPA study was designed to evaluate traditional endpoints of toxicity and modern hypothesis-driven, disease-relevant outcomes in the same set of animals. A wide range of adverse effects was reported in both the toxicity and the mechanistic endpoints at the lowest dose tested (2.5 µg/kg/day), leading independent experts to call for the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) to be dropped 20 000-fold from the current outdated LOAEL of 50 000 µg/kg/day. Despite criticism by members of the Endocrine Society that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s assumptions violate basic principles of endocrinology, the FDA rejected all low-dose data as not biologically plausible. Their decisions rely on 4 incorrect assumptions: dose responses must be monotonic, there exists a threshold below which there are no effects, both sexes must respond similarly, and only toxicological guideline studies are valid. This review details more than 20 years of BPA studies and addresses the divide that exists between regulatory approaches and endocrine science. Ultimately, CLARITY-BPA has shed light on why traditional methods of evaluating toxicity are insufficient to evaluate endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S vom Saal
- University of Missouri – Columbia, Division of Biological Sciences, Columbia, Missouri
- Correspondence: Dr. Frederick vom Saal, University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biological Sciences, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. E-mail:
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- University of Massachusetts – Amherst, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts
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21
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Lehle JD, McCarrey JR. Differential susceptibility to endocrine disruptor-induced epimutagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa016. [PMID: 33324495 PMCID: PMC7722801 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is now considerable evidence indicating the potential for endocrine disrupting chemicals to alter the epigenome and for subsets of these epigenomic changes or "epimutations" to be heritably transmitted to offspring in subsequent generations. While there have been many studies indicating how exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals can disrupt various organs associated with the body's endocrine systems, there is relatively limited information regarding the relative susceptibility of different specific organs, tissues, or cell types to endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutagenesis. Here we review available information about different organs, tissues, cell types, and/or cell lines which have been shown to be susceptible to specific endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutations. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms that may be involved, or impacted by this tissue- or cell type-specific, differential susceptibility to different endocrine disrupting chemicals. Finally, we summarize available information indicating that certain periods of development display elevated susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and we describe how this may affect the extent to which germline epimutations can be transmitted inter- or transgenerationally. We conclude that cell type-specific differential susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutagenesis is likely to directly impact the extent to, or manner in, which endocrine disrupting chemical exposure initially induces epigenetic changes to DNA methylation and/or histone modifications, and how these endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutations can then subsequently impact gene expression, potentially leading to the development of heritable disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D Lehle
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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22
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Altamirano GA, Gomez AL, Schierano-Marotti G, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Rodriguez HA, Kass L. Bisphenol A and benzophenone-3 exposure alters milk protein expression and its transcriptional regulation during functional differentiation of the mammary gland in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110185. [PMID: 32946892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plastic monomer and plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), and the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) have been shown to have estrogenic activities that could alter mammary gland development. Our aim was to analyze whether BPA or BP3 direct exposure affects the functional differentiation of the mammary gland using an in vitro model. Mammary organoids were obtained and isolated from 8 week-old virgin female C57BL/6 mice and were differentiated on Matrigel with medium containing lactogenic hormones and exposed to: a) vehicle (0.01% ethanol); b) 1 × 10-9 M or 1 × 10-6 M BPA; or c) 1 × 10-12 M, 1 × 10-9 M or 1 × 10-6 M BP3 for 72 h. The mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PR) were assessed. In addition, mRNA levels of PR-B isoform, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), prolactin receptor (PRLR) and Stat5a, and protein expression of pStat5a/b were evaluated at 72 h. The mRNA and protein expression of milk proteins and their DNA methylation status were also analyzed. Although mRNA level of PRLR and GR was similar between treatments, mRNA expression of ESR1, total PR, PR-B and Stat5a was increased in organoids exposed to 1 × 10-9 M BPA and 1 × 10-12 M BP3. Total PR expression was also increased with 1 × 10-6 M BPA. Nuclear ESR1 and PR expression was observed in all treated organoids; whereas nuclear pStat5a/b alveolar cells was observed only in organoids exposed to 1 × 10-9 M BPA and 1 × 10-12 M BP3. The beta-casein mRNA level was increased in both BPA concentrations and 1 × 10-12 M BP3, which was associated with hypomethylation of its promoter. The beta-casein protein expression was only increased with 1 × 10-9 M BPA or 1 × 10-12 M BP3. In contrast, BPA exposure decreased alpha-lactalbumin mRNA expression and increased DNA methylation level in different methylation-sensitive sites of the gene. Also, 1 × 10-9 M BPA decreased alpha-lactalbumin protein expression. Our results demonstrate that BPA or BP3 exposure alters milk protein synthesis and its transcriptional regulation during mammary gland differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Schierano-Marotti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Horacio A Rodriguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Stillwater BJ, Bull AC, Romagnolo DF, Neumayer LA, Donovan MG, Selmin OI. Bisphenols and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review of the Impact of Diet and Bioactive Food Components. Front Nutr 2020; 7:581388. [PMID: 33330580 PMCID: PMC7710764 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.581388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from preclinical studies suggest a link between increased risk of breast cancer and exposure to bisphenols at doses below what the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers as safe for consumption. Bisphenols exert estrogenic effects and are found in canned and plastic wrapped foods, food packaging, and plasticware. Mechanistically, bisphenols bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and activate the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation and breast cancer. In this paper, we present a narrative literature review addressing bisphenol A and chemical analogs including bisphenol AF, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S selected as prototype xenoestrogens; then, we discuss biological mechanisms of action of these bisphenols in breast cells and potential impact of exposure at different stages of development (i.e., perinatal, peripubertal, and adult). Finally, we summarize studies detailing interactions, both preventative and promoting, of bisphenols with food components on breast cancer risk. We conclude the review with a discussion of current controversies in interpretation of the above research and future areas for investigation, including the impact of bisphenols and food components on breast tumor risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Stillwater
- Department of Surgery, Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ashleigh C Bull
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Leigh A Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Nava-Castro KE, Palacios-Arreola MI, Garay-Canales C, Morales-Montor J. How microplastic components influence the immune system and impact on children health: Focus on cancer. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1341-1361. [PMID: 32767490 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a result of human socioeconomic activity, industrial wastes have increased distressingly. Plastic pollution is globally distributed across the world due to its properties of buoyancy and durability. A big health hazard is the sorption of toxicants to plastic while traveling through the environment. Two broad classes of plastic-related chemicals are of critical concern for human health-bisphenols and phthalates. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disruptor compound (EDC) with estrogenic activity. It is used in the production of materials that are used daily. The endocrine modulating activity of BPA and its effects on reproductive health has been widely studied. BPA also has effects on the immune system; however, they are poorly investigated and the available data are inconclusive. Phthalates are also EDCs used as plasticizers in a wide array of daily-use products. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the plastic matrix, they easily leach out from it, leading to high human exposure. These compounds exert several cell effects through modulating different endocrine pathways, such as estrogen, androgen, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and arylhydrocarbon receptor pathways. The exposure to both classes of plastic derivatives during critical periods has detrimental effects on human health. METHODS In this review, we have compiled the most important of their perinatal effects on the function of the immune system and their relationship to the development of different types of cancer. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The administration of bisphenols and phthalates during critical stages of development affects important immune system components, and the immune function; which might be related to the development of different diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Segovia-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karen E Nava-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Margarita I Palacios-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Garay-Canales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Wang TN, Yang PJ, Tseng YT, Tsai YS, Kuo PL, Chiu CC, Liang SS, Hsieh TH, Hou MF, Tsai EM. Visceral obesity and cell cycle pathways serve as links in the association between bisphenol A exposure and breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:33-42. [PMID: 32565931 PMCID: PMC7285711 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been identified that bisphenol A (BPA) exposure causes developmental toxicity in breast cells. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the association between exposure to BPA and breast cancer remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the BPA-regulated signaling pathways associated with the aggressiveness and the development of breast cancer. Microarray technology and functional gene set analyses were used to evaluate BPA and breast cancer-associated biomarkers and pathways in a discovery-driven manner. Using individual dataset analyses, it was indicated that two BPA-associated gene sets, the visceral obesity pathway, involved in visceral fat deposits and the metabolic syndrome, and the cell cycle pathway, involved in cyclins and cell cycle regulation, were significantly associated with a high grade of aggressiveness and the development of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (between P<0.05 and 0.0001). The pooled analysis indicated that the most significant pathway was G1/S checkpoint regulation, and the cyclin and cell cycle regulation pathway for BPA-associated ER-positive cancer. Cancer cell signaling pathways were associated with healthy breast cells developing into breast cancer. The visceral obesity and the cell cycle pathways were indicated to link BPA exposure to breast cancer. The results of the present study demonstrate a significant association between breast cancer and BPA-regulated gene pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Nai Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Jing Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Shan Tsai
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Center for Research Resources and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Montévil M, Acevedo N, Schaeberle CM, Bharadwaj M, Fenton SE, Soto AM. A Combined Morphometric and Statistical Approach to Assess Nonmonotonicity in the Developing Mammary Gland of Rats in the CLARITY-BPA Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:57001. [PMID: 32438830 PMCID: PMC7263454 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Bisphenol-A (CLARITY-BPA) is a rare collaboration of guideline-compliant (core) studies and academic hypothesis-based studies to assess the effects of bisphenol A (BPA). OBJECTIVES We aimed to a) determine whether BPA showed effects on the developing rat mammary gland using new quantitative and established semiquantitative methods in two laboratories, b) develop a software tool for automatic evaluation of quantifiable aspects of the mammary ductal tree, and c) compare those methods. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to BPA, vehicle, or positive control [ethinyl estradiol (EE2)] by oral gavage beginning on gestational day (GD)6 and continuing with direct dosing of the pups after birth. There were two studies: subchronic and chronic. The latter used two exposure regimes, one stopping at postnatal day (PND)21 (stop-dose) the other continuing until tissue harvest (continuous). Glands were harvested at multiple time points; whole mounts and histological specimens were analyzed blinded to treatment. RESULTS The subchronic study's semiquantitative analysis revealed no significant differences between control and BPA dose groups at PND21, whereas at PND90 there were significant differences between control and the lowest BPA dose and between control and the lowest EE2 dose in animals in estrus. Quantitative, automatized analysis of the chronic PND21 specimens displayed nonmonotonic BPA effects, with a breaking point between the 25 and 250μg/kg body weight (BW) per day doses. This breaking point was confirmed by a global statistical analysis of chronic study animals at PND90 and 6 months analyzed by the quantitative method. The BPA response was different from the EE2 effect for many features. CONCLUSIONS Both the semiquantitative and the quantitative methods revealed nonmonotonic effects of BPA. The quantitative unsupervised analysis used 91 measurements and produced the most striking nonmonotonic dose-response curves. At all time points, lower doses resulted in larger effects, consistent with the core study, which revealed a significant increase of mammary adenocarcinoma incidence in the stop-dose animals at the lowest BPA dose tested. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6301.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Montévil
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole Acevedo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Schaeberle
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manushree Bharadwaj
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Ma Z, Parris AB, Howard EW, Davis M, Cao X, Woods C, Yang X. In Utero Exposure to Bisphenol a Promotes Mammary Tumor Risk in MMTV-Erbb2 Transgenic Mice Through the Induction of ER-erbB2 Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093095. [PMID: 32353937 PMCID: PMC7247154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most common environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Studies suggest a link between perinatal BPA exposure and increased breast cancer risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of in utero BPA exposure on mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 transgenic mice. Pregnant mice were subcutaneously injected with BPA (0, 50, 500 ng/kg and 250 µg/kg BW) daily between gestational days 11–19. Female offspring were examined for mammary tumorigenesis, puberty onset, mammary morphogenesis, and signaling in ER and erbB2 pathways. In utero exposure to low dose BPA (500 ng/kg) induced mammary tumorigenesis, earlier puberty onset, increased terminal end buds, and prolonged estrus phase, which was accompanied by proliferative mammary morphogenesis. CD24/49f-based FACS analysis showed that in utero exposure to 500 ng/kg BPA induced expansion of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cell subpopulations at PND 35. Molecular analysis of mammary tissues at PND 70 showed that in utero exposure to low doses of BPA induced upregulation of ERα, p-ERα, cyclin D1, and c-myc, concurrent activation of erbB2, EGFR, erbB-3, Erk1/2, and Akt, and upregulation of growth factors/ligands. Our results demonstrate that in utero exposure to low dose BPA promotes mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 mice through induction of ER-erbB2 crosstalk and mammary epithelial reprogramming, which advance our understanding of the mechanism associated with in utero exposure to BPA-induced breast cancer risk. The studies also support using MMTV-erbB2 mouse model for relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Ma
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Amanda B. Parris
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Erin W. Howard
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Meghan Davis
- Biotechnology, Rowan-Cabarrus Community College, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Xia Cao
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Courtney Woods
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (Z.M.); (A.B.P.); (E.W.H.); (X.C.); (C.W.)
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-704-250-5726
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Huang W, Zhu L, Zhao C, Chen X, Cai Z. Integration of proteomics and metabolomics reveals promotion of proliferation by exposure of bisphenol S in human breast epithelial MCF-10A cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136453. [PMID: 31945527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) has been reported to have similar estrogenic effects as bisphenol A (BPA). Considering the endocrine disrupting effects of BPS, in this study, we investigated the effects of BPS exposure on normal human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A by using mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics and quantitative proteomics. We found that exposure to BPS for 24 h altered the proliferation of MCF-10A cells in a hormetic manner with the highest proliferation rate at the dosage of 1 μM. A total of 200 proteins were identified to be significantly changed by 1 μM of BPS exposure. The upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Ras/mTOR-related proteins implied that EGFR-mediated pathways were involved in BPS-induced proliferation of MCF-10A cells. In addition, several proliferation-related protein markers were found to be elevated, such as MKI67 and CDH1, further indicating the promotion of proliferation by low dose of BPS exposure. Besides, 35 endogenous metabolites were found to be significantly changed. The joint pathway analysis of the altered metabolites and proteins suggested changes in pathways of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, purine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism and lipid metabolism, which were involved in sustaining cell proliferation and cellular signal transduction. Taken together, this study provides insights into the effects and the potential mechanisms of BPS on estrogen receptor α-negative normal breast cell line MCF-10A, broadening our knowledge about the risk of using BPS as the alternative of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments, Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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29
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Ataca D, Aouad P, Constantin C, Laszlo C, Beleut M, Shamseddin M, Rajaram RD, Jeitziner R, Mead TJ, Caikovski M, Bucher P, Ambrosini G, Apte SS, Brisken C. The secreted protease Adamts18 links hormone action to activation of the mammary stem cell niche. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1571. [PMID: 32218432 PMCID: PMC7099066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and progesterone control breast development and carcinogenesis via their cognate receptors expressed in a subset of luminal cells in the mammary epithelium. How they control the extracellular matrix, important to breast physiology and tumorigenesis, remains unclear. Here we report that both hormones induce the secreted protease Adamts18 in myoepithelial cells by controlling Wnt4 expression with consequent paracrine canonical Wnt signaling activation. Adamts18 is required for stem cell activation, has multiple binding partners in the basement membrane and interacts genetically with the basal membrane-specific proteoglycan, Col18a1, pointing to the basement membrane as part of the stem cell niche. In vitro, ADAMTS18 cleaves fibronectin; in vivo, Adamts18 deletion causes increased collagen deposition during puberty, which results in impaired Hippo signaling and reduced Fgfr2 expression both of which control stem cell function. Thus, Adamts18 links luminal hormone receptor signaling to basement membrane remodeling and stem cell activation. How hormonal signaling in the mammary epithelium controls the surrounding extracellular matrix is unclear. Here, the authors show that a secreted protease, Adamts18, induced by upstream estrogen-progesterone activated Wnt4 in myoepithelial cells, remodels the basement membrane and contributes to mammary epithelial stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya Ataca
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Aouad
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Constantin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Laszlo
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Beleut
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Medoderm GmbH, Robert Koch-Straße 50 D, 55129, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Shamseddin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Renuga Devi Rajaram
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Jeitziner
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Agora Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Rue du Bugnon 25a, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-ND20, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Marian Caikovski
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Agora Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Rue du Bugnon 25a, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Bucher
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Ambrosini
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-ND20, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Sawicka E, Woźniak A, Drąg-Zalesińska M, Piwowar A. Effect of estrogens and their metabolites genotoxicity on the pathogenesis and progression of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.7541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncological diseases, due to the still increasing morbidity and mortality, are one of the main problems of modern medicine. Cancer of the mammary gland is the most common cancer among women around the world, and is the second cause of cancer deaths in this group, immediately after lung cancer. This kind of cancer belongs to an estrogen-dependent cancer, with proven associations with hormonal disorders in the body, occurring especially in the perimenopausal period and among women using hormone replacement therapy, as well as a result of the action of various xenobiotics that may interact with the estrogen receptor. Hormone steroids are widely used in medicine and their side effects are constantly discussed. The role of these compounds and their metabolites in maintaining hormonal balance is well understood, while many studies indicate the possible contribution of these steroids in the progression of the cancer process, especially in mammary gland tissue. Therefore, the genotoxic action of this group of compounds is still studied. Due to the limited number of scientific reports, the aim of this paper was to review and critically analyze data from the literature regarding the participation of estrogens (17β-estradiol) and their metabolites (2-methoxy estradiol, 4-hydroxy estradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone) in the induction of carcinogenesis in mammary gland, in particular concerning the genotoxic activity of 17β-estradiol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sawicka
- Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Analityki Medycznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu
| | - Arkadiusz Woźniak
- Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy Katedrze i Zakładzie Toksykologii, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Analityki Medycznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu
| | - Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska
- Katedra i Zakład Embriologii i Histologii, Wydział Lekarski, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Analityki Medycznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu
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31
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Varuzza MB, Zapaterini JR, Colombelli KT, Barquilha CN, Justulin LA, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Kass L, Barbisan LF. Impact of gestational low protein diet and postnatal bisphenol A exposure on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in female offspring rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1263-1272. [PMID: 31287222 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of gestational low protein diet (LPD) and/or postnatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in female offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal protein diet (NPD, 17% protein) or LPD (6% protein). At weaning, female offspring were distributed in four groups (NPD, LPD, NPD + BPA, and LPD + BPA) and received vehicle or BPA in drinking water (0.1%), during postnatal day (PND) 21 to 51. On PND 51, some female offspring were euthanized or received a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenzoanthracene (DMBA, 30 mg/kg, i.g.) and were euthanized on PND 250. On PND 51, neither gestational LPD nor postnatal BPA exposure, individually or in combination, significantly altered the development of mammary gland tree, mean number of terminal structures or estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or caspase-3 protein expression in the mammary tissue. A significant reduction in mammary epithelial area (%) was observed in both LPD groups and a significant increase in ER-α protein expression was detected only in LPD group. In LPD + BPA group was observed a significant increase in both fat pad area (%) and in mean number of mammary epithelial cells positive for progesterone receptor (PR). On PND 250, the groups that received BPA presented lower latency and higher tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity and LPD + BPA group more aggressive tumors. These findings suggest that postnatal BPA exposure associated with gestational LPD is able to induce morphological changes in the mammary gland and increase susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriele B Varuzza
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce R Zapaterini
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ketlin T Colombelli
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline N Barquilha
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A Justulin
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Human Pathology Department, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, UNL-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Human Pathology Department, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, UNL-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Lloyd V, Morse M, Purakal B, Parker J, Benard P, Crone M, Pfiffner S, Szmyd M, Dinda S. Hormone-Like Effects of Bisphenol A on p53 and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Cancer Cells. Biores Open Access 2019; 8:169-184. [PMID: 31681507 PMCID: PMC6823605 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2018.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a polymerizing agent commonly found in plastics that has been linked to xenoestrogenic activity. In this study, we analyzed the estrogen-like effects of BPA on the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α and p53 with hormonal and antihormonal treatments in T-47D and MCF-7 cells. Cells were cultured in medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum for 6 days to deplete any endogenous steroids or effectors. The cells were then treated for 24 h with 600 nM BPA, which was determined to be the optimal value by a concentration study of BPA from 1 nM to 2 μM. Extracted cellular proteins were quantified and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)/Western blot analysis. The cell proliferation assays were quantified upon exposure to BPA. Laser confocal microscopy was performed to determine the cytolocalization of p53 and ERα upon treatment with BPA. Western blot analysis revealed that BPA caused an increase in the cellular protein p53 in a concentration-dependent manner. While treatment with BPA did not affect the cytolocalization of p53, an increase in cell proliferation was observed. Our studies provide interesting leads to delineate the possible mechanistic relationship among BPA, ER, and tumor suppressor proteins in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lloyd
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Mia Morse
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Betsy Purakal
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Jordan Parker
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Paige Benard
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Michael Crone
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Samantha Pfiffner
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Monica Szmyd
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Sumi Dinda
- Department of Biomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Center of Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
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33
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Wei Y, Han C, Li S, Cui Y, Bao Y, Shi W. Maternal exposure to bisphenol A during pregnancy interferes ovaries development of F1 female mice. Theriogenology 2019; 142:138-148. [PMID: 31593881 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal exposure bisphenol A (BPA) on ovaries development of F1 female mice. The BPA exposure model of pregnant mice was prepared by intragastric administration of BPA at the doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg kg-1 d-1 at gestation day (GD) 0.5-17.5. The ovarian index of the offspring mice was calculated at postnatal day (PND) 21 and PND 56. The results showed that BPA at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg significantly increased the abortion rate of the pregnant mice, and each dose of BPA significantly reduced the survival rate of the pups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Besides, there was a non-monotonic dose-response relationship between serum hormone, ovarian receptor levels and BPA in F1 females at both PND 21 and 56. BPA increased the ovarian/uterine index in F1 females at both PND 21 and 56, increased the mRNA relative transcript levels of ovarian ERα, PgR and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) in F1 females at PND 21, while decreased at PND 56 (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). BPA also increased the relative expression of caspase-7, caspase-9, bax, inhibited the relative expression of bcl-2 in F1 females at both PND 21 and 56, and increased the apoptosis rate in the ovaries in F1 mice at PND 56 (P < 0.01). The number of follicles in the ovary was increased in F1 females at PND 21, and the ovaries were significantly atrophied when sexual maturity (PND 56). Our results indicated that BPA could disturb the contents of DNMT and make reproductive injury to the offspring females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Chao Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
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34
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Jung N, Maguer-Satta V, Guyot B. Early Steps of Mammary Stem Cell Transformation by Exogenous Signals; Effects of Bisphenol Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091351. [PMID: 31547326 PMCID: PMC6770465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are major regulators of the mammary gland development, notably during puberty, via estrogen receptor (ER) activation, leading to the proliferation and differentiation of mammary cells. In addition to estrogens, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) family is involved in breast stem cell/progenitor commitment. However, these two pathways that synergistically contribute to the biology of the normal mammary gland have also been described to initiate and/or promote breast cancer development. In addition to intrinsic events, lifestyle habits and exposure to environmental cues are key risk factors for cancer in general, and especially for breast cancer. In the latter case, bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen-mimetic compound, is a critical pollutant both in terms of the quantities released in our environment and of its known and speculated effects on mammary gland biology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the actions of BMPs and estrogens in both normal mammary gland development and breast cancer initiation, dissemination, and resistance to treatment, focusing on the dysregulations of these processes by BPA but also by other bisphenols, including BPS and BPF, initially considered as safer alternatives to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jung
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.
| | - Veronique Maguer-Satta
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.
| | - Boris Guyot
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.
- Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.
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35
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Peng CY, Tsai EM, Kao TH, Lai TC, Liang SS, Chiu CC, Wang TN. Canned food intake and urinary bisphenol a concentrations: a randomized crossover intervention study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27999-28009. [PMID: 31352597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor. To evaluate the effect of canned food consumption on internal BPA dose, urinary BPA concentrations were measured before and after intake of canned foods. This study applied a randomized crossover design, recruited 20 healthy volunteers, and divided them into two groups. One group consumed canned food; the other group consumed fresh food. After a 1-day washout, the dietary interventions were reversed. In each period, urine samples were collected immediately before meals and then 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after meals. A mixed-effects model was used to assess BPA changes over time. Our results showed urinary BPA concentrations increased after consumption of canned food. Specifically, urinary BPA concentrations significantly differed between consumption of canned food and fresh food at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after intake (p values of 0.001, < 0.001, and < 0.001, respectively). Mean BPA concentrations at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after meals were 152%, 206%, and 79% higher, respectively, than mean BPA concentrations before meals. Urine concentration profiles of canned food intake showed that peaks were at 4 h, the increase diminished at 6 h, and returned to baseline levels at 24 h after intake. Therefore, dietary intervention and a 1-day washout period are effective for limiting internal BPA burden. This study provides convincing evidence of a human exposure route to BPA and a basis for designing interventions to mitigate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Resources, Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Hsiung Kao
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Cheng Lai
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Center for Resources, Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Nai Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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36
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Oestrogen receptor α AF-1 and AF-2 domains have cell population-specific functions in the mammary epithelium. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4723. [PMID: 30413705 PMCID: PMC6226531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor α (ERα) is a transcription factor with ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation functions (AF)-1 and -2. Oestrogens control postnatal mammary gland development acting on a subset of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), termed sensor cells, which are ERα-positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and secrete paracrine factors, which stimulate ERα-negative responder cells. Here we show that deletion of AF-1 or AF-2 blocks pubertal ductal growth and subsequent development because both are required for expression of essential paracrine mediators. Thirty percent of the luminal cells are ERα-negative by IHC but express Esr1 transcripts. This low level ERα expression through AF-2 is essential for cell expansion during puberty and growth-inhibitory during pregnancy. Cell-intrinsic ERα is not required for cell proliferation nor for secretory differentiation but controls transcript levels of cell motility and cell adhesion genes and a stem cell and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature identifying ERα as a key regulator of mammary epithelial cell plasticity. Oestrogen receptors α (ERα) are expressed in a subset of mammary epithelial cells. Here, the authors identify cells with low-ERα protein levels and show that distinct cell populations have distinct requirements for the AF1 and AF2 domains of the ERα, and ERα acts in a biphasic manner dependent on developmental stage.
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37
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Pouzaud F, Thierry-Mieg M, Burga K, Vérines-Jouin L, Fiore K, Beausoleil C, Michel C, Rousselle C, Pasquier E. Concerns related to ED-mediated effects of Bisphenol A and their regulatory consideration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:92-106. [PMID: 29428396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extensive database on BPA provides strong evidence of its adverse effects on reproductive, neurobehavioural, metabolic functions and mammary gland. Disruption of estrogenic pathway is central in the mediation of these effects although other modes of action may be involved. BPA has a weak affinity for ERα/β but interaction with extranuclearly located pathways activated by estrogens such as ERRγ and GPER reveals how BPA can act at low doses. The effects are observed later in life after developmental exposure and are associated with pathologies of major societal concern in terms of severity, incidence, impact on quality of life, burden on public health system. The complexity of the dose response raise uncertainties on the possibility to establish safe levels and the scope of ED-mediated effects of BPA may be wider. These concerns fulfill the requirements for ED identification under REACH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Burga
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Karine Fiore
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Thent ZC, Froemming GRA, Muid S. Bisphenol A exposure disturbs the bone metabolism: An evolving interest towards an old culprit. Life Sci 2018; 198:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Cheng SF, Li L, Li B, Liu JC, Lai FN, Zhao Y, Zhang XF, Shen W, Li L. Low-dose diethylhexyl phthalate exposure does not impair the expressive patterns of epigenetics-related genes and DNA methylation of breast cancer-related genes in mouse mammary glands. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-018-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Kolla S, Morcos M, Martin B, Vandenberg LN. Low dose bisphenol S or ethinyl estradiol exposures during the perinatal period alter female mouse mammary gland development. Reprod Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29526645 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, mammary tissue is strongly influenced by hormones. Scientists have hypothesized that synthetic chemicals with hormonal activities could disrupt mammary gland development and contribute to breast diseases and dysfunction. Bisphenol S (BPS) is an estrogenic compound used in many consumer products. In this study, CD-1 mice were exposed to BPS (2 or 200 μg/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation. Mice exposed to 0.01 or 1 μg/kg/day ethinyl estradiol (EE2), a pharmaceutical estrogen, were also evaluated. Mammary glands from female offspring were collected prior to the onset of puberty, during puberty, and in early adulthood. Growth parameters, histopathology, cell proliferation and expression of hormone receptors were quantified. Our evaluations revealed age- and dose-specific effects of BPS that were different from the effects of EE2, and distinct from the effects of BPA that have been reported previously. These assessments suggest that individual xenoestrogens may have unique effects on this sensitive tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- SriDurgaDevi Kolla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
| | - Mary Morcos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
| | - Brian Martin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States.
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41
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Durmaz E, Asci A, Erkekoglu P, Balcı A, Bircan I, Koçer-Gumusel B. Urinary bisphenol A levels in Turkish girls with premature thelarche. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1007-1016. [PMID: 29405766 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118756720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern over the timing of pubertal breast development and its possible association with exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is abundantly used to harden plastics. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between premature thelarche (PT) and BPA by comparing the urinary BPA levels of PT girls with those of healthy subjects. Twenty-five newly diagnosed nonobese PT subjects (aged 4-8 years) who were admitted to the Pediatric Endocrinology Department at Akdeniz University were recruited. The control group composed of 25 age-matched girls without PT and other endocrine disorders. Urinary BPA levels were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. The median urinary concentrations of BPA were found to be significantly higher in the PT group compared to the healthy control group (3.2 vs. 1.62 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.05). We observed a weak positive correlation between uterus volume and urinary BPA levels. There was a weak correlation between estradiol and urinary BPA levels ( r = 0.166; p = 0.37); and luteinizing hormone and urinary BPA levels ( r = 0.291; p = 0.08) of PT girls. Our results suggest that exposure to BPA might be one of the underlying factors of early breast development in prepubertal girls and EDCs may be considered as one of the etiological factors in the development of PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Durmaz
- 1 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - A Asci
- 2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - P Erkekoglu
- 3 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Balcı
- 3 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I Bircan
- 1 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - B Koçer-Gumusel
- 3 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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42
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Romagnolo DF, Daniels KD, Grunwald JT, Ramos SA, Propper CR, Selmin OI. Epigenetics of breast cancer: Modifying role of environmental and bioactive food compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 60:1310-29. [PMID: 27144894 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201501063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Reduced expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) increases the susceptibility to breast cancer. However, only a small percentage of breast tumors is related to family history and mutational inactivation of TSG. Epigenetics refers to non-mutational events that alter gene expression. Endocrine disruptors found in foods and drinking water may disrupt epigenetically hormonal regulation and increase breast cancer risk. This review centers on the working hypothesis that agonists of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), bisphenol A (BPA), and arsenic compounds, induce in TSG epigenetic signatures that mirror those often seen in sporadic breast tumors. Conversely, it is hypothesized that bioactive food components that target epigenetic mechanisms protect against sporadic breast cancer induced by these disruptors. METHODS AND RESULTS This review highlights (i) overlaps between epigenetic signatures placed in TSG by AHR-ligands, BPA, and arsenic with epigenetic alterations associated with sporadic breast tumorigenesis; and (ii) potential opportunities for the prevention of sporadic breast cancer with food components that target the epigenetic machinery. CONCLUSIONS Characterizing the overlap between epigenetic signatures elicited in TSG by endocrine disruptors with those observed in sporadic breast tumors may afford new strategies for breast cancer prevention with specific bioactive food components or diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin D Daniels
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan T Grunwald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Stephan A Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine R Propper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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43
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Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28865460 PMCID: PMC5581466 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer. Singly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances - many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts - may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Gray
- Department of Psychology and Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0246 USA
| | - Sharima Rasanayagam
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Connie Engel
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
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44
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Wang Z, Liu H, Liu S. Low-Dose Bisphenol A Exposure: A Seemingly Instigating Carcinogenic Effect on Breast Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600248. [PMID: 28251049 PMCID: PMC5323866 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in the world and the second most common fatal cancer in women. Epidemiological studies and clinical data have indicated that hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin, play important roles in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly used and thoroughly studied endocrine disruptors. It can be released from consumer products and deposited in the environment, thus creating potential for human exposure through oral, inhaled, and dermal routes. Some recent reviews have summarized the known mechanisms of endocrine disruptions by BPA in human diseases, including obesity, reproductive disorders, and birth defects. However, large knowledge gaps still exist on the roles BPA may play in cancer initiation and development. Evidence from animal and in vitro studies has suggested an association between increased incidence of breast cancer and BPA exposure at doses below the safe reference doses that are the most environmentally relevant. Most current studies have paid little attention to the cancer-promoting properties of BPA at low doses. In this review, recent findings on the carcinogenic effects of low-dose BPA on breast cancer and discussed possible biologic mechanisms are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
- School of Public HealthXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangHenan Province453003China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
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45
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New insights into fetal mammary gland morphogenesis: differential effects of natural and environmental estrogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40806. [PMID: 28102330 PMCID: PMC5244390 DOI: 10.1038/srep40806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased breast cancer risk during adulthood has been linked to estrogen exposure during fetal life. However, the impossibility of removing estrogens from the feto-maternal unit has hindered the testing of estrogen’s direct effect on mammary gland organogenesis. To overcome this limitation, we developed an ex vivo culture method of the mammary gland where the direct action of estrogens can be tested during embryonic days (E)14 to 19. Mouse mammary buds dissected at E14 and cultured for 5 days showed that estrogens directly altered fetal mammary gland development. Exposure to 0.1 pM, 10 pM, and 1 nM 17 β-estradiol (E2) resulted in monotonic inhibition of mammary buds ductal growth. In contrast, Bisphenol-A (BPA) elicited a non-monotonic response. At environmentally relevant doses (1 nM), BPA significantly increased ductal growth, as previously observed in vivo, while 1 μM BPA significantly inhibited ductal growth. Ductal branching followed the same pattern. This effect of BPA was blocked by Fulvestrant, a full estrogen antagonist, while the effect of estradiol was not. This method may be used to study the hormonal regulation of mammary gland development, and to test newly synthesized chemicals that are released into the environment without proper assessment of their hormonal action on critical targets like the mammary gland.
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46
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Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on onset and development of female reproductive disorders and hormone-related cancer. Reprod Biol 2016; 16:243-254. [PMID: 27692877 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that exposure to chemical substances designated as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their ability to disturb endocrine (hormonal) activity in humans and animals, may contribute to problems with fertility, pregnancy, and other aspects of reproduction. The presence of EDCs has already been associated with reproductive malfunction in wildlife species, but it remains difficult to prove causal relationships between the presence of EDCs and specific reproductive problems in vivo, especially in females. On the other hand, the increasing number of experiments with laboratory animals and in vitro research indicate the ability of different EDCs to influence the normal function of female reproductive system, and even their association with cancer development or progression. Research shows that EDCs may pose the greatest risk during prenatal and early postnatal development when organ and neural systems are forming. In this review article, we aim to point out a possible contribution of EDCs to the onset and development of female reproductive disorders and endocrine-related cancers with regard to the period of exposure to EDCs and affected endpoints (organs or processes).
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47
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Sikora MJ, Jacobsen BM, Levine K, Chen J, Davidson NE, Lee AV, Alexander CM, Oesterreich S. WNT4 mediates estrogen receptor signaling and endocrine resistance in invasive lobular carcinoma cell lines. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:92. [PMID: 27650553 PMCID: PMC5028957 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast typically presents with clinical biomarkers consistent with a favorable response to endocrine therapies, and over 90 % of ILC cases express the estrogen receptor (ER). However, a subset of ILC cases may be resistant to endocrine therapies, suggesting that ER biology is unique in ILC. Using ILC cell lines, we previously demonstrated that ER regulates a distinct gene expression program in ILC cells, and we hypothesized that these ER-driven pathways modulate the endocrine response in ILC. One potential novel pathway is via the Wnt ligand WNT4, a critical signaling molecule in mammary gland development regulated by the progesterone receptor. METHODS The ILC cell lines MDA-MB-134-VI, SUM44PE, and BCK4 were used to assess WNT4 gene expression and regulation, as well as the role of WNT4 in estrogen-regulated proliferation. To assess these mechanisms in the context of endocrine resistance, we developed novel ILC endocrine-resistant long-term estrogen-deprived (ILC-LTED) models. ILC and ILC-LTED cell lines were used to identify upstream regulators and downstream signaling effectors of WNT4 signaling. RESULTS ILC cells co-opted WNT4 signaling by placing it under direct ER control. We observed that ER regulation of WNT4 correlated with use of an ER binding site at the WNT4 locus, specifically in ILC cells. Further, WNT4 was required for endocrine response in ILC cells, as WNT4 knockdown blocked estrogen-induced proliferation. ILC-LTED cells remained dependent on WNT4 for proliferation, by either maintaining ER function and WNT4 regulation or uncoupling WNT4 from ER and upregulating WNT4 expression. In the latter case, WNT4 expression was driven by activated nuclear factor kappa-B signaling in ILC-LTED cells. In ILC and ILC-LTED cells, WNT4 led to suppression of CDKN1A/p21, which is critical for ILC cell proliferation. CDKN1A knockdown partially reversed the effects of WNT4 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS WNT4 drives a novel signaling pathway in ILC cells, with a critical role in estrogen-induced growth that may also mediate endocrine resistance. WNT4 signaling may represent a novel target to modulate endocrine response specifically for patients with ILC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sikora
- Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Present address: Department of Pathology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8104, Research Complex 1 South, Room 5117, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Britta M Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Levine
- Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nancy E Davidson
- Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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48
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Fischer C, Mamillapalli R, Goetz LG, Jorgenson E, Ilagan Y, Taylor HS. Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure In Utero Leads to Immunoregulatory Cytokine Dysregulation in the Mouse Mammary Gland: A Potential Mechanism Programming Breast Cancer Risk. HORMONES & CANCER 2016; 7:241-51. [PMID: 26911702 PMCID: PMC10726733 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a ubiquitous estrogen-like endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). BPA exposure in utero has been linked to breast cancer and abnormal mammary gland development in mice. The recent rise in incidence of human breast cancer and decreased age of first detection suggests a possible environmental etiology. We hypothesized that developmental programming of carcinogenesis may involve an aberrant immune response. Both innate and adaptive immunity play a role in tumor suppression through cytolytic CD8, NK, and Th1 T-cells. We hypothesized that BPA exposure in utero would lead to dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immunity in the mammary gland. CD1 mice were exposed to BPA in utero during gestation (days 9-21) via osmotic minipump. At 6 weeks, the female offspring were ovariectomized and estradiol was given at 8 weeks. RNA and protein were extracted from the posterior mammary glands, and the mRNA and protein levels were measured by PCR array, qRT-PCR, and western blot. In mouse mammary tissue, BPA exposure in utero significantly decreased the expression of members of the chemokine CXC family (Cxcl2, Cxcl4, Cxcl14, and Ccl20), interleukin 1 (Il1) gene family (Il1β and Il1rn), interleukin 2 gene family (Il7 receptor), and interferon gene family (interferon regulatory factor 9 (Irf9), as well as immune response gene 1 (Irg1). Additionally, BPA exposure in utero decreased Esr1 receptor gene expression and increased Esr2 receptor gene expression. In utero exposure of BPA resulted in significant changes to inflammatory modulators within mammary tissue. We suggest that dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, leads to a microenvironment that may promote disordered cell growth through inhibition of the immune response that targets cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catha Fischer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Laura G Goetz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elisa Jorgenson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ysabel Ilagan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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49
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Grassi TF, da Silva GN, Bidinotto LT, Rossi BF, Quinalha MM, Kass L, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Barbisan LF. Global gene expression and morphological alterations in the mammary gland after gestational exposure to bisphenol A, genistein and indole-3-carbinol in female Sprague-Dawley offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 303:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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Mandrup K, Boberg J, Isling LK, Christiansen S, Hass U. Low-dose effects of bisphenol A on mammary gland development in rats. Andrology 2016; 4:673-83. [PMID: 27088260 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in food contact materials, toys, and other products. Several studies have indicated that effects observed at doses near human exposure levels may not be observed at higher doses. Many studies have shown effects on mammary glands at low doses of BPA, however, because of small number of animals or few doses investigated these data have not been used by EFSA as point of departure for the newly assessed tolerable daily intake (TDI). We performed a study with perinatal exposure to BPA (0, 0.025, 0.25, 5, and 50 mg/kg bw/day) in rats (n = 22 mated/group). One of the aims was to perform a study robust enough to contribute to the risk assessment of BPA and to elucidate possible biphasic dose-response relationships. We investigated mammary gland effects in the offspring at 22, 100, and 400 days of age. Male offspring showed increased mammary outgrowth on pup day (PD) 22 at 0.025 mg/kg BPA, indicating an increased mammary development at this low dose only. Increased prevalence of intraductal hyperplasia was observed in BPA females exposed to 0.25 mg/kg at PD 400, but not at PD 100, and not at higher or lower doses. The present findings support data from the published literature showing that perinatal exposure to BPA can induce increased mammary growth and proliferative lesions in rodents. Our results indicate that low-dose exposure to BPA can affect mammary gland development in male and female rats, although higher doses show a different pattern of effects. The observed intraductal hyperplasia in female rats could be associated with an increased risk for developing hyperplastic lesions, which are parallels to early signs of breast neoplasia in women. Collectively, current knowledge on effects of BPA on mammary gland at low doses indicates that highly exposed humans may not be sufficiently protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - J Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - L K Isling
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - S Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - U Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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