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Huang LC, Lee MY, Chien CF, Chang YP, Li KY, Yang YH. Age and sex differences in the association between APOE genotype and Alzheimer's disease in a Taiwan Chinese population. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1246592. [PMID: 37680541 PMCID: PMC10481952 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1246592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon (ε) 4 allele is a well-established risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reports on white ancestry populations have showed that age, sex, and ethnicity have different effects on the association between APOE genotype and AD. However, studies on Asian populations such as Taiwan Chinese populations are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association between APOE genotype and AD in a Taiwan Chinese population, and to explore if the association varies by age and sex. Methods We conducted a case-control study in 725 patients with AD and 1,067 age- and sex- matched controls without dementia from a Taiwan Chinese population. Logistic regression models were used to test the association between AD and APOE genotypes. Secondary analyses considered age (<75 or ≥75 years old), and sex stratified models. Results The risk of AD was significantly increased for people with at least one copy of APOE ε4 (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 2.01-3.17, p < 0.001) and in a dose-dependent manner. Our results did not show an statistically significance different in AD risk when women and men carrying APOEε4 were compared. Despite not reaching statistical significance, the risk of APOE ε4 for AD was higher among younger participants (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 2.26-4.56, p < 0.001) compared to older ones (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.53-2.97, p < 0.001). When considering both sex and age, the risk of AD was higher among older men carrying APOE ε4 (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.51-4.60 in men; OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.26-2.86 in women), while women carrying APOE ε4 appeared to have an increased risk at a younger age (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 2.20-4.93 in women; OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.40-6.05 in men). Discussion The APOE ε4 allele represents a major risk factor for AD in the Taiwanese population. The effect of APOE ε4 allele on AD risk appeared to be stronger among men aged 75 years or more and among younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fang Chien
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Pei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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2
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Shi C, Chen S, Salcher-Konrad M, Choy JCP, Luo H, Leung DKY, Cai X, Zeng Y, Dai R, Comas-Herrera A, McDaid D, Knapp M, Wong G. Effectiveness of interventions for people living with dementia and their carers in Chinese communities: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047560. [PMID: 34404702 PMCID: PMC8372806 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the largest and most rapidly ageing population, Chinese people are now the major driver of the continued growth in dementia prevalence globally. The need for evidence-based interventions in Chinese communities is urgent. Although a wide range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for dementia have been trialled in Chinese populations, the evidence has not been systematically synthesised. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to map out the interventions for people living with dementia and their carers in Chinese communities worldwide and compare the effectiveness of these interventions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This protocol followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist. We will search Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang DATA) and English bibliographical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Global Health, WHO Global Index Medicus, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane CENTRAL, Social Care Online, BASE, MODelling Outcome and cost impacts of interventions for DEMentia (MODEM) Toolkit, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), complemented by hand searching of reference lists. We will include studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for dementia or mild cognitive impairment in Chinese populations, using a randomised controlled trial design, and published between January 2008 and June 2020. We will use a standardised form to extract data and Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Collected data will be fully interpreted with narrative synthesis and analysed using pairwise and network meta-analyses to pool intervention effects where sufficient information is available. We will perform subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore potential reasons for heterogeneity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No formal ethics approval is required for this protocol. The findings will facilitate the development of studies on interventions for dementia and timely inform dementia policymaking and practice. Planned dissemination channels include peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, public events and websites. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019134135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shi
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Social Welfare Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangzhou Chen
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maximilian Salcher-Konrad
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre (CPEC), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Jacky C P Choy
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dara Kiu Yi Leung
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinxin Cai
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruizhi Dai
- Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adelina Comas-Herrera
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre (CPEC), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - David McDaid
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre (CPEC), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Martin Knapp
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre (CPEC), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Gloria Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Circadian alterations in patients with neurodegenerative diseases: Neuropathological basis of underlying network mechanisms. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105029. [PMID: 32736083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian organization of physiology and behavior is an important biological process that allows organisms to anticipate and prepare for daily changes and demands. Disruptions in this system precipitates a wide range of health issues. In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, alterations of circadian rhythms are among the most common and debilitating symptoms. Although a growing awareness of these symptoms has occurred during the last decade, their underlying neuropathophysiological circuitry remains poorly understood and consequently no effective therapeutic strategies are available to alleviate these health issues. Recent studies have examined the neuropathological status of the different neural components of the circuitry governing the generation of circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will dissect the potential contribution of dysfunctions in the different nodes of this circuitry to circadian alterations in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will provide not only a better understanding of disease neuro-pathophysiology, but also hold the promise for developing effective and mechanisms-based therapies.
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Chen TB, Lai YH, Ke TL, Chen JP, Lee YJ, Lin SY, Lin PC, Wang PN, Cheng IH. Changes in Plasma Amyloid and Tau in a Longitudinal Study of Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020; 48:180-195. [PMID: 31991443 DOI: 10.1159/000505435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, and cognitive functions have been used as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the temporal trajectories of plasma biomarkers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and patients with AD relative to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS In this longitudinal study, 82 participants (31 HCs, 33 MCI patients, and 18 AD patients) were enrolled. After 3 years, 7 HCs had transitioned to MCI and 10 subjects with MCI had converted to AD. We analyzed plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins at baseline and annually to correlate with biochemical data and neuropsychological scores. RESULTS Longitudinal data analysis showed an evolution of Aβ-related biomarkers over time within patients, whereas tau-related biomarkers differed primarily across diagnostic classifications. An initial steady increase in Aβ42 in the MCI stage was followed by a decrease just prior to clinical AD onset. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels correlated with cognitive decline in the MCI stage, but not in the AD stage. CONCLUSION Plasma Aβ and tau levels change in a dynamic, nonlinear, nonparallel manner over the AD continuum. Changes in plasma Aβ concentration are time-dependent, whereas changes in hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels paralleled the clinical progression of MCI. It remains to be clarified whether diagnostic efficiency can be improved by combining multiple plasma markers or combining plasma markers with other diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Dementia and Parkinson's Disease Integrated Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Lai
- Department of Neurology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ling Ke
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Biostatistics Task Force of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Lee
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ying Lin
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Lin
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Irene H Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,
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Jia J, Wei C, Chen W, Jia L, Zhou A, Wang F, Tang Y, Xu L. Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil 10 mg/day in Patients with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:199-211. [PMID: 31985467 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuibai Wei
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aihong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luoyi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Plasma Aβ42 and Total Tau Predict Cognitive Decline in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13984. [PMID: 31562355 PMCID: PMC6764975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau peptides in brain have been associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). The current study investigated the abilities of plasma Aβ42 and total-tau (t-tau) levels in predicting cognitive decline in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Plasma Aβ42 and t-tau levels were quantified in 22 participants with amnestic MCI through immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assay at baseline. The cognitive performance of participants was measured through neuropsychological tests at baseline and annual follow-up (average follow-up period of 1.5 years). The predictive value of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau for cognitive status was evaluated. We found that higher levels of Aβ42 and t-tau are associated with lower episodic verbal memory performance at baseline and cognitive decline over the course of follow-up. While Aβ42 or t-tau alone had moderate-to-high discriminatory value in the identification of future cognitive decline, the product of Aβ42 and t-tau offered greater differential value. These preliminary results might suggest that high levels of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau in amnestic MCI are associated with later cognitive decline. A further replication with a larger sample over a longer time period to validate and determine their long-term predictive value is warranted.
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Li W, Li Y, Qiu Q, Sun L, Yue L, Li X, Xiao S. Associations Between the Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele and Reduced Serum Levels of High Density Lipoprotein a Cognitively Normal Aging Han Chinese Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:827. [PMID: 31866940 PMCID: PMC6906139 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have confirmed that APOE genotype is associated with lipid metabolism, but related studies are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to explore the associations between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and serum levels of fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein in a cognitively normal aging Han Chinese population. Methods: One hundred sixty-nine community elders with normal cognitive function were included in the study. Based on multiplex amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (PCR), these subjects were divided into three groups: (1) E2/2 or E2/3 (APOE E2); (2) E3/3 (APOE E3); and (3) E2/4, E3/4, or E4/4 (APOE E4). Correlations of serum levels of fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein with APOE genotypes were assessed. Results: The results of Mann-Whitney analysis showed that the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in APOE E2 and E3 groups was higher than that in E4 groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis also suggested that a lower level of high density lipoprotein was associated with the E4 allele (adjusted odds ratio 0.164, 95% confidence interval 0.031~ 0.876, P = 0.034). Conclusion: APOE E4 is associated with decreased serum high density lipoprotein concentration in healthy elderly. However, the above conclusions need to be further verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Hubei Provincial Hospital of TCM, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xia Li
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shifu Xiao
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Zhang N, Gordon ML. Clinical efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in Chinese patients. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:1963-1970. [PMID: 30349215 PMCID: PMC6187917 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s159920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), has been widely used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) in China. However, there are few studies focusing on the efficacy and safety of donepezil in Chinese patients. In this review, we discuss 1) the efficacy of donepezil and its comparison with other AChEIs or memantine, 2) the therapeutic responses to donepezil and its influencing factors, and 3) the safety and tolerability of donepezil in Chinese patients with different stages of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and further compare the similarities and differences of the results between Chinese studies and previous Western studies that predominantly enrolled Caucasian subjects. We include Chinese clinical trials and other well-designed studies investigating donepezil or using donepezil as a positive control, in which the efficacy and/or safety of donepezil have been analyzed. Based on these studies, donepezil has been shown to be effective and safe in Chinese AD patients and may impact AD biomarkers, such as hippocampal atrophy, Aβ, and tau. In addition, the therapeutic response to donepezil may be influenced by apolipoprotein E or cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Marc L Gordon
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Liu X, Zhan W, Wu Q, Wang F, Yang B, Ou Q. Polymorphism and plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and the risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a Chinese population: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:115. [PMID: 29769126 PMCID: PMC5956582 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is the most common types of subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is a critical clinical problem with high morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. Recent studies have shown that APOE was a genetic risk factor of aSAH, however, the studies lack consistent conclusions and the evidence from Chinese Han population is rare. Objective To determine the relationship between APOE polymorphism and the incidence of aSAH in Chinese Fujian Han population and explore the possible mechanism of ApoE in the pathogenesis of aSAH. Methods A total of 131 patients newly diagnosed with aSAH were selected as aSAH group and 137 healthy subjects were selected as the control group. All the samples were analyzed for blood lipids and serum ApoE levels, and ApoE genotype was determined by a commercial chip and further confirmed with Sanger sequencing. An adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the effects of APOE polymorphism on the risk of aSAH. Results Compared with the controls, the serum TC, HDL-C and ApoA1 levels in aSAH were significantly lower: TC (4.52 ± 1.38 vs. 5.11 ± 0.86 mmol/L, P < 0.001), HDL-C (1.23 ± 0.46 vs. 1.44 ± 0.32 mmol/L, P < 0.001) and ApoA1 (1.20 ± 0.32 vs. 1.38 ± 0.25 g/L, P < 0.001). The distribution of ε2/ε3 genotype (19.08% vs. 9.49%, P = 0.038) and ε2 allele frequency (11.07% vs. 5.84%, P = 0.039) was significantly higher in aSAH than the healthy controls. The multivariate logistic regression identified that ApoE ε2 allele was independently associated with aSAH (OR = 2.083; and 95% CI = 1.045-4.153, P = 0.037). The serum ApoE in aSAH were significantly higher than controls (53.03 ± 24.64 vs. 45.06 ± 12.84 mg/L, P = 0.010). Conclusion APOE polymorphism might be associated with the incidence of aSAH in Chinese Fujian Han population. ApoE ε2 may be a risk factor for the incidence of aSAH, which may be related with the impacts of ApoE genotypes for the serum lipids, especially for the plasma levels of ApoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Gene Diagnostic Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Weiwu Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Qiumei Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Gene Diagnostic Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Qishui Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Gene Diagnostic Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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10
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Jiang B, Zhang XP, Chen MF, Wang Z, Zhao MX, Chen BH, Li HL. A cross-sectional study of inpatients with late stage of dementia in Southeast China and the associations between biochemical parameters and apolipoprotein E genotypes. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:159-163. [PMID: 29416324 PMCID: PMC5790082 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to analyze the disease distribution of patients in the late stage of dementia through a cross-sectional investigation and to clarify the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and the serum levels of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and blood glucose in the late-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Methods Patients who were in the late stage of dementia in a mental health center were enrolled in this study. A broad battery of neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging was applied to make the diagnosis. The APOE genotype was determined by the multiplex amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction. The association between APOE genotype and the blood level of biochemical parameters was studied. Results A total of 155 patients were enrolled in this study. The majority of patients had AD (67.8%), followed by vascular dementia (15.5%), mixed dementia (9%), and others (7.7%). The APOE ε4 allele frequency was significantly different in the different groups. The serum level of total cholesterol (TC) in APOE ε4 carriers was higher than in non-carriers (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in the blood glucose and triglycerides (TG) levels between these two groups. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first paper to study the characteristics of late-stage dementia in hospital patients in Southeast China. We found that the disease distribution was quite consistent with previous prevalence studies. Moreover, we found that the serum level of TC was higher in APOE ε4 carriers group. However, no association was found between the APOE ε4 allele and serum levels of glucose, TC and TG in the late stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen
| | - Xue-Ping Zhang
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xue Zhao
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Hua Chen
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms are associated with ischemic stroke susceptibility in a Northwest China Han population. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171088. [PMID: 29074556 PMCID: PMC5705774 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), the leading neurology cause of death and disability worldwide, is influenced by gene polymorphisms. To explore the association between IS and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms, a case–control study containing 513 IS patients and 514 controls without IS was conducted in a Northwest China Han population. MassARRAY iPLEX system was applied to determine the APOE polymorphisms according to the alleles of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of APOE, rs429358, and rs7412. The results showed that rs429358 and rs7412 were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in both cases and controls groups. APOE ε4 allele, ε4/ε4 genotype, and ε4-containing genotypes were associated with IS. According to the results of Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification system, APOE ε2 allele, ε4 allele, and ε4/ε4 genotype were associated with large artery atherosclerosis IS subtypes. In addition, the results also indicated that the ε4 allele related to undetermined IS and ε4/ε4 genotype was related to small vessel disease IS. Compared with subjects with non-ε4-containing genotypes, the total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in blood and the proportion of cardiopath history were higher in all subjects with ε4-containing genotypes. Besides, the triacylglycerides (TG) level in blood was higher in controls with ε4-containing genotypes. In conclusion, in a Northwest China Han population, APOE ε4 allele was associated with blood lipid level. The TC and LDL levels were the independent risk factors for IS. APOE was a risk gene for IS, but not independent, especially for large artery atherosclerosis IS.
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No change of the lipid profile under the control of ApoE gene polymorphism in schizophrenics under paliperidone treatment. Psychiatr Q 2014; 85:487-96. [PMID: 25085446 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-014-9309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study tried to explore the effects of Paliperidone on the lipid profiles of schizophrenia patients. One hundred twenty-nine subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia were enrolled into this study and completed the lipid profile evaluation. Their blood samples were obtained on the morning following a 12-hours fast. Cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in plasma were determined, and lipoproteins were determined by enzymatic methods. All participants provided written informed consent, and underwent additional venous blood withdrawal for DNA extraction for genetic study of the ApoE gene polymorphism. Under T test, TC, TG and HDL levels all declined after Paliperidone treatment although with no statistically significant difference. The ratios of TC/HDL declined after Paliperidone treatment, but without statistically significant difference. After GEE-I analysis, we found that ApoE4 genotype (β = 34.471; p < 0.001) had a positive effect on the total cholesterol (TC) level; female had positive effect on the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (β = 15.361; p = 0.003); and age had a positive effect on the TG level (β = 1.317; p = 0.030). Smoking (β = 0.961; p = 0.016) had a positive effect on the ratio of TC/HDL change. Lipid profiles were not increased after Paliperidone treatment under the control of ApoE gene polymorphism.
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Tao QQ, Chen Y, Liu ZJ, Sun YM, Yang P, Lu SJ, Xu M, Dong QY, Yang JJ, Wu ZY. Associations between apolipoprotein E genotypes and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides in a cognitively normal aging Han Chinese population. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:1063-7. [PMID: 25031531 PMCID: PMC4096455 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s62554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the associations between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in a cognitively normal aging Han Chinese population. Methods There were 1,003 cognitively normal aging subjects included in this study. APOE genotypes were analyzed and biochemical parameters were tested. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to APOE genotypes: (1) E2/2 or E2/3 (APOE E2); (2) E3/3 (APOE E3); and (3) E2/4, E3/4, or E4/4 (APOE E4). Correlations of serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides with APOE genotypes were assessed. Results E2, E3, and E4 allele frequencies were found to be 6.2%, 82.1%, and 11.7%, respectively. Serum levels of total cholesterol were higher in the APOE E4 group (P<0.05). A higher level of total cholesterol was associated with the E4 allele (adjusted odds ratio 1.689, 95% confidence interval 1.223–2.334, P<0.01). However, no association was found between APOE status and serum levels of glucose (adjusted odds ratio 0.981, 95% confidence interval 0.720–1.336, P=0.903) or total triglycerides (adjusted odds ratio 1.042, 95% confidence interval 0.759–1.429, P=0.800). Conclusion A higher serum level of total cholesterol was significantly correlated with APOE E4 status in a cognitively normal, nondiabetic aging population. However, there was no correlation between APOE genotypes and serum levels of glucose or total triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Medicine, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Min Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen-Ji Lu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Yun Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Tract-based spatial statistics: application to mild cognitive impairment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:713079. [PMID: 24900978 PMCID: PMC4036605 DOI: 10.1155/2014/713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the current investigation was to characterize white matter integrity in different subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using tract-based spatial statistics of diffusion tensor imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study participants were divided into 4 groups of 30 subjects each as follows: cognitively healthy controls, amnestic MCI, dysexecutive MCI, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). All subjects underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, apolipoprotein E genotyping, and 3-tesla MRI. The diffusion tensor was reconstructed and then analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. The changes in brain white matter tracts were also examined according to the apolipoprotein E ε 4 status. RESULTS Compared with controls, amnestic MCI patients showed significant differences in the cerebral white matter, where changes were consistently detectable in the frontal and parietal lobes. We found a moderate impact of the apolipoprotein E ε 4 status on the extent of white matter disruption in the amnestic MCI group. Patients with AD exhibited similar but more extensive alterations, while no significant changes were observed in dysexecutive MCI patients. CONCLUSION The results from this study indicate that amnestic MCI is the most likely precursor to AD as both conditions share significant white matter damage. By contrast, dysexecutive MCI seems to be characterized by a distinct pathogenesis.
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Bi R, Zhao L, Zhang C, Lu W, Feng JQ, Wang Y, Ni J, Zhang J, Li GD, Hu QX, Wang D, Yao YG, Li T. No association of the LRRK2 genetic variants with Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:444.e5-9. [PMID: 24080176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene has been regarded as 1 of the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized that LRRK2-susceptible allele(s) for PD might pose a risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we screened 12 LRRK2 gene variants in 2 independent cohorts from southwestern China (341 AD patients and 435 normal individuals) and eastern China (297 AD patients and 384 normal individuals), to discern the potential association between this gene and AD. No variant was identified to be associated with AD in either case-control sample. As both of the cohorts were of Han Chinese origin, we combined the LRRK2 variant data for the 2 sample sets together (a total of 638 AD patients and 819 normal individuals) and still found no association between the LRRK2 gene and AD, suggesting that LRRK2 gene variants may not affect the development of AD in Han Chinese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Huang CW, Wang SJ, Wu SJ, Yang CC, Huang MW, Lin CH, Cheng IH. Potential blood biomarker for disease severity in the Taiwanese population with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:75-83. [PMID: 23230229 PMCID: PMC10697223 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512467674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The identification of blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) could contribute for improvement in early diagnosis. To define AD biomarkers, we compared serum/plasma levels of amyloid β (Aβ), tau, cytokines, and biometals between AD and non-AD groups. Cognitive impairment was assessed by Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating scales. Plasma concentrations of total Aβ, Aβ(42), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 were quantified by immunoassays. Serum biometal concentrations were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. We found that serum zinc (Zn) was lower in patients with AD. After controlling for age, the MMSE score correlated with both TNF-α and total Aβ levels in the AD group, while the MMSE score correlated with iron only in the non-AD group. Our finding that blood Zn, TNF-α, and total Aβ are possible biomarkers for AD diagnosis and prognosis validates the pervious publication on potential biomarker in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jang Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chia-yi branch of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chia-yi branch of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Irene H. Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Slats D, Claassen JA, Verbeek MM, Overeem S. Reciprocal interactions between sleep, circadian rhythms and Alzheimer's disease: focus on the role of hypocretin and melatonin. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:188-200. [PMID: 22575905 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AD, sleep and circadian rhythm physiology display an intricate relationship. On the one hand, AD pathology leads to sleep and circadian disturbances, with a clear negative influence on quality of life. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that both sleep and circadian regulating systems exert an influence on AD pathology. In this review we describe the impairments of both sleep regulating systems and circadian rhythms in AD and their link to clinical symptoms, as this may increase knowledge on appropriate diagnosis and adequate treatment of sleep problems in AD. Furthermore we discuss how sleep regulating systems, and especially neurotransmitters such as melatonin and hypocretin, may affect AD pathophysiology, as this may provide a role for lack of sleep and circadian rhythm deterioration in the onset of AD.
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O'Hara R, Derouesné C, Fountoulakis KN, Yesavage JA. Therapeutic approaches to age-associated neurocognitive disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033831 PMCID: PMC3181653 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2001.3.3/rohara] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations projects that the number of individuals with dementia in developed countries alone will be approximately 36,7 million by the year 2050. International recognition of the significant emotional and economic burden of Alzheimer's disease has been matched by a dramatic increase in the development of pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to this illness in the past decade. Changing demographics have underscored the necessity to develop similar approaches for the remediation of the cognitive impairment associated with more benign syndromes, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-associated cognitive decline (AACD). The present article aims to provide an overview of the most current therapeutic approaches to age-associated neurocognitive disorders. Additionally, it discusses the conceptual and methodological issues that surround the design, implementation, and interpretation of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif, USA
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Saiz PA, García-Portilla P, Paredes B, Corcoran P, Arango C, Morales B, Sotomayor E, Alvarez V, Coto E, Flórez G, Bascaran MT, Bousoño M, Bobes J. Role of serotonergic-related systems in suicidal behavior: Data from a case-control association study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1518-24. [PMID: 21575667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether functional polymorphisms directly (HTR2A and SLC6A4 genes) or indirectly (IL-1 gene complex, APOE and ACE genes) related with serotonergic neurotransmission were associated with suicidal behavior. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 227 suicide attempters, 686 non-suicidal psychiatric patients, and 420 healthy controls from a homogeneous Spanish Caucasian population were genotyped using standard methods. RESULTS There were no differences in genotype frequencies between the three groups. The -1438A/G [χ(2) (df)=9.80 (2), uncorrected p=0.007] and IL-1α -889C/T [χ(2) (df)=8.76 (2), uncorrected p=0.013] genotype frequencies between impulsive and planned suicide attempts trended toward being different (not significant after Bonferroni correction). Suicide attempts were more often impulsive in the presence of -1438G/G or IL-1α -889C/T or C/C genotypes. There was interaction between the polymorphism 5-HTTLPR and age [LRT (df)=6.84 (2), p=0.033] and between the polymorphisms APOE and IL-1RA (86bp)(n) [LRT (df)=12.21 (4), p=0.016] in relation to suicide attempt lethality. CONCLUSION These findings further evidence the complexity of the association between genetics and suicidal behavior, the need to study homogenous forms of the behavior and the relevance of impulsive and aggressive traits as endophenotypes for suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Julián Clavería 6-3°, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Apolipoprotein E: Implications for AD neurobiology, epidemiology and risk assessment. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:778-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Davies NM, Windmeijer F, Martin RM, Abdollahi MR, Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Day INM. Use of genotype frequencies in medicated groups to investigate prescribing practice: APOE and statins as a proof of principle. Clin Chem 2011; 57:502-10. [PMID: 21228258 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.156356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND If treatments are used to modify a trait, then patients with high-risk genotypes for the trait should be found at higher frequency in treatment groups than in the general population. The frequency ratio of high- to low-risk genotypes treated should reflect the mean threshold above which the treatment is given in the population. As an example, we hypothesized that because APOE (apolipoprotein E) alleles affect the LDL cholesterol (LDLc) concentration, APOE genotype frequencies in statin takers should act as a proxy for the prevailing treatment threshold of LDLc. METHODS We used LDLc, statin usage, and APOE genotype data from the British Women's Heart and Health Study (n=2289; age, 60-79 years) and calculated the genotype ratio treatment index (GRTI) by dividing the proportion of ε3/ε2 or ε3/ε4 participants prescribed a statin by the proportion of ε3/ε3 participants prescribed a statin, both overall and according to socioeconomic class, geographic region, and coronary heart disease (CHD) status. Genotype-specific LDLc distributions were used to calculate the mean LDLc treatment threshold. RESULTS For genotype ε3/ε2, the GRTI was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.30-0.87) for statin takers overall, 0.22 (95% CI, 0.00-0.56) for those without CHD, and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.31-1.18) for those with CHD. The GRTIs for those without and with CHD backcalculate to LDLc thresholds of 5.65 mmol/L (95% CI, 5.50-5.82 mmol/L) and 4.39 mmol/L (95% CI, 4.21-4.59 mmol/L), respectively. Scotland and North England showed dissimilar GRTIs, which backcalculated to LDLc thresholds of 5.06 mmol/L (95% CI, 4.83-5.28 mmol/L) and 5.44 mmol/L (95% CI, 5.19-5.69 mmol/L), respectively, for all women. CONCLUSIONS The findings illustrate how genotype frequencies can be a proxy for treatment thresholds used in clinical practice. Genome-wide studies have identified>500 disease-relevant polymorphisms. GRTIs from cost-efficient genotyping, in combination with phenotypic data, may have wide potential in health services research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Davies
- MRC Centre (CAiTE) and Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Borenstein AR, Mortimer JA, Ding Ding, Schellenberg GD, DeCarli C, Qianhua Zhao, Copenhaver C, Qihao Guo, Shugang Chu, Galasko D, Salmon DP, Qi Dai, Yougui Wu, Petersen R, Zhen Hong. Effects of apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 and -epsilon2 in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Shanghai: SCOBHI-P. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2010; 25:233-8. [PMID: 20142627 PMCID: PMC2872993 DOI: 10.1177/1533317509357736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine apolipoprotein E (APOE)-epsilon4 and -epsilon2 frequencies and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in Shanghai, China. METHODS A total of 34 MCI and 34 dementia cases were recruited from an urban Memory Disorders Clinic and 32 controls were recruited from a residential community served by the clinic. Apolipoprotein E was genotyped using standard methods. RESULTS Among controls, frequencies were epsilon2, 0.11; epsilon3, 0.84; and epsilon4, 0.05; among MCI, 0.05, 0.77, and 0.18; and for dementia, 0.02, 0.84, and 0.15, respectively. In education-adjusted models, the odds ratio (OR) = 5.6 for dementia (95% CI = 1.09-29.3) and 4.7 for MCI (95% CI = 0.90-25.2) associated with any epsilon4 allele. The epsilon2 allele was inversely associated with dementia (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.013-0.997) and MCI (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.08-1.61). CONCLUSIONS APOE-epsilon4 increases and -epsilon2 decreases the risk of dementia vs normal cognition. Similar trends were observed for amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Borenstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Graves JL. Biological V. Social Definitions of Race: Implications for Modern Biomedical Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12114-009-9053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Misconceptions concerning the concordance of biological and social definitions of race are ongoing in American society. This problem extends beyond that of the lay public into the professional arena, especially that of biomedical research. This continues, in part, because of the lack of training of many biomedical practitioners in evolutionary thinking. This essay reviews the biological and social definitions of race, examining how understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of disease is crucial to addressing ongoing health disparities. Finally it concludes by laying bear the fallacies of “race-specific” medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Graves
- Division of University Studies, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E. Market St., Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Reduced physiological complexity in robust elderly adults with the APOE epsilon4 allele. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7733. [PMID: 19890394 PMCID: PMC2767503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the loss of physiological complexity during the aging process is due to genetic variations. The APOE gene has been studied extensively in regard to its relationship with aging-associated medical illness. We hypothesize that diminished physiological complexity, as measured by heart rate variability, is influenced by polymorphisms in the APOE allele among elderly individuals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 102 robust, non-demented, elderly subjects with normal functions of daily activities participated in this study (97 males and 5 females, aged 79.2+/-4.4 years, range 72-92 years). Among these individuals, the following two APOE genotypes were represented: epsilon4 non-carriers (n = 87, 85.3%) and epsilon4 carriers (n = 15, 14.7%). Multi-scale entropy (MSE), an analysis used in quantifying complexity for nonlinear time series, was employed to analyze heart-rate dynamics. Reduced physiological complexity, as measured by MSE, was significantly associated with the presence of the APOE epsilon4 allele in healthy elderly subjects, as compared to APOE epsilon4 allele non-carriers (24.6+/-5.5 versus 28.9+/-5.2, F = 9.429, p = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This finding suggests a role for the APOE gene in the diminished physiological complexity seen in elderly populations.
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Liang S, Pan M, Geng HH, Chen H, Gu LQ, Qin XT, Qian JJ, Zhu JH, Liu CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in normal Han Chinese population: frequency and effect on lipid parameters. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1251-6. [PMID: 18600472 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotypes were studied in order to determine the prevalence and effect on lipid parameters in normal Han Chinese population. Fragments of ApoE gene forth exon containing codon 112 and 158 polymorphic locus were amplified by PCR, and then digested with Cfo I endonuclease. Genotypes and alleles frequencies of 168 healthy Han Chinese were calculated. The frequency of genotypes epsilon3/3, epsilon3/4, and epsilon2/3 was found to be 75.00, 10.70, and 11.90%, respectively, and 0.60, 1.20, and 0.60% for epsilon2/2, epsilon2/4, and epsilon4/4. The effects of ApoE genotypes and alleles on lipid parameters were analyzed. The effects of ApoE alleles on TC, LDL-C, ApoB was: along a decreasing gradient epsilon4 > epsilon3 > epsilon2. The effect of epsilon4 allele was to increase serum levels of TC, LDL-C and ApoB, and epsilon2 allele had an effect opposite to that of epsilon4 allele. Results obtained in this study indicate that ApoE polymorphism is an independent genetic factor on individual serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
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Jarvik L, LaRue A, Blacker D, Gatz M, Kawas C, McArdle JJ, Morris JC, Mortimer JA, Ringman JM, Ercoli L, Freimer N, Gokhman I, Manly JJ, Plassman BL, Rasgon N, Roberts JS, Sunderland T, Swan GE, Wolf PA, Zonderman AB. Children of persons with Alzheimer disease: what does the future hold? Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008; 22:6-20. [PMID: 18317242 PMCID: PMC3377487 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e31816653ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Children of persons with Alzheimer disease (AD), as a group, face an increased risk of developing AD. Many of them, throughout their adult lives, seek input on how to reduce their chances of one day suffering their parent's fate. We examine the state of knowledge with respect to risk and protective factors for AD and recommend a research agenda with special emphasis on AD offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissy Jarvik
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ewbank DC. Differences in the Association Between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Mortality Across Populations. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:899-907. [PMID: 17702883 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.8.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene for apolipoprotein-E (APOE) has three common alleles (epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4) that have been shown to be associated with differences in the risk of death in persons older than 60 years in European populations. However, previous research suggests that they may not be associated with mortality in African Americans, and the evidence in Asians is mixed. It is now possible to examine the effects of these genotypes on mortality in African American, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean populations. METHODS The analysis is based on two types of published data: genotype by age and mortality by genotype. Demographic synthesis uses a multistate model to combine data from these case-control and cohort studies to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the relative risks of death. RESULTS In general, the APOE epsilon2 allele is associated with 5%-10% lower mortality than the epsilon3/3 genotype. The epsilon4/4 allele is generally associated with a moderately high relative risk of death. The epsilon3/4 genotype is associated with 22% excess risk in Europeans and U.S. whites and with about 35% in Chinese. However, there is no evidence of excess risk with epsilon3/4 among African Americans and little excess risk among Japanese and Koreans. The relationship between genotype and mortality is consistent within these ethnic groups. For example, the estimates of R(3/4) for Japanese in Japan and Hawaii are both low, and the estimates for Chinese in Taiwan and Shanghai are relatively high. CONCLUSIONS . The relationship between APOE genotype and mortality differs across population groups but shows little evidence of variation within groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Ewbank
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6298, USA.
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Liu HC, Wang PN, Wang HC, Lin KN, Hong CJ, Liu CY, Tsai PH. Conversion to dementia from questionable dementia in an ethnic Chinese population. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007; 20:76-83. [PMID: 17548776 DOI: 10.1177/0891988706298626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the conversion rate and the risk factors for conversion to dementia from questionable dementia in 124 ethnic Chinese subjects with questionable dementia at a memory clinic of a university hospital. They were evaluated annually based on cognitive testing, the clinical dementia rating scale, and a psychiatrist's interview for depression and anxiety. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed on 111 of these questionable dementia subjects. All subjects were evaluated at least twice during the follow-up period of 20.4 +/- 12.4 months. During that period, 42 questionable dementia subjects were diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease, with an annual conversion rate to dementia of 19.9%. Compared with the 82 nonconverters, the 42 converters were significantly older, had lower cognitive, depression, and anxiety scores, and a higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele. Cox regression analysis revealed that the Alzheimer's disease converters had lower scores for orientation, short-term memory, and anxiety, and a higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele than the nonconverters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chih Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei.
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29
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Hwang JP, Yang CH, Hong CJ, Lirng JF, Yang YM, Tsai SJ. Association of APOE genetic polymorphism with cognitive function and suicide history in geriatric depression. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 22:334-8. [PMID: 16954688 DOI: 10.1159/000095599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been associated with a variety of late-life neuropsychiatric disorders, including geriatric depression. This study determined whether APOE genotypes affect vulnerability to geriatric depression. We also tested the effect of the presence of the APOE epsilon4 (APOE4) allele on age of onset, suicide attempt history and cognitive function in geriatric depressed patients. We genotyped APOE in 111 elderly inpatients diagnosed as having major depression and 144 normal controls. The depressed patients were evaluated at baseline using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) after admission. Age of onset of depression and suicide attempt history in the depressed group were evaluated by interview and medical record. We found no association between APOE genotypes and geriatric depression (p = 0.342) or APOE4 status and age of onset of depression (p = 0.281). However, compared with depressed subjects lacking the APOE epsilon4 allele, depressed subjects who were also APOE4 carriers showed significantly lower MMSE scores (p = 0.021) and an increased suicide attempt history (p = 0.012). The APOE genotype may contribute to cognitive performance and suicidality in geriatric depression, rather than being a specific risk factor for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Ping Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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30
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Raygani AV, Rahimi Z, Kharazi H, Tavilani H, Pourmotabbed T. Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:68-72. [PMID: 16997467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that apolipoprotein E (APOE)-varepsilon4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) in Tehran, Iran. The current study specifically aimed to examine whether APOE polymorphism in association with serum lipids-apolipoprotein level is a risk factor for AD in a population from Tehran, Iran. APOE polymorphism and plasma lipids, apoA1, apoB and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels were determined in 94 AD patients and 111matched controls. Our study demonstrated a significant association between APOE polymorphism and the level of plasma lipids and apolipoprotein with AD in this population. The AD subjects had significantly lower apoA1 (p<0.001) and HDL-C (p<0.01) and higher apoB (p=0.01) and LDL-C (p=0.02) levels than that of the control group. The AD subjects carrying APOE-varepsilon4 allele had lower plasma apoA1 (t=5.2, p<0.002) and HDL-C level (t=2.7, p=0.01) but had higher plasma apoB (t=-5.4, p<0.002), LDL-C (t=-4.6, p=0.005) and total cholesterol (TC) (t=-2.7, p=0.01) than that of the non APOE-varepsilon4 carriers. These results indicated that AD patients with APOE-varepsilon4 allele has a distinct plasma lipid profile and carrier of this allele with low levels of apoA1 and HDL-C may be more susceptible to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi Raygani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Avenue, P.O. Box 67148, 69914 Kermanshah, Iran.
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31
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Yen YC, Shu BC, Wang CS, Yang MJ, Kao WT, Shih CH, Lung FW. A positive relationship between Apo ε2 allele and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nutr Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Lung FW, Kao WT, Shu BC, Yen YC, Tzeng DS. A Module Map Showing Interaction between Apolipoprotein E and Phospholipase A2 Polymorphism in Lipid Profiles. Hum Hered 2006; 62:135-44. [PMID: 17057403 DOI: 10.1159/000096417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establish a possible conceptual relationship among Apo E and PLA2 polymorphism and lipid profiles. METHODS Five hundred subjects aged 65 to 74 years were randomly selected from a community in southern Taiwan to assess the relationship between Apo E and PLA2 polymorphisms and lipid profiles. Two hundred fifty-six participants agreed to have venous blood drawn for DNA studies. RESULTS By multiple linear regression, the PLA2 A2 allele showed a statistically significant influence on LDL-C (p = 0.0097), and the Apo epsilon2 allele showed a statistically significant influence on HDL-C (p = 0.0004), however, the interaction between the PLA2 A2 allele and the Apo epsilon2 allele was found to be significant in the blood fraction of HDL-C (p = 0.0388) and LDL-C (p = 0.0002). Decreasing HDL-C and increasing LDL-C were found when the PLA2 A2 and Apo epsilon2 allele co-existed. CONCLUSION The presence of a physiologic balance contributes significantly to homeostatic and compensatory responses regulating blood HDL-C and LDL-C profiles. A module map of the generation-control cycle and conditional activity among Apo E, PLA2, and lipid levels is presented, and both behaviours and biological perspectives under the consilience model may suggest a new approach to many kinds of complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- For-Wey Lung
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Kaohsiung General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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33
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Raygani AV, Zahrai M, Raygani AV, Doosti M, Javadi E, Rezaei M, Pourmotabbed T. Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer disease in Tehran, Iran. Neurosci Lett 2005; 375:1-6. [PMID: 15664112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE-epsilon4) is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The association of APOE allele frequencies with AD remains unknown in developing countries. We examined the frequency of APOE alleles in 105 patients with AD and 129 cognitively normal subjects of similar age and sex (control group), in Tehran, Iran. The APOE-epsilon4 allele frequency was significantly higher in the AD subjects than in the control group (21% versus 6.2%, p < 0.001). In addition, the OR for APOE-epsilon4 heterozygous and homozygous subjects were 3.2 (p = 0.001) and 12.75 (p = 0.01), respectively. The OR was not uniform across age groups. The AD subjects carrying one or two APOE-epsilon4 allele showed earlier age-at-onset (p < 0.001). These data suggest that the APOE-epsilon4 allele increase the risk for AD in Tehran population in a dose and age-dependent manner. Although the APOE-epsilon2 allele frequency was lower in the AD subjects than in the control group (0.95% versus 2.7%, p = 0.15), APOE-epsilon2 was not associated with the onset of AD in Tehran's population. The OR for epsilon2 allele in AD subjects was 0.34 (p = 0.21). The genotype frequencies for epsilon3, epsilon4, and epsilon2 alleles in control subjects were 91.2, 6.1, and 2.7%, respectively. These values were similar to that reported for Turkish, Greece, Japanese, Spanish, and Moroccan populations, but they were significantly different from the reported values for the other ethnic populations. This observation emphasizes the importance of geographical location and ethnical background of the subjects in the study of APOE genotypes and their association with AD.
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34
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Lung FW, Yen YC, Chou LJ, Hong CJ, Wu CK. The allele interaction between apolipoprotein epsilon2 and epsilon4 in Taiwanese Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 111:38-43. [PMID: 15636592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the impact of the present of apolipoprotein epsilon (Apoepsilon) 2 on the relationship between Apoepsilon4 and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD We examined ApoE genotypes in 428 Taiwanese patients with AD and 807 controls; all participants were older than 65 years. RESULTS The allele frequency of Apoepsilon4 was greater in AD patients than controls, but significantly lower than in Caucasians. The presence of an epsilon2 allele alone was not associated with lower risk for AD, but the presence of an epsilon2 allele was associated with an epsilon4 allele frequency similar to that of controls. CONCLUSION The low allele frequency of epsilon4 in persons with an epsilon2 allele suggests that this may be part of the protective effect of epsilon2 against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-W Lung
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Kaohsiung General Hospital, Chung Cheng, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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35
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Liu CY, Hong CJ, Liu TY, Lin KN, Wang PN, Chi CW, Chuang YY, Liu HC. Lack of association between the apolipoprotein E genotype and depression in Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:20-3. [PMID: 11936239 DOI: 10.1177/089198870201500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein (apo E) is one of the risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the association between apo E genotypes and depression in patients with AD. A psychiatrist interviewed all patients and their caregivers for depression using a Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, and for the severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Twenty-five of the 149 patients with AD were diagnosed with depressive disorders. The numbers of patients in each apo E genotype were 10 in epsilon2/3, 2 in epsilon2/4, 74 in epsilon3/3, 46 in epsilon3/4, and 17 in epsilon4/4. We did not find an association between depression and the presence or absence of the epsilon4 or epsilon2 allele. The HDRS scores were not different in patients with AD with the epsilon4 or epsilon2 allele or in those patients without them. Our study did not find an association between depression and the apo E epsilon4 or epsilon2 allele in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yih Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung University School of Medicine and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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36
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Whitney KD, Watson MA, Collins JL, Benson WG, Stone TM, Numerick MJ, Tippin TK, Wilson JG, Winegar DA, Kliewer SA. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis by the liver X receptors in the central nervous system. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:1378-85. [PMID: 12040022 DOI: 10.1210/mend.16.6.0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear oxysterol receptors liver X receptor-alpha [LXRalpha (NR1H3)] and LXRbeta (NR1H2) coordinately regulate genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Although both LXR subtypes are expressed in the brain, their roles in this tissue remain largely unexplored. In this report, we show that LXR agonists have marked effects on gene expression in murine brain tissue both in vitro and in vivo. In primary astrocyte cultures, LXR agonists regulated several established LXR target genes, including ATP binding cassette transporter A1, and enhanced cholesterol efflux. In contrast, little or no effect on gene expression or cholesterol efflux was detected in primary neuronal cultures. Treatment of mice with a selective LXR agonist resulted in the induction of several LXR target genes related to cholesterol homeostasis in the cerebellum and hippocampus. These data provide the first evidence that the LXRs regulate cholesterol homeostasis in the central nervous system. Because dysregulation of cholesterol balance is implicated in central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's and Niemann-Pick disease, pharmacological manipulation of the LXRs may prove beneficial in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl D Whitney
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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37
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Reynish W, Andrieu S, Nourhashemi F, Vellas B. Nutritional factors and Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M675-80. [PMID: 11682574 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.11.m675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional factors are integrally linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although AD patients have no changes in energy metabolism, fluctuations in weight are fairly common. The potential role of vitamin B(12) and folate, with the production of hyperhomocysteinemia, in the pathophysiology of AD is explored. The role of free-radical damage in AD is discussed. It is stressed that alterations in dietary lipids may play an important role in cognitive defects in AD secondary to their effects on neuronal membrane lipids. More research is needed on the role of nutrition in the ongoing development of cognitive changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reynish
- Department of Clinical Gerontology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Toulouse, France
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38
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Hu CJ, Sung SM, Liu HC, Hsu WC, Lee LS, Lee CC, Tsai CH, Chang JG. Genetic risk factors of sporadic Alzheimer's disease among Chinese in Taiwan. J Neurol Sci 2000; 181:127-31. [PMID: 11099722 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the genetic factors for AD among a Chinese population in Taiwan, we studied the polymorphisms of six candidate genes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the regulatory region of apolipoprotein E (Apo-E, G-186T), the promoter of apolipoprotein E (Apo-E, A-491T), the bleomycin hydrolase gene (BH, A1450G), a mutation of alpha(2)-macroglobulin gene (A2M G2998A), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene (LRP, C766T), and alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin gene (ACT, -15Ala/Thr) in AD patients and non-affected elder individuals among Taiwanese Chinese. Eighty-two AD patients and 110 non-affected individuals were recruited for this study. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion to identify their genotypes. The statistical examination was performed by combining the results of our previous reports - apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (ApoE-4), presenilin-1 intronic polymorphism (PS-1, allele 1/2), and the five-nucleotide deletion of alpha(2)-macroglobulin gene (A2M). Among these nine candidate genes of AD, the ApoE-4 allele is the only independent genetic risk factor for AD. The other candidate genes in this study were not associated with the occurrence of AD. In addition, there are no gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hu
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Medicine, Taipei Municipal Jen-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Refolo LM, Malester B, LaFrancois J, Bryant-Thomas T, Wang R, Tint GS, Sambamurti K, Duff K, Pappolla MA. Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer's amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 2000; 7:321-31. [PMID: 10964604 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2000.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that cholesterol metabolism is linked to susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no direct evidence has been reported linking cholesterol metabolism and the pathogenesis of AD. To test the hypothesis that amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) deposition can be modulated by diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, we used a transgenic-mouse model for AD amyloidosis and examined the effects of a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet on central nervous system (CNS) Abeta accumulation. Our data showed that diet-induced hypercholesterolemia resulted in significantly increased levels of formic acid-extractable Abeta peptides in the CNS. Furthermore, the levels of total Abeta were strongly correlated with the levels of both plasma and CNS total cholesterol. Biochemical analysis revealed that, compared with control, the hypercholesterolemic mice had significantly decreased levels of sAPPalpha and increased levels of C-terminal fragments (beta-CTFs), suggesting alterations in amyloid precursor protein processing in response to hypercholesterolemia. Neuropathological analysis indicated that the hypercholesterolemic diet significantly increased beta-amyloid load by increasing both deposit number and size. These data demonstrate that high dietary cholesterol increases Abeta accumulation and accelerates the AD-related pathology observed in this animal model. Thus, we propose that diet can be used to modulate the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Refolo
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Dementia Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The genetics of Alzheimer's disease is one of the most complex topics to study from an epidemiological point of view, particularly in population-based studies on polymorphisms of genes. The present review focuses primarily on some conflicting results on genetic epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease, and the major difficulties met in such studies.
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41
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Xia Y, Sass C, Shen X, Siest G, Visvikis S. Associations of apolipoprotein E concentration and polymorphism with lipids and apolipoprotein levels in Chinese from Beijing and Shanghai. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38:655-9. [PMID: 11028771 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2000.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The association of apolipoprotein E concentration and common polymorphism (codons 112/158) with lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations was studied in two Chinese healthy population samples from Beijing (n=99) and Shanghai (n=67). Body mass index and apolipoproteins E and AI and triglyceride concentrations were significantly different between the two populations (0.001<p<0.05), but apolipoprotein E common allele frequencies were not significantly different. Apolipoprotein E concentration was independently associated with apolipoproteins B and AI, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the Beijing group, but only with total cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI concentrations in the Shanghai group. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism was significantly associated with apolipoproteins E and AI, and triglyceride concentrations in the Beijing subjects (0.001<p<0.01), whereas apolipoprotein E polymorphism was significantly related only to apolipoprotein E concentration in the Shanghai group (p<0.001). This preliminary study with a limited number of subjects shows that the relations between both apolipoprotein E genotypes and concentration with lipid traits are not the same in the two studied Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xia
- Centre de Médecine Préventive, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy I, Unité INSERM 525, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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