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Li X, Mu Y, Hua M, Wang J, Zhang X. Integrated phenotypic, transcriptomics and metabolomics: growth status and metabolite accumulation pattern of medicinal materials at different harvest periods of Astragalus Membranaceus Mongholicus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:358. [PMID: 38698337 PMCID: PMC11067282 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Astragalus), acknowledged as a pivotal "One Root of Medicine and Food", boasts dual applications in both culinary and medicinal domains. The growth and metabolite accumulation of medicinal roots during the harvest period is intricately regulated by a transcriptional regulatory network. One key challenge is to accurately pinpoint the harvest date during the transition from conventional yield content of medicinal materials to high and to identify the core regulators governing such a critical transition. To solve this problem, we performed a correlation analysis of phenotypic, transcriptome, and metabolome dynamics during the harvesting of Astragalus roots. RESULTS First, our analysis identified stage-specific expression patterns for a significant proportion of the Astragalus root genes and unraveled the chronology of events that happen at the early and later stages of root harvest. Then, the results showed that different root developmental stages can be depicted by co-expressed genes of Astragalus. Moreover, we identified the key components and transcriptional regulation processes that determine root development during harvest. Furthermore, through correlating phenotypes, transcriptomes, and metabolomes at different harvesting periods, period D (Nov.6) was identified as the critical period of yield and flavonoid content increase, which is consistent with morphological and metabolic changes. In particular, we identified a flavonoid biosynthesis metabolite, isoliquiritigenin, as a core regulator of the synthesis of associated secondary metabolites in Astragalus. Further analyses and experiments showed that HMGCR, 4CL, CHS, and SQLE, along with its associated differentially expressed genes, induced conversion of metabolism processes, including the biosynthesis of isoflavones and triterpenoid saponins substances, thus leading to the transition to higher medicinal materials yield and active ingredient content. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this work will clarify the differences in the biosynthetic mechanism of astragaloside IV and calycosin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside accumulation between the four harvesting periods, which will guide the harvesting and production of Astragalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Seed Breeding of Chinese and Mongolian Medicinal Materials in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, College of Grassland, Resource and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, 010021, P.R. of China
| | - Yingtong Mu
- Engineering Research Center for the Seed Breeding of Chinese and Mongolian Medicinal Materials in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, College of Grassland, Resource and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, 010021, P.R. of China
| | - Mei Hua
- Engineering Research Center for the Seed Breeding of Chinese and Mongolian Medicinal Materials in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, College of Grassland, Resource and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, 010021, P.R. of China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Engineering Research Center for the Seed Breeding of Chinese and Mongolian Medicinal Materials in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, College of Grassland, Resource and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, 010021, P.R. of China.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for the Seed Breeding of Chinese and Mongolian Medicinal Materials in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, College of Grassland, Resource and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, 010021, P.R. of China.
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Argueso CT, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin: From autoclaved DNA to two-component signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1429-1450. [PMID: 38163638 PMCID: PMC11062471 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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Liang S, Li Y, Chen Y, Huang H, Li S, Jiang Y, Ma T. Response to: "Merit of integrating in situ transcriptomics and anatomical information for cell annotation and lineage construction in single-cell analyses of Populus". Genome Biol 2024; 25:86. [PMID: 38570863 PMCID: PMC10988792 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Fu X, Xin Y, Shen G, Luo K, Xu C, Wu N. A cytokinin response factor PtCRF1 is involved in the regulation of wood formation in poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad156. [PMID: 38123505 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation is a complex developmental process under the control of multiple levels of regulatory transcriptional network and hormone signals in trees. It is well known that cytokinin (CK) signaling plays an important role in maintaining the activity of the vascular cambium. The CK response factors (CRFs) encoding a subgroup of AP2 transcription factors have been identified to mediate the CK-dependent regulation in different plant developmental processes. However, the functions of CRFs in wood development remain unclear. Here, we characterized the function of PtCRF1, a CRF transcription factor isolated from poplar, in the process of wood formation. The PtCRF1 is preferentially expressed in secondary vasculature, especially in vascular cambium and secondary phloem, and encodes a transcriptional activator. Overexpression of PtCRF1 in transgenic poplar plants led to a significant reduction in the cell layer number of vascular cambium. The development of wood tissue was largely promoted in the PtCRF1-overexpressing lines, while it was significantly compromised in the CRISPR/Cas9-generated double mutant plants of PtCRF1 and its closest homolog PtCRF2. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses showed that PtCRF1 repressed the expression of the typical CK-responsive genes. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that PtCRF1 competitively inhibits the direct interactions between histidine phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulator by binding to PtHP protein. Collectively, these results indicate that PtCRF1 negatively regulates CK signaling and is required for woody cell differentiation in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yufeng Xin
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gui Shen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nengbiao Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Karunarathne SI, Spokevicius AV, Bossinger G, Golz JF. Trees need closure too: Wound-induced secondary vascular tissue regeneration. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111950. [PMID: 38070652 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Trees play a pivotal role in terrestrial ecosystems as well as being an important natural resource. These attributes are primarily associated with the capacity of trees to continuously produce woody tissue from the vascular cambium, a ring of stem cells located just beneath the bark. Long-lived trees are exposed to a myriad of biological and environmental stresses that may result in wounding, leading to a loss of bark and the underlying vascular cambium. This affects both wood formation and the quality of timber arising from the tree. In addition, the exposed wound site is a potential entry point for pathogens that cause disease. In response to wounding, trees have the capacity to regenerate lost or damaged tissues at this site. Investigating gene expression changes associated with different stages of wound healing reveals complex and dynamic changes in the activity of transcription factors, signalling pathways and hormone responses. In this review we summarise these data and discuss how they relate to our current understanding of vascular cambium formation and xylem differentiation during secondary growth. Based on this analysis, a model for wound healing that provides the conceptual foundations for future studies aimed at understanding this intriguing process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachinthani I Karunarathne
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antanas V Spokevicius
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John F Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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6
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Schneider M, Van Bel M, Inzé D, Baekelandt A. Leaf growth - complex regulation of a seemingly simple process. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1018-1051. [PMID: 38012838 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of plant development is crucial to successfully steer or manipulate plant growth in a targeted manner. Leaves, the primary sites of photosynthesis, are vital organs for many plant species, and leaf growth is controlled by a tight temporal and spatial regulatory network. In this review, we focus on the genetic networks governing leaf cell proliferation, one major contributor to final leaf size. First, we provide an overview of six regulator families of leaf growth in Arabidopsis: DA1, PEAPODs, KLU, GRFs, the SWI/SNF complexes, and DELLAs, together with their surrounding genetic networks. Next, we discuss their evolutionary conservation to highlight similarities and differences among species, because knowledge transfer between species remains a big challenge. Finally, we focus on the increase in knowledge of the interconnectedness between these genetic pathways, the function of the cell cycle machinery as their central convergence point, and other internal and environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schneider
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Bel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Wang X, Mäkilä R, Mähönen AP. From procambium patterning to cambium activation and maintenance in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102404. [PMID: 37352651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
In addition to primary growth, which elongates the plant body, many plant species also undergo secondary growth to thicken their body. During primary vascular development, a subset of the vascular cells, called procambium and pericycle, remain undifferentiated to later gain vascular cambium and cork cambium identity, respectively. These two cambia are the lateral meristems providing secondary growth. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem, which give plants mechanical support and transport capacity. Cork cambium produces a protective layer called cork. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the formation of procambium and its gradual maturation to active cambium in the Arabidopsis thaliana root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Mäkilä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Tang Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang H, Long H, Yang L, Li G, Guo J, Wang Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Shi W, Shao R. Water deficit aggravated the inhibition of photosynthetic performance of maize under mercury stress but is alleviated by brassinosteroids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130365. [PMID: 36444077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) significantly inhibits maize (Zea mays L.) production, which could be aggravated by water deficit (WD) due to climate change. However, there is no report on the maize in response to combined their stresses. This work was conducted for assessing the response and adaptive mechanism of maize to combined Hg and WD stress using two maize cultivars, Xianyu (XY) 335 and Yudan (YD) 132. The analysis was based on plant growth, physiological function, and transcriptomic data. Compared with the single Hg stress, Hg accumulation in whole plant and translocation factor (TF) under Hg+WD were increased by 64.51 % (1.44 mg kg-1) and 260.00 %, respectively, for XY 335; and 50.32 % (0.62 mg kg-1) and 220.02 %, respectively, for YD 132. Combined Hg and WD stress further increased the reactive oxygen species accumulation, aggravated the damage of the thylakoid membrane, and decreased chlorophyll content compared with single stress. For example, Chl a and Chl b contents of XY 335 were significantly decreased by 48.67 % and 28.08 %, respectively at 48 h after Hg+WD treatment compared with Hg stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that most of down-regulated genes were enriched in photosynthetic-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, chlorophyll and porphyrin metabolism pathways (PsbS1, PSBQ1 and FDX1 etc.) under combined stress, reducing light energy capture and electron transport. However, most genes related to the brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling pathway were up-regulated under Hg+WD stress. Correspondingly, exogenous BRs significantly enhanced the maize tolerance to stress by decreasing Hg accumulation and TF, and raising activities of antioxidant enzyme, the content of chlorophyll and photosynthetic performance. The PI, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo of Hg+WD+BR treatment were increased by 29.88 %, 32.06 %, and 14.56 %, respectively, for XY 335 compared to Hg+WD. Overall, combined Hg and WD stress decreased photosynthetic efficiency by adversely affecting light absorption and electron transport, especially in stress-sensitive variety, but BRs could alleviate the inhibition of photosynthesis, providing a novel strategy for enhancing crop Hg and WD tolerance and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulou Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haochi Long
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Liuyang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Gengwei Li
- Xinxiang Grain, Oil and Feed Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Jiameng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yuling Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Weiyu Shi
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruixin Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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10
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Camarero MC, Briegas B, Corbacho J, Labrador J, Gallardo M, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Characterization of Transcriptome Dynamics during Early Fruit Development in Olive ( Olea europaea L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020961. [PMID: 36674474 PMCID: PMC9864153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the olive (Olea europaea L.), an economically leading oil crop worldwide, fruit size and yield are determined by the early stages of fruit development. However, few detailed analyses of this stage of fruit development are available. This study offers an extensive characterization of the various processes involved in early olive fruit growth (cell division, cell cycle regulation, and cell expansion). For this, cytological, hormonal, and transcriptional changes characterizing the phases of early fruit development were analyzed in olive fruit of the cv. 'Picual'. First, the surface area and mitotic activity (by flow cytometry) of fruit cells were investigated during early olive fruit development, from 0 to 42 days post-anthesis (DPA). The results demonstrate that the cell division phase extends up to 21 DPA, during which the maximal proportion of 4C cells in olive fruits was reached at 14 DPA, indicating that intensive cell division was activated in olive fruits at that time. Subsequently, fruit cell expansion lasted as long as 3 weeks more before endocarp lignification. Finally, the molecular mechanisms controlling the early fruit development were investigated by analyzing the transcriptome of olive flowers at anthesis (fruit set) as well as olive fruits at 14 DPA (cell division phase) and at 28 DPA (cell expansion phase). Sequential induction of the cell cycle regulating genes is associated with the upregulation of genes involved in cell wall remodeling and ion fluxes, and with a shift in plant hormone metabolism and signaling genes during early olive fruit development. This occurs together with transcriptional activity of subtilisin-like protease proteins together with transcription factors potentially involved in early fruit growth signaling. This gene expression profile, together with hormonal regulators, offers new insights for understanding the processes that regulate cell division and expansion, and ultimately fruit yield and olive size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Camarero
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Beatriz Briegas
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jorge Corbacho
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallardo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence:
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11
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Biomolecular Strategies for Vascular Bundle Development to Improve Crop Yield. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121772. [PMID: 36551200 PMCID: PMC9775962 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to produce crops with higher yields is critical due to a growing global population, depletion of agricultural land, and severe climate change. Compared with the "source" and "sink" transport systems that have been studied a lot, the development and utilization of vascular bundles (conducting vessels in plants) are increasingly important. Due to the complexity of the vascular system, its structure, and its delicate and deep position in the plant body, the current research on model plants remains basic knowledge and has not been repeated for crops and applied to field production. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge regarding biomolecular strategies of vascular bundles in transport systems (source-flow-sink), allocation, helping crop architecture establishment, and influence of the external environment. It is expected to help understand how to use sophisticated and advancing genetic engineering technology to improve the vascular system of crops to increase yield.
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12
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Conde D, Triozzi PM, Pereira WJ, Schmidt HW, Balmant KM, Knaack SA, Redondo-López A, Roy S, Dervinis C, Kirst M. Single-nuclei transcriptome analysis of the shoot apex vascular system differentiation in Populus. Development 2022; 149:dev200632. [PMID: 36178121 PMCID: PMC9720752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells in the plant apex gives rise to aerial tissues and organs. Presently, we lack a lineage map of the shoot apex cells in woody perennials - a crucial gap considering their role in determining primary and secondary growth. Here, we used single-nuclei RNA-sequencing to determine cell type-specific transcriptomes of the Populus vegetative shoot apex. We identified highly heterogeneous cell populations clustered into seven broad groups represented by 18 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters. Next, we established the developmental trajectories of the epidermis, leaf mesophyll and vascular tissue. Motivated by the high similarities between Populus and Arabidopsis cell population in the vegetative apex, we applied a pipeline for interspecific single-cell gene expression data integration. We contrasted the developmental trajectories of primary phloem and xylem formation in both species, establishing the first comparison of vascular development between a model annual herbaceous and a woody perennial plant species. Our results offer a valuable resource for investigating the principles underlying cell division and differentiation conserved between herbaceous and perennial species while also allowing us to examine species-specific differences at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conde
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Paolo M. Triozzi
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wendell J. Pereira
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Henry W. Schmidt
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kelly M. Balmant
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sara A. Knaack
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Arturo Redondo-López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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13
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Sugimoto H, Tanaka T, Muramoto N, Kitagawa-Yogo R, Mitsukawa N. Transcription factor NTL9 negatively regulates Arabidopsis vascular cambium development during stem secondary growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1731-1746. [PMID: 35951755 PMCID: PMC9614505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In plant stems, secondary vascular development is established through the differentiation of cylindrical vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem (wood) and phloem (bast), which have economic importance. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the genetic mechanism underlying this process. NAC with Transmembrane Motif 1-like transcription factor 9 (NTL9) plays a central role in abiotic and immune signaling responses. Here, we investigated the role of NTL9 in vascular cambium development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) inflorescence stems by identifying and characterizing an Arabidopsis phloem circular-timing (pct) mutant. The pct mutant exhibited enhanced vascular cambium formation following secondary phloem production. In the pct mutant, although normal organization in vascular bundles was maintained, vascular cambium differentiation occurred at an early stage of stem development, which was associated with increased expression of cambium-/phloem-related genes and enhanced cambium activity. The pct mutant stem phenotype was caused by a recessive frameshift mutation that disrupts the transmembrane (TM) domain of NTL9. Our results indicate that NTL9 functions as a negative regulator of cambial activity and has a suppressive role in developmental transition to the secondary growth phase in stem vasculature, which is necessary for its precise TM domain-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nobuhiko Muramoto
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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14
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Study on the interaction preference between CYCD subclass and CDK family members at the poplar genome level. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16805. [PMID: 36207355 PMCID: PMC9547009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control the progression of the cell cycle. D-type cyclin (CYCD) is generally believed to form a complex with CDK and control the G1/S transition. In plants, CYCD and CDK gene families can be divided into 6 (D1-D7) and 7 (CDKA-CDKG) subclasses, respectively. Different subclasses in the CYCD and CDK families have different numbers, structures and functions. In some heterologous woody plants, the functions of these subclass family members remain unclear. In this study, 43 CYCD and 27 CDK gene family members were identified in the allodiploid Populus tomentosa Carr. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these CYCDs and CDKs were divided into 6 and 7 subclasses, respectively, which were the same as other species. The analysis of protein properties, gene structure, motifs, domains, cis-acting elements and tissue-specific expression of all members of these CYCDs and CDKs showed that the differences between members of different subclasses varied widely, but members of the same subclass especially in the CDK gene family were very similar. These findings also demonstrated a strong correlation between CYCD and CDK gene family members in response to hormones and specific expression. The collinear analysis of P. tomentosa, Populus trichocarpa and Arabidopsis thaliana showed that the expansion patterns of CYCD and CDK gene families were predominantly whole genome duplications (WGD). The protein interaction prediction results of different subclasses of CYCD and CDKs showed that the interaction between different subclasses of CYCD and CDKs was significantly different. Our previous study found that transgenic PtoCYCD2;1 and PtoCYCD3;3 poplars exhibited opposite phenotypes. Y2H and BIFC results showed that the interaction between PtoCYCD2;1 and PtoCYCD3;3 was significantly different with CDKs. This finding might suggest that the functional differences of different CYCD subclasses in plant growth and development were closely related to the different interactions between CYCD and CDK. Our results provide a good idea and direction for the functional study of CYCD and CDK proteins in woody plants.
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15
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Augstein F, Carlsbecker A. Salinity induces discontinuous protoxylem via a DELLA-dependent mechanism promoting salt tolerance in Arabidopsis seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:195-209. [PMID: 35746821 PMCID: PMC9545557 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is detrimental to plants and developmental adjustments limiting salt uptake and transport is therefore important for acclimation to high salt. These parameters may be influenced by xylem morphology, however how plant root xylem development is affected by salt stress remains unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques and detailed phenotypic analyses, we demonstrate that salt causes distinct effects on Arabidopsis seedling root xylem and reveal underlying molecular mechanisms. Salinity causes intermittent inhibition of protoxylem cell differentiation, generating protoxylem gaps, in Arabidopsis and several other eudicot seedlings. The extent of protoxylem gaps in seedlings positively correlates with salt tolerance. Reduced gibberellin signalling is required for protoxylem gap formation. Mutant analyses reveal that the xylem differentiation regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6), along with secondary cell wall producing and cell wall modifying enzymes, including EXPANSIN A1 (EXP1), are involved in protoxylem gap formation, in a DELLA-dependent manner. Salt stress is likely to reduce levels of bioactive gibberellins, stabilising DELLAs, which in turn activates multiple factors modifying protoxylem differentiation. Salt stress impacts seedling survival and formation of protoxylem gaps may be a measure to enhance salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Augstein
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, and Linnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsala UniversityUllsv. 24ESE‐756 51UppsalaSweden
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, and Linnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsala UniversityUllsv. 24ESE‐756 51UppsalaSweden
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16
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Cha OK, Yang S, Lee H. Transcriptomics Using the Enriched Arabidopsis Shoot Apex Reveals Developmental Priming Genes Involved in Plastic Plant Growth under Salt Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192546. [PMID: 36235412 PMCID: PMC9570865 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the homeostasis of the stem cell population supplying new cells for organ formation is likely a key mechanism of multicellular plant growth and development. As plants are sessile organisms and constantly encounter environmental abiotic stresses, postembryonic development from the shoot stem cell population must be considered with surrounding abiotic stresses for plant adaptation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for plant adaptation remain unclear. Previous studies found that the stem-cell-related mutant clv3-2 has the property of salt tolerance without the differential response of typical stress-responsive genes compared to those in WT Ler. Based on these facts, we hypothesized that shoot meristems contain developmental priming genes having comprehensively converged functions involved in abiotic stress response and development. To better understand the biological process of developmental priming genes in the SAM, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and transcriptome analysis through comparing genome-wide gene expression profiles between enriched shoot apex and leaf tissues. As a result, 121 putative developmental priming genes differentially expressed in the shoot apex compared to the leaf were identified under normal and salt stress conditions. RNA-seq experiments also revealed the shoot apex-specific responsive genes for salt stress conditions. Based on combinatorial comparisons, 19 developmental priming genes were finally identified, including developmental genes related to cell division and abiotic/biotic-stress-responsive genes. Moreover, some priming genes showed CLV3-dependent responses under salt stress conditions in the clv3-2. These results presumably provide insight into how shoot meristem tissues have relatively high viability against stressful environmental conditions for the developmental plasticity of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Horim Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-3762-6331
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17
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Fang X, Tran S, Zhai N, Yang Z, Guo F, Chen L, Yu J, Ison MS, Zhang T, Sun L, Bian H, Zhang Y, Yang L, Xu L. Transcriptional landscapes of de novo root regeneration from detached Arabidopsis leaves revealed by time-lapse and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100306. [PMID: 35605192 PMCID: PMC9284295 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaves can regenerate adventitious roots, providing a platform for studying de novo root regeneration (DNRR). However, the comprehensive transcriptional framework of DNRR remains elusive. Here, we provide a high-resolution landscape of transcriptome reprogramming from wound response to root organogenesis in DNRR and show key factors involved in DNRR. Time-lapse RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the entire leaf within 12 h of leaf detachment revealed rapid activation of jasmonate, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways in response to wounding. Genetic analyses confirmed that ethylene and ROS may serve as wound signals to promote DNRR. Next, time-lapse RNA-seq within 5 d of leaf detachment revealed the activation of genes involved in organogenesis, wound-induced regeneration, and resource allocation in the wounded region of detached leaves during adventitious rooting. Genetic studies showed that BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1/2, which control aboveground organs, PLETHORA3/5/7, which control root organogenesis, and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR115, which controls wound-induced regeneration, are involved in DNRR. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-seq data revealed gene expression patterns in the wounded region of detached leaves during adventitious rooting. Overall, our study not only provides transcriptome tools but also reveals key factors involved in DNRR from detached Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuyun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sorrel Tran
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ning Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Fu Guo
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Lyuqin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Madalene S Ison
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Teng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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18
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Serra O, Mähönen AP, Hetherington AJ, Ragni L. The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:405-432. [PMID: 34985930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as armor protecting the plant's inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stress. It forms during the radial thickening of plant organs such as stems and roots and replaces the function of primary protective tissues such as the epidermis and the endodermis. A wound periderm also forms to heal and protect injured tissues. The periderm comprises a meristematic tissue called the phellogen, or cork cambium, and its derivatives: the lignosuberized phellem and the phelloderm. Research on the periderm has mainly focused on the chemical composition of the phellem due to its relevance as a raw material for industrial processes. Today, there is increasing interest in the regulatory network underlying periderm development as a novel breeding trait to improve plant resilience and to sequester CO2. Here, we discuss our current understanding of periderm formation, focusing on aspects of periderm evolution, mechanisms of periderm ontogenesis, regulatory networks underlying phellogen initiation and cork differentiation, and future challenges of periderm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- University of Girona, Department of Biology, Girona, Spain;
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Ragni
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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19
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Leal AR, Barros PM, Parizot B, Sapeta H, Vangheluwe N, Andersen TG, Beeckman T, Oliveira MM. Translational profile of developing phellem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:899-915. [PMID: 35106861 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phellem is a specialized boundary tissue providing the first line of defense against abiotic and biotic stresses in organs undergoing secondary growth. Phellem cells undergo several differentiation steps, which include cell wall suberization, cell expansion, and programmed cell death. Yet, the molecular players acting particularly in phellem cell differentiation remain poorly described, particularly in the widely used model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using specific marker lines we followed the onset and progression of phellem differentiation in A. thaliana roots and further targeted the translatome of newly developed phellem cells using translating ribosome affinity purification followed by mRNA sequencing (TRAP-SEQ). We showed that phellem suberization is initiated early after phellogen (cork cambium) division. The specific translational landscape was organized in three main domains related to energy production, synthesis and transport of cell wall components, and response to stimulus. Novel players in phellem differentiation related to suberin monomer transport and assembly as well as novel transcription regulators were identified. This strategy provided an unprecedented resolution of the translatome of developing phellem cells, giving a detailed and specific view on the molecular mechanisms acting on cell differentiation in periderm tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Leal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Miguel Barros
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Sapeta
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nick Vangheluwe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tonni Grube Andersen
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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20
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Liang C, Wei C, Wang L, Guan Z, Shi T, Huang J, Li B, Lu Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Characterization of a Novel Creeping Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum) Mutant lazy1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:815131. [PMID: 35574111 PMCID: PMC9094088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.815131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is known as an important environmental factor involved in the regulation of plant architecture. To identify genes related to the gravitropism of Tartary buckwheat, a creeping line was obtained and designated as lazy1 from the mutant bank by 60Co-γ ray radiation. Genetic analysis indicated that the creeping phenotype of lazy1 was attributed to a single recessive locus. As revealed by the horizontal and inverted suspension tests, lazy1 was completely lacking in shoot negative gravitropism. The creeping growth of lazy1 occurred at the early seedling stage, which could not be recovered by exogenous heteroauxin, hormodin, α-rhodofix, or gibberellin. Different from the well-organized and equivalent cell elongation of wild type (WT), lazy1 exhibited dilated, distorted, and abnormally arranged cells in the bending stem. However, no statistical difference of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels was found between the far- and near-ground bending sides in lazy1, which suggests that the asymmetric cell elongation of lazy1 was not induced by auxin gradient. Whereas, lazy1 showed up-expressed gibberellin-regulated genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) as well as significantly higher levels of gibberellin, suggesting that gibberellin might be partly involved in the regulation of creeping growth in lazy1. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to gravitropism at stages I (before bending), II (bending), and III (after bending) between WT and lazy1. Venn diagram indicated that only Pectate lyase 5 was down-expressed at stages I [Log2 fold change (Log2FC): -3.20], II (Log2FC: -4.97), and III (Log2FC: -1.23) in lazy1, compared with WT. Gene sequencing revealed that a fragment deletion occurred in the coding region of Pectate lyase 5, which induced the destruction of a pbH domain in Pectate lyase 5 of lazy1. qRT-PCR indicated that Pectate lyase 5 was extremely down-expressed in lazy1 at stage II (0.02-fold of WT). Meanwhile, lazy1 showed the affected expression of lignin- and cellulose-related genes and cumulatively abnormal levels of pectin, lignin, and cellulose. These results demonstrate the possibility that Pectate lyase 5 functions as the key gene that could mediate primary cell wall metabolism and get involved in the asymmetric cell elongation regulation of lazy1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunyu Wei
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhixiu Guan
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Guizhou Biotechnology Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guizhou Biotechnology Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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21
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Haas AS, Shi D, Greb T. Cell Fate Decisions Within the Vascular Cambium-Initiating Wood and Bast Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864422. [PMID: 35548289 PMCID: PMC9082745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Precise coordination of cell fate decisions is a hallmark of multicellular organisms. Especially in tissues with non-stereotypic anatomies, dynamic communication between developing cells is vital for ensuring functional tissue organization. Radial plant growth is driven by a plant stem cell niche known as vascular cambium, usually strictly producing secondary xylem (wood) inward and secondary phloem (bast) outward, two important structures serving as much-needed CO2 depositories and building materials. Because of its bidirectional nature and its developmental plasticity, the vascular cambium serves as an instructive paradigm for investigating principles of tissue patterning. Although genes and hormones involved in xylem and phloem formation have been identified, we have a yet incomplete picture of the initial steps of cell fate transitions of stem cell daughters into xylem and phloem progenitors. In this mini-review perspective, we describe two possible scenarios of cell fate decisions based on the current knowledge about gene regulatory networks and how cellular environments are established. In addition, we point out further possible research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin S. Haas
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi-Yokohama, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Rahimi A, Karami O, Lestari AD, de Werk T, Amakorová P, Shi D, Novák O, Greb T, Offringa R. Control of cambium initiation and activity in Arabidopsis by the transcriptional regulator AHL15. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1764-1775.e3. [PMID: 35294866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary growth, which is the basis of wood formation, includes the production of secondary xylem, which is derived from meristematic cambium cells embedded in vascular tissue. Here, we identified an important role for the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) transcriptional regulator in controlling vascular cambium activity. The limited secondary xylem development in inflorescence stems of herbaceous Arabidopsis plants was significantly reduced in ahl15 loss-of-function mutants, whereas constitutive or vascular meristem-specific AHL15 overexpression produced woody inflorescence stems. AHL15 was required for enhanced secondary xylem formation in the woody suppressor of overexpression of constans 1 (soc1) fruitfull (ful) double loss-of-function mutant. Moreover, we found that AHL15 induces vascular cambium activity downstream of the repressing SOC1 and FUL transcription factors, most likely similar to how it enhances lateral branching by promoting biosynthesis of the hormone cytokinin. Our results uncover a novel pathway driving cambium development, in which AHL15 expression levels act in parallel to and are dependent on the well-established TDIF-PXY-WOX pathway to differentiate between herbaceous and woody stem growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Angga Dwituti Lestari
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias de Werk
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Petra Amakorová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Greb
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
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He S, Wang H, Hao X, Wu Y, Bian X, Yin M, Zhang Y, Fan W, Dai H, Yuan L, Zhang P, Chen L. Dynamic network biomarker analysis discovers IbNAC083 in the initiation and regulation of sweet potato root tuberization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:793-813. [PMID: 34460981 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and development of storage roots (SRs) are intricately regulated by a transcriptional regulatory network. One key challenge is to accurately pinpoint the tipping point during the transition from pre-swelling to SRs and to identify the core regulators governing such a critical transition. To solve this problem, we performed a dynamic network biomarker (DNB) analysis of transcriptomic dynamics during root development in Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato). First, our analysis identified stage-specific expression patterns for a significant proportion (>9%) of the sweet potato genes and unraveled the chronology of events that happen at the early and later stages of root development. Then, the results showed that different root developmental stages can be depicted by co-expressed modules of sweet potato genes. Moreover, we identified the key components and transcriptional regulatory network that determine root development. Furthermore, through DNB analysis an early stage, with a root diameter of 3.5 mm, was identified as the critical period of SR swelling initiation, which is consistent with morphological and metabolic changes. In particular, we identified a NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) domain transcription factor, IbNAC083, as a core regulator of this initiation in the DNB-associated network. Further analyses and experiments showed that IbNAC083, along with its associated differentially expressed genes, induced dysfunction of metabolism processes, including the biosynthesis of lignin, flavonol and starch, thus leading to the transition to swelling roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinliang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bian
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minhao Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weijuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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24
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Furuya T, Saito M, Uchimura H, Satake A, Nosaki S, Miyakawa T, Shimadzu S, Yamori W, Tanokura M, Fukuda H, Kondo Y. Gene co-expression network analysis identifies BEH3 as a stabilizer of secondary vascular development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2618-2636. [PMID: 34059919 PMCID: PMC8408481 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In plants, vascular stem cells located in the cambium continuously undergo self-renewal and differentiation during secondary growth. Recent advancements in cell sorting techniques have enabled access to the transcriptional regulatory framework of cambial cells. However, mechanisms underlying the robust control of vascular stem cells remain unclear. Here, we identified a new cambium-related regulatory module through co-expression network analysis using multiple transcriptome datasets obtained from an ectopic vascular cell transdifferentiation system using Arabidopsis cotyledons, Vascular cell Induction culture System Using Arabidopsis Leaves (VISUAL). The cambium gene list included a gene encoding the transcription factor BES1/BZR1 Homolog 3 (BEH3), whose homolog BES1 negatively affects vascular stem cell maintenance. Interestingly, null beh3 mutant alleles showed a large variation in their vascular size, indicating that BEH3 functions as a stabilizer of vascular stem cells. Genetic analysis revealed that BEH3 and BES1 perform opposite functions in the regulation of vascular stem cells and the differentiation of vascular cells in the context of the VISUAL system. At the biochemical level, BEH3 showed weak transcriptional repressor activity and functioned antagonistically to other BES/BZR members by competing for binding to the brassinosteroid response element. Furthermore, mathematical modeling suggested that the competitive relationship between BES/BZR homologs leads to the robust regulation of vascular stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruka Uchimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shunji Shimadzu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Plant CDKs-Driving the Cell Cycle through Climate Change. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091804. [PMID: 34579337 PMCID: PMC8468384 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a growing population, producing enough food has become a challenge in the face of the dramatic increase in climate change. Plants, during their evolution as sessile organisms, developed countless mechanisms to better adapt to the environment and its fluctuations. One important way is through the plasticity of their body and their forms, which are modulated during plant growth by accurate control of cell divisions. A family of serine/threonine kinases called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) is a key regulator of cell divisions by controlling cell cycle progression. In this review, we compile information on the primary response of plants in the regulation of the cell cycle in response to environmental stresses and show how the cell cycle proteins (mainly the cyclin-dependent kinases) involved in this regulation can act as components of environmental response signaling cascades, triggering adaptive responses to drive the cycle through climate fluctuations. Understanding the roles of CDKs and their regulators in the face of adversity may be crucial to meeting the challenge of increasing agricultural productivity in a new climate.
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26
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Geng H, Wang M, Gong J, Xu Y, Ma S. An Arabidopsis expression predictor enables inference of transcriptional regulators for gene modules. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:597-612. [PMID: 33974299 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression by transcription factors (TFs) has been studied for a long time, but no model that can accurately predict transcriptome profiles based on TF activities currently exists. Here, we developed a computational approach, named EXPLICIT (Expression Prediction via Log-linear Combination of Transcription Factors), to construct a universal predictor for Arabidopsis to predict the expression of 29 182 non-TF genes using 1678 TFs. When applied to RNA-Seq samples from diverse tissues, EXPLICIT generated accurate predicted transcriptomes correlating well with actual expression, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.986. After recapitulating the quantitative relationships between TFs and their target genes, EXPLICIT enabled downstream inference of TF regulators for genes and gene modules functioning in diverse plant pathways, including those involved in suberin, flavonoid, glucosinolate metabolism, lateral root, xylem, secondary cell wall development or endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Our approach showed a better ability to recover the correct TF regulators when compared with existing plant tools, and provides an innovative way to study transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Geng
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jiazhen Gong
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yupu Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Shisong Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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27
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Shimotohno A, Aki SS, Takahashi N, Umeda M. Regulation of the Plant Cell Cycle in Response to Hormones and the Environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:273-296. [PMID: 33689401 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and environmental signals converge on cell cycle machinery to achieve proper and flexible organogenesis under changing environments. Studies on the plant cell cycle began 30 years ago, and accumulated research has revealed many links between internal and external factors and the cell cycle. In this review, we focus on how phytohormones and environmental signals regulate the cell cycle to enable plants to cope with a fluctuating environment. After introducing key cell cycle regulators, we first discuss how phytohormones and their synergy are important for regulating cell cycle progression and how environmental factors positively and negatively affect cell division. We then focus on the well-studied example of stress-induced G2 arrest and view the current model from an evolutionary perspective. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms controlling the transition from the mitotic cycle to the endocycle, which greatly contributes to cell enlargement and resultant organ growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Shimotohno
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Current affiliation: Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Shiori S Aki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan; , ,
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan; , ,
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan; , ,
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28
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Cytokinins initiate secondary growth in the Arabidopsis root through a set of LBD genes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3365-3373.e7. [PMID: 34129827 PMCID: PMC8360765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During primary growth, plant tissues increase their length, and as these tissues mature, they initiate secondary growth to increase thickness.1 It is not known what activates this transition to secondary growth. Cytokinins are key plant hormones regulating vascular development during both primary and secondary growth. During primary growth of Arabidopsis roots, cytokinins promote procambial cell proliferation2,3 and vascular patterning together with the hormone auxin.4-7 In the absence of cytokinins, secondary growth fails to initiate.8 Enhanced cytokinin levels, in turn, promote secondary growth.8,9 Despite the importance of cytokinins, little is known about the downstream signaling events in this process. Here, we show that cytokinins and a few downstream LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) family of transcription factors are rate-limiting components in activating and further promoting secondary growth in Arabidopsis roots. Cytokinins directly activate transcription of two homologous LBD genes, LBD3 and LBD4. Two other homologous LBDs, LBD1 and LBD11, are induced only after prolonged cytokinin treatment. Our genetic studies revealed a two-stage mechanism downstream of cytokinin signaling: while LBD3 and LBD4 regulate activation of secondary growth, LBD1, LBD3, LBD4, and LBD11 together promote further radial growth and maintenance of cambial stem cells. LBD overexpression promoted rapid cell growth followed by accelerated cell divisions, thus leading to enhanced secondary growth. Finally, we show that LBDs rapidly inhibit cytokinin signaling. Together, our data suggest that the cambium-promoting LBDs negatively feed back into cytokinin signaling to keep root secondary growth in balance.
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29
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Fernández-Piñán S, Boher P, Soler M, Figueras M, Serra O. Transcriptomic analysis of cork during seasonal growth highlights regulatory and developmental processes from phellogen to phellem formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12053. [PMID: 34103550 PMCID: PMC8187341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phellogen or cork cambium stem cells that divide periclinally and outwardly specify phellem or cork. Despite the vital importance of phellem in protecting the radially-growing plant organs and wounded tissues, practically only the suberin biosynthetic process has been studied molecularly so far. Since cork oak (Quercus suber) phellogen is seasonally activated and its proliferation and specification to phellem cells is a continuous developmental process, the differentially expressed genes during the cork seasonal growth served us to identify molecular processes embracing from phellogen to mature differentiated phellem cell. At the beginning of cork growth (April), cell cycle regulation, meristem proliferation and maintenance and processes triggering cell differentiation were upregulated, showing an enrichment of phellogenic cells from which phellem cells are specified. Instead, at maximum (June) and advanced (July) cork growth, metabolic processes paralleling the phellem cell chemical composition, such as the biosynthesis of suberin, lignin, triterpenes and soluble aromatic compounds, were upregulated. Particularly in July, polysaccharides- and lignin-related secondary cell wall processes presented a maximal expression, indicating a cell wall reinforcement in the later stages of cork formation, presumably related with the initiation of latecork development. The putative function of relevant genes identified are discussed in the context of phellem ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pau Boher
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
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30
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Wu W, Du K, Kang X, Wei H. The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:118. [PMID: 34059666 PMCID: PMC8167137 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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Zheng T, Dai L, Liu Y, Li S, Zheng M, Zhao Z, Qu GZ. Overexpression Populus d-Type Cyclin Gene PsnCYCD1;1 Influences Cell Division and Produces Curved Leaf in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115837. [PMID: 34072501 PMCID: PMC8197873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
d-type cyclins (CYCDs) are a special class of cyclins and play extremely important roles in plant growth and development. In the plant kingdom, most of the existing studies on CYCDs have been done on herbaceous plants, with few on perennial woody plants. Here, we identified a Populus d-type cyclin gene, PsnCYCD1;1, which is mainly transcribed in leaf buds and stems. The promoter of PsnCYCD1;1 activated GUS gene expression and transgenic Arabidopsis lines were strongly GUS stained in whole seedlings and mature anthers. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis showed the fluorescence signal of PsnCYCD1;1-GFP fusion protein is present in the nucleus. Furthermore, overexpression of the PsnCYCD1;1 gene in Arabidopsis can promote cell division and lead to small cell generation and cytokinin response, resulting in curved leaves and twisted inflorescence stems. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of endogenous genes, such as ASs, KNATs, EXP10, and PHB, were upregulated by PsnCYCD1;1. Together, our results indicated that PsnCYCD1;1 participates in cell division by cytokinin response, providing new information on controlling plant architecture in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangchun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lijuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Mi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Guan-Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (T.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-8219-2693
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Rüscher D, Corral JM, Carluccio AV, Klemens PAW, Gisel A, Stavolone L, Neuhaus HE, Ludewig F, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Auxin signaling and vascular cambium formation enable storage metabolism in cassava tuberous roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3688-3703. [PMID: 33712830 PMCID: PMC8096603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cassava storage roots are among the most important root crops worldwide, and represent one of the most consumed staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetatively propagated tropical shrub can form many starchy tuberous roots from its stem. These storage roots are formed through the activation of secondary root growth processes. However, the underlying genetic regulation of storage root development is largely unknown. Here we report distinct structural and transcriptional changes occurring during the early phases of storage root development. A pronounced increase in auxin-related transcripts and the transcriptional activation of secondary growth factors, as well as a decrease in gibberellin-related transcripts were observed during the early stages of secondary root growth. This was accompanied by increased cell wall biosynthesis, most notably increased during the initial xylem expansion within the root vasculature. Starch storage metabolism was activated only after the formation of the vascular cambium. The formation of non-lignified xylem parenchyma cells and the activation of starch storage metabolism coincided with increased expression of the KNOX/BEL genes KNAT1, PENNYWISE, and POUND-FOOLISH, indicating their importance for proper xylem parenchyma function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rüscher
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - José María Corral
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas Gisel
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
- Present address: KWS Saat SE, Grimsehlstraße 31, D-37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Rüscher D, Corral JM, Carluccio AV, Klemens PAW, Gisel A, Stavolone L, Neuhaus HE, Ludewig F, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Auxin signaling and vascular cambium formation enable storage metabolism in cassava tuberous roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021. [PMID: 33712830 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0cfxpnw0t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cassava storage roots are among the most important root crops worldwide, and represent one of the most consumed staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetatively propagated tropical shrub can form many starchy tuberous roots from its stem. These storage roots are formed through the activation of secondary root growth processes. However, the underlying genetic regulation of storage root development is largely unknown. Here we report distinct structural and transcriptional changes occurring during the early phases of storage root development. A pronounced increase in auxin-related transcripts and the transcriptional activation of secondary growth factors, as well as a decrease in gibberellin-related transcripts were observed during the early stages of secondary root growth. This was accompanied by increased cell wall biosynthesis, most notably increased during the initial xylem expansion within the root vasculature. Starch storage metabolism was activated only after the formation of the vascular cambium. The formation of non-lignified xylem parenchyma cells and the activation of starch storage metabolism coincided with increased expression of the KNOX/BEL genes KNAT1, PENNYWISE, and POUND-FOOLISH, indicating their importance for proper xylem parenchyma function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rüscher
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - José María Corral
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas Gisel
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
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Fu X, Su H, Liu S, Du X, Xu C, Luo K. Cytokinin signaling localized in phloem noncell-autonomously regulates cambial activity during secondary growth of Populus stems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1476-1488. [PMID: 33540480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of cytokinin on secondary vascular development has been uncovered by modulating cytokinin content. However, it remains unclear how cytokinin enriched in developing secondary phloem regulates cambium activity in poplar. Here, we visualized the gradient distribution of cytokinin with a peak in the secondary phloem of poplar stem via immunohistochemical imaging, and determined the role of phloem-located cytokinin signaling during wood formation. We generated transgenic poplar harboring cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX)2, a gene encoding a cytokinin degrading enzyme, driven by the phloem-specific CLE41b promoter, indicating that the disruption of the cytokinin gradient pattern restricts the cambial activity. The RNA interference-based knockdown of the histidine kinase (HK) genes encoding cytokinin receptors specifically in secondary phloem significantly compromised the division activity of cambial cells, whereas the phloem-specific expression of a type-B response regulator (RR) transcription factor stimulated cambial proliferation, providing evidence for the noncell-autonomous regulation of local cytokinin signaling on the cambial activity. Moreover, the cambium-specific knockdown of HKs also led to restricted cambial activity, and the defects were aggravated by the reduced cytokinin accumulation. Our results showed that local cytokinin signaling in secondary phloem regulates cambial activity noncell-autonomously, and coordinately with its local signaling in cambium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huili Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuelian Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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35
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Miao L, Li SZ, Shi AK, Li YS, He CX, Yan Y, Wang J, Sun MT, Yu XC. Genome-wide analysis of the AINTEGUMENTA-like (AIL) transcription factor gene family in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) and CmoANT1.2 response in graft union healing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:706-715. [PMID: 33799182 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AINTEGUMENTA-like (AIL) proteins are members of the APETALA 2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) domain family of transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, the biological functions of AIL members in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) remain unknown. In this study, we identified 12 AIL genes in the pumpkin genome encoding proteins predicted to be localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AIL gene family could be classified into six major subfamilies, with each member encoding two AP2/ERF domains separated by a linker region. CmoAIL genes were expressed at varying levels in the examined tissues, and CmoANT genes showed different expression patterns under auxin (IAA), 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Ectopic overexpression of CmoANT1.2 in Arabidopsis increased organ size and promoted growth of grafted plants by accelerating graft union formation. However, there was no significant difference at the graft junction for WT/WT and WT/ANT under IAA or NPA treatments. Taken together, the results of this study provide critical information about CmoAIL genes and their encoded proteins, and suggest future work should investigate the functions of CmoANT1.2 in the grafting process in pumpkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Miao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Li
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ao-Kun Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan-Su Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao-Xing He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min-Tao Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xian-Chang Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Shi D, Jouannet V, Agustí J, Kaul V, Levitsky V, Sanchez P, Mironova VV, Greb T. Tissue-specific transcriptome profiling of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem reveals local cellular signatures. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:200-223. [PMID: 33582756 PMCID: PMC8136906 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide gene expression maps with a high spatial resolution have substantially accelerated plant molecular science. However, the number of characterized tissues and growth stages is still small due to the limited accessibility of most tissues for protoplast isolation. Here, we provide gene expression profiles of the mature inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana covering a comprehensive set of distinct tissues. By combining fluorescence-activated nucleus sorting and laser-capture microdissection with next-generation RNA sequencing, we characterized the transcriptomes of xylem vessels, fibers, the proximal and distal cambium, phloem, phloem cap, pith, starch sheath, and epidermis cells. Our analyses classified more than 15,000 genes as being differentially expressed among different stem tissues and revealed known and novel tissue-specific cellular signatures. By determining overrepresented transcription factor binding regions in the promoters of differentially expressed genes, we identified candidate tissue-specific transcriptional regulators. Our datasets predict the expression profiles of an exceptional number of genes and allow hypotheses to be generated about the spatial organization of physiological processes. Moreover, we demonstrate that information about gene expression in a broad range of mature plant tissues can be established at high spatial resolution by nuclear mRNA profiling. Tissue-specific gene expression values can be accessed online at https://arabidopsis-stem.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Shi
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Virginie Jouannet
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Agustí
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Enginyer Fausto Elio S/N. 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Verena Kaul
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Pablo Sanchez
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria V Mironova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Greb
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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Singh RK, Bhalerao RP, Eriksson ME. Growing in time: exploring the molecular mechanisms of tree growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:657-678. [PMID: 32470114 PMCID: PMC8033248 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trees cover vast areas of the Earth's landmasses. They mitigate erosion, capture carbon dioxide, produce oxygen and support biodiversity, and also are a source of food, raw materials and energy for human populations. Understanding the growth cycles of trees is fundamental for many areas of research. Trees, like most other organisms, have evolved a circadian clock to synchronize their growth and development with the daily and seasonal cycles of the environment. These regular changes in light, daylength and temperature are perceived via a range of dedicated receptors and cause resetting of the circadian clock to local time. This allows anticipation of daily and seasonal fluctuations and enables trees to co-ordinate their metabolism and physiology to ensure vital processes occur at the optimal times. In this review, we explore the current state of knowledge concerning the regulation of growth and seasonal dormancy in trees, using information drawn from model systems such as Populus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Maria E Eriksson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
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Overexpression of PtoCYCD3;3 Promotes Growth and Causes Leaf Wrinkle and Branch Appearance in Populus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031288. [PMID: 33525476 PMCID: PMC7866192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D-type cyclin (cyclin D, CYCD), combined with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), participates in the regulation of cell cycle G1/S transition and plays an important role in cell division and proliferation. CYCD could affect the growth and development of herbaceous plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, by regulating the cell cycle process. However, its research in wood plants (e.g., poplar) is poor. Phylogenetic analysis showed that in Populus trichocarpa, CYCD3 genes expanded to six members, namely PtCYCD3;1–6. P. tomentosa CYCD3 genes were amplified based on the CDS region of P. trichocarpa CYCD3 genes. PtoCYCD3;3 showed the highest expression in the shoot tip, and the higher expression in young leaves among all members. Therefore, this gene was selected for further study. The overexpression of PtoCYCD3;3 in plants demonstrated obvious morphological changes during the observation period. The leaves became enlarged and wrinkled, the stems thickened and elongated, and multiple branches were formed by the plants. Anatomical study showed that in addition to promoting the differentiation of cambium tissues and the expansion of stem vessel cells, PtoCYCD3;3 facilitated the division of leaf adaxial epidermal cells and palisade tissue cells. Yeast two-hybrid experiment exhibited that 12 PtoCDK proteins could interact with PtoCYCD3;3, of which the strongest interaction strength was PtoCDKE;2, whereas the weakest was PtoCDKG;3. Molecular docking experiments further verified the force strength of PtoCDKE;2 and PtoCDKG;3 with PtoCYCD3;3. In summary, these results indicated that the overexpression of PtoCYCD3;3 significantly promoted the vegetative growth of Populus, and PtoCYCD3;3 may interact with different types of CDK proteins to regulate cell cycle processes.
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Mao J, Niu C, Li K, Mobeen Tahir M, Khan A, Wang H, Li S, Liang Y, Li G, Yang Z, Zuo L, Han M, Ren X, An N, Zhang D. Exogenous 6-benzyladenine application affects root morphology by altering hormone status and gene expression of developing lateral roots in Malus hupehensis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:1150-1159. [PMID: 32597557 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malus hupehensis is an extensively used apple rootstock in China. In the current study, M. hupehensis seedlings were treated with exogenous 2.2 µm 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) so as to investigate the mechanism by which 6-BA affects lateral root development. The results indicate that 6-BA treatment promotes elongation and thickening of both root and shoot in M. hupehensis, but reduces the number of lateral roots, as well as reducing the auxin level after 6-BA treatment. Moreover, MhAHK4, MhRR1 and MhRR2 were also significantly up-regulated in response to 6-BA treatment. Expression levels of auxin synthesis- and transport-related genes, such as MhYUCCA6, MhYUCCA10, MhPIN1 and MhPIN2, were down-regulated, which corresponds with lower auxin levels in the 6-BA-treated seedlings. A negative regulator of auxin, MhIAA3, was induced by 6-BA treatment, leading to reduced expression of MhARF7 and MhARF19 in 6-BA-treated seedlings. As a result, expression of MhWOX11, MhWOX5, MhLBD16 and MhLBD29 was blocked, which in turn inhibited lateral root initiation. In addition, a lower auxin level decreased expression of MhRR7 and MhRR15, which repressed expression of key transcription factors associated with root development, thus inhibiting lateral root development. In contrast, 6-BA treatment promoted secondary growth (thickening) of the root by inducing expression of MhCYCD3;1 and MhCYCD3;2. Collectively, the changes in hormone levels and gene expression resulted in a reduced number of lateral roots and thicker roots in 6-BA-treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - C Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - K Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - M Mobeen Tahir
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - A Khan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, the University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - H Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - S Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Y Liang
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Corp., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - G Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Z Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - L Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - M Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - X Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - N An
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - D Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China
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Maize ANT1 modulates vascular development, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and plant growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21747-21756. [PMID: 32817425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), an AP2 transcription factor, is known to control plant growth and floral organogenesis. In this study, our transcriptome analysis and in situ hybridization assays of maize embryonic leaves suggested that maize ANT1 (ZmANT1) regulates vascular development. To better understand ANT1 functions, we determined the binding motif of ZmANT1 and then showed that ZmANT1 binds the promoters of millet SCR1, GNC, and AN3, which are key regulators of Kranz anatomy, chloroplast development, and plant growth, respectively. We generated a mutant with a single-codon deletion and two frameshift mutants of the ANT1 ortholog in the C4 millet Setaria viridis by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The two frameshift mutants displayed reduced photosynthesis efficiency and growth rate, smaller leaves, and lower grain yields than wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, their leaves sporadically exhibited distorted Kranz anatomy and vein spacing. Conducting transcriptomic analysis of developing leaves in the WT and the three mutants we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two frameshift mutant lines and found many down-regulated DEGs enriched in photosynthesis, heme, tetrapyrrole binding, and antioxidant activity. In addition, we predicted many target genes of ZmANT1 and chose 13 of them to confirm binding of ZmANT1 to their promoters. Based on the above observations, we proposed a model for ANT1 regulation of cell proliferation and leaf growth, vascular and vein development, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis through its target genes. Our study revealed biological roles of ANT1 in several developmental processes beyond its known roles in plant growth and floral organogenesis.
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41
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Jammer A, Albacete A, Schulz B, Koch W, Weltmeier F, van der Graaff E, Pfeifhofer HW, Roitsch TG. Early-stage sugar beet taproot development is characterized by three distinct physiological phases. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00221. [PMID: 32766510 PMCID: PMC7395582 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the agronomic importance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), the early-stage development of its taproot has only been poorly investigated. Thus, the mechanisms that determine growth and sugar accumulation in sugar beet are largely unknown. In the presented study, a physiological characterization of early-stage sugar beet taproot development was conducted. Activities were analyzed for fourteen key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in developing taproots over the first 80 days after sowing. In addition, we performed in situ localizations of selected carbohydrate-metabolic enzyme activities, anatomical investigations, and quantifications of soluble carbohydrates, hexose phosphates, and phytohormones. Based on the accumulation dynamics of biomass and sucrose, as well as on anatomical parameters, the early phase of taproot development could be subdivided into three stages-prestorage, transition, secondary growth and sucrose accumulation stage-each of which was characterized by distinct metabolic and phytohormonal signatures. The enzyme activity signatures corresponding to these stages were also shown to be robustly reproducible in experiments conducted in two additional locations. The results from this physiological phenotyping approach contribute to the identification of the key regulators of sugar beet taproot development and open up new perspectives for sugar beet crop improvement concerning both physiological marker-based breeding and biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Department of Crop SciencesUFT TullnUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Present address:
Department of Plant Production and AgrotechnologyInstitute for Agri‐Food Research and Development of Murcia (IMIDA)MurciaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Eric van der Graaff
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesCopenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
- Present address:
Koppert Cress B.V.MonsterThe Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas G. Roitsch
- Department of Crop SciencesUFT TullnUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)TullnAustria
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesCopenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenTaastrupDenmark
- Department of Adaptive BiotechnologiesGlobal Change Research Institute CASBrnoCzech Republic
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Campilho A, Nieminen K, Ragni L. The development of the periderm: the final frontier between a plant and its environment. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:10-14. [PMID: 31593816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as the first line of defence for a plant, protecting wood and phloem from abiotic and biotic stresses. During secondary growth, through the increase in girth of plant organs, the periderm replaces the epidermis as the outermost tissue. The phellogen, a bifacial post-embryonic meristem, forms the phelloderm inwards (toward the vasculature) and the suberized phellem outwards (toward the environment). These three tissues are collectively referred to as the periderm. Here, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of periderm development by describing periderm formation in connection to the fate of the surrounding tissues, by discussing common regulatory hubs between the vascular cambium and the phellogen, and by highlighting transcription factors (TFs) controlling phellem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Campilho
- CIBIO-Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Department of Biology of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Gao H, Yang W, Li C, Zhou X, Gao D, Khashi u Rahman M, Li N, Wu F. Gene Expression and K + Uptake of Two Tomato Cultivars in Response to Sub-Optimal Temperature. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010065. [PMID: 31947736 PMCID: PMC7020494 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sub-optimal temperatures can adversely affect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth, and K+ plays an important role in the cold tolerance of plants. However, gene expression and K+ uptake in tomato in response to sub-optimal temperatures are still not very clear. To address these questions, one cold-tolerant tomato cultivar, Dongnong 722 (T722), and one cold-sensitive cultivar, Dongnong 708 (S708), were exposed to sub-optimal (15/10 °C) and normal temperatures (25/18 °C), and the differences in growth, K+ uptake characteristics and global gene expressions were investigated. The results showed that compared to S708, T722 exhibited lower reduction in plant growth rate, the whole plant K+ amount and K+ net uptake rate, and T722 also had higher peroxidase activity and lower K+ efflux rate under sub-optimal temperature conditions. RNA-seq analysis showed that a total of 1476 and 2188 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responding to sub-optimal temperature were identified in S708 and T722 roots, respectively. Functional classification revealed that most DEGs were involved in “plant hormone signal transduction”, “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “sulfur metabolism” and “cytochrome P450”. The genes that were significantly up-regulated only in T722 were involved in the “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “plant hormone signal transduction” pathways. Moreover, we also found that sub-optimal temperature inhibited the expression of gene coding for K+ transporter SIHAK5 in both cultivars, but decreased the expression of gene coding for K+ channel AKT1 only in S708. Overall, our results revealed the cold response genes in tomato roots, and provided a foundation for further investigation of mechanism involved in K+ uptake in tomato under sub-optimal temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanji Yang
- Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin150030, China;
| | - Chunxia Li
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xingang Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Danmei Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Muhammad Khashi u Rahman
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Naihui Li
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fengzhi Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.G.); (C.L.); (X.Z.); (D.G.); (M.K.uR.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-0451-5519-0215
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Chen JJ, Wang LY, Immanen J, Nieminen K, Spicer R, Helariutta Y, Zhang J, He XQ. Differential regulation of auxin and cytokinin during the secondary vascular tissue regeneration in Populus trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:188-201. [PMID: 31230359 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration upon wounding in plants highlights the developmental plasticity of plants. Previous studies have described the morphological and molecular changes of secondary vascular tissue (SVT) regeneration after large-scale bark girdling in trees. However, how phytohormones regulate SVT regeneration is still unknown. Here, we established a novel in vitro SVT regeneration system in the hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) clone T89 to bypass the limitation of using field-grown trees. The effects of phytohormones on SVT regeneration were investigated by applying exogenous hormones and utilizing various transgenic trees. Vascular tissue-specific markers and hormonal response factors were also examined during SVT regeneration. Using this in vitro regeneration system, we demonstrated that auxin and cytokinin differentially regulate phloem and cambium regeneration. Whereas auxin is sufficient to induce regeneration of phloem prior to continuous cambium restoration, cytokinin only promotes the formation of new phloem, not cambium. The positive role of cytokinin on phloem regeneration was further confirmed in cytokinin overexpression trees. Analysis of a DR5 reporter transgenic line further suggested that cytokinin blocks the re-establishment of auxin gradients, which is required for the cambium formation. Investigation on the auxin and cytokinin signalling genes indicated these two hormones interact to regulate SVT regeneration. Taken together, the in vitro SVT regeneration system allows us to make use of various molecular and genetic tools to investigate SVT regeneration. Our results confirmed that complementary auxin and cytokinin domains are required for phloem and cambium reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ling-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Juha Immanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT, 06320, USA
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Zhang J, Eswaran G, Alonso-Serra J, Kucukoglu M, Xiang J, Yang W, Elo A, Nieminen K, Damén T, Joung JG, Yun JY, Lee JH, Ragni L, Barbier de Reuille P, Ahnert SE, Lee JY, Mähönen AP, Helariutta Y. Transcriptional regulatory framework for vascular cambium development in Arabidopsis roots. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1033-1042. [PMID: 31595065 PMCID: PMC6795544 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cambium, a lateral plant meristem, is a central producer of woody biomass. Although a few transcription factors have been shown to regulate cambial activity1, the phenotypes of the corresponding loss-of-function mutants are relatively modest, highlighting our limited understanding of the underlying transcriptional regulation. Here, we use cambium cell-specific transcript profiling followed by a combination of transcription factor network and genetic analyses to identify 62 new transcription factor genotypes displaying an array of cambial phenotypes. This approach culminated in virtual loss of cambial activity when both WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 4 (WOX4) and KNOTTED-like from Arabidopsis thaliana 1 (KNAT1; also known as BREVIPEDICELLUS) were mutated, thereby unlocking the genetic redundancy in the regulation of cambium development. We also identified transcription factors with dual functions in cambial cell proliferation and xylem differentiation, including WOX4, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) and PETAL LOSS (PTL). Using the transcription factor network information, we combined overexpression of the cambial activator WOX4 and removal of the putative inhibitor PTL to engineer Arabidopsis for enhanced radial growth. This line also showed ectopic cambial activity, thus further highlighting the central roles of WOX4 and PTL in cambium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiale Xiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Weibing Yang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annakaisa Elo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teddy Damén
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Je-Gun Joung
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Yun
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian E Ahnert
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Alonso-Serra J, Safronov O, Lim KJ, Fraser-Miller SJ, Blokhina OB, Campilho A, Chong SL, Fagerstedt K, Haavikko R, Helariutta Y, Immanen J, Kangasjärvi J, Kauppila TJ, Lehtonen M, Ragni L, Rajaraman S, Räsänen RM, Safdari P, Tenkanen M, Yli-Kauhaluoma JT, Teeri TH, Strachan CJ, Nieminen K, Salojärvi J. Tissue-specific study across the stem reveals the chemistry and transcriptome dynamics of birch bark. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1816-1831. [PMID: 30724367 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tree bark is a highly specialized array of tissues that plays important roles in plant protection and development. Bark tissues develop from two lateral meristems; the phellogen (cork cambium) produces the outermost stem-environment barrier called the periderm, while the vascular cambium contributes with phloem tissues. Although bark is diverse in terms of tissues, functions and species, it remains understudied at higher resolution. We dissected the stem of silver birch (Betula pendula) into eight major tissue types, and characterized these by a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach. We further analyzed the varying bark types within the Betulaceae family. The two meristems had a distinct contribution to the stem transcriptomic landscape. Furthermore, inter- and intraspecies analyses illustrated the unique molecular profile of the phellem. We identified multiple tissue-specific metabolic pathways, such as the mevalonate/betulin biosynthesis pathway, that displayed differential evolution within the Betulaceae. A detailed analysis of suberin and betulin biosynthesis pathways identified a set of underlying regulators and highlighted the important role of local, small-scale gene duplication events in the evolution of metabolic pathways. This work reveals the transcriptome and metabolic diversity among bark tissues and provides insights to its development and evolution, as well as its biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alonso-Serra
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Omid Safronov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kean-Jin Lim
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Olga B Blokhina
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Campilho
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4485-661, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt Fagerstedt
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Haavikko
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Juha Immanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00710, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina J Kauppila
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Lehtonen
- Laboratory Center, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sitaram Rajaraman
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka-Marjaana Räsänen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pezhman Safdari
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari T Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00710, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
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47
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Reyes-Olalde JI, de Folter S. Control of stem cell activity in the carpel margin meristem (CMM) in Arabidopsis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:123-136. [PMID: 30671644 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-00359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate meristem activity in the CMM compared to the SAM. Meristems are undifferentiated cells responsible for post-embryonic plant development. The meristems are able to form new organs continuously by carefully balancing between stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The plant stem cell niche in each meristem harbors the stem cells that are important to maintain each meristem. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces all above-parts of a plant and the molecular mechanisms active in the SAM are actively studied since many years, and models are available. During the reproductive phase of the plant, the inflorescence meristem gives rise to floral meristems, which give rise to the flowers. During floral development, the gynoecium forms that contains a new meristem inside, called the carpel margin meristem (CMM). In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium consists out of two fused carpels, where the CMM forms along the fused carpel margins. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms taking place in the CMM, and we discuss similarities and differences found in the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Irepan Reyes-Olalde
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CP 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, CP 50904, Almoloya de Juárez, Estado de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, CP 50180, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CP 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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48
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Fischer U, Kucukoglu M, Helariutta Y, Bhalerao RP. The Dynamics of Cambial Stem Cell Activity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:293-319. [PMID: 30822110 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell populations in meristematic tissues at distinct locations in the plant body provide the potency of continuous plant growth. Primary meristems, at the apices of the plant body, contribute mainly to the elongation of the main plant axes, whereas secondary meristems in lateral positions are responsible for the thickening of these axes. The stem cells of the vascular cambium-a secondary lateral meristem-produce the secondary phloem (bast) and secondary xylem (wood). The sites of primary and secondary growth are spatially separated, and mobile signals are expected to coordinate growth rates between apical and lateral stem cell populations. Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been uncovered, it seems likely that hormones, peptides, and mechanical cues orchestrate primary and secondary growth. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge and recent discoveries of how cambial stem cell activity is regulated, with a focus on mobile signals and the response of cambial activity to environmental and stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Fischer
- KWS SAAT SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Skalák J, Vercruyssen L, Claeys H, Hradilová J, Černý M, Novák O, Plačková L, Saiz-Fernández I, Skaláková P, Coppens F, Dhondt S, Koukalová Š, Zouhar J, Inzé D, Brzobohatý B. Multifaceted activity of cytokinin in leaf development shapes its size and structure in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:805-824. [PMID: 30748050 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin has been shown to affect many aspects of plant development ranging from the regulation of the shoot apical meristem to leaf senescence. However, some studies have reported contradictory effects of cytokinin on leaf physiology. Therefore cytokinin treatments cause both chlorosis and increased greening and both lead to decrease or increase in cell size. To elucidate this multifaceted role of cytokinin in leaf development, we have employed a system of temporal controls over the cytokinin pool and investigated the consequences of modulated cytokinin levels in the third leaf of Arabidopsis. We show that, at the cell proliferation phase, cytokinin is needed to maintain cell proliferation by blocking the transition to cell expansion and the onset of photosynthesis. Transcriptome profiling revealed regulation by cytokinin of a gene suite previously shown to affect cell proliferation and expansion and thereby a molecular mechanism by which cytokinin modulates a molecular network underlying the cellular responses. During the cell expansion phase, cytokinin stimulates cell expansion and differentiation. Consequently, a cytokinin excess at the cell expansion phase results in an increased leaf and rosette size fueled by higher cell expansion rate, yielding higher shoot biomass. Proteome profiling revealed the stimulation of primary metabolism by cytokinin, in line with an increased sugar content that is expected to increase turgor pressure, representing the driving force of cell expansion. Therefore, the developmental timing of cytokinin content fluctuations, together with a tight control of primary metabolism, is a key factor mediating transitions from cell proliferation to cell expansion in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skalák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Liesbeth Vercruyssen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Claeys
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Hradilová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patricie Skaláková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Šárka Koukalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
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Olszak M, Truman W, Stefanowicz K, Sliwinska E, Ito M, Walerowski P, Rolfe S, Malinowski R. Transcriptional profiling identifies critical steps of cell cycle reprogramming necessary for Plasmodiophora brassicae-driven gall formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:715-729. [PMID: 30431210 PMCID: PMC6850046 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne biotroph whose life cycle involves reprogramming host developmental processes leading to the formation of galls on its underground parts. Formation of such structures involves modification of the host cell cycle leading initially to hyperplasia, increasing the number of cells to be invaded, followed by overgrowth of cells colonised by the pathogen. Here we show that P. brassicae infection stimulates formation of the E2Fa/RBR1 complex and upregulation of MYB3R1, MYB3R4 and A- and B-type cyclin expression. These factors were previously described as important regulators of the G2-M cell cycle checkpoint. As a consequence of this manipulation, a large population of host hypocotyl cells are delayed in cell cycle exit and maintained in the proliferative state. We also report that, during further maturation of galls, enlargement of host cells invaded by the pathogen involves endoreduplication leading to increased ploidy levels. This study characterises two aspects of the cell cycle reprogramming efforts of P. brassicae: systemic, related to the disturbance of host hypocotyl developmental programs by preventing cell cycle exit; and local, related to the stimulation of cell enlargement via increased endocycle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Olszak
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Karolina Stefanowicz
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and CytometryDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology and BiotechnologyUTP University of Science and TechnologyKaliskiego Ave. 785‐789BydgoszczPoland
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Piotr Walerowski
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Stephen Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
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