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Pan X, Hu S, Xu Y, Gopoju R, Zhu Y, Cassim Bawa FN, Wang H, Wang J, Batayneh Z, Clark A, Zeng Y, Lin L, Wang X, Yin L, Zhang Y. Krüppel-like factor 10 protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by regulating HNF4α-mediated metabolic pathways. Metabolism 2024; 155:155909. [PMID: 38582490 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krüppel-like factor 10 (KLF10), a zinc finger transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in modulating TGF-β-mediated cellular processes such as growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Recent studies have implicated KLF10 in regulating lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to elucidate the precise role of hepatic KLF10 in developing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS We investigated hepatic KLF10 expression under metabolic stress and the effects of overexpression or ablation of hepatic KLF10 on MASH development and lipidemia. We also determined whether hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) mediated the metabolic effects of KLF10. RESULTS Hepatic KLF10 was downregulated in MASH patients and genetically or diet-induced obese mice. AAV8-mediated overexpression of KLF10 in hepatocytes prevented Western diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and steatohepatitis, whereas inactivation of hepatocyte KLF10 aggravated Western diet-induced steatohepatitis. Mechanistically, KLF10 reduced hepatic triglyceride and free fatty acid levels by inducing lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis, and reducing hepatic cholesterol levels by promoting bile acid synthesis. KLF10 highly induced HNF4α expression by directly binding to its promoter. The beneficial effect of KLF10 on MASH development was abolished in mice lacking hepatocyte HNF4α. In addition, the inactivation of KLF10 in hepatic stellate cells exacerbated Western diet-induced liver fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our data collectively suggest that the transcription factor KLF10 plays a hepatoprotective role in MASH development by inducing HNF4α. Targeting hepatic KLF10 may offer a promising strategy for treating MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Fathima N Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Zaid Batayneh
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Alyssa Clark
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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2
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Chow MD, Otersen K, Wassef A, Kong B, Yamarthy S, Rizzolo D, Yang I, Buckley B, Lu A, Crook N, Lee M, Gao J, Naganand S, Stofan MF, Armstrong L, Schumacher J, Taylor R, Henry Z, Basaly V, Yang Z, Zhang M, Huang M, Kagan L, Brunetti L, Sadek R, Lee YH, Guo GL. Effects of intestine-specific deletion of FGF15 on the development of fatty liver disease with vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0444. [PMID: 38780301 PMCID: PMC11124683 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SGx) is a type of bariatric surgery to treat morbid obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The molecular mechanisms of SGx to improve MASLD are unclear, but increased bile acids (BAs) and FGF19 (mouse FGF15) were observed. FGF15/19 is expressed in the ileum in response to BAs and is critical in not only suppressing BA synthesis in the liver but also promoting energy expenditure. We hypothesized the reduction of obesity and resolution of MASLD by SGx may be mediated by FGF15/19. METHODS First, we conducted hepatic gene expression analysis in obese patients undergoing SGx, with the results showing increased expression of FGF19 in obese patients' livers. Next, we used wild-type and intestine-specific Fgf15 knockout mice (Fgf15ile-/-) to determine the effects of FGF15 deficiency on improving the metabolic effects. RESULTS SGx improved metabolic endpoints in both genotypes, evidenced by decreased obesity, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced MASLD progression. However, Fgf15ile-/- mice showed better improvement compared to wild-type mice after SGx, suggesting that other mediators than FGF15 are also responsible for the beneficial effects of FGF15 deficiency. Further gene expression analysis in brown adipose tissue suggests increased thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS FGF15 deficiency, the larger BA pool and higher levels of secondary BAs may increase energy expenditure in extrahepatic tissues, which may be responsible for improved metabolic functions following SGx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D. Chow
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katherine Otersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew Wassef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Advanced Surgical & Bariatrics of NJ, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sowmya Yamarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ill Yang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Naomi Crook
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judy Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sareena Naganand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary F. Stofan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Laura Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Justin Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rulaiha Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zakiyah Henry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Veronia Basaly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhenning Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Children’s Liver Disease Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy-Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ragui Sadek
- Center of Excellence for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Advanced Surgical & Bariatrics of NJ, Somerset, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yi-Horng Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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4
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Gopoju R, Wang J, Pan X, Hu S, Lin L, Clark A, Xu Y, Yin L, Wang X, Zhang Y. Hepatic FOXA3 overexpression prevents Western diet-induced obesity and MASH through TGR5. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100527. [PMID: 38447926 PMCID: PMC10999823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factor 3 (FOXA3) has been shown to regulate metabolism and development. Hepatic FOXA3 is reduced in obesity and fatty liver disease. However, the role of hepatic FOXA3 in regulating obesity or steatohepatitis remains to be investigated. In this work, C57BL/6 mice were i.v. injected with AAV8-ALB-FOXA3 or the control virus. The mice were then fed a chow or Western diet for 16 weeks. The role of hepatic FOXA3 in energy metabolism and steatohepatitis was investigated. Plasma bile acid composition and the role of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in mediating the metabolic effects of FOXA3 were determined. Overexpression of hepatic FOXA3 reduced hepatic steatosis in chow-fed mice and attenuated Western diet-induced obesity and steatohepatitis. FOXA3 induced lipolysis and inhibited hepatic genes involved in bile acid uptake, resulting in elevated plasma bile acids. The beneficial effects of hepatic FOXA3 overexpression on Western diet-induced obesity and steatohepatitis were abolished in Tgr5-/- mice. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of hepatic FOXA3 prevents Western diet-induced obesity and steatohepatitis via activation of TGR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Clark
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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5
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Cassim Bawa FN, Hu S, Gopoju R, Shiyab A, Mongan K, Xu Y, Pan X, Clark A, Wang H, Zhang Y. Adipocyte retinoic acid receptor α prevents obesity and steatohepatitis by regulating energy expenditure and lipogenesis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:120-130. [PMID: 37873741 PMCID: PMC10840967 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adipose tissue-liver axis is a major regulator of the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Retinoic acid signaling plays an important role in development and metabolism. However, little is known about the role of adipose retinoic acid signaling in the development of obesity-associated NAFLD. In this work, the aim was to investigate whether and how retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) regulated the development of obesity and NAFLD. METHODS RARα expression in adipose tissue of db/db or ob/ob mice was determined. Rarαfl/fl mice and adipocyte-specific Rarα-/- (RarαAdi-/- ) mice were fed a chow diet for 1 year or high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks. Primary adipocytes and primary hepatocytes were co-cultured. Metabolic regulation and inflammatory response were characterized. RESULTS RARα expression was reduced in adipose tissue of db/db or ob/ob mice. RarαAdi-/- mice had increased obesity and steatohepatitis (NASH) when fed a chow diet or HFD. Loss of adipocyte RARα induced lipogenesis and inflammation in adipose tissue and the liver and reduced thermogenesis. In the co-culture studies, loss of RARα in adipocytes induced inflammatory and lipogenic programs in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that RARα in adipocytes prevents obesity and NASH via inhibiting lipogenesis and inflammation and inducing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima N. Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Amy Shiyab
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Kai Mongan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Alyssa Clark
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
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6
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Gilbert MC, Setayesh T, Wan YJY. The contributions of bacteria metabolites to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. LIVER RESEARCH 2023; 7:296-303. [PMID: 38221945 PMCID: PMC10786625 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 20% of mortality during acute liver failure is associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Thus, HE is a complication of acute liver failure with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma. HE is caused by the diversion of portal blood into systemic circulation through portosystemic collateral vessels. Thus, the brain is exposed to intestinal-derived toxic substances. Moreover, the strategies to prevent advancement and improve the prognosis of such a liver-brain disease rely on intestinal microbial modulation. This is supported by the findings that antibiotics such as rifaximin and laxative lactulose can alleviate hepatic cirrhosis and/or prevent HE. Together, the significance of the gut-liver-brain axis in human health warrants attention. This review paper focuses on the roles of bacteria metabolites, mainly ammonia and bile acids (BAs) as well as BA receptors in HE. The literature search conducted for this review included searches for phrases such as BA receptors, BAs, ammonia, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and cirrhosis in conjunction with the phrase hepatic encephalopathy and portosystemic encephalopathy. PubMed, as well as Google Scholar, was the search engines used to find relevant publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Claire Gilbert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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7
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Huang C, Mei S, Zhang X, Tian X. Inflammatory Milieu Related to Dysbiotic Gut Microbiota Promotes Tumorigenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 57:782-788. [PMID: 37406184 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an invasive primary liver cancer caused by multiple pathogenic factors and is a significant global health concern. With few effective therapeutic options, HCC is a heterogeneous carcinoma that typically arises in an inflammatory environment. Recent studies have suggested that dysbiotic gut microbiota is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the effects of gut microbiota, microbial components, and microbiota-derived metabolites on the promotion and progression of HCC by feeding a persistent inflammatory milieu. In addition, we discuss the potential therapeutic modalities for HCC targeting the inflammatory status induced by gut microbiota. A better understanding of the correlation between the inflammatory milieu and gut microbiota in HCC may be beneficial for developing new therapeutic strategies and managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Children's Hospital
| | - Si Mei
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention & Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention & Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Zhu Y, Hu S, Pan X, Gopoju R, Cassim Bawa FN, Yin L, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte Sirtuin 6 Protects against Atherosclerosis and Steatohepatitis by Regulating Lipid Homeostasis. Cells 2023; 12:2009. [PMID: 37566087 PMCID: PMC10417046 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) regulates many biological processes. SIRT6 is known to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and inhibit the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate the role of hepatocyte SIRT6 in the development of atherosclerosis and further characterize the mechanism underlying SIRT6's effect on NAFLD. Ldlr-/- mice overexpressing or lacking hepatocyte SIRT6 were fed a Western diet for 16 weeks. The role of hepatic SIRT6 in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), atherosclerosis, and obesity was investigated. We also investigated whether p53 participates in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in mice overexpressing hepatic SIRT6. Our data show that loss of hepatocyte SIRT6 aggravated the development of NAFLD, atherosclerosis, and obesity in Ldlr-/- mice, whereas adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of human SIRT6 in the liver had opposite effects. Mechanistically, hepatocyte SIRT6 likely inhibited the development of NAFLD by inhibiting lipogenesis, lipid droplet formation, and p53 signaling. Hepatocyte SIRT6 also likely inhibited the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption and hepatic VLDL secretion. Hepatic SIRT6 also increased energy expenditure. In conclusion, our data indicate that hepatocyte SIRT6 protects against atherosclerosis, NAFLD, and obesity by regulating lipid metabolism in the liver and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Fathima N. Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA (R.G.)
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9
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Shao Y, Chen S, Han L, Liu J. Pharmacotherapies of NAFLD: updated opportunities based on metabolic intervention. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37415199 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that is becoming increasingly prevalent, and it ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. However, there is still a lack of pharmacotherapeutic strategies approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which results in a higher risk of death related to carcinoma and cardiovascular complications. Of note, it is well established that the pathogenesis of NAFLD is tightly associated with whole metabolic dysfunction. Thus, targeting interconnected metabolic conditions could present promising benefits to NAFLD, according to a number of clinical studies. Here, we summarize the metabolic characteristics of the development of NAFLD, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and intestinal metabolism, and provide insight into pharmacological targets. In addition, we present updates on the progresses in the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies based on metabolic intervention globally, which could lead to new opportunities for NAFLD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Suzhen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Junli Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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10
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Zhou W, VanDuyne P, Zhang C, Liu Y, Riessen R, Barragan M, Rowitz BM, Teran-Garcia M, Boppart SA, Anakk S. Pathological bile acid concentrations in chronic cholestasis cause adipose mitochondrial defects. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100714. [PMID: 37122689 PMCID: PMC10133756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Although fat loss is observed in patients with cholestasis, how chronically elevated bile acids (BAs) impact white and brown fat depots remains obscure. Methods To determine the direct effect of pathological levels of BAs on lipid accumulation and mitochondrial function, primary white and brown adipocyte cultures along with fat depots from two separate mouse models of cholestatic liver diseases, namely (i) genetic deletion of farnesoid X receptor (Fxr); small heterodimer (Shp) double knockout (DKO) and (ii) injury by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), were used. Results As expected, cholestatic mice accumulate high systemic BA levels and exhibit fat loss. Here, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to pathological BA levels results in mitochondrial dysfunction and defective thermogenesis. Consistently, both DKO and DDC-fed mice exhibit lower body temperature. Importantly, thermoneutral (30 °C) housing of the cholestatic DKO mice rescues the decrease in brown fat mass, and the expression of genes responsible for lipogenesis and regulation of mitochondrial function. To overcome systemic effects, primary adipocyte cultures were treated with pathological BA concentrations. Mitochondrial permeability and respiration analysis revealed that BA overload is sufficient to reduce mitochondrial function in primary adipocytes, which is not as a result of cytotoxicity. Instead, we found robust reductions in uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16), and deiodinase, iodothyronine, type II (Dio2) transcripts in brown adipocytes upon treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas taurocholic acid led to the suppression of Dio2 transcript. This BA-mediated decrease in transcripts was alleviated by pharmacological activation of UCP1. Conclusions High concentrations of BAs cause defective thermogenesis by reducing the expression of crucial regulators of mitochondrial function, including UCP1, which may explain the clinical features of hypothermia and fat loss observed in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Impact and Implications We uncover a detrimental effect of chronic bile acid overload on adipose mitochondrial function. Pathological concentration of different BAs reduces the expression of distinct genes involved in energy expenditure, which can be mitigated with pharmacological UCP1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Philip VanDuyne
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Maribel Barragan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Blair M. Rowitz
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Margarita Teran-Garcia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Tel.: +1 217 300 7905; fax: +1 217 244 5858.
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11
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Lai Z, Zhan X, Lin L, Zhang J, Qi W, Yang H, Mao S, Jin W. High-grain diet feeding alters ileal microbiota and disrupts bile acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad278. [PMID: 37606090 PMCID: PMC10494876 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolic homeostasis, but little is known about their metabolism in dairy cows fed a high-grain (HG) diet. In the present study, we examined the bacterial community, BA profile, and the FXR/FGF19 signaling pathway in the ileum and liver to investigate the gut microbe-BA metabolism interactions response to HG diet and the changes in the subsequent enterohepatic circulation of dairy cows. The results showed that the ileal bacterial community was altered, with an increase of Paraclostridium, Anaerobutyricum, Shuttleworthia, and Stomatobaculum in the relative abundance in the HG group. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the abundance of total bacteria and bacterial bile-salt hydrolase (BSH) genes was increased in the ileal digesta in the HG group. Meanwhile, HG feeding also decreased the total BA content in the digesta of jejunum and ileum and in feces. HG feeding altered the BA profile in the ileal digesta by increasing unconjugated BAs and decreasing conjugated BAs. In addition, the intestinal FXR/FGF19 signaling pathway was activated. The expression of CYP7A1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) was depressed, which inhibited BAs synthesis in the liver of cows fed HG. Overall, HG feeding altered the ileal bacterial community and BA profile, and activated FXR/FGF19 signaling pathway, resulting in a decrease of BA level in the ileal digesta via the inhibition of hepatic BA synthesis. The findings provided novel insights into understanding the relationship between gut microbiota and the homeostasis of BAs in dairy cows fed a HG diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lai
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Zhan
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Limei Lin
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiyou Zhang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weibiao Qi
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huisheng Yang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, the National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230041, China
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12
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Keles U, Ow JR, Kuentzel KB, Zhao LN, Kaldis P. Liver-derived metabolites as signaling molecules in fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:4. [PMID: 36477411 PMCID: PMC9729146 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive fat accumulation in the liver has become a major health threat worldwide. Unresolved fat deposition in the liver can go undetected until it develops into fatty liver disease, followed by steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Lipid deposition in the liver is governed by complex communication, primarily between metabolic organs. This can be mediated by hormones, organokines, and also, as has been more recently discovered, metabolites. Although how metabolites from peripheral organs affect the liver is well documented, the effect of metabolic players released from the liver during the development of fatty liver disease or associated comorbidities needs further attention. Here we focus on interorgan crosstalk based on metabolites released from the liver and how these molecules act as signaling molecules in peripheral tissues. Due to the liver's specific role, we are covering lipid and bile mechanism-derived metabolites. We also discuss the high sucrose intake associated with uric acid release from the liver. Excessive fat deposition in the liver during fatty liver disease development reflects disrupted metabolic processes. As a response, the liver secretes a variety of signaling molecules as well as metabolites which act as a footprint of the metabolic disruption. In the coming years, the reciprocal exchange of metabolites between the liver and other metabolic organs will gain further importance and will help to better understand the development of fatty liver disease and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umur Keles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jin Rong Ow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Katharina Barbara Kuentzel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Li Na Zhao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden. .,Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, Box 50332, 202 13, Malmö, Sweden.
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13
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Cassim Bawa FN, Xu Y, Gopoju R, Plonski N, Shiyab A, Hu S, Chen S, Zhu Y, Jadhav K, Kasumov T, Zhang Y. Hepatic retinoic acid receptor alpha mediates all-trans retinoic acid's effect on diet-induced hepatosteatosis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2665-2675. [PMID: 35852305 PMCID: PMC9512485 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (AtRA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A that influences many biological processes in development, differentiation, and metabolism. AtRA functions through activation of retinoid acid receptors (RARs). AtRA is shown to ameliorate hepatic steatosis, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of hepatocyte RAR alpha (RARα) in mediating the effect of AtRA on hepatosteatosis in mice. Hepatocyte-specific Rarα-/- (L-Rarα-/- ) mice and their control mice were fed a chow diet, high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat/cholesterol/fructose (HFCF) diet. Some of the mice were also treated with AtRA. Loss of hepatocyte RARα-induced hepatosteatosis in chow-fed aged mice and HFD-fed mice. AtRA prevented and reversed HFCF diet-induced obesity and hepatosteatosis in the control mice but not in L-Rarα-/- mice. Furthermore, AtRA reduced hepatocyte fatty acid uptake and lipid droplet formation, dependent on hepatocyte RARα. Our data suggest that hepatocyte RARα plays an important role in preventing hepatosteatosis and mediates AtRA's effects on diet-induced hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima N. Cassim Bawa
- School of Biomedical SciencesKent State University KentKentOhioUSA
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Pathology of School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina.
| | - Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | | | - Amy Shiyab
- School of Biomedical SciencesKent State University KentKentOhioUSA
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- School of Biomedical SciencesKent State University KentKentOhioUSA
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- School of Biomedical SciencesKent State University KentKentOhioUSA
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
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14
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Khalyfa AA, Punatar S, Yarbrough A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Understanding the Inflammatory Implications of the Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158164. [PMID: 35897739 PMCID: PMC9332105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. It is well known that repeated inflammatory insults in the liver can cause hepatic cellular injury that lead to cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, the microbiome has been implicated in multiple inflammatory conditions which predispose patients to malignancy. With this in mind, we explore the inflammatory implications of the microbiome on pathways that lead to HCC. We also focus on how an understanding of these underlying inflammatory principles lead to a more wholistic understanding of this deadly disease, as well as potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahamed A. Khalyfa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscan Health Olympia Fields, Olympia Fields, IL 60461, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shil Punatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscan Health Olympia Fields, Olympia Fields, IL 60461, USA;
| | - Alex Yarbrough
- Department of Gastroenterology, Franciscan Health Olympia Fields, Olympia Fields, IL 60461, USA;
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15
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Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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16
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Jiao TY, Ma YD, Guo XZ, Ye YF, Xie C. Bile acid and receptors: biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1103-1119. [PMID: 35217817 PMCID: PMC9061718 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a series of liver metabolic disorders manifested by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, has become the primary cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. About 20%-30% of NAFLD patients advance to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), along with cell death, inflammation response and fibrogenesis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and its development is strongly related to multiple metabolic disorders (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases). The clinical outcomes include liver failure and hepatocellular cancer. There is no FDA-approved NASH drug so far, and thus effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Bile acids are synthesized in hepatocytes, transported into the intestine, metabolized by gut bacteria and recirculated back to the liver by the enterohepatic system. They exert pleiotropic roles in the absorption of fats and regulation of metabolism. Studies on the relevance of bile acid disturbance with NASH render it as an etiological factor in NASH pathogenesis. Recent findings on the functional identification of bile acid receptors have led to a further understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH such as metabolic dysregulation and inflammation, and bile acid receptors are recognized as attractive targets for NASH treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of bile acids and the receptors in the development of NAFLD and NASH, especially the functions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in different tissues including liver and intestine. The progress in the development of bile acid and its receptors-based drugs for the treatment of NASH including bile acid analogs and non-bile acid modulators on bile acid metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan-di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Lustig RH, Collier D, Kassotis C, Roepke TA, Ji Kim M, Blanc E, Barouki R, Bansal A, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Choudhury M, Gilbertson M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Howard S, Lind L, Tomlinson CR, Vondracek J, Heindel JJ. Obesity I: Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115012. [PMID: 35393120 PMCID: PMC9050949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is now greater than those underweight. Obesity is a multifactorial condition, and as such, many components contribute to its development and pathogenesis. This is the first of three companion reviews that consider obesity. This review focuses on the genetics, viruses, insulin resistance, inflammation, gut microbiome, and circadian rhythms that promote obesity, along with hormones, growth factors, and organs and tissues that control its development. It shows that the regulation of energy balance (intake vs. expenditure) relies on the interplay of a variety of hormones from adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. It details how integrating central neurotransmitters and peripheral metabolic signals (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY3-36) is essential for controlling energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. It describes the distinct types of adipocytes and how fat cell development is controlled by hormones and growth factors acting via a variety of receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, retinoid X, insulin, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, liver X, constitutive androstane, pregnane X, farnesoid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Finally, it demonstrates that obesity likely has origins in utero. Understanding these biochemical drivers of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction throughout the life cycle lends plausibility and credence to the "obesogen hypothesis" (i.e., the importance of environmental chemicals that disrupt these receptors to promote adiposity or alter metabolism), elucidated more fully in the two companion reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Christopher Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States.
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Song X, Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang X, Weng P, Liu L, Zhang R, Wu Z. The gut microbiota–brain axis: Role of the gut microbial metabolites of dietary food in obesity. Food Res Int 2022; 153:110971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Hou H, Wang X, Dai X, Zhang W, Tang Q, Dong Y, Yan C, Wang B, Li Z, Cao H. Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Ameliorates Obesity Through Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Conjugated BAs-FXR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796590. [PMID: 34992541 PMCID: PMC8724542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic metabolic disease. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and bile acids (BAs) metabolism disorder are closely related to obesity. Farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR), served as a link between gut microbiota and BAs, is involved in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. We previously reported that diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) could alter gut microbiota and prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it remains ambiguous how DG affects the gut microbiota to regulate host metabolism. In this present study, 16S rRNA Illumina NovaSeq and metabolomic analysis revealed that DG treatment suppressed microbes associated with bile-salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, which, in turn, increased the levels of taurine-conjugated BAs accompanied by inhibition of ileal FXR-FGF15 signaling. As a result, several obesity-related metabolism were improved, like lower serum glucose and insulin levels, increased insulin sensitivity, few hepatic steatosis and resistance to weight gain. Additionally, decreased level of serum lipopolysaccharide was observed, which contributed to a strengthened intestinal barrier. The effect of DG on weight loss was slightly enhanced in the antibiotics-treated obese mice. Collectively, the efficacy of DG in the treatment of obesity might depend on gut microbiota-conjugated BAs-FXR axis. Hence, it will provide a potential novel approach for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiqin Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianglu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanru Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengxiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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21
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Deckmyn B, Domenger D, Blondel C, Ducastel S, Nicolas E, Dorchies E, Caron E, Charton J, Vallez E, Deprez B, Annicotte JS, Lestavel S, Tailleux A, Magnan C, Staels B, Bantubungi K. Farnesoid X Receptor Activation in Brain Alters Brown Adipose Tissue Function via the Sympathetic System. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:808603. [PMID: 35058750 PMCID: PMC8764415 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.808603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear bile acid (BA) receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a major regulator of metabolic/energy homeostasis in peripheral organs. Indeed, enterohepatic-expressed FXR controls metabolic processes (BA, glucose and lipid metabolism, fat mass, body weight). The central nervous system (CNS) regulates energy homeostasis in close interaction with peripheral organs. While FXR has been reported to be expressed in the brain, its function has not been studied so far. We studied the role of FXR in brain control of energy homeostasis by treating wild-type and FXR-deficient mice by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with the reference FXR agonist GW4064. Here we show that pharmacological activation of brain FXR modifies energy homeostasis by affecting brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. Brain FXR activation decreases the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and consequently the sympathetic tone. FXR activation acts by inhibiting hypothalamic PKA-CREB induction of TH expression. These findings identify a function of brain FXR in the control of energy homeostasis and shed new light on the complex control of energy homeostasis by BA through FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Deckmyn
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Lille Catholic Hospitals, Medical Biology Department, Lille Catholic University, Lille, France
| | - Dorothée Domenger
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Blondel
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Ducastel
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Nicolas
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Julie Charton
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm U1177, Lille, France
- Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, U1177, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm U1177, Lille, France
- Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, U1177, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Sophie Lestavel
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Bart Staels
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Bart Staels,
| | - Kadiombo Bantubungi
- EGID, U1011, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1011, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Kadiombo Bantubungi,
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22
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Jeong DW, Lee S, Chun YS. How cancer cells remodel lipid metabolism: strategies targeting transcription factors. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:163. [PMID: 34775964 PMCID: PMC8590761 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of lipid metabolism has received increasing recognition as a hallmark of cancer cells because lipid dysregulation and the alteration of related enzyme profiles are closely correlated with oncogenic signals and malignant phenotypes, such as metastasis and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we describe recent findings that support the importance of lipids, as well as the transcription factors involved in cancer lipid metabolism. With recent advances in transcription factor analysis, including computer-modeling techniques, transcription factors are emerging as central players in cancer biology. Considering the limited number and the crucial role of transcription factors associated with lipid rewiring in cancers, transcription factor targeting is a promising potential strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Seulbee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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23
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Clifford BL, Sedgeman LR, Williams KJ, Morand P, Cheng A, Jarrett KE, Chan AP, Brearley-Sholto MC, Wahlström A, Ashby JW, Barshop W, Wohlschlegel J, Calkin AC, Liu Y, Thorell A, Meikle PJ, Drew BG, Mack JJ, Marschall HU, Tarling EJ, Edwards PA, de Aguiar Vallim TQ. FXR activation protects against NAFLD via bile-acid-dependent reductions in lipid absorption. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1671-1684.e4. [PMID: 34270928 PMCID: PMC8353952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
FXR agonists are used to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in part because they reduce hepatic lipids. Here, we show that FXR activation with the FXR agonist GSK2324 controls hepatic lipids via reduced absorption and selective decreases in fatty acid synthesis. Using comprehensive lipidomic analyses, we show that FXR activation in mice or humans specifically reduces hepatic levels of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). Decreases in MUFA are due to FXR-dependent repression of Scd1, Dgat2, and Lpin1 expression, which is independent of SHP and SREBP1c. FXR-dependent decreases in PUFAs are mediated by decreases in lipid absorption. Replenishing bile acids in the diet prevented decreased lipid absorption in GSK2324-treated mice, suggesting that FXR reduces absorption via decreased bile acids. We used tissue-specific FXR KO mice to show that hepatic FXR controls lipogenic genes, whereas intestinal FXR controls lipid absorption. Together, our studies establish two distinct pathways by which FXR regulates hepatic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan L Clifford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leslie R Sedgeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Lipidomics Core Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Morand
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey E Jarrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alvin P Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Madelaine C Brearley-Sholto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annika Wahlström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julianne W Ashby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Barshop
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna C Calkin
- Lipid Metabolism & Cardiometabolic Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yingying Liu
- Lipid Metabolism & Cardiometabolic Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Metabolism & Ageing Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anders Thorell
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science, Danderyd Hospital and Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian G Drew
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Metabolism & Ageing Laboratory, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia J Mack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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24
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Visekruna A, Luu M. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Bile Acids in Intestinal and Liver Function, Inflammation, and Carcinogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703218. [PMID: 34381785 PMCID: PMC8352571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, researchers have investigated the role of microbiota in health and disease. Recent findings support the hypothesis that commensal bacteria and in particular microbiota-derived metabolites have an impact on development of inflammation and carcinogenesis. Major classes of microbial-derived molecules such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and secondary bile acids (BAs) were shown to have immunomodulatory potential in various autoimmune, inflammatory as well as cancerous disease models and are dependent on diet-derived substrates. The versatile mechanisms underlying both beneficial and detrimental effects of bacterial metabolites comprise diverse regulatory pathways in lymphocytes and non-immune cells including changes in the signaling, metabolic and epigenetic status of these. Consequently, SCFAs as strong modulators of immunometabolism and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been investigated as therapeutic agents attenuating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, BAs were shown to modulate the microbial composition, adaptive and innate immune response. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings in the field of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially with respect to the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SCFA and BA biology in the context of intestinal and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Visekruna
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maik Luu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Orabi D, Berger NA, Brown JM. Abnormal Metabolism in the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanistic Insights to Chemoprevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3473. [PMID: 34298687 PMCID: PMC8307710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise and becoming a major contributor to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reasons for this include the rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome in contrast to the marked advances in prevention and treatment strategies of viral HCC. These shifts are expected to rapidly propel this trend even further in the coming decades, with NAFLD on course to become the leading etiology of end-stage liver disease and HCC. No Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications are currently available for the treatment of NAFLD, and advances are desperately needed. Numerous medications with varying mechanisms of action targeting liver steatosis and fibrosis are being investigated including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists. Additionally, drugs targeting components of metabolic syndrome, such as antihyperglycemics, have been found to affect NAFLD progression and are now being considered in the treatment of these patients. As NAFLD drug discovery continues, special attention should be given to their relationship to HCC. Several mechanisms in the pathogenesis of NAFLD have been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, and therapies aimed at NAFLD may additionally harbor independent antitumorigenic potential. This approach may provide novel prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nathan A. Berger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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26
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Girisa S, Henamayee S, Parama D, Rana V, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:21. [PMID: 35006466 PMCID: PMC8607382 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the lethal diseases that arise due to the molecular alterations in the cell. One of those alterations associated with cancer corresponds to differential expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor regulating bile, cholesterol homeostasis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. FXR is known to regulate several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the two highly reported causes of mortality globally. Recent studies have shown the association of FXR overexpression with cancer development and progression in different types of cancers of breast, lung, pancreas, and oesophagus. It has also been associated with tissue-specific and cell-specific roles in various cancers. It has been shown to modulate several cell-signalling pathways such as EGFR/ERK, NF-κB, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT along with their targets such as caspases, MMPs, cyclins; tumour suppressor proteins like p53, C/EBPβ, and p-Rb; various cytokines; EMT markers; and many more. Therefore, FXR has high potential as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. Thus, the present review focuses on the diverse role of FXR in different cancers and its agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sahu Henamayee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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27
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Xu Y, Zhu Y, Hu S, Pan X, Bawa FC, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Yin L, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte miR-34a is a key regulator in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101244. [PMID: 33930596 PMCID: PMC8141777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic miR-34a expression is elevated in diet-induced or genetically obese mice and patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), yet hepatocyte miR-34a's role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remains to be elucidated. METHODS Mice overexpressing or deficient in hepatocyte miR-34a and control mice were fed a diet enriched in fats, cholesterol, and fructose (HFCF) to induce NASH. C57BL/6 mice with NASH were treated with an miR-34a inhibitor or a scramble control oligo. The effect of miR-34a on the development, progression, and reversal of NAFLD was determined. RESULTS The hepatocyte-specific expression of miR-34a aggravated HFCF diet-induced NAFLD. In contrast, germline or adult-onset deletion of hepatocyte miR-34a attenuated the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of miR-34a reversed HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis. Mechanistically, hepatocyte miR-34a regulated the development and progression of NAFLD by inducing lipid absorption, lipogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis but inhibiting fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocyte miR-34a is an important regulator in the development and progression of NAFLD. MiR-34a may be a useful target for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Fathima Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA. Tel.: 330-325-6693.
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28
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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29
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Zhu B, Ma Z, Zhu Y, Fang L, Zhang H, Kong H, Xia D. Reduced glycodeoxycholic acid levels are associated with negative clinical outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:223-232. [PMID: 33719227 PMCID: PMC7982326 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by glycemia and insulin disorders. Bile acids (BAs) have emerged as vital signaling molecules in glucose metabolic regulation. BA change in GDM is still unclear, which exerts great significance to illustrate the change of BAs in GDM. GDM patients and normal pregnant women were enrolled during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) screening period. Fasting serums were sampled for the measurement of BAs. BA metabolism profiles were analyzed in both pregnant women with GDM and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Delivery characteristics, delivery gestational age, and infant birthweight were extracted from medical records. GDM patients presented distinctive features compared with NGT patients, including higher body mass index (BMI), elevated serum glucose concentration, raised insulin (both fasting and OGTT), and increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and decreased β-cell compensation (i.e., oral disposition index (DIo)) were also prevalent in this group. Total BAs (TBAs) remained stable, but glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) levels declined significantly in GDM. GDCA was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR and positively correlated with DIo. No obvious differences in clinical outcome between the GDM and NGT groups were observed. However, GDM patients with high HOMA-IR and low DIo tended to have a higher cesarean delivery rate and younger delivery gestational age. In conclusion, GDCA provides a valuable biomarker to evaluate HOMA-IR and DIo, and decreased GDCA levels predict poorer clinical outcomes for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuning Zhu
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratorial Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Hongwei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Hangzhou HealthBank Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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30
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Wu L, Feng J, Li J, Yu Q, Ji J, Wu J, Dai W, Guo C. The gut microbiome-bile acid axis in hepatocarcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111036. [PMID: 33378947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with few effective therapeutic options. Bile acids (BAs) are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and can be modulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein coupled BA receptor 1 (GPBAR1/TGR5). Alterations in BAs can affect hepatic metabolic homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Increasing evidence points to the key role of bacterial microbiota in the promotion and development of liver cancer. They are also involved in the regulation of BA synthesis and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to integrate related articles involving gut microbiota, BAs and HCC, and review how the gut microbiota-BA signaling axis can possibly influence the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China.
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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31
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Demidova TY, Lobanova KG, Oinotkinova OS. [Gut microbiota is a factor of risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:97-104. [PMID: 33346486 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.10.000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) is a set of bacteria which colonize the gastrointestinal tract. GM and its active metabolites take part in intestinal and hepatic gluconeogenesis, in the synthesis of incretin hormones, and affect the regulation of appetite. Thus, GM and its metabolites participate in the homeostasis of carbohydrates and fats. An imbalance in the set of the intestinal flora and a disturbance of the production of active metabolites sharply increases the risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes. There are conflicting data in the literature on the role of specific microorganisms in the development of metabolic disorders. Research is needed to identify specific types of bacteria and their active metabolites which affect the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Demidova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - K G Lobanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - O S Oinotkinova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.,Lomonosov Moscow State University.,Research Institute of Health Organization and Medical Management
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32
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Gu M, Song H, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Ji G, Huang C. Extract of Schisandra chinensis fruit protects against metabolic dysfunction in high-fat diet induced obese mice via FXR activation. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3063-3077. [PMID: 32583938 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis fruit has been shown to restore carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolic disorders and has anti-hepatotoxicity and anti-hepatitis activities. However, the molecular targets mediating the pharmacological properties of S. chinensis fruit have not been clarified. Here, we assayed the effects of S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract (SCE) on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) transactivity. The pharmacological effects of SCE (1 g/100 g diet) were assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice and ob/ob mice. The FXR and Fgf15 signalling pathways were evaluated by FXR silencing, ELISA, Western blot and RT-PCR analyses. The results showed that SCE treatment increased FXR transcription activity and improved obesity, hypercholesteremia and fatty liver in HFD-fed mice, while it had limited effects on ob/ob mice. Our study suggests that SCE treatment may improve HFD-induced metabolic disorders through pharmacological activation of FXR/Fgf15 signalling, and such beneficial effects of SCE may require leptin participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseas`onghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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33
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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34
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Marzullo P, Di Renzo L, Pugliese G, De Siena M, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. From obesity through gut microbiota to cardiovascular diseases: a dangerous journey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2020; 10:35-49. [PMID: 32714511 PMCID: PMC7371682 DOI: 10.1038/s41367-020-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-existence of humans and gut microbiota started millions of years ago. Until now, a balance gradually developed between gut bacteria and their hosts. It is now recognized that gut microbiota are key to form adequate immune and metabolic functions and, more in general, for the maintenance of good health. Gut microbiota are established before birth under the influence of maternal nutrition and metabolic status, which can impact the future metabolic risk of the offspring in terms of obesity, diabetes, and cardiometabolic disorders during the lifespan. Obesity and diabetes are prone to disrupt the gut microbiota and alter the gut barrier permeability, leading to metabolic endotoxaemia with its detrimental consequences on health. Specific bacterial sequences are now viewed as peculiar signatures of the metabolic syndrome across life stages in each individual, and are linked to pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) via metabolic products (metabolites) and immune modulation. These mechanisms have been linked, in association with abnormalities in microbial richness and diversity, to an increased risk of developing arterial hypertension, systemic inflammation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure. Emerging strategies for the manipulation of intestinal microbiota represent a promising therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of CVD especially in individuals prone to CV events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marzullo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28923 Piancavallo, Verbania Italy
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pugliese
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina De Siena
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - on behalf of Obesity Programs of nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment (OPERA) Group
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28923 Piancavallo, Verbania Italy
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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35
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Shan HM, Zang M, Zhang Q, Shi RB, Shi XJ, Mamtilahun M, Liu C, Luo LL, Tian X, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tang Y, Pu J, Wang Y. Farnesoid X receptor knockout protects brain against ischemic injury through reducing neuronal apoptosis in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:164. [PMID: 32450881 PMCID: PMC7249620 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that plays a critical role in controlling cell apoptosis in diverse diseases. Previous studies have shown that knocking out FXR improved cardiac function by reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis in myocardial ischemic mice. However, the role of FXR after cerebral ischemia remains unknown. In this study, we explored the effects and mechanisms of FXR knockout (KO) on the functional recovery of mice post cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 wild type and FXR KO mice were subjected to 90-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The mice were divided into five groups: sham, wild-type tMCAO, FXR KO tMCAO, wild-type tMCAO treated with calcium agonist Bayk8644, and FXR KO tMCAO treated with Bayk8644. FXR expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Brain infarct and brain atrophy volume were examined at 3 and 14 days after stroke respectively. Neurobehavioral tests were conducted up to 14 days after stroke. The protein levels of apoptotic factors (Bcl-2, Bax, and Cleaved caspase-3) and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-18) were examined using Western blot and RT-PCR. TUNEL staining and calcium imaging were obtained using confocal and two-photon microscopy. Results The expression of FXR was upregulated after ischemic stroke, which is located in the nucleus of the neurons. FXR KO was found to reduce infarct volume and promote neurobehavioral recovery following tMCAO compared to the vehicle. The expression of apoptotic and pro-inflammatory factors decreased in FXR KO mice compared to the control. The number of NeuN+/TUNEL+ cells declined in the peri-infarct area of FXR KO mice compared to the vehicle. We further demonstrated that inhibition of FXR reduced calcium overload and addition of ionomycin could reverse this neuroprotective effect in vitro. What is more, in vivo results showed that enhancement of intracellular calcium concentrations could aggravate ischemic injury and reverse the neuroprotective effect of FXR KO in mice. Conclusions FXR KO can promote neurobehavioral recovery and attenuate ischemic brain injury, inflammatory release, and neuronal apoptosis via reducing calcium influx, suggesting its role as a therapeutic target for stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Shan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Minhua Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 PuJian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ru-Bing Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Long-Long Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 PuJian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yongting Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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36
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Farr S, Stankovic B, Hoffman S, Masoudpoor H, Baker C, Taher J, Dean AE, Anakk S, Adeli K. Bile acid treatment and FXR agonism lower postprandial lipemia in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G682-G693. [PMID: 32003602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial dyslipidemia is a common feature of insulin-resistant states and contributes to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, bile acids have been recognized beyond their emulsification properties as important signaling molecules that promote energy expenditure, improve insulin sensitivity, and lower fasting lipemia. Although bile acid receptors have become novel pharmaceutical targets, their effects on postprandial lipid metabolism remain unclear. Here, we investigated the potential role of bile acids in regulation of postprandial chylomicron production and triglyceride excursion. Healthy C57BL/6 mice were given an intraduodenal infusion of taurocholic acid (TA) under fat-loaded conditions, and circulating lipids were measured. Targeting of bile acid receptors was achieved with GW4064, a synthetic agonist to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and deoxycholic acid (DCA), an activator of the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. TA, GW4064, and DCA treatments all lowered postprandial lipemia. FXR agonism also reduced intestinal triglyceride content and activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, involved in chylomicron assembly. Importantly, TA (but not DCA) effects were largely lost in FXR knockout mice. These bile acid effects are reminiscent of the antidiabetic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Although the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 retained its ability to acutely lower postprandial lipemia during bile acid sequestration and FXR deficiency, it did raise hepatic expression of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. Bile acid signaling may be an important mechanism of controlling dietary lipid absorption, and bile acid receptors may constitute novel targets for the treatment of postprandial dyslipidemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present new data suggesting potentially important roles for bile acids in regulation of postprandial lipid metabolism. Specific bile acid species, particularly secondary bile acids, were found to markedly inhibit absorption of dietary lipid and reduce postprandial triglyceride excursion. These effects appear to be mediated via bile acid receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). Importantly, bile acid signaling may trigger glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, which may in turn mediate the marked inhibitory effects on dietary fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bogdan Stankovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Hoffman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassan Masoudpoor
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Baker
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela E Dean
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xu Y, Zhu Y, Bawa FC, Hu S, Pan X, Yin L, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte-Specific Expression of Human Carboxylesterase 1 Attenuates Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis and Hyperlipidemia in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:527-539. [PMID: 32258948 PMCID: PMC7109343 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents have at least five carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1) genes, whereas there is only one CES1 gene in humans, raising the question as to whether human CES1 and mouse Ces1 genes share the same functions. In this study, we investigate the role of human CES1 in the development of steatohepatitis or dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice. Hepatocyte-specific expression of human CES1 prevented Western diet or alcohol-induced steatohepatitis and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, human CES1 induced lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, leading to a reduction in hepatic triglyceride and free fatty acid levels. Human CES1 also reduced hepatic-free cholesterol levels and induced low-density lipoprotein receptor. In addition, human CES1 induced hepatic lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-II expression. Conclusion: Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of human CES1 attenuates diet-induced steatohepatitis and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Fathima Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
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38
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Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Administration Caused Physiological and Microbiota Changes in Rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:866. [PMID: 31964941 PMCID: PMC6972906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the long-term treatment of gastroesophageal disorders and the non-prescription medicines for acid reflux. However, there is growing concerns about PPI misuse, overuse and abuse. This study aimed to develop an animal model to examine the effects of long-term use of PPI in vivo. Twenty one Wistar rats were given omeprazole orally or intravenously for 30 days, and caerulein as a positive control. After euthanization, the serum and stool were collected to perform MS-based quantitative analysis of metabolites. We carried out 16S-based profiling of fecal microbiota, assessed the expression of bile acid metabolism regulators and examined the immunopathological characteristics of bile ducts. After long-term PPI exposure, the fecal microbial profile was altered and showed similarity to those observed in high-fat diet studies. The concentrations of several metabolites were also changed in various specimens. Surprisingly, morphological changes were observed in the bile duct, including ductal epithelial proliferation, micropapillary growth of biliary epithelium, focal bile duct stricture formation and bile duct obstruction. These are characteristics of precancerous lesions of bile duct. FXR and RXRα expressions were significantly reduced, which were similar to that observed in cholangiocarcinoma in TCGA and Oncomine databases. We established a novel animal model to examine the effects of long-term use of omeprazole. The gut microbes and metabolic change are consequences of long-term PPI exposure. And the results showed the environment in vivo tends to a high-fat diet. More importantly, we observed biliary epithelial hyperplasia, which is an indicator of a high-fat diet.
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39
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:21-56. [PMID: 31853951 PMCID: PMC7171925 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal reclamation of bile acids is crucial for the maintenance of their enterohepatic circulation. The majority of bile acids are actively absorbed via specific transport proteins that are highly expressed in the distal ileum. The uptake of bile acids by intestinal epithelial cells modulates the activation of cytosolic and membrane receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), which has a profound effect on hepatic synthesis of bile acids as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Extensive research has focused on delineating the processes of bile acid absorption and determining the contribution of dysregulated ileal signaling in the development of intestinal and hepatic disorders. For example, a decrease in the levels of the bile acid-induced ileal hormone FGF15/19 is implicated in bile acid-induced diarrhea (BAD). Conversely, the increase in bile acid absorption with subsequent overload of bile acids could be involved in the pathophysiology of liver and metabolic disorders such as fatty liver diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review article will attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in the intestinal handling of bile acids, the pathological implications of disrupted intestinal bile acid homeostasis, and the potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bile acid-related disorders. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:21-56, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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40
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Li L, Zhao H, Chen B, Fan Z, Li N, Yue J, Ye Q. FXR activation alleviates tacrolimus-induced post-transplant diabetes mellitus by regulating renal gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake. J Transl Med 2019; 17:418. [PMID: 31836014 PMCID: PMC6909577 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus (FK506)-induced diabetes mellitus is one of the most important factors of post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). However, the detailed mechanisms underlying PTDM are still unclear. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates glycolipid metabolism. The objective of this study was to explore whether FXR is involved in the development of tacrolimus-induced diabetes mellitus. METHODS After C57BL/6J mice were treated with tacrolimus (FK506) for 3 months, the fasting blood glucose levels, body weights, renal morphological alterations, and mRNA expression levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) among the control group, the FK506 group and the FK506 + GW4064 (a FXR agonist) group (n = 7) were measured. The intracellular location of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was detected by immunofluorescence. Human renal cortex proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) were treated with 15 μM FK506 or 4 μM FXR agonist (GW4064) for 24, 48 and 72 h, and the expression levels of FXR, gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake, representing the enzymes PEPCK and GLUT2, were detected with real-time PCR and western blot analyses. Finally, the mRNA levels of PEPCK and GLUT2 in HK-2 cells were measured after FXR was upregulated. RESULTS FK506 significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of FXR at 48 h and 72 h in HK-2 cells (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, FK506 promoted gluconeogenesis and inhibited glucose uptake in HK-2 cells (P < 0.05). However, overexpression of FXR in transfected HK-2 cell lines significantly inhibited gluconeogenesis and promoted glucose uptake (P < 0.05). The FXR agonist GW4064 significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose in mice challenged with FK506 for 3 months (P < 0.05), inhibited gluconeogenesis (P < 0.05) and significantly promoted glucose uptake (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analyses further revealed that FXR activation may affect the translocation of PGC1α and FOXO1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS FXR activation may mitigate tacrolimus-induced diabetes mellitus by regulating gluconeogenesis as well as glucose uptake of renal cortex proximal tubule epithelial cells in a PGC1α/FOXO1-dependent manner, which may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of PTDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijia Zhao
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Binyao Chen
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China. .,The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China.
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Badman MK, Chen J, Desai S, Vaidya S, Neelakantham S, Zhang J, Gan L, Danis K, Laffitte B, Klickstein LB. Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Non-Bile Acid FXR Agonist Tropifexor (LJN452) in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2019; 9:395-410. [PMID: 31823525 PMCID: PMC7187203 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropifexor (LJN452) is a potent, orally available, non–bile acid farnesoid X receptor agonist under clinical development for chronic liver diseases. Here, we present results from a first‐in‐human study of tropifexor following single‐ and multiple‐ascending doses (SAD/MAD) and food effect substudy in healthy volunteers. The SAD study included 6 fasted cohorts receiving 10‐ to 3000‐µg tropifexor or placebo and 1 cohort receiving 300‐µg tropifexor with a high‐fat meal. The MAD study included 4 lean cohorts receiving 10 to 100 µg and 1 obese cohort receiving 30‐µg once‐daily doses or placebo for 14 days. Pharmacodynamic assessment of fibroblast growth factor 19 and fasting plasma lipids was performed after dosing. Overall, 95 volunteers received at least 1 tropifexor or placebo dose. Tropifexor was well tolerated up to 3000 µg and 100 µg in the SAD and MAD studies, respectively; however, 2 subjects discontinued the MAD study due to asymptomatic elevation of liver transaminases. At single doses, tropifexor showed a moderate rate of absorption (median time to maximum concentration, 4 hours), dose‐proportional increases in exposure, and elimination half‐life of 13.5 to 21.9 hours. When taken with food, tropifexor exposure increased by ∼60%. With multiple dosing, steady state was reached on day 4 with <2‐fold accumulation. Single and multiple doses showed dose‐dependent increases in fibroblast growth factor 19. No changes in serum lipids were observed in tropifexor‐ vs placebo‐treated obese subjects. In conclusion, tropifexor was well tolerated, had a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once‐daily dosing and showed dose‐dependent target engagement without altering plasma lipids in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Badman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sachin Desai
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soniya Vaidya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jie Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lu Gan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Current affiliation: X4 Pharmaceutical Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kate Danis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Current affiliation: Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genonics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.,Current affiliation: Inception Sciences Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lloyd B Klickstein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Xu Y, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Sun H, Juguilon C, Li F, Fan D, Yin L, Zhang Y. Macrophage miR-34a Is a Key Regulator of Cholesterol Efflux and Atherosclerosis. Mol Ther 2019; 28:202-216. [PMID: 31604677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that microRNA-34a (miR-34a) is a key regulator of macrophage cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport by modulating ATP-binding cassette transporters ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1). miR-34a also regulates M1 and M2 macrophage polarization via liver X receptor α. Furthermore, global loss of miR-34a reduces intestinal cholesterol or fat absorption by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP7A1 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1). Consistent with these findings, macrophage-selective or global ablation of miR-34a markedly inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. Finally, therapeutic inhibition of miR-34a promotes atherosclerosis regression and reverses diet-induced metabolic disorders. Our studies outline a central role of miR-34a in regulating macrophage cholesterol efflux, inflammation, and atherosclerosis, suggesting that miR-34a is a promising target for treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Cody Juguilon
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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Kompella P, Vasquez KM. Obesity and cancer: A mechanistic overview of metabolic changes in obesity that impact genetic instability. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1531-1550. [PMID: 31168912 PMCID: PMC6692207 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as a state of positive energy balance with a body mass index exceeding 30 kg/m2 in adults and 95th percentile in children, is an increasing global concern. Approximately one-third of the world's population is overweight or obese, and in the United States alone, obesity affects one in six children. Meta-analysis studies suggest that obesity increases the likelihood of developing several types of cancer, and with poorer outcomes, especially in children. The contribution of obesity to cancer risk requires a better understanding of the association between obesity-induced metabolic changes and its impact on genomic instability, which is a major driving force of tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss how molecular changes during adipose tissue dysregulation can result in oxidative stress and subsequent DNA damage. This represents one of the many critical steps connecting obesity and cancer since oxidative DNA lesions can result in cancer-associated genetic instability. In addition, the by-products of the oxidative degradation of lipids (e.g., malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and acrolein), and gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acid metabolites (e.g., deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid), can function as genotoxic agents and tumor promoters. We also discuss how obesity can impact DNA repair efficiency, potentially contributing to cancer initiation and progression. Finally, we outline obesity-related epigenetic changes and identify the gaps in knowledge to be addressed for the development of better therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kompella
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Karen M. Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
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Pu S, Wu X, Yang X, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Liu Y, Cui X, Jin H, Cao J, Li R, Cai J, Cao Q, Hu L, Gao Y. The Therapeutic Role of Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors Against Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:15-22. [PMID: 29886826 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180611083155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, with an increased prevalence and various progressive complications, has become a significant global health challenge. The concrete mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes still remain incompletely unknown, although substantial researches have been conducted to search for the effective therapeutic targets. This review aims to reveal the novel roles of Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors (XNRs), including the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR), the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), the Liver X Receptor (LXR), the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), in the development of diabetes and provide potential strategies for research and treatment of metabolic diseases. METHODS We retrieved a large number of original data about these five XNRs and organized to focus on their recently discovered functions in diabetes and its complications. RESULTS Increasing evidences have suggested that PPAR, FXR, LXR ,PXR and CAR are involved in the development of diabetes and its complications through different mechanisms, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin and inflammation response and related others. CONCLUSION PPAR, FXR, LXR, PXR, and CAR, as the receptors for numerous natural or synthetic compounds, may be the most effective therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Pu
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunzhan Zhang
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Cao
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruliu Li
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhong Cai
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Xu Y, Zhu Y, Jadhav K, Li Y, Sun H, Yin L, Kasumov T, Chen X, Zhang Y. Lipocalin-2 Protects Against Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Targeting Hepatocytes. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:763-775. [PMID: 31168511 PMCID: PMC6545876 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the major source of hepatic lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is up-regulated in response to inflammation, injury, or metabolic stress. So far, the role of hepatocyte-derived LCN2 in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. Herein we show that overexpression of human LCN2 in hepatocytes protects against high fat/high cholesterol/high fructose (HFCF) diet-induced liver steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and inhibiting de novo lipogenesis (DNL), lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. LCN2 fails to reduce triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes lacking sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. In contrast, Lcn2-/- mice have defective lipolysis, increased lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, and exacerbated NAFLD after being fed an HFCF diet. In primary hepatocytes, Lcn2 deficiency stimulates de novo lipogenesis but inhibits FAO. Conclusion: The current study indicates that hepatocyte LCN2 protects against diet-induced NAFLD by regulating lipolysis, FAO, DNL, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. Targeting hepatocyte LCN2 may be useful for treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOH
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Scott F, Elahi S, Adebibe M, Parampalli U, Mannur K, Góralczyk A, Sanger GJ. Farnesoid X receptor - a molecular predictor of weight loss after vertical sleeve gastrectomy? Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:273-280. [PMID: 31275601 PMCID: PMC6587316 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of the bile acid receptor, farnesoid X (FXR), in human gastric mucosa and investigate correlations between expression and body-mass index (BMI) and in patients with obesity, with changes in weight and BMI following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). METHODS Human gastric mucosa was obtained from normal/overweight individuals (macroscopically-normal tissue following surgery for malignancy) or from patients with obesity (VSG). The expression of FXR and its isoforms (FXRα, FXRβ) were examined by quantitative PCR and compared with the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, GPBA. In patients with obesity, changes in BMI and weight loss were determined following VSG. RESULTS FXRα was the predominant isoform in normal/overweight individuals. FXR expression was higher in patients with obesity but GPBA receptor expression was unchanged. For those with obesity (n = 19), no correlation was found between FXR expression and change in Body-Mass Index (BMI)/month or weight loss/month, taken 3 ± 1 months after surgery, or in BMI or weight at surgery. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with increased FXR expression in the gastric mucosa. The findings are preliminary but suggest that this increase in FXR expression is a consequence of obesity, rather than its cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Scott
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of London
| | - S. Elahi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of London
| | - M. Adebibe
- Bariatric Surgery DepartmentHomerton University HospitalLondon
| | - U. Parampalli
- Bariatric Surgery DepartmentHomerton University HospitalLondon
- Royal Sussex County HospitalBrighton
| | - K. Mannur
- Bariatric Surgery DepartmentHomerton University HospitalLondon
| | - A. Góralczyk
- Bariatric Surgery DepartmentHomerton University HospitalLondon
| | - G. J. Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of London
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Gérard C, Vidal H. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Host Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:29. [PMID: 30761090 PMCID: PMC6363653 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that obesity and associated disorder type II diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, the development of efficient prevention and therapeutic interventions is a global public health interest. There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the micro-organisms colonizing the human gut, known as gut microbiota, play a central role in human physiology and metabolism. Understanding how gut microbiota affects and regulates key metabolic functions such as glucose regulation and insulin resistance is an important health issue. The present review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how gut bacterial species interfere with host metabolic phenotype. We will examine key biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on host glycemic control including: incretin secretion, short-chain fatty acid production, bile acid metabolism, and adipose tissue regulation. We will highlight how prebiotic/probiotic interventions affect these bacterial processes and are now considered as promising approaches to treat obese and diabetic patients.
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Donkers JM, Roscam Abbing RLP, van de Graaf SFJ. Developments in bile salt based therapies: A critical overview. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 161:1-13. [PMID: 30582898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, amphipathic molecules known for their facilitating role in fat absorption, are also recognized as signalling molecules acting via nuclear and membrane receptors. Of the bile acid-activated receptors, the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (Gpbar1 or TGR5) have been studied most extensively. Bile acid signaling is critical in the regulation of bile acid metabolism itself, but it also plays a significant role in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Activation of FXR and TGR5 leads to reduced hepatic bile salt load, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation, increased energy expenditure, and anti-inflammatory effects. These beneficial effects render bile acid signaling an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as cholestasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes. Here, we summarize recent findings on bile acid signaling and discuss potential and current limitations of bile acid receptor agonist and modulators of bile acid transport as future therapeutics for a wide-spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout L P Roscam Abbing
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Many receptors can be activated by bile acids (BAs) and their derivatives. These include nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and vitamin D receptor (VDR), as well as membrane receptors Takeda G protein receptor 5 (TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (CHRM2). All of them are implicated in the development of metabolic and immunological diseases in response to endobiotic and xenobiotic exposure. Because epigenetic regulation is critical for organisms to adapt to constant environmental changes, this review article summarizes epigenetic regulation as well as post-transcriptional modification of bile acid receptors. In addition, the focus of this review is on the liver and digestive tract although these receptors may have effects on other organs. Those regulatory mechanisms are implicated in the disease process and critically important in uncovering innovative strategy for prevention and treatment of metabolic and immunological diseases.
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50
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Yu S, Yin Y, Wang Q, Wang L. Dual gene deficient models of Apc Min/+ mouse in assessing molecular mechanisms of intestinal carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:600-609. [PMID: 30243094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ApcMin/+ mouse, carrying an inactivated allele of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene, is a widely used animal model of human colorectal tumorigenesis. While crossed with other gene knockout or knock-in mice, these mice possess advantages in investigation of human intestinal tumorigenesis. Intestinal tumor pathogenesis involves multiple gene alterations; thus, various double gene deficiency models could provide novel insights into molecular mechanisms of tumor biology, as well as gene-gene interactions involved in intestinal tumor development and assessment of novel strategies for preventing and treating intestinal cancer. This review discusses approximately 100 double gene deficient mice and their associated intestinal tumor development and progression phenotypes. The dual gene knockouts based on the Apc mutation background consist of inflammation and immune-related, cell cycle-related, Wnt/β-catenin signaling-related, tumor growth factor (TGF)-signaling-related, drug metabolism-related, and transcription factor genes, as well as some oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Future studies should focus on conditional or inducible dual or multiple mouse gene knockout models to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal tumor development, as well as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanhui Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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