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Ramachandran AK, Das S, Shenoy GG, Mudgal J, Joseph A. Relation between Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease and SARS-CoV-2 and their Treatment Strategy: A Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:9-20. [PMID: 36573058 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221226145141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, which primarily affects the pulmonary system, turned out to be a global pandemic, whereas the effects on other systems are still unknown. SARS-CoV-2, binds to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lungs, causing pneumonia-like symptoms. The same ACE receptors are also present in organs other than the lungs. Therefore, there is a need to study the impact of coronavirus on other human body organs. Recently, UK Biobank reports on the genetic risk factor of the virus attack. A double mutation in the apolipoprotein E (APOE4) allele has shown a significant role in COVID-19. The same APOE4 mutation has already been proven to hold a key role in developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Despite this data, Alzheimer's disease is believed to be a comorbidity of COVID-19. Previous virus attacks on the same viral family, Coronaviridae, produced neurological effects like neurodegeneration, neuronal inflammation, and other central nervous system-related dysfunctions. Since the long-term implications of COVID-19 are unknown, more research into the impact of the virus on the central nervous system is needed. Both COVID-19 and AD share a common genetic factor, so that AD patients may have a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2. Here, in this review, we have briefly discussed the role of APOE4 in the pathogenesis of AD and SARS-CoV-2, along with their treatment strategy, current scenario, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Gurupur Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Palmer JM, Huentelman M, Ryan L. More than just risk for Alzheimer's disease: APOE ε4's impact on the aging brain. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:750-763. [PMID: 37460334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4) allele is most commonly associated with increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, recent longitudinal studies suggest that these risks are overestimated; most ε4 carriers will not develop dementia in their lifetime. In this article, we review new evidence regarding the impact of APOE ε4 on cognition among healthy older adults. We discuss emerging work from animal models suggesting that ε4 impacts brain structure and function in multiple ways that may lead to age-related cognitive impairment, independent from AD pathology. We discuss the importance of taking an individualized approach in future studies by incorporating biomarkers and neuroimaging methods that may better disentangle the phenotypic influences of APOE ε4 on the aging brain from prodromal AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Palmer
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Matthew Huentelman
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Baxter LC, Limback-Stokin M, Patten KJ, Arreola AC, Locke DE, Hu L, Zhou Y, Caselli RJ. Hippocampal connectivity and memory decline in cognitively intact APOE ε4 carriers. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3806-3814. [PMID: 36906845 PMCID: PMC11105018 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) graph theory may help detect subtle functional connectivity changes affecting memory prior to impairment. METHODS Cognitively normal apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers/noncarriers underwent longitudinal cognitive assessment and one-time MRI. The relationship of left/right hippocampal connectivity and memory trajectory were compared between carriers/noncarriers. RESULTS Steepness of verbal memory decline correlated with decreased connectivity in the left hippocampus, only among APOE ε4 carriers. Right hippocampal metrics were not correlated with memory and there were no significant correlations in the noncarriers. Verbal memory decline correlated with left hippocampal volume loss for both carriers and noncarriers, with no other significant volumetric findings. DISCUSSION Findings support early hippocampal dysfunction in intact carriers, the AD disconnection hypothesis, and left hippocampal dysfunction earlier than the right. Combining lateralized graph theoretical metrics with a sensitive measure of memory trajectory allowed for detection of early-stage changes in APOE ε4 carriers before symptoms of mild cognitive impairment are present. HIGHLIGHTS Graph theory connectivity detects preclinical hippocampal changes in APOE ε4 carriers. The AD disconnection hypothesis was supported in unimpaired APOE ε4 carriers. Hippocampal dysfunction starts asymmetrically on the left.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C. Baxter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - K. Jakob Patten
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Tempe, Arizona, 85281 USA
| | | | - Dona E.C. Locke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Leland Hu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, 85054 USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, 85054 USA
| | - Richard J. Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, 85259 USA
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Ahmed FS, Guenther BA, Thompson JL, Lagerstrom L, Robbins MA. Role of light walking pace on cognition: Findings from the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37402210 PMCID: PMC10764642 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2228952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Moderate- to vigorous intensities of physical activity are recommended for health promotion, including brain health. Regular physical activity is considered a modifiable factor to delay -perhaps prevent- onset of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Little is known about the benefits of light physical activity. We analyzed data from a 998 community-dwelling, cognitively unimpaired participants from the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study (MSLS) and investigated the role of light physical activity, defined by walking pace, across two time points. Results revealed light levels of walking pace were associated with higher performance at the first timepoint and less decline by time 2 in the domains of verbal abstract reasoning and visual scanning and tracking, which includes both processing speed and executive function skills. When examining change over time (N = 583), increasing walking pace was associated with less decline at time two for the domains of visual scanning and tracking, working memory, visual spatial ability, and working memory, but not verbal abstract reasoning. These findings highlight the relevance of light physical activity and the need to investigate its contribution to cognitive function. From a public health perspective, this may encourage more adults to adopt a light level of exercise and still reap health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayeza S. Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Beryl Warner Williams Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Guenther
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Beryl Warner Williams Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Beryl Warner Williams Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Lindsey Lagerstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Beryl Warner Williams Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Michael A. Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Beryl Warner Williams Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Vasiljevic E, Koscik RL, Jonaitis E, Betthauser T, Johnson SC, Engelman CD. Cognitive trajectories diverge by genetic risk in a preclinical longitudinal cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3108-3118. [PMID: 36723444 PMCID: PMC10390653 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to characterize the timing of changes in cognitive trajectories related to genetic risk using the apolipoprotein E (APOE) score, a continuous measure of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We also aimed to determine whether that timing was different when genetic risk was measured using an AD polygenic risk score (PRS) that contains APOE. METHODS We analyzed trajectories (N ≈1135) for four neuropsychological composite scores using mixed effects regression for longitudinal change across APOE scores and PRS of participants in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention, a longitudinal study of adults aged 40 to 70 at baseline, with a median participant follow-up time of 7.8 years. RESULTS We found a significant non-linear age-by-APOE score interaction in predicting cognitive decline. Cognitive trajectories diverged by APOE score at approximately 65 years of age. A 0.5 standard deviation difference in cognition between extreme percentiles of the PRS was predicted to occur 1 to 2 years before that of the APOE score. DISCUSSION Cognitive decline differs across time and APOE score. Estimates did not substantially shift with the AD PRS. HIGHLIGHTS The apolipoprotein E (APOE) score, a continuous measure, accounts for non-linear genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease. Non-linear age interacts with the APOE score to affect cognition. Cognitive decline starts to differ by APOE score levels at approximately age 65. Cognitive decline timing by polygenic risk (including APOE) is similar to APOE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vasiljevic
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Dr., Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rebecca Langhough Koscik
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, 9th Floor, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, MC 2420, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Erin Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, 9th Floor, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, MC 2420, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Tobey Betthauser
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, MC 2420, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, 9th Floor, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, MC 2420, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Dr., Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut Street, 9th Floor, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, MC 2420, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Sapkota S, Erickson K, Fletcher E, Tomaszewski Farias SE, Jin LW, DeCarli C. Vascular Risk Predicts Plasma Amyloid β 42/40 Through Cerebral Amyloid Burden in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers. Stroke 2023; 54:1227-1235. [PMID: 37021572 PMCID: PMC10121244 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.041854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings between established multimodal dementia risk factors and noninvasive blood-based biomarkers may lead to greater precision and earlier identification of older adults at risk of accelerated decline and dementia. We examined whether key vascular and genetic risk impact the association between cerebral amyloid burden and plasma aβ (amyloid β) 42/40 in nondemented older adults. METHODS We used nondemented older adults from the UCD-ADRC (University of California, Davis-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center) study (n=96) and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n=104). Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative was examined as confirmatory study cohort. We followed a cross-sectional design and examined linear regression followed by mediation analyses. Vascular risk score was obtained as the sum of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4+ risk was genotyped, and plasma aβ42 and aβ40 were assayed. Cerebral amyloid burden was quantified using Florbetapir-PET scans. Baseline age was included as a covariate in all models. RESULTS Vascular risk significantly predicted cerebral amyloid burden in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative but not in the UCD-ADRC cohort. Cerebral amyloid burden was associated with plasma aβ 42/40 in both cohorts. Higher vascular risk increased cerebral amyloid burden was indirectly associated with reduced plasma aβ 42/40 in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative but not in UCD-ADRC cohort. However, when stratified by APOE ε4+ risk, we consistently observed this indirect relationship only in APOE ε4+ carriers across both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Vascular risk is indirectly associated with the level of plasma aβ 42/40 via cerebral amyloid burden only in APOE ε4+ carriers. Nondemented older adults with genetic vulnerability to dementia and accelerated decline may benefit from careful monitoring of vascular risk factors directly associated with cerebral amyloid burden and indirectly with plasma aβ 42/40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Sapkota
- Department of Neurology (S.S., E.F., S.E.T.F., C.D.), University of California, Davis
| | - Kelsey Erickson
- Department of Neurology (S.S., E.F., S.E.T.F., C.D.), University of California, Davis
| | - Evan Fletcher
- University of California, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.E., L.-W.J.), University of California, Davis
| | | | - Lee-Way Jin
- University of California, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.E., L.-W.J.), University of California, Davis
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology (S.S., E.F., S.E.T.F., C.D.), University of California, Davis
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Malek-Ahmadi M, Su Y, Ghisays V, Luo J, Devadas V, Chen Y, Lee W, Protas H, Chen K, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Caselli RJ, Reiman EM. Plasma NfL is associated with the APOE ε4 allele, brain imaging measurements of neurodegeneration, and lower recall memory scores in cognitively unimpaired late-middle-aged and older adults. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:74. [PMID: 37038190 PMCID: PMC10084600 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma neurofilament light (NfL) is an indicator of neurodegeneration and/or neuroaxonal injury in persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a wide range of other neurological disorders. Here, we characterized and compared plasma NfL concentrations in cognitively unimpaired (CU) late-middle-aged and older adults with two, one, or no copies of the APOE ε4 allele, the major genetic risk factor for AD. We then assessed plasma NfL associations with brain imaging measurements of AD-related neurodegeneration (hippocampal atrophy and a hypometabolic convergence index [HCI]), brain imaging measurements of amyloid-β plaque burden, tau tangle burden and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and delayed and total recall memory scores. METHODS Plasma NfL concentrations were measured in 543 CU 69 ± 9 year-old participants in the Arizona APOE Cohort Study, including 66 APOE ε4 homozygotes (HM), 165 heterozygotes (HT), and 312 non-carriers (NC). Robust regression models were used to characterize plasma NfL associations with APOE ε4 allelic dose before and after adjustment for age, sex, and education. They were also used to characterize plasma NfL associations with MRI-based hippocampal volume and WMHV measurements, an FDG PET-based HCI, mean cortical PiB PET measurements of amyloid-β plaque burden and meta-region-of-interest (meta-ROI) flortaucipir PET measurements of tau tangle burden, and Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) Delayed and Total Recall Memory scores. RESULTS After the adjustments noted above, plasma NfL levels were significantly greater in APOE ε4 homozygotes and heterozygotes than non-carriers and significantly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes (r = - 0.43), greater tangle burden in the entorhinal cortex and inferior temporal lobes (r = 0.49, r = 0.52, respectively), and lower delayed (r = - 0.27), and total (r = - 0.27) recall memory scores (p < 0.001). NfL levels were not significantly associated with PET measurements of amyloid-β plaque or total tangle burden. CONCLUSIONS Plasma NfL concentrations are associated with the APOE ε4 allele, brain imaging biomarkers of neurodegeneration, and less good recall memory in CU late-middle-aged and older adults, supporting its value as an indicator of neurodegeneration in the preclinical study of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Valentina Ghisays
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Ji Luo
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Vivek Devadas
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Hillary Protas
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E. Willetta St., Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
- Translation Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Xiong M, Wang C, Gratuze M, Saadi F, Bao X, Bosch ME, Lee C, Jiang H, Serrano JR, Gonzales ER, Kipnis M, Holtzman DM. Astrocytic APOE4 removal confers cerebrovascular protection despite increased cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 36922879 PMCID: PMC10018855 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer Disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are both characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain, although Aβ deposits mostly in the brain parenchyma in AD and in the cerebrovasculature in CAA. The presence of CAA can exacerbate clinical outcomes of AD patients by promoting spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemia leading to CAA-associated cognitive decline. Genetically, AD and CAA share the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene as the strongest genetic risk factor. Although tremendous efforts have focused on uncovering the role of APOE4 on parenchymal plaque pathogenesis in AD, mechanistic studies investigating the role of APOE4 on CAA are still lacking. Here, we addressed whether abolishing APOE4 generated by astrocytes, the major producers of APOE, is sufficient to ameliorate CAA and CAA-associated vessel damage. METHODS We generated transgenic mice that deposited both CAA and plaques in which APOE4 expression can be selectively suppressed in astrocytes. At 2-months-of-age, a timepoint preceding CAA and plaque formation, APOE4 was removed from astrocytes of 5XFAD APOE4 knock-in mice. Mice were assessed at 10-months-of-age for Aβ plaque and CAA pathology, gliosis, and vascular integrity. RESULTS Reducing the levels of APOE4 in astrocytes shifted the deposition of fibrillar Aβ from the brain parenchyma to the cerebrovasculature. However, despite increased CAA, astrocytic APOE4 removal reduced overall Aβ-mediated gliosis and also led to increased cerebrovascular integrity and function in vessels containing CAA. CONCLUSION In a mouse model of CAA, the reduction of APOE4 derived specifically from astrocytes, despite increased fibrillar Aβ deposition in the vasculature, is sufficient to reduce Aβ-mediated gliosis and cerebrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present Address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present address: Institute of Neurophysiopathology (INP UMR7051), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13005 France
| | - Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Megan E. Bosch
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Choonghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ernesto R. Gonzales
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Michal Kipnis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Dang M, Yang C, Chen K, Lu P, Li H, Zhang Z. Hippocampus-centred grey matter covariance networks predict the development and reversion of mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:27. [PMID: 36732782 PMCID: PMC9893696 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been thought of as the transitional stage between normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease, involving substantial changes in brain grey matter structures. As most previous studies have focused on single regions (e.g. the hippocampus) and their changes during MCI development and reversion, the relationship between grey matter covariance among distributed brain regions and clinical development and reversion of MCI remains unclear. METHODS With samples from two independent studies (155 from the Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative and 286 from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative), grey matter covariance of default, frontoparietal, and hippocampal networks were identified by seed-based partial least square analyses, and random forest models were applied to predict the progression from normal cognition to MCI (N-t-M) and the reversion from MCI to normal cognition (M-t-N). RESULTS With varying degrees, the grey matter covariance in the three networks could predict N-t-M progression (AUC = 0.692-0.792) and M-t-N reversion (AUC = 0.701-0.809). Further analyses indicated that the hippocampus has emerged as an important region in reversion prediction within all three brain networks, and even though the hippocampus itself could predict the clinical reversion of M-t-N, the grey matter covariance showed higher prediction accuracy for early progression of N-t-M. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are the first to report grey matter covariance changes in MCI development and reversion and highlight the necessity of including grey matter covariance changes along with hippocampal degeneration in the early detection of MCI and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Dang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Caishui Yang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Kewei Chen
- grid.418204.b0000 0004 0406 4925Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006 USA
| | - Peng Lu
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - He Li
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Liu YB, Wang XJ, Tan L, Tan CC, Xu W. PICALM Variation Moderates the Relationships of APOE ɛ4 with Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Biomarkers and Memory Function Among Non-Demented Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1651-1661. [PMID: 38007652 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE ɛ4 and PICALM are established genes associated with risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous study indicated interaction of PICALM with APOE ɛ4 in AD patients. OBJECTIVE To explore whether PICALM variation could moderate the influences of APOE ɛ4 on AD pathology biomarkers and cognition in pre-dementia stage. METHODS A total of 1,034 non-demented participants (mean age 74 years, 56% females, 40% APOE ɛ4 carriers) were genotyped for PICALM rs3851179 and APOE ɛ4 at baseline and were followed for influences on changes of cognition and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD markers in six years. The interaction effects were examined via regression models adjusting for age, gender, education, and cognitive diagnosis. RESULTS The interaction term of rs3851179×APOE ɛ4 accounted for a significant amount of variance in baseline general cognition (p = 0.039) and memory function (p = 0.002). The relationships of APOE ɛ4 with trajectory of CSF Aβ42 (p = 0.007), CSF P-tau181 (p = 0.003), CSF T-tau (p = 0.001), and memory function (p = 0.017) were also moderated by rs3851179 variation. CONCLUSIONS APOE ɛ4 carriers experienced slower clinical and pathological progression when they had more protective A alleles of PICALM rs3851179. These findings firstly revealed the gene-gene interactive effects of PICALM with APOE ɛ4 in pre-dementia stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Medical college, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Franz CE, Gustavson DE, Elman JA, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Baraff A, Tu XM, Wu TC, DeAnda J, Beck A, Kaufman JD, Whitsel N, Finch CE, Chen JC, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Associations Between Ambient Air Pollution and Cognitive Abilities from Midlife to Early Old Age: Modification by APOE Genotype. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:193-209. [PMID: 36970897 PMCID: PMC10827529 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measures of ambient air pollution are associated with accelerated age-related cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). OBJECTIVE We examined associations between air pollution, four cognitive factors, and the moderating role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in the understudied period of midlife. METHODS Participants were ∼1,100 men in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Baseline cognitive assessments were from 2003 to 2007. Measures included past (1993-1999) and recent (3 years prior to baseline assessment) PM2.5 and NO2 exposure, in-person assessment of episodic memory, executive function, verbal fluency, and processing speed, and APOE genotype. Average baseline age was 56 years with a 12-year follow-up. Analyses adjusted for health and lifestyle covariates. RESULTS Performance in all cognitive domains declined from age 56 to 68. Higher PM2.5 exposures were associated with worse general verbal fluency. We found significant exposure-by-APOE genotype interactions for specific cognitive domains: PM2.5 with executive function and NO2 with episodic memory. Higher PM2.5 exposure was related to worse executive function in APOE ɛ4 carriers, but not in non-carriers. There were no associations with processing speed. CONCLUSION These results indicate negative effects of ambient air pollution exposure on fluency alongside intriguing differential modifications of cognitive performance by APOE genotype. APOE ɛ4 carriers appeared more sensitive to environmental differences. The process by which air pollution and its interaction with genetic risk for ADRD affects risk for later life cognitive decline or progression to dementia may begin in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aaron Baraff
- Vietnam Era Twin Registry, VA Puget Sound Health Care, Seattle, WA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health & Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Tsung-Chin Wu
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health & Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Jaden DeAnda
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Asad Beck
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Diaz JR, Martá-Ariza M, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Heguy A, Tsirigos A, Pankiewicz JE, Sullivan PM, Sadowski MJ. Apolipoprotein E4 Effects a Distinct Transcriptomic Profile and Dendritic Arbor Characteristics in Hippocampal Neurons Cultured in vitro. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:845291. [PMID: 35572125 PMCID: PMC9099260 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.845291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE gene is diversified by three alleles ε2, ε3, and ε4 encoding corresponding apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms. Possession of the ε4 allele is signified by increased risks of age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the rate of AD dementia progression. ApoE is secreted by astrocytes as high-density lipoprotein-like particles and these are internalized by neurons upon binding to neuron-expressed apoE receptors. ApoE isoforms differentially engage neuronal plasticity through poorly understood mechanisms. We examined here the effects of native apoE lipoproteins produced by immortalized astrocytes homozygous for ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles on the maturation and the transcriptomic profile of primary hippocampal neurons. Control neurons were grown in the presence of conditioned media from Apoe -/- astrocytes. ApoE2 and apoE3 significantly increase the dendritic arbor branching, the combined neurite length, and the total arbor surface of the hippocampal neurons, while apoE4 fails to produce similar effects and even significantly reduces the combined neurite length compared to the control. ApoE lipoproteins show no systemic effect on dendritic spine density, yet apoE2 and apoE3 increase the mature spines fraction, while apoE4 increases the immature spine fraction. This is associated with opposing effects of apoE2 or apoE3 and apoE4 on the expression of NR1 NMDA receptor subunit and PSD95. There are 1,062 genes differentially expressed across neurons cultured in the presence of apoE lipoproteins compared to the control. KEGG enrichment and gene ontology analyses show apoE2 and apoE3 commonly activate expression of genes involved in neurite branching, and synaptic signaling. In contrast, apoE4 cultured neurons show upregulation of genes related to the glycolipid metabolism, which are involved in dendritic spine turnover, and those which are usually silent in neurons and are related to cell cycle and DNA repair. In conclusion, our work reveals that lipoprotein particles comprised of various apoE isoforms differentially regulate various neuronal arbor characteristics through interaction with neuronal transcriptome. ApoE4 produces a functionally distinct transcriptomic profile, which is associated with attenuated neuronal development. Differential regulation of neuronal transcriptome by apoE isoforms is a newly identified biological mechanism, which has both implication in the development and aging of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R. Diaz
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell Martá-Ariza
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joanna E. Pankiewicz
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Durham VA Medical Center’s, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Martin J. Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Autobiographical Memory Fluency Reductions in Cognitively Unimpaired Middle-Aged and Older Adults at Increased Risk for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:905-915. [PMID: 33509324 PMCID: PMC8319219 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research has revealed that cognitively unimpaired older adults who are at higher risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia often exhibit subtle cognitive alterations in their neuropsychological profiles. Emerging evidence suggests that autobiographical memory, which is memory for personal events and knowledge, may be sensitive to early AD-related cognitive alterations. In the present study, we investigated whether the rapid generation of autobiographical memory category exemplars, a retrieval process that taxes the neural network that is vulnerable to early AD, is compromised in cognitively unimpaired middle-aged and older carriers of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4), which increases risk for AD dementia. METHODS In addition to standard neuropsychological tests, we administered a fluency task that requires generating exemplars for two types of autobiographical memory, namely episodic memories and personal semantics, to a group of cognitively unimpaired middle-aged and older adults (n = 45) enriched with APOE4 carriers (n = 20). RESULTS While no APOE4 deficits were found on standard neuropsychological tests, episodic and personal semantic exemplar generation was reduced in the APOE4 group. DISCUSSION Autobiographical memory aberrations associated with a higher risk for AD are evident in fluency and affect both episodic memory and personal semantics.
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14
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Chen XR, Shao Y, Sadowski MJ. Segmented Linear Mixed Model Analysis Reveals Association of the APOEɛ4 Allele with Faster Rate of Alzheimer's Disease Dementia Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:921-937. [PMID: 34120907 PMCID: PMC8461709 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: APOEɛ4 allele carriers present with an increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), show cognitive symptoms at an earlier age, and are more likely to transition from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia but despite this, it remains unclear whether or not the ɛ4 allele controls the rate of disease progression. Objective: To determine the effects of the ɛ4 allele on rates of cognitive decline and brain atrophy during MCI and dementia stages of AD. Methods: A segmented linear mixed model was chosen for longitudinal modeling of cognitive and brain volumetric data of 73 ɛ3/ɛ3, 99 ɛ3/ɛ4, and 39 ɛ4/ɛ4 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants who transitioned during the study from MCI to AD dementia. Results: ɛ4 carriers showed faster decline on MMSE, ADAS-11, CDR-SB, and MoCA scales, with the last two measures showing significant ɛ4 allele-dose effects after dementia transition but not during MCI. The ɛ4 effect was more prevalent in younger participants and in females. ɛ4 carriers also demonstrated faster rates of atrophy of the whole brain, the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, the middle temporal gyrus, and expansion of the ventricles after transitioning to dementia but not during MCI. Conclusion: Possession of the ɛ4 allele is associated with a faster progression of dementia due to AD. Our observations support the notion that APOE genotype not only controls AD risk but also differentially regulates mechanisms of neurodegeneration underlying disease advancement. Furthermore, our findings carry significance for AD clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Richard Chen
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Gellersen HM, Coughlan G, Hornberger M, Simons JS. Memory precision of object-location binding is unimpaired in APOE ε4-carriers with spatial navigation deficits. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab087. [PMID: 33987536 PMCID: PMC8108563 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that tests of memory fidelity, feature binding and spatial navigation are promising for early detection of subtle behavioural changes related to Alzheimer's disease. In the absence of longitudinal data, one way of testing the early detection potential of cognitive tasks is through the comparison of individuals at different genetic risk for Alzheimer's dementia. Most studies have done so using samples aged 70 years or older. Here, we tested whether memory fidelity of long-term object-location binding may be a sensitive marker even among cognitively healthy individuals in their mid-60s by comparing participants at low and higher risk based on presence of the ε4-allele of the apolipoprotein gene (n = 26 ε3ε3, n = 20 ε3ε4 carriers). We used a continuous report paradigm in a visual memory task that required participants to recreate the spatial position of objects in a scene. We employed mixture modelling to estimate the two distinct memory processes that underpin the trial-by-trial variation in localization errors: retrieval success which indexes the proportion of trials where participants recalled any information about an object's position and the precision with which participants retrieved this information. Prior work has shown that these memory paradigms that separate retrieval success from precision are capable of detecting subtle differences in mnemonic fidelity even when retrieval success could not. Nonetheless, Bayesian analyses found good evidence that ε3ε4 carriers did not remember fewer object locations [F(1, 42) = 0.450, P = 0.506, BF01 = 3.02], nor was their precision for the spatial position of objects reduced compared to ε3ε3 carriers [F(1, 42) = 0.12, P = 0.726, BF01 = 3.19]. Because the participants in the sample presented here were a subset of a study on apolipoprotein ε4-carrier status and spatial navigation in the Sea Hero Quest game [Coughlan et al., 2019. PNAS, 116(9)], we obtained these data to contrast genetic effects on the two tasks within the same sample (n = 33). Despite the smaller sample size, wayfinding deficits among ε3ε4 carriers could be replicated [F(1, 33) = 5.60, P = 0.024, BF10 = 3.44]. Object-location memory metrics and spatial navigation scores were not correlated (all r < 0.25, P > 0.1, 0 < BF10 < 3). These findings show spared object-location binding in the presence of a detrimental apolipoprotein ε4 effect on spatial navigation. This suggests that the sensitivity of memory fidelity and binding tasks may not extend to individuals with one ε4-allele in their early to mid-60s. The results provide further support to prior proposals that spatial navigation may be a sensitive marker for the earliest cognitive changes in Alzheimer's disease, even before episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Gellersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Gillian Coughlan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON M6A 1W1, Canada
| | | | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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16
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Lim YY, Pase MP, Buckley RF, Yassi N, Bransby L, Fowler C, Laws SM, Masters CL, Maruff P. Visual Memory Deficits in Middle-Aged APOE ɛ4 Homozygotes Detected Using Unsupervised Cognitive Assessments. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1563-1573. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-201281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is associated with dose-response effects on cognitive dysfunction and dementia risk in older adults. However, its effects on cognition in middle-aged adults remains unclear. Objective: We examined effects of ɛ4 heterozygosity and homozygosity on objective and subjective cognition in middle-aged adults enrolled in the Healthy Brain Project (HBP) and in older adults from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. Methods: HBP participants (1,000 non-carriers; 450 ɛ4 heterozygotes; 50 ɛ4 homozygotes) completed unsupervised assessments of the Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB), ratings of subjective cognitive function and provided a saliva sample. AIBL cognitively normal participants (650 non-carriers; 204 ɛ4 heterozygotes; 31 ɛ4 homozygotes) completed in-person assessments of the CBB, ratings of subjective cognitive function and provided a blood sample. Results: Greater memory impairment was observed in middle-aged ɛ4 homozygotes compared with ɛ4 heterozygotes and non-carriers. When data from middle-aged (HBP) and older (AIBL) adults were pooled, the effect of ɛ4 homozygosity and memory impairment increased with age. In both middle-aged and older adults, ɛ4 heterozygotes did not differ from non-carriers on any measure of objective or subjective cognition. Conclusion: Memory impairment in ɛ4 homozygotes is evident in adults aged 50-60 years, and this can be detected through unsupervised cognitive assessments. The effect of ɛ4 homozygosity increases with older age. APOE ɛ4 homozygosity has a negative impact on memory as early as midlife, but due to the subtle magnitude of effect, our findings support the necessity of online platforms in large cohorts to assess these complex relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ying Lim
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Pase
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel F. Buckley
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Bransby
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Fowler
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Makkar SR, Lipnicki DM, Crawford JD, Kochan NA, Castro-Costa E, Lima-Costa MF, Diniz BS, Brayne C, Stephan B, Matthews F, Llibre-Rodriguez JJ, Llibre-Guerra JJ, Valhuerdi-Cepero AJ, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Wang C, Ritchie K, Carles S, Carriere I, Scarmeas N, Yannakoulia M, Kosmidis M, Lam L, Chan WC, Fung A, Guaita A, Vaccaro R, Davin A, Kim KW, Han JW, Suh SW, Riedel-Heller SG, Roehr S, Pabst A, Ganguli M, Hughes TF, Snitz B, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Easteal S, Haan MN, Aiello AE, Dang K, Pin Ng T, Gao Q, Zin Nyunt MS, Brodaty H, Trollor JN, Leung Y, Lo JW, Sachdev P. APOE ε4 and the Influence of Sex, Age, Vascular Risk Factors, and Ethnicity on Cognitive Decline. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1863-1873. [PMID: 32396611 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the relationship between Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE*4) carriage on cognitive decline, and whether these associations were moderated by sex, baseline age, ethnicity, and vascular risk factors. Participants were 19,225 individuals aged 54-103 years from 15 longitudinal cohort studies with a mean follow-up duration ranging between 1.2 and 10.7 years. Two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was used to pool results of study-wise analyses predicting memory and general cognitive decline from carriage of one or two APOE*4 alleles, and moderation of these associations by age, sex, vascular risk factors, and ethnicity. Separate pooled estimates were calculated in both men and women who were younger (ie, 62 years) and older (ie, 80 years) at baseline. Results showed that APOE*4 carriage was related to faster general cognitive decline in women, and faster memory decline in men. A stronger dose-dependent effect was observed in older men, with faster general cognitive and memory decline in those carrying two versus one APOE*4 allele. Vascular risk factors were related to an increased effect of APOE*4 on memory decline in younger women, but a weaker effect of APOE*4 on general cognitive decline in older men. The relationship between APOE*4 carriage and memory decline was larger in older-aged Asians than Whites. In sum, APOE*4 is related to cognitive decline in men and women, although these effects are enhanced by age and carriage of two APOE*4 alleles in men, a higher numbers of vascular risk factors during the early stages of late adulthood in women, and Asian ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve R Makkar
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Darren M Lipnicki
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Breno Satler Diniz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine University Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, UK
| | - Blossom Stephan
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Matthews
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba.,Memory and Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Richard B Lipton
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Inserm, U1061 Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Carles
- Inserm, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Carriere
- Inserm, U1061 Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York city, New York
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (M.Y.), Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Kosmidis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Linda Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Wai Chi Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Ada Fung
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | | | | | | | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seung Wan Suh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Roehr
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Pabst
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany F Hughes
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Gerontology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - Beth Snitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon Easteal
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mary N Haan
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, California
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristina Dang
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, California
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Gao
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yvonne Leung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Jessica W Lo
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Gharbi-Meliani A, Dugravot A, Sabia S, Regy M, Fayosse A, Schnitzler A, Kivimäki M, Singh-Manoux A, Dumurgier J. The association of APOE ε4 with cognitive function over the adult life course and incidence of dementia: 20 years follow-up of the Whitehall II study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:5. [PMID: 33397450 PMCID: PMC7784268 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 25% of the general population carries at least one ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4), the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease. Beyond its association with late-onset dementia, the association between APOE ε4 and change in cognition over the adult life course remains uncertain. This study aims to examine whether the association between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 zygosity and cognition function is modified between midlife and old age. METHODS A cohort study of 5561 participants (mean age 55.5 (SD = 5.9) years, 27.1% women) with APOE genotyping and repeated cognitive tests for reasoning, memory, and semantic and phonemic fluency, during a mean (SD) follow-up of 20.2 (2.8) years (the Whitehall II study). We used joint models to examine the association of APOE genotype with cognitive function trajectories between 45 and 85 years taking drop-out, dementia, and death into account and Fine and Gray models to examine associations with dementia. RESULTS Compared to non-carriers, heterozygote (prevalence 25%) and homozygote (prevalence 2%) APOE ε4 carriers had increased risk of dementia, sub-distribution hazard ratios 2.19 (95% CI 1.73, 2.77) and 5.97 (95% CI 3.85, 9.28) respectively. Using data spanning 45-85 years with non-ε4 carriers as the reference, ε4 homozygotes had poorer global cognitive score starting from 65 years; ε4 heterozygotes had better scores between 45 and 55 years, then no difference until poorer cognitive scores from 75 years onwards. In analysis of individual cognitive tests, better cognitive performance in the younger ε4 heterozygotes was primarily attributable to executive function. CONCLUSIONS Both heterozygous and homozygous ε4 carriers had poorer cognition and greater risk of dementia at older ages. Our findings show some support for a complex antagonist pleiotropic effect of APOE ε4 heterozygosity over the adult life course, characterized by cognitive advantage in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gharbi-Meliani
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Aline Dugravot
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Sabia
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Melina Regy
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Fayosse
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Schnitzler
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paris, France. .,Cognitive Neurology Center, Lariboisiere - Fernand Widal Hospital, AP-HP, Université de Paris, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, 75010, Paris, France.
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19
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Zhao A, Li Y, Yan Y, Qiu Y, Li B, Xu W, Wang Y, Liu J, Deng Y. Increased prediction value of biomarker combinations for the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:30. [PMID: 32741361 PMCID: PMC7397685 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia can be predicted by clinical features and a combination of biomarkers may increase the predictive power. In the present study, we investigated whether the combination of olfactory function and plasma neuronal-derived exosome (NDE) Aβ1-42 can best predict progression to AD dementia. METHODS 87 MCI patients were enrolled and received the cognitive assessment at 2-year and 3-year follow-up to reevaluate cognition. In the meanwhile, 80 healthy controls and 88 AD dementia patients were enrolled at baseline as well to evaluate the diagnose value in cross-section. Olfactory function was evaluated with the sniffin sticks (SS-16) and Aβ1-42 levels in NDEs were determined by ELISA. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the risk factors for cognitive decline in MCI at 2-year and 3-year revisits. RESULTS In the cross cohort, lower SS-16 scores and higher Aβ1-42 levels in NDEs were found in MCI and AD dementia compared to healthy controls. For the longitudinal set, 8 MCI individuals developed AD dementia within 2 years, and 16 MCI individuals developed AD dementia within 3 years. The two parameter-combination of SS-16 scores and Aβ1-42 level in NDEs showed better prediction in the conversion of MCI to AD dementia at 2-year and 3-year revisit. Moreover, after a 3-year follow-up, SS-16 scores also significantly predicted the conversion to AD dementia, where lower scores were associated with a 10-fold increased risk of developing AD dementia (p = 0.006). Similarly, higher Aβ1-42 levels in NDEs in patients with MCI increased the risk of developing AD dementia by 8.5-fold (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION A combination of two biomarkers of NDEs (Aβ1-42) and SS-16 predicted the conversion of MCI to AD dementia more accurately in combination. These findings have critical implications for understanding the pathophysiology of AD dementia and for developing preventative treatments for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Qiu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binyin Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Neurology, RuiJin Hospital/LuWan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yulei Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Neurology, RuiJin Hospital/LuWan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Caselli RJ, Knopman DS, Bu G. An agnostic reevaluation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: The role of APP homeostasis. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1582-1590. [PMID: 32588983 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reassess the role of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACKGROUND APP is a cell adhesion molecule that has been highly conserved over the course of phylogeny that has critical roles in brain development, synaptic plasticity, and the brain's intrinsic immune system. The amyloid cascade hypothesis describes a relatively linear, deterministic sequence of events triggered by a gain of Aβ peptide fragment toxicity that results in neurodegeneration and cognitive loss, yet well designed immunotherapy and beta secretase inhibitor trials that have successfully targeted Aβ have failed to have any consistent effects on the steady decline of cognition. NEW/UPDATED HYPOTHESIS Mutations of the APP and presenilin genes not only alter the ratio of longer to shorter Aβ fragments (resulting in a gain of Aβ toxicity), but also disrupt the normal homeostatic roles of their respective proteins. The evolutionary history, physiological importance, and complexity of the APP and presenilin systems, as well as other critical components including tau and apolipoprotein E (APOE) imply that altered function of such systems could have severe consequences that include but need not be limited to a gain of Aβ toxicity and would more generally result in altered homeostasis of APP-related functions. MAJOR CHALLENGES ADDRESSED BY OUR HYPOTHESIS Challenges that a loss of APP homeostasis addresses better than the more limited gain of Aβ toxicity model include the topographic mismatches between Aβ and tau pathology, the profile and chronology of cognitive and biomarker changes that precede the clinical expression of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, and the disappointments of Aβ targeted therapeutics among others. LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES The importance of APP, α- and β-secretases, the presenilins and γ-secretase, as well as tau was recognized by the authors of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, and has since led multiple investigators to propose alternative, more balanced hypotheses including reduced homeostasis and frank loss-of-function of key components that include but go beyond the currently envisioned linear model of Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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21
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Stonnington CM, Velgos SN, Chen Y, Syed S, Huentelman M, Thiyyagura P, Lee W, Richholt R, Caselli RJ, Locke DE, Lu B, Reiman EM, Su Y, Chen K. Interaction Between BDNF Val66Met and APOE4 on Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:721-734. [PMID: 33044176 PMCID: PMC10416650 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Met carriage impacts the risk or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the interaction of BDNF Met and APOE4 carriage on cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRgl), amyloid burden, hippocampus volume, and cognitive decline among cognitively unimpaired (CU) adults enrolled in the Arizona APOE cohort study. METHODS 114 CU adults (mean age 56.85 years, 38% male) with longitudinal FDG PET, magnetic resonance imaging, and cognitive measures were BDNF and APOE genotyped. A subgroup of 58 individuals also had Pittsburgh B (PiB) PET imaging. We examined baseline CMRgl, PiB PET amyloid burden, CMRgl, and hippocampus volume change over time, and rate of change in cognition over an average of 15 years. RESULTS Among APOE4 carriers, BDNF Met carriers had significantly increased amyloid deposition and accelerated CMRgl decline in regions typically affected by AD, but without accompanying acceleration of cognitive decline or hippocampal volume changes and with higher baseline frontal CMRgl and slower frontal decline relative to the Val/Val group. The BDNF effects were not found among APOE4 non-carriers. CONCLUSION Our preliminary studies suggest that there is a weak interaction between BDNF Met and APOE4 on amyloid-β plaque burden and longitudinal PET measurements of AD-related CMRgl decline in cognitively unimpaired late-middle-aged and older adults, but with no apparent effect upon rate of cognitive decline. We suggest that cognitive effects of BDNF variants may be mitigated by compensatory increases in frontal brain activity-findings that would need to be confirmed in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Stonnington
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona. 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Velgos
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Track. 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
- Translational neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona. 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute. 901 E. Willetta St. Fl 3, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Sameena Syed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona. 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
- Midwestern University. 19555 N. 59 Ave, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
- Department of Medicine. University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Matt Huentelman
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Pradeep Thiyyagura
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute. 901 E. Willetta St. Fl 3, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute. 901 E. Willetta St. Fl 3, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Ryan Richholt
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Richard J. Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona. 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Dona E.C. Locke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona. 13400 E. Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Bai Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University. 30 Shuangqing Rd., Haidian Qu, Beijing Shi, China
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute. 901 E. Willetta St. Fl 3, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute. 901 E. Willetta St. Fl 3, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute. 901 E. Willetta St. Fl 3, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
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22
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Williams OA, An Y, Armstrong NM, Shafer AT, Helphrey J, Kitner-Triolo M, Ferrucci L, Resnick SM. Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele effects on longitudinal cognitive trajectories are sex and age dependent. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1558-1567. [PMID: 31561966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Questions remain about whether apolipoprotein E (APOE)-ε4 effects on cognitive decline are similar in men and women and how APOE-ε4 and age interact to influence decline in different cognitive domains. METHODS In sex-stratified analyses, baseline age-dependent associations between APOE-ε4 status and longitudinal cognitive trajectories were examined in cognitively normal Caucasian older adults (631 men, 561 women, baseline age range: 50-93, 6733 assessments). RESULTS In men, older baseline age was associated with greater effects of APOE-ε4 on longitudinal decline in memory and executive function, detectible from baseline age of 64 and 68, respectively. In women, older baseline age was associated with greater APOE-ε4 effects on longitudinal decline in attention, detectible at baseline age of 66. No significant APOE-ε4 effects were found for language, visual-spatial ability, or processing speed. DISCUSSION Results highlight the importance of considering sex and age when assessing APOE-ε4-associated vulnerability to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Williams
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole M Armstrong
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea T Shafer
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Helphrey
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Kitner-Triolo
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Lim YY, Kalinowski P, Pietrzak RH, Laws SM, Burnham SC, Ames D, Villemagne VL, Fowler CJ, Rainey-Smith SR, Martins RN, Rowe CC, Masters CL, Maruff PT. Association of β-Amyloid and Apolipoprotein E ε4 With Memory Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:488-494. [PMID: 29356823 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Importance Older age, high levels of β-amyloid (Aβ), and the presence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele are risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the extent to which increasing age, Aβ, and ε4 are associated with memory decline remains unclear, and the age at which memory decline begins for Aβ-positive ε4 carriers and noncarriers has not been determined. Objective To determine the association of age, Aβ level, and APOE ε4 with memory decline in a large group of cognitively healthy older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal observational study included cognitively healthy older adults (age >60 years) enrolled in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study from March 31, 2006, through March 31, 2017; of 1583 individuals enrolled, 1136 refused or were excluded owing to other criteria (eg, having mild cognitive impairment or AD). Participants underwent Aβ imaging in research clinics in Perth and Melbourne and more than 72 months of follow-up (at 18-month intervals). The association of age with memory was fitted to a quadratic model. Age was treated as a continuous, time-dependent variable. Exposures β-Amyloid imaging using positron emission tomography, genotyping for APOE ɛ4, and longitudinal neuropsychological assessments of episodic memory during the 72-month follow-up. Main Outcomes and Measures Episodic memory composite score. Results Of the 447 participants, 203 (45.4%) were men and 244 (54.6%) were women; mean (SD) age was 72.5 (6.6) years. Equal proportions of female participants were observed in each Aβ-ɛ4 group (24 of 51 Aβ-positive ε4 noncarriers [47.1%] ; 35 of 64 Aβ-negative ε4 carriers [54.7%]; 40 of 72 Aβ-positive ε4 carriers [55.6%]; and 145 of 260 Aβ-negative ε4 noncarriers [55.8%]). Adults with Aβ findings (mean [SD] age, 74.4 [6.8] years) were approximately 4 years older than those negative for Aβ (mean [SD] age, 69.8 [6.1] years). Memory decline diverged significantly from Aβ-negative ɛ4 noncarriers at an earlier age in Aβ-positive ɛ4 carriers (64.5 years) than in Aβ-positive ɛ4 noncarriers (76.5 years), such that by 85 years of age, Aβ-positive ε4 carriers performed approximately 1.5 SD units worse on the episodic memory composite than Aβ-negative ε4 noncarriers and approximately 0.8 SD units worse than Aβ-positive ε4 noncarriers. Memory performance of Aβ-negative ɛ4 carriers did not differ from that of the Aβ-negative ɛ4 noncarriers (estimate [SE], 0.001 [0.001]; t = 0.526; P = .77). Conclusions and Relevance Prior work has shown that Aβ and ε4 combine to influence memory decline in nondemented older adults. Results of this study indicate that increasing age may further exacerbate these effects. The estimates provided may be used to determine the risk of memory decline associated with Aβ and ε4 at each age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ying Lim
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha C Burnham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St Vincent's Health, University of Melbourne, Kew, Victoria, Australia.,National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (Positron Emission Tomography), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (Positron Emission Tomography), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul T Maruff
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,CogState, Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:501-518. [PMID: 31367008 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk determinant of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), with the APOE*ε4 allele conferring an increased risk and the APOE*ε2 allele conferring a decreased risk relative to the common APOE*ε3 allele. Strong evidence from clinical and basic research suggests that a major pathway by which APOE4 increases the risk of AD is by driving earlier and more abundant amyloid pathology in the brains of APOE*ε4 carriers. The number of amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways that are known to be differentially modulated by APOE isoforms is increasing. For example, evidence is accumulating that APOE influences tau pathology, tau-mediated neurodegeneration and microglial responses to AD-related pathologies. In addition, APOE4 is either pathogenic or shows reduced efficiency in multiple brain homeostatic pathways, including lipid transport, synaptic integrity and plasticity, glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function. Here, we review the recent progress in clinical and basic research into the role of APOE in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss how APOE can be targeted for AD therapy using a precision medicine approach.
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25
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APOE-ε4 risk variant for Alzheimer's disease modifies the association between cognitive performance and cerebral morphology in healthy middle-aged individuals. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101818. [PMID: 30991302 PMCID: PMC6463204 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The APOE-ε4 genotype is the highest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In cognitively unimpaired individuals, it has been related to altered brain morphology, function and earlier amyloid beta accumulation. However, its impact on cognitive performance is less evident. Here, we examine the impact of APOE-ε4 allele load in modulating the association between cognitive functioning and brain morphology in middle-aged healthy individuals. A high-resolution structural MRI scan was acquired and episodic memory (EM) as well as executive functions (EFs) were assessed in a sample of 527 middle-aged unimpaired individuals hosting a substantial representation of ε4-homozygous (N = 64). We adopted a voxel-wise unbiased method to assess whether the number of APOE-ε4 alleles significantly modified the associations between gray matter volumes (GMv) and performance in both cognitive domains. Even though the APOE-ε4 allele load did not exert a direct impact on any cognitive measures, it reversed the relationships between GMv and cognitive performance in a highly symmetrical topological pattern. For EM, interactions mapped onto the inferior temporal gyrus and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Regarding EFs, significant interactions were observed for processing speed, working memory, and visuospatial attention in distinct brain regions. These results suggest that APOE-ε4 carriers display a structure-function association corresponding to an older age than their chronological one. Our findings additionally indicate that APOE-ε4 carriers may rely on the integrity of multiple compensatory brain systems in order to preserve their cognitive abilities, possibly due to an incipient neurodegeneration. Overall this study provides novel insights on the mechanisms through which APOE-ε4 posits an increased AD risk.
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26
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The Contribution of Genetic Factors to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Apolipoprotein E Gene, Gene Interactions, and Polygenic Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051177. [PMID: 30866553 PMCID: PMC6429136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Although it has been studied for years, the pathogenesis of AD is still controversial. Genetic factors may play an important role in pathogenesis, with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene among the greatest risk factors for AD. In this review, we focus on the influence of genetic factors, including the APOE gene, the interaction between APOE and other genes, and the polygenic risk factors for cognitive function and dementia. The presence of the APOE ε4 allele is associated with increased AD risk and reduced age of AD onset. Accelerated cognitive decline and abnormal internal environment, structure, and function of the brain were also found in ε4 carriers. The effect of the APOE promoter on cognition and the brain was confirmed by some studies, but further investigation is still needed. We also describe the effects of the associations between APOE and other genetic risk factors on cognition and the brain that exhibit a complex gene⁻gene interaction, and we consider the importance of using a polygenic risk score to investigate the association between genetic variance and phenotype.
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27
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Sapkota S, Dixon RA. A Network of Genetic Effects on Non-Demented Cognitive Aging: Alzheimer's Genetic Risk (CLU + CR1 + PICALM) Intensifies Cognitive Aging Genetic Risk (COMT + BDNF) Selectively for APOEɛ4 Carriers. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:887-900. [PMID: 29480189 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trajectories of complex neurocognitive phenotypes in preclinical aging may be produced differentially through selective and interactive combinations of genetic risk. OBJECTIVE We organize three possible combinations into a "network" of genetic risk indices derived from polymorphisms associated with normal and impaired cognitive aging, as well as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, we assemble and examine three genetic clusters relevant to non-demented cognitive trajectories: 1) Apolipoprotein E (APOE), 2) a Cognitive Aging Genetic Risk Score (CA-GRS; Catechol-O-methyltransferase + Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and 3) an AD-Genetic Risk Score (AD-GRS; Clusterin + Complement receptor 1 + Phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein). METHOD We use an accelerated longitudinal design (n = 634; age range = 55-95 years) to test whether AD-GRS (low versus high) moderates the effect of increasing CA-GRS risk on executive function (EF) performance and change as stratified by APOE status (ɛ4+ versus ɛ4-). RESULTS APOEɛ4 carriers with high AD-GRS had poorer EF performance at the centering age (75 years) and steeper 9-year decline with increasing CA-GRS but this association was not present in APOEɛ4 carriers with low AD-GRS. CONCLUSIONS APOEɛ4 carriers with high AD-GRS are at elevated risk of cognitive decline when they also possess higher CA-GRS risk. Genetic risk from both common cognitive aging and AD-related indices may interact in intensification networks to differentially predict (1) level and trajectories of EF decline and (2) potential selective vulnerability for transitions into impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Sapkota
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Roger A Dixon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Reas ET, Laughlin GA, Bergstrom J, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, McEvoy LK. Effects of APOE on cognitive aging in community-dwelling older adults. Neuropsychology 2019; 33:406-416. [PMID: 30730162 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is an established risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, with elevated risk for ε4-carriers and reduced risk for ε2-carriers. However, it is unclear whether APOE modifies risk for cognitive decline in normal aging. The objective of this study was to determine whether ε2 and ε4 are associated with rates of normal cognitive aging, and whether associations of ε4 with cognitive decline are modified by sex, education or health behaviors (exercise, alcohol consumption, smoking). METHOD A community-based sample of 1,393 older adults were genotyped for APOE and underwent cognitive assessment up to seven times over a maximum of period of 27 years. RESULTS ε2-carriers showed slower executive function decline with age relative to ε3 homozygotes or ε4-carriers, whereas ε4-carriers demonstrated more rapid executive function and verbal fluency decline. Accelerated executive function decline was particularly pronounced in ε4-carriers with lower education. After excluding individuals with cognitive impairment, faster executive function decline was still apparent in ε4-carriers, and the effect of ε4 on episodic memory interacted with alcohol consumption, such that only ε4-carriers who did not drink showed more rapid memory decline than ε4 noncarriers. The influence of ε4 on cognitive aging did not differ by sex, nor was it modified by smoking or exercise. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the ε2 and ε4 alleles have differential effects on cognitive aging, and that negative effects of ε4 may be partly mitigated by behavioral choices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Kim J, Park S, Yoo H, Jang H, Kim Y, Kim KW, Jang YK, Lee JS, Kim ST, Kim S, Lee JM, Ki CS, Na DL, Seo SW, Kim HJ. The Impact of APOE ɛ4 in Alzheimer's Disease Differs According to Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:1377-1385. [PMID: 29376853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated how the impact of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) differs according to age in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We recruited 846 AD patients and 815 cognitively normal controls and categorized into three groups with respect to their age (<65, 65-74, and ≥75 years). We evaluated the risk of AD in APOE4 carriers and compared cortical thickness and cognitive function according to APOE4 status in each age group. At the point of this study, in young (<65 years) AD, APOE4 noncarriers had the most severe frontal and perisylvian atrophy, while in old (≥75 years) AD, APOE4 carriers had the most severe medial temporal atrophy. In AD under 75 years, APOE4 noncarriers and heterozygotes showed worse performance in language, visuospatial, and frontal function compared to homozygotes, while, in old (≥75 years) AD, APOE4 homozygotes showed worse performance in memory compared to noncarriers. As the detrimental effects of APOE4 seen in older AD patients were not found in younger AD patients, we suggest that some unrevealed factors are associated with cortical atrophy and non-amnestic cognitive dysfunction in young AD with APOE4 noncarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongbeom Park
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heejin Yoo
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ko Woon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical school, JeonJu, Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Biostatistics team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Brookhouser N, Zhang P, Caselli R, Kim JJ, Brafman DA. Generation and characterization of two human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines homozygous for the Apolipoprotein e4 (APOE4) risk variant-Alzheimer's disease (ASUi005-A) and healthy non-demented control (ASUi006-A). Stem Cell Res 2018; 32:145-149. [PMID: 30296667 PMCID: PMC6217860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are labeled sporadic, multiple genetic risk variants have been identified, the most powerful and prevalent of which is the e4 variant of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a clinically diagnosed AD patient [ASUi005-A] and a non-demented control (NDC) patient [ASUi006-A] homozygous for the APOE4 risk allele. These hiPSCs maintained their original genotype, expressed pluripotency markers, exhibited a normal karyotype, and retained the ability to differentiate into cells representative of the three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Jean J Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Wu L, Zhang X, Zhao L. Human ApoE Isoforms Differentially Modulate Brain Glucose and Ketone Body Metabolism: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Risk Reduction and Early Intervention. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6665-6681. [PMID: 29967007 PMCID: PMC6067075 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2262-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans possess three genetic isoforms of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4-that confer differential risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study sought to investigate the impact of human ApoE isoforms on brain energy metabolism, an area significantly perturbed in preclinical AD. A TaqMan custom array was performed to examine the expression of a total of 43 genes involved in glucose and ketone body transport and metabolism, focusing on pathways leading to the generation of acetyl-CoA, in human ApoE gene-targeted replacement female mice. Consistent with our previous findings, brains expressing ApoE2 exhibited the most robust profile, whereas brains expressing ApoE4 displayed the most deficient profile on the uptake and metabolism of glucose, the primary fuel for the brain. Specifically, the three ApoE brains differed significantly in facilitated glucose transporters, which mediate the entry of glucose into neurons, and hexokinases, which act as the "gateway enzyme" in glucose metabolism. Interestingly, on the uptake and metabolism of ketone bodies, the secondary energy source for the brain, ApoE2 and ApoE4 brains showed a similar level of robustness, whereas ApoE3 brains presented a relatively deficient profile. Further, ingenuity pathway analysis indicated that the PPAR-γ/PGC-1α signaling pathway could be activated in the ApoE2 brain and inhibited in the ApoE4 brain. Notably, PGC-1α overexpression ameliorated ApoE4-induced deficits in glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Overall, our data provide additional evidence that human ApoE isoforms differentially modulate brain bioenergetic metabolism, which could serve as a potential mechanism contributing to their discrete risk impact in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We uncovered hexokinase as a key cytosolic point in the glucose metabolism that is differentially modulated by the three ApoE genotypes. The differences in hexokinase expression and activity exhibited in the three ApoE brains may underlie their distinct impact on brain glucose utilization and further susceptibility to AD. Therefore, a therapeutic approach that could circumvent the deficiencies in the cytosolic metabolism of glucose by providing glucose metabolizing intermediates, e.g., pyruvate, may hold benefits for ApoE4 carriers, who are at high risk for AD. The bioenergetic robustness may translate into enhanced synaptic activity and, ultimately, reduces the risk of developing AD and/or delays the onset of clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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O'Donoghue MC, Murphy SE, Zamboni G, Nobre AC, Mackay CE. APOE genotype and cognition in healthy individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease: A review. Cortex 2018; 104:103-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sinha N, Berg CN, Tustison NJ, Shaw A, Hill D, Yassa MA, Gluck MA. APOE ε4 status in healthy older African Americans is associated with deficits in pattern separation and hippocampal hyperactivation. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:221-229. [PMID: 29909179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
African Americans are 1.4 times more likely than European Americans to carry the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the neural correlates of cognitive function in older African Americans and how they relate to genetic risk for AD. In particular, no past study on African Americans has examined the effect of APOE ε4 status on pattern separation-mnemonic discrimination performance and its corresponding neural computations in the hippocampus. Previous work using the mnemonic discrimination paradigm has localized increased activation in the DG/CA3 hippocampal subregions as being correlated with discrimination deficits. In a case-control high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging study of 30 healthy African Americans, aged 60 years and older, we observed APOE ε4-related impairments in mnemonic discrimination, coincident with dysfunctional hyperactivation in the DG/CA3, and CA1 regions, despite no evidence of structural differences in the hippocampus between carriers and noncarriers. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that deficits in pattern separation may be an early marker for AD-related neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sinha
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Chelsie N Berg
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ashlee Shaw
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Diane Hill
- Office of University-Community Partnerships, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Scheller E, Schumacher LV, Peter J, Lahr J, Wehrle J, Kaller CP, Gaser C, Klöppel S. Brain Aging and APOE ε4 Interact to Reveal Potential Neuronal Compensation in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:74. [PMID: 29615896 PMCID: PMC5869204 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensation implies the recruitment of additional neuronal resources to prevent the detrimental effect of age-related neuronal decline on cognition. Recently suggested statistical models comprise behavioral performance, brain activation, and measures related to aging- or disease-specific pathological burden to characterize compensation. Higher chronological age as well as the APOE ε4 allele are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. A more biological approach to characterize aging compared with chronological age is the brain age gap estimation (BrainAGE), taking into account structural brain characteristics. We utilized this estimate in an fMRI experiment together with APOE variant as measures related to pathological burden and aimed at identifying compensatory regions during working memory (WM) processing in a group of 34 healthy older adults. According to published compensation criteria, better performance along with increased brain activation would indicate successful compensation. We examined the moderating effects of BrainAGE on the relationship between task performance and brain activation in prefrontal cortex, as previous studies suggest predominantly frontal compensatory activation. Then we statistically compared them to the effects of chronological age (CA) tested in a previous study. Moreover, we examined the effects of adding APOE variant as a further moderator. Herewith, we strived to uncover neuronal compensation in healthy older adults at risk for neurodegenerative disease. Higher BrainAGE alone was not associated with an increased recruitment in prefrontal cortex. When adding APOE variant as a second moderator, we found an interaction of BrainAGE and APOE variant, such that ε4 carriers recruited right inferior frontal gyrus with higher BrainAGE to maintain WM performance, thus showing a pattern compatible with successful neuronal compensation. Exploratory analyses yielded similar patterns in left inferior and bilateral middle frontal gyrus. These results contrast those from a previous study, where we found no indication of compensation in prefrontal cortex in ε4 carriers with increasing CA. We conclude that BrainAGE together with APOE variant can help to reveal potential neuronal compensation in healthy older adults. Previous results on neuronal compensation in frontal areas corroborate our findings. Compensatory brain regions could be targeted in affected individuals by training or stimulation protocols to maintain cognitive functioning as long as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scheller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena V Schumacher
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Peter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Lahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julius Wehrle
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph P Kaller
- Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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35
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Caselli RJ, Langlais BT, Dueck AC, Henslin BR, Johnson TA, Woodruff BK, Hoffman-Snyder C, Locke DEC. Personality Changes During the Transition from Cognitive Health to Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018; 66:671-678. [PMID: 29341070 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Behavioral problems in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) impose major management challenges. Current prevention strategies are anchored to cognitive outcomes, but behavioral outcomes may provide another, clinically relevant opportunity for preemptive therapy. We sought to determine whether personality changes that predispose to behavioral disorders arise during the transition from preclinical AD to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN Longitudinal observational cohort study. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Members of an apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 genetically enriched cohort of Maricopa County residents who were neuropsychiatrically healthy at entry (N = 277). Over a mean interval of 7 years, 25 who developed MCI and had the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) before and during the MCI transition epoch were compared with 252 nontransitioners also with serial NEO-PI-R administrations. INTERVENTION Longitudinal administration of the NEO-PI-R and neuropsychological test battery. MEASUREMENTS Change in NEO-PI-R factor scores (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) from entry to the epoch of MCI diagnosis or an equivalent follow-up duration in nontransitioners. RESULTS NEO-PI-R neuroticism T-scores increased significantly more in MCI transitioners than in nontransitioners (mean 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-4.9 vs 0, 95% CI = -0.7-0.7, P = .02), and openness decreased more in MCI transitioners than in nontransitioners (-4.8, 95% CI = -7.3 to -2.4 vs -1.0, 95% CI = -1.6 to -0.4, P < .001). Concurrent subclinical but statistically significant changes in behavioral scores worsened more in MCI transitioners than nontransitioners for measures of depression, somatization, irritability, anxiety, and aggressive attitude. CONCLUSION Personality and subclinical behavioral changes begin during the transition from preclinical AD to incident MCI and qualitatively resemble the clinically manifest behavioral disorders that subsequently arise in individuals with frank dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake T Langlais
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Amylou C Dueck
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Bruce R Henslin
- Department of Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Travis A Johnson
- Department of Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Bryan K Woodruff
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - Dona E C Locke
- Division of Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
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36
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Apolipoprotein-E (Apoe) ε4 and cognitive decline over the adult life course. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:18. [PMID: 29317609 PMCID: PMC5802532 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the association between APOE-ε4 and processing speed and memory between ages 43 and 69 in a population-based birth cohort. Analyses of processing speed (using a timed letter search task) and episodic memory (a 15-item word learning test) were conducted at ages 43, 53, 60-64 and 69 years using linear and multivariable regression, adjusting for gender and childhood cognition. Linear mixed models, with random intercepts and slopes, were conducted to test the association between APOE and the rate of decline in these cognitive scores from age 43 to 69. Model fit was assessed with the Bayesian Information Criterion. A cross-sectional association between APOE-ε4 and memory scores was detected at age 69 for both heterozygotes and homozygotes (β = -0.68 and β = -1.38, respectively, p = 0.03) with stronger associations in homozygotes; no associations were observed before this age. Homozygous carriers of APOE-ε4 had a faster rate of decline in memory between ages 43 and 69, when compared to non-carriers, after adjusting for gender and childhood cognition (β = -0.05, p = 0.04). There were no cross-sectional or longitudinal associations between APOE-ε4 and processing speed. We conclude that APOE-ε4 is associated with a subtly faster rate of memory decline from midlife to early old age; this may be due to effects of APOE-ε4 becoming manifest around the latter stage of life. Continuing follow-up will determine what proportion of this increase will become clinically significant.
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37
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Gerstenecker A, Roberson ED, Schellenberg GD, Standaert DG, Shprecher DR, Kluger BM, Litvan I. Genetic influences on cognition in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1764-1771. [PMID: 29076559 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is common in progressive supranuclear palsy, but the influence of genetics on cognition in this disorder has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of genes previously identified as risk alleles, including microtubule-associated protein tau, myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, and syntaxin 6, as well as apolipoprotein E, on cognitive function in progressive supranuclear palsy. METHODS The sample was composed of 305 participants who met criteria for possible or probable progressive supranuclear palsy. Genetic information was determined by TaqMan genotyping assays. A neuropsychological battery was administered to all study participants. Measures included in the battery evaluated for general cognition, executive function, memory, attention, language, and visuospatial ability. RESULTS Cognition did not vary significantly between individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the microtubule-associated protein tau H1 haplotype. However, cognition varied significantly at the subhaplotype level, with carriers of the microtubule-associated protein tau rs242557/A allele, which marks the H1c subhaplotype, performing better than noncarriers on measures of general cognitive function, executive function, and attention. No associations were found for other genes. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that variations in microtubule-associated protein tau influence cognition in progressive supranuclear palsy. Although the H1c-specific rs242557/A allele is a risk factor for progressive supranuclear palsy, carriers of this allele may exhibit better cognition than non-carriers in patients with the atypical parkinsonian syndrome. Further studies are needed. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gerstenecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David R Shprecher
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Benzi M Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Pasion R, Gonçalves AR, Fernandes C, Ferreira-Santos F, Barbosa F, Marques-Teixeira J. Meta-Analytic Evidence for a Reversal Learning Effect on the Iowa Gambling Task in Older Adults. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1785. [PMID: 29075222 PMCID: PMC5641897 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is one of the most widely used tools to assess economic decision-making. However, the research tradition on aging and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been mainly focused on the overall performance of older adults in relation to younger or clinical groups, remaining unclear whether older adults are capable of learning along the task. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine older adults' decision-making on the IGT, to test the effects of aging on reversal learning (45 studies) and to provide normative data on total and block net scores (55 studies). From the accumulated empirical evidence, we found an average total net score of 7.55 (±25.9). We also observed a significant reversal learning effect along the blocks of the IGT, indicating that older adults inhibit the prepotent response toward immediately attractive options associated with high losses, in favor of initially less attractive options associated with long-run profit. During block 1, decisions of older adults led to a negative gambling net score, reflecting the expected initial pattern of risk-taking. However, the shift toward more safe options occurred between block 2 (small-to-medium effect size) and blocks 3, 4, 5 (medium-to-large effect size). These main findings highlight that older adults are able to move from the initial uncertainty, when the possible outcomes are unknown, to decisions based on risk, when the outcomes are learned and may be used to guide future adaptive decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pasion
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Católica Porto Business School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Fernandes
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira-Santos
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Marques-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Brookhouser N, Zhang P, Caselli R, Kim JJ, Brafman DA. Generation and characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from an Alzheimer's disease (ASUi003-A) and non-demented control (ASUi004-A) patient homozygous for the Apolipoprotein e4 (APOE4) risk variant. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:266-269. [PMID: 29246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are labeled sporadic, multiple genetic risk variants have been identified, the most powerful and prevalent of which is the e4 variant of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a clinically diagnosed AD patient [ASUi003-A] and a non-demented control (NDC) patient [ASUi004-A] homozygous for the APOE4 risk allele. These hiPSCs maintained their original genotype, expressed pluripotency markers, exhibited a normal karyotype, and retained the ability to differentiate into cells representative of the three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Jean J Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Herring D, Paulson D. Moderate alcohol use and apolipoprotein E-4 (ApoE-4): Independent effects on cognitive outcomes in later life. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:326-337. [PMID: 28659024 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1343803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substantive past research suggests that moderate alcohol use confers beneficial health outcomes. The study of moderate alcohol use and cognition has produced variable findings. The primary goal was to examine the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive aging over time (Experiment 1), in a demographically representative, longitudinal survey of older adults. Experiment 2 examined the hypothesis that apolipoprotein E-4 (ApoE-4) would moderate the relationship between moderate drinking and performance on cognitive domains. METHOD The sample was drawn from the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) supplement of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and included 856 participants over age 65 in 2001. Follow-up data were from 2002, 2006, and 2008. Alcohol use was measured via self-report. Control variables included gender, age, race, number of years of education, medical burden (total number of medical diseases), and marital status. RESULTS Results of Experiment 1 indicated that moderate alcohol use was significantly associated with better baseline functioning across cognitive measures (p ≤ .05), but had no significant effect on rate of change over time across cognitive domains. Results of Experiment 2 indicated that while ApoE-4 carriage did not moderate the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive performance, generally, both ApoE-4 and moderate alcohol use were significant predictors of cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings from this study support past findings that moderate alcohol use is associated with better cognitive functioning among community-dwelling older adults, and these relative benefits appear to persist throughout later life. However, the role of individual differences on manifestation of benefit remain very poorly understood. Future research should further examine the respective roles of demographic differences associated with cognitive aging, genetic moderators, and the influence of social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Herring
- a Department of Psychology , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Daniel Paulson
- a Department of Psychology , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
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Brookhouser N, Zhang P, Caselli R, Kim JJ, Brafman DA. Generation and characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from an Alzheimer's disease (ASUi001-A) and non-demented control (ASUi002-A) patient homozygous for the Apolipoprotein e4 (APOE4) risk variant. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:160-163. [PMID: 29034886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are labeled sporadic, multiple genetic risk variants have been identified, the most powerful and prevalent of which is the e4 variant of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a clinically diagnosed AD patient [ASUi001-A] and a non-demented control (NDC) patient [ASUi002-A] homozygous for the APOE4 risk allele. These hiPSCs maintained their original genotype, expressed pluripotency markers, exhibited a normal karyotype, and demonstrated the ability to differentiate into cells representative of the three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard Caselli
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Jean J Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Wolf C, An Y, Tanaka T, Bilgel M, Gonzalez C, Kitner Triolo M, Resnick S. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Effects of CREB1 Genotypes on Individual Differences in Memory and Executive Function: Findings from the BLSA. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:142. [PMID: 28559842 PMCID: PMC5432543 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Previously, we have shown that the SNP rs10932201 genotype of the cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein 1 gene (CREB1) contributes to individual differences in executive and memory function at the neural system and behavioral levels in healthy, young adults. However, longitudinal effects of CREB1 genotypes on cognition have not yet been addressed. Furthermore we were interested in replicating associations between CREB1 genotypes and human cognition in previous cross-sectional studies and explore whether APOE𝜀4 status might modify these relations. Materials and Methods: We investigated whether common, independent tag SNPs within CREB1 (rs2253206, rs10932201, rs6785) influence individual differences in age-related longitudinal change and level of executive function and memory performance independent of baseline age, sex, APOE𝜀4 status, and education. Our analysis included data from cognitively unimpaired older adults participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Eleven measures from six cognitive tests (sample sizes range 617-786) were analyzed using linear mixed effects and generalized estimating equations models. Mean baseline age ranged from 50 to 69 years and mean time of follow-up (interval) ranged from 8 to 22 years. Results: We found significant effects of all three CREB1 SNPs on performance level and/or longitudinal change in performance based on eight measures assessing semantic memory, episodic memory, or both executive function and semantic memory. SNP rs10932201 showed the most significant and largest effect (Cohen's d = -0.70, p < 0.01) on age-related longitudinal decline of semantic memory. Additionally, we show interactions between all three CREB1 SNPs and APOE𝜀4 status on age-related longitudinal declines and levels of memory and executive function. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CREB1 genotypes independently and by interactions with APOE𝜀4 status contribute to individual differences in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wolf
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States.,Psychological Research Methods, Department of Psychology, Humboldt University BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States.,Clinical Research Branch, Medstar Health Research Institute, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Christopher Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La JollaCA, United States
| | - Melissa Kitner Triolo
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Susan Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BaltimoreMD, United States
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APOE moderates compensatory recruitment of neuronal resources during working memory processing in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:127-137. [PMID: 28528773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The APOE ε4 allele increases the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and modifies brain activation patterns of numerous cognitive domains. We assessed cognitively intact older adults with a letter n-back task to determine if previously observed increases in ε4 carriers' working-memory-related brain activation are compensatory such that they serve to maintain working memory function. Using multiple regression models, we identified interactions of APOE variant and age in bilateral hippocampus independently from task performance: ε4 carriers only showed a decrease in activation with increasing age, suggesting high sensitivity of fMRI data for detecting changes in Alzheimer's disease-relevant brain areas before cognitive decline. Moreover, we identified ε4 carriers to show higher activations in task-negative medial and task-positive inferior frontal areas along with better performance under high working memory load relative to non-ε4 carriers. The increased frontal recruitment is compatible with models of neuronal compensation, extends on existing evidence, and suggests that ε4 carriers require additional neuronal resources to successfully perform a demanding working memory task.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is an established risk factor for dementia, yet this genetic variant is associated with a mixed cognitive profile across the lifespan. This study undertakes both a systematic and meta-analytic review of research investigating APOE-related differences in cognition in mid-adulthood, when detrimental effects of the allele may first be detectable. METHODS Thirty-six papers investigating the behavioral effects of APOE ε4 in mid-adulthood (defined as a mean sample age between 35 and 60 years) were reviewed. In addition, the effect of carrying an ε4 allele on individual cognitive domains was assessed in separate meta-analyses. RESULTS The average effect size of APOE ε4 status was non-significant across cognitive domains. Further consideration of genotype effects indicates preclinical effects of APOE ε4 may be observable in memory and executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive profile of APOE ε4 carriers at mid-age remains elusive. Although there is support for comparable performance by ε4 and non-e4 carriers in the 5th decade, studies administering sensitive cognitive paradigms indicate a more nuanced profile of cognitive differences. Methodological issues in this field preclude strong conclusions, which future research must address, as well as considering the influence of further vulnerability factors on genotype effects. (JINS, 2016, 23, 239-253).
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45
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Nielsen HM, Chen K, Lee W, Chen Y, Bauer RJ, Reiman E, Caselli R, Bu G. Peripheral apoE isoform levels in cognitively normal APOE ε3/ε4 individuals are associated with regional gray matter volume and cerebral glucose metabolism. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:5. [PMID: 28137305 PMCID: PMC5282900 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and have been shown to have reduced cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRgl) in the same brain areas frequently affected in AD. These individuals also exhibit reduced plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) attributed to a specific decrease in the apoE4 isoform as determined by quantification of individual apoE isoforms in APOE ε4 heterozygotes. Whether low plasma apoE levels are associated with structural and functional brain measurements and cognitive performance remains to be investigated. Methods Using quantitative mass spectrometry we quantified the plasma levels of total apoE and the individual apoE3 and apoE4 isoforms in 128 cognitively normal APOE ε3/ε4 individuals included in the Arizona APOE cohort. All included individuals had undergone extensive neuropsychological testing and 25 had in addition undergone FDG-PET and MRI to determine CMRgl and regional gray matter volume (GMV). Results Our results demonstrated higher apoE4 levels in females versus males and an age-dependent increase in the apoE3 isoform levels in females only. Importantly, a higher relative ratio of apoE4 over apoE3 was associated with GMV loss in the right posterior cingulate and with reduced CMRgl bilaterally in the anterior cingulate and in the right hippocampal area. Additional exploratory analysis revealed several negative associations between total plasma apoE, individual apoE isoform levels, GMV and CMRgl predominantly in the frontal, occipital and temporal areas. Finally, our results indicated only weak associations between apoE plasma levels and cognitive performance which further appear to be affected by sex. Conclusions Our study proposes a sex-dependent and age-dependent variation in plasma apoE isoform levels and concludes that peripheral apoE levels are associated with GMV, CMRgl and possibly cognitive performance in cognitively healthy individuals with a genetic predisposition to AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0231-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA
| | - Robert J Bauer
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Division of Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Richard Caselli
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, 85012, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Detecting cognitive changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A review of its feasibility. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:468-492. [PMID: 27702618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in characterizing the biological changes occurring in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive dysfunction has been viewed, however, as a late-stage phenomenon, despite increasing evidence that changes may be detected in the decades preceding dementia. In the absence of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for preclinical cognitive assessment, longitudinal cohort and neuroimaging studies have been reviewed to determine the temporal order and brain biomarker correlates of specific cognitive functions. Episodic memory decline was observed to be the most salient cognitive function, correlating with high levels of amyloid deposition and hypoconnectivity across large-scale brain networks. Prospective studies point to early decline in both episodic and semantic memory processing as well as executive functions in the predementia period. The cognitive tests have, however, been principally those used to diagnose dementia. New procedures are required which target more finely the medial temporal lobe subregions first affected by clinically silent AD pathology.
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Chang L, Douet V, Bloss C, Lee K, Pritchett A, Jernigan TL, Akshoomoff N, Murray SS, Frazier J, Kennedy DN, Amaral DG, Gruen J, Kaufmann WE, Casey BJ, Sowell E, Ernst T. Gray matter maturation and cognition in children with different APOE ε genotypes. Neurology 2016; 87:585-94. [PMID: 27412137 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the current study were to determine whether children with the 6 different APOE ε genotypes show differences in gray matter maturation, particularly for those with ε4 and ε2 alleles, which are associated with poorer outcomes in many neurologic disorders. METHODS A total of 1,187 healthy children (aged 3-20 years, 52.1% boys, 47.9% girls) with acceptable data from the cross-sectional Pediatric Imaging Neurocognition and Genetics Study were evaluated for the effects of 6 APOE ε genotypes on macroscopic and microscopic cortical and subcortical gray matter structures (measured with 3-tesla MRI and FreeSurfer for automated morphometry) and on cognition (NIH Toolbox). RESULTS Among APOE ε4 carriers, age-related changes in brain structures and cognition varied depending on genotype, with the smallest hippocampi in ε2ε4 children, the lowest hippocampal fractional anisotropy in younger ε4ε4 children, the largest medial orbitofrontal cortical areas in ε3ε4 children, and age-dependent thinning of the entorhinal cortex in ε4ε4 children. Younger ε4ε4 children had the lowest scores on executive function and working memory, while younger ε2ε4 children performed worse on attention tasks. Larger parietal gyri in the younger ε2ε4 children, and thinner temporal and cingulate isthmus cortices or smaller hippocampi in the younger ε4ε4 children, predicted poorer performance on attention or working memory. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validated and extended prior smaller studies that showed altered brain development in APOE ε4-carrier children. The ε4ε4 and ε2ε4 genotypes may negatively influence brain development and brain aging at the extremes of age. Studying APOE ε polymorphisms in young children may provide the earliest indicators for individuals who might benefit from early interventions or preventive measures for future brain injuries and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Vanessa Douet
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cinnamon Bloss
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristin Lee
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alexandra Pritchett
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jean Frazier
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - David N Kennedy
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - David G Amaral
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey Gruen
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Walter E Kaufmann
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - B J Casey
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Sowell
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
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Lyall DM, Ward J, Ritchie SJ, Davies G, Cullen B, Celis C, Bailey MES, Anderson J, Evans J, Mckay DF, Mcintosh AM, Sattar N, Smith DJ, Deary IJ, Pell JP. Alzheimer disease genetic risk factor APOE e4 and cognitive abilities in 111,739 UK Biobank participants. Age Ageing 2016; 45:511-7. [PMID: 27103599 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 locus is a genetic risk factor for dementia. Carriers of the e4 allele may be more vulnerable to conditions that are independent risk factors for cognitive decline, such as cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE we tested whether any association with APOE e4 status on cognitive ability was larger in older ages or in those with cardiometabolic diseases. SUBJECTS UK Biobank includes over 500,000 middle- and older aged adults who have undergone detailed medical and cognitive phenotypic assessment. Around 150,000 currently have genetic data. We examined 111,739 participants with complete genetic and cognitive data. METHODS baseline cognitive data relating to information processing speed, memory and reasoning were used. We tested for interactions with age and with the presence versus absence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension. RESULTS in several instances, APOE e4 dosage interacted with older age and disease presence to affect cognitive scores. When adjusted for potentially confounding variables, there was no APOE e4 effect on the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS future research in large independent cohorts should continue to investigate this important question, which has potential implications for aetiology related to dementia and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Stuart J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Carlos Celis
- Institute of Cardiometabolic and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- Institute of Cardiometabolic and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jana Anderson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jon Evans
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Daniel F Mckay
- Institute of Cardiometabolic and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew M Mcintosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiometabolic and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
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49
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Tai LM, Thomas R, Marottoli FM, Koster KP, Kanekiyo T, Morris AWJ, Bu G. The role of APOE in cerebrovascular dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:709-23. [PMID: 26884068 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) is associated with cognitive decline during aging, is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and has links to other neurodegenerative conditions that affect cognition. Increasing evidence indicates that APOE genotypes differentially modulate the function of the cerebrovasculature (CV), with apoE and its receptors expressed by different cell types at the CV interface (astrocytes, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, brain endothelial cells). However, research on the role of apoE in CV dysfunction has not advanced as quickly as other apoE-modulated pathways. This review will assess what aspects of the CV are modulated by APOE genotypes during aging and under disease states, discuss potential mechanisms, and summarize the therapeutic significance of the topic. We propose that APOE4 induces CV dysfunction through direct signaling at the CV, and indirectly via modulation of peripheral and central pathways. Further, that APOE4 predisposes the CV to damage by, and exacerbates the effects of, additional risk factors (such as sex, hypertension, and diabetes). ApoE4-induced detrimental CV changes include reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF), modified neuron-CBF coupling, increased blood-brain barrier leakiness, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hemorrhages and disrupted transport of nutrients and toxins. The apoE4-induced detrimental changes may be linked to pericyte migration/activation, astrocyte activation, smooth muscle cell damage, basement membrane degradation and alterations in brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S.Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S.Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S.Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kevin P Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S.Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alan W J Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S.Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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50
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Cecchi M, Moore DK, Sadowsky CH, Solomon PR, Doraiswamy PM, Smith CD, Jicha GA, Budson AE, Arnold SE, Fadem KC. A clinical trial to validate event-related potential markers of Alzheimer's disease in outpatient settings. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 1:387-94. [PMID: 27239520 PMCID: PMC4879492 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated whether event-related potentials (ERP) collected in outpatient settings and analyzed with standardized methods can provide a sensitive and reliable measure of the cognitive deficits associated with early Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A total of 103 subjects with probable mild AD and 101 healthy controls were recruited at seven clinical study sites. Subjects were tested using an auditory oddball ERP paradigm. RESULTS Subjects with mild AD showed lower amplitude and increased latency for ERP features associated with attention, working memory, and executive function. These subjects also had decreased accuracy and longer reaction time in the target detection task associated with the ERP test. DISCUSSION Analysis of ERP data showed significant changes in subjects with mild AD that are consistent with the cognitive deficits found in this population. The use of an integrated hardware/software system for data acquisition and automated data analysis methods make administration of ERP tests practical in outpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl H. Sadowsky
- Department of Neurology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Paul R. Solomon
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - P. Murali Doraiswamy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Duke Medicine and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Department of Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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