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Tomita HA, Nagamitsu S, Wakui K, Fukushima Y, Yamada K, Sadamatsu M, Masui A, Konishi T, Matsuishi T, Aihara M, Shimizu K, Hashimoto K, Mineta M, Matsushima M, Tsujita T, Saito M, Tanaka H, Tsuji S, Takagi T, Nakamura Y, Nanko S, Kato N, Nakane Y, Niikawa N. Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis locus maps to chromosome 16p11.2-q12.1. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:1688-97. [PMID: 10577923 PMCID: PMC1288380 DOI: 10.1086/302682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), the most frequently described type of paroxysmal dyskinesia, is characterized by recurrent, brief attacks of involuntary movements induced by sudden voluntary movements. Some patients with PKC have a history of infantile afebrile convulsions with a favorable outcome. To localize the PKC locus, we performed genomewide linkage analysis on eight Japanese families with autosomal dominant PKC. Two-point linkage analysis provided a maximum LOD score of 10.27 (recombination fraction [theta] =.00; penetrance [p] =.7) at marker D16S3081, and a maximum multipoint LOD score for a subset of markers was calculated to be 11.51 (p = 0.8) at D16S3080. Haplotype analysis defined the disease locus within a region of approximately 12.4 cM between D16S3093 and D16S416. P1-derived artificial chromosome clones containing loci D16S3093 and D16S416 were mapped, by use of FISH, to 16p11.2 and 16q12.1, respectively. Thus, in the eight families studied, the chromosomal localization of the PKC critical region (PKCR) is 16p11.2-q12.1. The PKCR overlaps with a region responsible for "infantile convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis" (MIM 602066), a recently recognized clinical entity with benign infantile convulsions and nonkinesigenic paroxysmal dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro-aki Tomita
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Keiko Wakui
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Fukushima
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Koki Yamada
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Miyuki Sadamatsu
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Akira Masui
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Tohru Konishi
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Toyojiro Matsuishi
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Masao Aihara
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Katsunori Shimizu
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hashimoto
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Mari Mineta
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Michihito Matsushima
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsujita
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Masaaki Saito
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Hajime Tanaka
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Toshihisa Takagi
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nanko
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Nobumasa Kato
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Yoshibumi Nakane
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
| | - Norio Niikawa
- Departments of
1Human Genetics and 2Neuropsychiatry,
Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki; 3Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan; 4Department of Hygiene and Medical Genetics,
Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
5Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical
Science, Otsu, Japan; 6Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan;
7Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical
College, Yamanashi, Japan; 8Department of Pediatrics,
Hamamatsu Medical College, Hamamatsu, Japan; 9Department of
Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Second Hospital,
10Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of
Medicine, 11Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science,
and 12Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 13Department of Psychiatry, Saga
Medical School, Saga, Japan; and 14Department of Neurology,
Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata,
Japan
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