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Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are amphiphilic plasma membrane components formed by a glycan linked to a specific lipid moiety. In this chapter we report on these compounds, on their role played in our cells to maintain the correct cell biology.In detail, we report on their structure, on their metabolic processes, on their interaction with proteins and from this, their property to modulate positively in health and negatively in disease, the cell signaling and cell biology.
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2
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Fazzari M, Audano M, Lunghi G, Di Biase E, Loberto N, Mauri L, Mitro N, Sonnino S, Chiricozzi E. The oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 regulates mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:293-306. [PMID: 32266604 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of ganglioside GM1 in the regulation of neural homeostasis has been assessed by several studies. Recently we shed new light on the molecular basis underlying GM1 effects demonstrating that GM1 oligosaccharide directly binds TrkA receptor and triggers MAPK pathway activation leading to neuronal differentiation and protection. Following its exogenous administration, proteomic analysis revealed an increased expression of proteins involved in several biochemical mechanisms, including mitochondrial bioenergetics. Based on these data, we investigated the possible effect of GM1 oligosaccharide administration on mitochondrial function. We show that wild-type Neuro2a cells exposed to GM1 oligosaccharide displayed an increased mitochondrial density and an enhanced mitochondrial activity together with reduced reactive oxygen species levels. Interestingly, using a Neuro2a model of mitochondrial dysfunction, we found an increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate as well as increased complex I and II activities upon GM1 oligosaccharide administration. Taken together, our data identify GM1 oligosaccharide as a mitochondrial regulator that by acting at the plasma membrane level triggers biochemical signaling pathway inducing mitochondriogenesis and increasing mitochondrial activity. Although further studies are necessary, the capability to enhance the function of impaired mitochondria points to the therapeutic potential of the GM1 oligosaccharide for the treatment of pathologies where these organelles are compromised, including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan (MI), Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan (MI), Italy.
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy.
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3
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Alecu I, Bennett SAL. Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism and Its Role in α-Synucleinopathy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:328. [PMID: 31031582 PMCID: PMC6470291 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmark of which is the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and the formation of filamentous aggregates called Lewy bodies in the brainstem, limbic system, and cortical areas. Lipidomics is a newly emerging field which can provide fresh insights and new answers that will enhance our capacity for early diagnosis, tracking disease progression, predicting critical endpoints, and identifying risk in pre-symptomatic persons. In recent years, lipids have been implicated in many aspects of PD pathology. Biophysical and lipidomic studies have demonstrated that α-syn binds preferentially not only to specific lipid families but also to specific molecular species and that these lipid-protein complexes enhance its interaction with synaptic membranes, influence its oligomerization and aggregation, and interfere with the catalytic activity of cytoplasmic lipid enzymes and lysosomal lipases, thereby affecting lipid metabolism. The genetic link between aberrant lipid metabolism and PD is even more direct, with mutations in GBA and SMPD1 enhancing PD risk in humans and loss of GALC function increasing α-syn aggregation and accumulation in experimental murine models. Moreover, a number of lipidomic studies have reported PD-specific lipid alterations in both patient brains and plasma, including alterations in the lipid composition of lipid rafts in the frontal cortex. A further aspect of lipid dysregulation promoting PD pathogenesis is oxidative stress and inflammation, with proinflammatory lipid mediators such as platelet activating factors (PAFs) playing key roles in arbitrating the progressive neurodegeneration seen in PD linked to α-syn intracellular trafficking. Lastly, there are a number of genetic risk factors of PD which are involved in normal lipid metabolism and function. Genes such as PLA2G6 and SCARB2, which are involved in glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism either directly or indirectly are associated with risk of PD. This review seeks to describe these facets of metabolic lipid dysregulation as they relate to PD pathology and potential pathomechanisms involved in disease progression, while highlighting incongruous findings and gaps in knowledge that necessitate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alecu
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Chiricozzi E, Maggioni M, di Biase E, Lunghi G, Fazzari M, Loberto N, Elisa M, Scalvini FG, Tedeschi G, Sonnino S. The Neuroprotective Role of the GM1 Oligosaccharide, II 3Neu5Ac-Gg 4, in Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6673-6702. [PMID: 30911934 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the GM1 oligosaccharide, II3Neu5Ac-Gg4 (OligoGM1), administered to cultured murine Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells interacts with the NGF receptor TrkA, leading to the activation of the ERK1/2 downstream pathway and to cell differentiation. To understand how the activation of the TrkA pathway is able to trigger key biochemical signaling, we performed a proteomic analysis on Neuro2a cells treated with 50 μM OligoGM1 for 24 h. Over 3000 proteins were identified. Among these, 324 proteins were exclusively expressed in OligoGM1-treated cells. Interestingly, several proteins expressed only in OligoGM1-treated cells are involved in biochemical mechanisms with a neuroprotective potential, reflecting the GM1 neuroprotective effect. In addition, we found that the exogenous administration of OligoGM1 reduced the cellular oxidative stress in Neuro2a cells and conferred protection against MPTP neurotoxicity. These results confirm and reinforce the idea that the molecular mechanisms underlying the GM1 neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects depend on its oligosaccharide chain, suggesting the activation of a positive signaling starting at plasma membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Erika di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maffioli Elisa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Unimi, v.le Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
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5
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Shelke GB, Lih YH, Liao YJ, Liang CW, Kuo TM, Ko YC, Luo SY. Synthesis and Bioassay of Neurogenically Potent Gangliosides DSG-A, Hp-s1 and Their Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1264-1268. [PMID: 29558805 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search of a potent candidate for neurotherapy, we designed and synthesized various analogues of ganglioside Hp-s1. The modification includes the change in hydrophobicity by varying the carbon chain length, altering the number of hydrogen bonds, and replacing the anomeric atom. The chemical synthesis was carried out by using various methods and discussed in details. The neuritogenic activities of these analogues are confirmed in a human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. A higher activity of ganglioside Hp-s1 analogue on IL-17A transcript upregulation than ganglioside Hp-s1 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh B. Shelke
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lih
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Min Kuo
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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6
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Maiti P, Gregg LC, McDonald MP. MPTP-induced executive dysfunction is associated with altered prefrontal serotonergic function. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:192-201. [PMID: 26393431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, cognitive deficits manifest as fronto-striatally-mediated executive dysfunction, with impaired attention, planning, judgment, and impulse control. We examined changes in executive function in mice lesioned with subchronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) using a 3-choice serial reaction-time (SRT) task, which included measures of sustained attention and impulse control. Each trial of the baseline SRT task comprised a pseudo-random pre-cue period ranging from 3 to 8 s, followed by a 1-s cue duration. MPTP impaired all measures of impulsive behavior acutely, but with additional training their performance normalized to saline control levels. When challenged with shorter cue durations, MPTP-lesioned mice had significantly slower reaction times than wild-type mice. When challenged with longer pre-cue times, the MPTP-lesioned mice exhibited a loss of impulse control at the longer durations. In lesioned mice, striatal dopamine was depleted by 54% and the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta was reduced by 75%. Serotonin (5-HT) was unchanged in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC), but the ratio of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) to 5-HT was significantly reduced in the MPTP group in the PFC. In lesioned mice, prefrontal 5-HIAA/5-HT was significantly correlated with the executive impairments and striatal norepinephrine was associated with slower reaction times. None of the neurochemical measures was significantly associated with behavior in saline-treated controls. Taken together, these results show that prefrontal 5-HT turnover may play a pivotal role in MPTP-induced executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Laura C Gregg
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Michael P McDonald
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
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7
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Kubo SI. Membrane lipids as therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease: a possible link between Lewy pathology and membrane lipids. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:1301-1310. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Ariga T. Pathogenic role of ganglioside metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1227-42. [PMID: 24903509 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ganglioside metabolism is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, and this may participate in several events related to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Most changes occur in specific areas of the brain and their distinct membrane microdomains or lipid rafts. Antiganglioside antibodies may be involved in dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and disease progression in these diseases. In lipid rafts, interactions of glycosphingolipids, including ganglioside, with proteins may be responsible for the misfolding events that cause the fibril and/or aggregate processing of disease-specific proteins, such as α-synuclein, in Parkinson's disease, huntingtin protein in Huntington's disease, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Targeting ganglioside metabolism may represent an underexploited opportunity to design novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ariga
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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9
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Wu YF, Tsai YF, Guo JR, Yu CP, Yu HM, Liao CC. First total synthesis of ganglioside DSG-A possessing neuritogenic activity. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9345-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of ganglioside DSG-A (1) is achievedviachemoselective glycosylation and a [1 + 1 + 2] synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fa Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Chung Li, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Fu Tsai
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Chung Li, Taiwan
| | - Jhe-Ruei Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Chung Li, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Chung Li, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Yu
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chen Liao
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Chung Li, Taiwan
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10
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Chen WS, Sawant RC, Yang SA, Liao YJ, Liao JW, Badsara SS, Luo SY. Synthesis of ganglioside Hp-s1. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete synthesis of the ganglioside Hp-s1 (1) is described in 10 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Shin Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-An Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Liao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Wei Liao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
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11
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Dhanushkodi A, Akano EO, Roguski EE, Xue Y, Rao SK, Matta SG, Rex TS, McDonald MP. A single intramuscular injection of rAAV-mediated mutant erythropoietin protects against MPTP-induced parkinsonism. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012. [PMID: 23190369 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is neuroprotective in a number of preparations, but can lead to unacceptably high and even lethal hematocrit levels. Recent reports show that modified Epo variants confer neuroprotection in models of glaucoma and retinal degeneration without raising hematocrit. In this study, neuroprotective effects of two Epo variants (EpoR76E and EpoS71E) were assessed in a model of Parkinson's disease. The constructs were packaged in recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors and injected intramuscularly. After 3 weeks, mice received five daily injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and were killed 5 weeks later. The MPTP-lesioned mice pretreated with rAAV.eGFP (negative control) exhibited a 7- to 9-Hz tremor and slower latencies to move on a grid test (akinesia). Both of these symptomatic features were absent in mice pretreated with either modified Epo construct. The rAAV.eGFP-treated mice lesioned with MPTP exhibited a 41% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra. The rAAV.EpoS71E construct did not protect nigral neurons, but neuronal loss in mice pretreated with rAAV.EpoR76E was only half that of rAAV.eGFP controls. Although dopamine levels were normal in all groups, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was significantly reduced only in MPTP-lesioned mice pretreated with rAAV.eGFP, indicating reduced dopamine turnover. Analysis of TH-positive fibers in the striatum showed normalized density in MPTP-lesioned mice pretreated with rAAV.EpoS71E, suggesting that enhanced sprouting induced by EpoS71E may have been responsible for normal behavior and dopaminergic tone in these mice. These results show that systemically administered rAAV-generated non-erythropoietic Epo may protect against MPTP-induced parkinsonism by a combination of neuroprotection and enhanced axonal sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dhanushkodi
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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Wu G, Lu ZH, Kulkarni N, Ledeen RW. Deficiency of ganglioside GM1 correlates with Parkinson's disease in mice and humans. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1997-2008. [PMID: 22714832 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have successfully employed GM1 ganglioside to treat animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting involvement of this ganglioside in PD etiology. We recently demonstrated that genetically engineered mice (B4galnt1(-/-) ) devoid of GM1 acquire characteristic symptoms of this disorder, including motor impairment, depletion of striatal dopamine, selective loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons, and aggregation of α-synuclein. The present study demonstrates similar symptoms in heterozygous mice (HTs) that express only partial GM1 deficiency. Symptoms were alleviated by administration of L-dopa or LIGA-20, a membrane-permeable analog of GM1 that penetrates the blood-brain barrier and accesses intracellular compartments. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin sections from PD patients revealed significant GM1 deficiency in nigral dopaminergic neurons compared with age-matched controls. This was comparable to the GM1 deficiency of HT mice and suggests that GM1 deficiency may be a contributing factor to idiopathic PD. We propose that HT mice with partial GM1 deficiency constitute an especially useful model for PD, reflecting the actual pathophysiology of this disorder. The results point to membrane-permeable analogs of GM1 as holding promise as a form of GM1 replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Tsai YF, Shih CH, Su YT, Yao CH, Lian JF, Liao CC, Hsia CW, Shui HA, Rani R. The total synthesis of a ganglioside Hp-s1 analogue possessing neuritogenic activity by chemoselective activation glycosylation. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:931-4. [PMID: 22179062 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of ganglioside 2, an analogue of the ganglioside Hp-s1 (1) which displays neuritogenic activity toward the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC-12 cell in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) with an effect (34.0%) greater than that of the mammalian ganglioside GM 1 (25.4%), was accomplished by applying a chemoselective-activation glycosylation strategy. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the synthesized ganglioside 2 exhibited neuritogenic activity toward the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y without the presence of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yow-Fu Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li 32023, Taiwan.
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14
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Wu G, Lu ZH, Kulkarni N, Amin R, Ledeen RW. Mice lacking major brain gangliosides develop parkinsonism. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1706-14. [PMID: 21399908 PMCID: PMC3155038 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent late-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects nearly 1% of the global population aged 65 and older. Whereas palliative treatments are in use, the goal of blocking progression of motor and cognitive disability remains unfulfilled. A better understanding of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD would help to advance that goal. The present study provides evidence that brain ganglioside abnormality, in particular GM1, may be involved. This is based on use of the genetically altered mice with disrupted gene Galgt1 for GM2/GD2 synthase which depletes GM2/GD2 and all the gangliotetraose gangliosides that constitute the major molecular species of brain. These knockout mice show overt motor disability on aging and clear indications of motor impairment with appropriate testing at an earlier age. This disability was rectified by L-dopa administration. These mice show other characteristic symptoms of PD, including depletion of striatal dopamine (DA), loss of DA neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and aggregation of alpha synuclein. These manifestations of parkinsonism were largely attenuated by administration of LIGA-20, a membrane permeable analog of GM1 that penetrates the blood brain barrier and enters living neurons. These results suggest that perturbation of intracellular mechanisms mediated by intracellular GM1 may be a contributing factor to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, 185 So. Orange Ave., MSB-H506, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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15
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Bachis A, Mocchetti I. Semisynthetic sphingoglycolipid LIGA20 is neuroprotective against human immunodeficiency virus-gp120-mediated apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:890-6. [PMID: 16477610 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and neuronal atrophy are commonly seen in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the late phase of infection. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 has been suggested to be a causal agent of neuronal loss. Therefore, blocking gp120 neurotoxicity may be an effective way to reduce the neuronal degeneration seen in HIV patients. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) prevents gp120-mediated apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells. However, BDNF poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier and therefore may not be a suitable therapy for HIV patients. LIGA20 is a semisynthetic sphingoglycolipid that may be a valid alternative to BDNF. In fact, it has been shown that LIGA20 mimics the neuroprotective properties of BDNF. The present study was undertaken to characterize the relative potency of LIGA20 to antagonize gp120-mediated apoptosis. Cerebellar granule cells were exposed to gp120IIIB (5 nM) or stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF), the natural ligand for the CXCR4 receptor to which gp120 binds, alone or in combination with LIGA20 (5 microM), and cell death/survival was determined 12 and 24 hr later by various markers of apoptosis. LIGA20 blocked the neurotoxic effect of gp120 and SDF. The neurotrophic effect of LIGA20 was reversed by K252a, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to block TrkB signaling, suggesting the involvement of TrkB activation. These findings provide the rationale for exploring the ability of compounds that mimic BDNF activity to reduce neuronal cell death in HIV-1-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bachis
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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16
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Osuchowski MF, Johnson VJ, He Q, Sharma RP. Myriocin, a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor, alters regional brain neurotransmitter levels without concurrent inhibition of the brain sphingolipid biosynthesis in mice. Toxicol Lett 2004; 147:87-94. [PMID: 14700532 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myriocin is a specific serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) inhibitor whose effect on the brain is unknown. Brain amine metabolism and sphingolipid biosynthesis were studied in mice treated intraperitoneally with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg per day of myriocin for 5 days. Regional concentrations of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and norepinephrine (NE), were determined. Sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) concentrations and SPT activity in brain and liver were used to evaluate the impact of myriocin on sphingolipid biosynthesis. Myriocin treatment increased DA in striatum and hippocampus and reduced it in cortex. NE concentration decreased in cerebellum and 5-HT levels were reduced in cortex and in medulla oblongata. Changes in ratios for DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA were observed in hippocampus, cortex and midbrain. Brain Sa, So and SPT activity remained unchanged, whereas Sa and SPT activity decreased in liver. Results showed that myriocin may alter the levels and metabolism of brain amines and this effect is not related with inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin F Osuchowski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7389, USA
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17
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Ghidoni R, Sala G, Giuliani A. Use of sphingolipid analogs: benefits and risks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1439:17-39. [PMID: 10395962 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ghidoni
- INSERM U410, Neuroendocrinologie et Biologie Cellulaire Digestives, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
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18
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Brooks AI, Chadwick CA, Gelbard HA, Cory-Slechta DA, Federoff HJ. Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss. Brain Res 1999; 823:1-10. [PMID: 10095006 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat, bearing structural similarity to the known dopaminergic neurotoxicant MPTP, has been suggested as a potential etiologic factor in Parkinson's disease. Consideration of paraquat as a candidate neurotoxicant requires demonstration that systemic delivery produces substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron loss and the attendant neurobehavioral syndrome reflecting depletion of dopamine terminals within the striatum. To address these issues paraquat was administered systemically into adult C57 bl/6 mice, ambulatory behavior monitored, substantia nigra dopamine neuron number and striatal dopamine terminal density quantified. The data indicate that paraquat like MPTP elicits a dose-dependent decrease in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons assessed by a Fluoro-gold prelabeling method, a decline in striatal dopamine nerve terminal density assessed by measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity; and neurobehavioral syndrome characterized by reduced ambulatory activity. Taken together, these data suggest that systemically absorbed paraquat crosses the blood-brain barrier to cause destruction of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, consequent reduction of dopaminergic innervation of the striatum and a neurobehavioral syndrome similar to the well characterized and bona fide dopaminergic toxin MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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19
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Matsuura K, Makino H, Ogawa N. Cyclosporin A attenuates the decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and in striatal dopamine content in rats with intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Exp Neurol 1997; 146:526-35. [PMID: 9270064 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To explore new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease, we studied the possible protective effect of an immunosuppressant, cyclosporin A (CsA), treatment on changes in dopaminergic function in rats with intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Four weeks after injection of 6-OHDA, dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum were depleted by 70-80%, and repeated high-dose CsA (20 mg/kg) treatment for 1 week significantly protected against these depletions. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR) of the cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) ipsilateral to the injection were lower than on the contralateral side at 4 weeks but not at 1 week after 6-OHDA injection. The number of TH-positive cell bodies in the SNc decreased to 64% but CsA treatment increased this to 87%. The staining of microglia in the SN with OX42 and Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin was intense at 3 days and gradually decreased by 28 days after injection. At 3 and 7 days after injection, the microglial staining in the SN was prominent and equal both in the 6-OHDA group and in ascorbic acid (SA)-injected controls. By 28 days postinjection, the staining had decreased to control levels in the SA group but was still above the control in the 6-OHDA group. CsA treatment did not affect this staining in either group. These results suggest that CsA protects against 6-OHDA-induced injury of nigrostriatal DA neurons by a mechanism not involving microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuura
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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20
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Steiner JP, Hamilton GS, Ross DT, Valentine HL, Guo H, Connolly MA, Liang S, Ramsey C, Li JH, Huang W, Howorth P, Soni R, Fuller M, Sauer H, Nowotnik AC, Suzdak PD. Neurotrophic immunophilin ligands stimulate structural and functional recovery in neurodegenerative animal models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2019-24. [PMID: 9050897 PMCID: PMC20035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.5.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although immunosuppressant immunophilin ligands promote neurite outgrowth in vitro, their neurotrophic activities are clearly independent of their immunosuppressive activity. In the present report, a novel nonimmunosuppressive immunophilin ligand, GPI-1046 (3-(3-pyridyl)-1-propyl (2S)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate+ ++) is described. In vitro, GPI-1046 bound to FK506 binding protein-12 and elicited neurite outgrowth from sensory neuronal cultures with picomolar potency with maximal effects comparable to nerve growth factor. In vivo, GPI-1046 stimulated the regeneration of lesioned sciatic nerve axons and myelin levels. In the central nervous system, GPI-1046 promoted protection and/or sprouting of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in somatosensory cortex following parachloroamphetamine treatment. GPI-1046 also induced regenerative sprouting from spared nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity in mice or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity in rats. The rotational abnormality in 6-OHDA treated rats was alleviated by GPI-1046. These neurotrophic actions in multiple models suggest therapeutic utility for GPI-1046 in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Steiner
- Department of Neurobiological Research, Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Schneider JS, Distefano L. Response of the damaged dopamine system to GM1 and semisynthetic gangliosides: effects of dose and extent of lesion. Neuropharmacology 1995; 34:489-93. [PMID: 7566482 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(95)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
GM1 ganglioside, administered to young C57/B16J mice with moderate (approx 85%) 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-terahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced striatal dopamine depletions, caused a dose-dependent increase in striatal dopamine levels. This effect was maximal between 7.0 and 30.0 mg/kg and was not apparent at higher and lower doses of GM1. GM1 ganglioside treatment had no effect on striatal dopamine levels in mice with more extensive lesions of the dopamine system (i.e. approx 93% loss of striatal dopamine). The semisynthetic ganglioside derivative LIGA 20, administered orally, also increased striatal dopamine levels in moderately lesioned animals, albeit at lower doses than GM1. LIGA 20 administration also resulted in increased striatal dopamine levels in animals with more extensive dopamine lesions, where GM1 had no effect. These results show that both GM1 and its semisynthetic derivative LIGA 20 can partially restore striatal dopamine levels in MPTP-treated mice and that LIGA 20 is more potent and not subject to the same dose-limiting effects as GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Schneider
- Center for Neurological Research, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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