1
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Saatci O, Sahin O. TACC3: a multi-functional protein promoting cancer cell survival and aggressiveness. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2637-2655. [PMID: 38197196 PMCID: PMC10936615 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2302243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
TACC3 is the most oncogenic member of the transforming acidic coiled-coil domain-containing protein (TACC) family. It is one of the major recruitment factors of distinct multi-protein complexes. TACC3 is localized to spindles, centrosomes, and nucleus, and regulates key oncogenic processes, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness. Recently, TACC3 inhibition has been identified as a vulnerability in highly aggressive cancers, such as cancers with centrosome amplification (CA). TACC3 has spatiotemporal functions throughout the cell cycle; therefore, targeting TACC3 causes cell death in mitosis and interphase in cancer cells with CA. In the clinics, TACC3 is highly expressed and associated with worse survival in multiple cancers. Furthermore, TACC3 is a part of one of the most common fusions of FGFR, FGFR3-TACC3 and is important for the oncogenicity of the fusion. A detailed understanding of the regulation of TACC3 expression, its key partners, and molecular functions in cancer cells is vital for uncovering the most vulnerable tumors and maximizing the therapeutic potential of targeting this highly oncogenic protein. In this review, we summarize the established and emerging interactors and spatiotemporal functions of TACC3 in cancer cells, discuss the potential of TACC3 as a biomarker in cancer, and therapeutic potential of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Saatci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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2
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Rajeev R, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhagyanath S, Devu Priya MRS, Manna TK. TACC3-ch-TOG interaction regulates spindle microtubule assembly by controlling centrosomal recruitment of γ-TuRC. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232568. [PMID: 36790370 PMCID: PMC10037420 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), composed of γ-tubulin and multiple γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs), serves as the major microtubule nucleating complex in animal cells. However, several γ-TuRC-associated proteins have been shown to control its function. Centrosomal adaptor protein, TACC3, is one such γ-TuRC-interacting factor that is essential for proper mitotic spindle assembly across organisms. ch-TOG is another microtubule assembly promoting protein, which interacts with TACC3 and cooperates in mitotic spindle assembly. However, the mechanism how TACC3-ch-TOG interaction regulates microtubule assembly and the γ-TuRC functions at the centrosomes remain unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the ch-TOG-binding region in TACC3 enhances recruitment of the γ-TuRC proteins to centrosomes and aggravates spindle microtubule assembly in human cells. Loss of TACC3-ch-TOG binding imparts stabilization on TACC3 interaction with the γ-TuRC proteins and it does so by stimulating TACC3 phosphorylation and thereby enhancing phospho-TACC3 recruitment to the centrosomes. We also show that localization of ch-TOG at the centrosomes is substantially reduced and the same on the spindle microtubules is increased in its TACC3-unbound condition. Additional results reveal that ch-TOG depletion stimulates γ-tubulin localization on the spindles without significantly affecting the centrosomal γ-tubulin level. The results indicate that ch-TOG binding to TACC3 controls TACC3 phosphorylation and TACC3-mediated stabilization of the γ-TuRCs at the centrosomes. They also implicate that the spatio-temporal control of TACC3 phosphorylation via ch-TOG-binding ensures mitotic spindle assembly to the optimal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Rajeev
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Swarnendu Mukhopadhyay
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Suresh Bhagyanath
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Manu Rani S Devu Priya
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Tapas K Manna
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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Ali A, Vineethakumari C, Lacasa C, Lüders J. Microtubule nucleation and γTuRC centrosome localization in interphase cells require ch-TOG. Nat Commun 2023; 14:289. [PMID: 36702836 PMCID: PMC9879976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of microtubule arrays requires spatio-temporal regulation of the microtubule nucleator γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) at microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). MTOC-localized adapter proteins are thought to recruit and activate γTuRC, but the molecular underpinnings remain obscure. Here we show that at interphase centrosomes, rather than adapters, the microtubule polymerase ch-TOG (also named chTOG or CKAP5) ultimately controls γTuRC recruitment and activation. ch-TOG co-assembles with γTuRC to stimulate nucleation around centrioles. In the absence of ch-TOG, γTuRC fails to localize to these sites, but not the centriole lumen. However, whereas some ch-TOG is stably bound at subdistal appendages, it only transiently associates with PCM. ch-TOG's dynamic behavior requires its tubulin-binding TOG domains and a C-terminal region involved in localization. In addition, ch-TOG also promotes nucleation from the Golgi. Thus, at interphase centrosomes stimulation of nucleation and γTuRC attachment are mechanistically coupled through transient recruitment of ch-TOG, and ch-TOG's nucleation-promoting activity is not restricted to centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Chithran Vineethakumari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Cristina Lacasa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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High Expression of TACC3 Is Associated with the Poor Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8789515. [PMID: 35855850 PMCID: PMC9288335 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8789515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has been recognized as one of the commonest aggressive malignant tumors occurring in humans. The transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) seems to be a probable prognostic marker and treatment target for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, there exist no reports on the association between TACC3 and immunotherapy or other therapeutic interventions in LUAD. Methods Premised on the data accessed from The Cancer Genome Atlas- (TCGA-) LUAD, we carried out bioinformatics analysis. The TACC3 expression in LUAD was analyzed utilizing the GEPIA. A survival module was constructed to evaluate the effect of TACC3 on the survival of patients with LUAD. Logistic regression was undertaken to examine the relationship between TACC3 expression and clinical factors. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed in the GeneMANIA database, and enrichment analysis and identification of predicted signaling pathways were performed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes. Additionally, the Cox regression was used to assess the clinicopathologic features linked to the overall survival in TCGA patients. Lastly, we investigated the link between TACC3 and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) through CIBERSORT and the “Correlation” module of GEPIA. The association between TACC3 gene expression and drug response was analyzed using the CellMiner database to predict drug sensitivity. Results The outcomes illustrated that TACC3 was upregulated and considerably correlated with dismal prognosis in LUAD patients. Moreover, the multivariate Cox regression analysis depicted TACC3 as an independent prognostic marker in LUAD patients. It was also revealed that the expression of TACC3 was related to clinical stage (P = 0.014), age (P = 0.002), and T classification (P ≤ 0.018). Moreover, we discovered that the expression of TACC3 was considerably linked to a wide range of TIICs, especially the T cells and NK cells. Single-cell results found that TACC3 was mainly expressed in the immune cells (especially tprolif cells) and malignant cells. TACC3 gene expression was positively correlated with TMB and MSI, and TACC3 may provide a prediction of the efficacy of immunotherapy. Moreover, the correlation analysis between TACC3 gene expression and immune checkpoint gene expression revealed that TACC3 may coordinate the activities of these ICP genes in different signal transduction pathways. TACC3 is related to biological progress (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF). The pathways involved in the interaction network involving TACC3 include nonhomologous end-joining, RNA transport, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, homologous recombination, and nucleotide excision repair. Furthermore, we investigated the association between the expression of TACC3 and the use of antitumor drugs, and TACC3 was positively correlated with response to most drugs. Conclusion The findings from this research offer robust proof that the expression of TACC3 could be a prognostic marker correlated with TIICs in LUAD. TACC3 can also provide new ideas for immunotherapy as a potential therapeutic target.
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Vazquez-Pianzola P, Beuchle D, Saro G, Hernández G, Maldonado G, Brunßen D, Meister P, Suter B. Female meiosis II and pronuclear fusion require the microtubule transport factor Bicaudal D. Development 2022; 149:275749. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Bicaudal D (BicD) is a dynein adaptor that transports different cargoes along microtubules. Reducing the activity of BicD specifically in freshly laid Drosophila eggs by acute protein degradation revealed that BicD is needed to produce normal female meiosis II products, to prevent female meiotic products from re-entering the cell cycle, and for pronuclear fusion. Given that BicD is required to localize the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) components Mad2 and BubR1 to the female meiotic products, it appears that BicD functions to localize these components to control metaphase arrest of polar bodies. BicD interacts with Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), and both proteins localize to centrosomes, mitotic spindles and the tandem spindles during female meiosis II. Furthermore, BicD is required to localize clathrin and the microtubule-stabilizing factors transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (D-TACC/Tacc) and Mini spindles (Msps) correctly to the meiosis II spindles, suggesting that failure to localize these proteins may perturb SAC function. Furthermore, immediately after the establishment of the female pronucleus, D-TACC and Caenorhabditis elegans BicD, tacc and Chc are also needed for pronuclear fusion, suggesting that the underlying mechanism might be more widely used across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Beuchle
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Saro
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Greco Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) 2 Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer , , 14080-Tlalpan, Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Giovanna Maldonado
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) 2 Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer , , 14080-Tlalpan, Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Dominique Brunßen
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Peter Meister
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Beat Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
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Furey C, Astar H, Walsh D. Human Cytomegalovirus Exploits TACC3 To Control Microtubule Dynamics and Late Stages of Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0082121. [PMID: 34191581 PMCID: PMC8387038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00821-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is well established that microtubules (MTs) facilitate various stages of virus replication, how viruses actively control MT dynamics and functions remains less well understood. Recent work has begun to reveal how several viruses exploit End-Binding (EB) proteins and their associated microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), in particular to enable loading of viral particles onto MTs for retrograde transport during early stages of infection. Distinct from other viruses studied to date, at mid- to late stages of its unusually protracted replication cycle, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) increases the expression of all three EB family members. This occurs coincident with the formation of a unique structure, termed the assembly compartment (AC), which serves as a Golgi-derived MT organizing center. Together, the AC and distinct EB proteins enable HCMV to increase the formation of dynamic and acetylated microtubule subsets to regulate distinct aspects of the viral replication cycle. Here, we reveal that HCMV also exploits EB-independent +TIP pathways by specifically increasing the expression of transforming acidic coiled coil protein 3 (TACC3) to recruit the MT polymerase, chTOG, from initial sites of MT nucleation in the AC out into the cytosol, thereby increasing dynamic MT growth. Preventing TACC3 increases or depleting chTOG impaired MT polymerization, resulting in defects in early versus late endosome organization in and around the AC as well as defects in viral trafficking and spread. Our findings provide the first example of a virus that actively exploits EB-independent +TIP pathways to regulate MT dynamics and control late stages of virus replication. IMPORTANCE Diverse viruses rely on host cell microtubule networks to transport viral particles within the dense cytoplasmic environment and to control the broader architecture of the cell to facilitate their replication. However, precisely how viruses regulate the dynamic behavior and function of microtubule filaments remains poorly defined. We recently showed that the assembly compartment (AC) formed by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) acts as a Golgi-derived microtubule organizing center. Here, we show that at mid- to late stages of infection, HCMV increases the expression of transforming acidic coiled coil protein 3 (TACC3) to control the localization of the microtubule polymerase, chTOG. This, in turn, enables HCMV to generate dynamic microtubule subsets that organize endocytic vesicles in and around the AC and facilitate the transport of new viral particles released into the cytosol. Our findings reveal the first instance of viral targeting of TACC3 to control microtubule dynamics and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Helen Astar
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Ryan EL, Shelford J, Massam-Wu T, Bayliss R, Royle SJ. Defining endogenous TACC3-chTOG-clathrin-GTSE1 interactions at the mitotic spindle using induced relocalization. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs255794. [PMID: 33380489 PMCID: PMC7875487 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiprotein complex containing TACC3, clathrin and other proteins has been implicated in mitotic spindle stability. To disrupt this complex in an anti-cancer context, we need to understand its composition and how it interacts with microtubules. Induced relocalization of proteins in cells is a powerful way to analyze protein-protein interactions and, additionally, monitor where and when these interactions occur. We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to add tandem FKBP-GFP tags to each complex member. The relocalization of endogenous tagged protein from the mitotic spindle to mitochondria and assessment of the effect on other proteins allowed us to establish that TACC3 and clathrin are core complex members and that chTOG (also known as CKAP5) and GTSE1 are ancillary to the complex, binding respectively to TACC3 and clathrin, but not each other. We also show that PIK3C2A, a clathrin-binding protein that was proposed to stabilize the TACC3-chTOG-clathrin-GTSE1 complex during mitosis, is not a member of the complex. This work establishes that targeting the TACC3-clathrin interface or their microtubule-binding sites are the two strategies most likely to disrupt spindle stability mediated by this multiprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis L Ryan
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - James Shelford
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Teresa Massam-Wu
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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8
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Furey C, Jovasevic V, Walsh D. TACC3 Regulates Microtubule Plus-End Dynamics and Cargo Transport in Interphase Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 30:269-283.e6. [PMID: 31914393 PMCID: PMC6980831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
End-binding proteins (EBs) are widely viewed as master regulators of microtubule dynamics and function. Here, we show that while EB1 mediates the dynamic microtubule capture of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in fibroblasts, in neuronal cells, infection occurs independently of EBs through stable microtubules. Prompted by this, we find that transforming acid coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), widely studied in mitotic spindle formation, regulates the cytoplasmic localization of the microtubule polymerizing factor chTOG and influences microtubule plus-end dynamics during interphase to control infection in distinct cell types. Furthermore, perturbing TACC3 function in neuronal cells resulted in the formation of disorganized stable, detyrosinated microtubule networks and changes in cellular morphology, as well as impaired trafficking of both HSV-1 and transferrin. These trafficking defects in TACC3-depleted cells were reversed by the depletion of kinesin-1 heavy chains. As such, TACC3 is a critical regulator of interphase microtubule dynamics and stability that influences kinesin-1-based cargo trafficking. While EB proteins are widely studied as master regulators of microtubule plus-end dynamics, Furey et al. report EB-independent regulation of microtubule arrays and cargo trafficking by the transforming acid coiled-coil-containing protein, TACC3. By controlling the formation of detyrosinated stable microtubule networks, TACC3 influences kinesin-1-based sorting of both host and pathogenic cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Jovasevic
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Herman JA, Miller MP, Biggins S. chTOG is a conserved mitotic error correction factor. eLife 2020; 9:e61773. [PMID: 33377866 PMCID: PMC7773332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires kinetochores on duplicated chromatids to biorient by attaching to dynamic microtubules from opposite spindle poles, which exerts forces to bring kinetochores under tension. However, kinetochores initially bind to microtubules indiscriminately, resulting in errors that must be corrected. While the Aurora B protein kinase destabilizes low-tension attachments by phosphorylating kinetochores, low-tension attachments are intrinsically less stable than those under higher tension in vitro independent of Aurora activity. Intrinsic tension-sensitive behavior requires the microtubule regulator Stu2 (budding yeast Dis1/XMAP215 ortholog), which we demonstrate here is likely a conserved function for the TOG protein family. The human TOG protein, chTOG, localizes to kinetochores independent of microtubules by interacting with Hec1. We identify a chTOG mutant that regulates microtubule dynamics but accumulates erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments that are not destabilized by Aurora B. Thus, TOG proteins confer a unique, intrinsic error correction activity to kinetochores that ensures accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Herman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
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10
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Rondelet A, Lin YC, Singh D, Porfetye AT, Thakur HC, Hecker A, Brinkert P, Schmidt N, Bendre S, Müller F, Mazul L, Widlund PO, Bange T, Hiller M, Vetter IR, Bird AW. Clathrin's adaptor interaction sites are repurposed to stabilize microtubules during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133599. [PMID: 31932847 PMCID: PMC7041688 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin ensures mitotic spindle stability and efficient chromosome alignment, independently of its vesicle trafficking function. Although clathrin localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore fiber microtubule bundles, the mechanisms by which clathrin stabilizes microtubules are unclear. We show that clathrin adaptor interaction sites on clathrin heavy chain (CHC) are repurposed during mitosis to directly recruit the microtubule-stabilizing protein GTSE1 to the spindle. Structural analyses reveal that these sites interact directly with clathrin-box motifs on GTSE1. Disruption of this interaction releases GTSE1 from spindles, causing defects in chromosome alignment. Surprisingly, this disruption destabilizes astral microtubules, but not kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and chromosome alignment defects are due to a failure of chromosome congression independent of kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. GTSE1 recruited to the spindle by clathrin stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. This work uncovers a novel role of clathrin adaptor-type interactions to stabilize nonkinetochore fiber microtubules to support chromosome congression, defining for the first time a repurposing of this endocytic interaction mechanism during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Divya Singh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Harish C Thakur
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pia Brinkert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shweta Bendre
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Mazul
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Per O Widlund
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tanja Bange
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Stiff T, Echegaray-Iturra FR, Pink HJ, Herbert A, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Hochegger H. Prophase-Specific Perinuclear Actin Coordinates Centrosome Separation and Positioning to Ensure Accurate Chromosome Segregation. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107681. [PMID: 32460023 PMCID: PMC7262599 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome separation in late G2/ early prophase requires precise spatial coordination that is determined by a balance of forces promoting and antagonizing separation. The major effector of centrosome separation is the kinesin Eg5. However, the identity and regulation of Eg5-antagonizing forces is less well characterized. By manipulating candidate components, we find that centrosome separation is reversible and that separated centrosomes congress toward a central position underneath the flat nucleus. This positioning mechanism requires microtubule polymerization, as well as actin polymerization. We identify perinuclear actin structures that form in late G2/early prophase and interact with microtubules emanating from the centrosomes. Disrupting these structures by breaking the interactions of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex with perinuclear actin filaments abrogates this centrosome positioning mechanism and causes an increase in subsequent chromosome segregation errors. Our results demonstrate how geometrical cues from the cell nucleus coordinate the orientation of the emanating spindle poles before nuclear envelope breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stiff
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19RQ, UK
| | - Fabio R Echegaray-Iturra
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19RQ, UK
| | - Harry J Pink
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19RQ, UK
| | - Alex Herbert
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19RQ, UK
| | | | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN19RQ, UK.
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12
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Tang Q, Rui M, Bu S, Wang Y, Chew LY, Yu F. A microtubule polymerase is required for microtubule orientation and dendrite pruning in Drosophila. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103549. [PMID: 32267553 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila class IV ddaC neurons selectively prune all larval dendrites to refine the nervous system during metamorphosis. During dendrite pruning, severing of proximal dendrites is preceded by local microtubule (MT) disassembly. Here, we identify an unexpected role of Mini spindles (Msps), a conserved MT polymerase, in governing dendrite pruning. Msps associates with another MT-associated protein TACC, and both stabilize each other in ddaC neurons. Moreover, Msps and TACC are required to orient minus-end-out MTs in dendrites. We further show that the functions of msps in dendritic MT orientation and dendrite pruning are antagonized by the kinesin-13 MT depolymerase Klp10A. Excessive MT depolymerization, which is induced by pharmacological treatment and katanin overexpression, also perturbs dendritic MT orientation and dendrite pruning, phenocopying msps mutants. Thus, we demonstrate that the MT polymerase Msps is required to form dendritic minus-end-out MTs and thereby promotes dendrite pruning in Drosophila sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Tang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Menglong Rui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shufeng Bu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yan Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore City, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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13
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Rodríguez-García R, Volkov VA, Chen CY, Katrukha EA, Olieric N, Aher A, Grigoriev I, López MP, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Koenderink G, Dogterom M, Akhmanova A. Mechanisms of Motor-Independent Membrane Remodeling Driven by Dynamic Microtubules. Curr Biol 2020; 30:972-987.e12. [PMID: 32032506 PMCID: PMC7090928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-dependent organization of membranous organelles occurs through motor-based pulling and by coupling microtubule dynamics to membrane remodeling. For example, tubules of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be extended by kinesin- and dynein-mediated transport and through the association with the tips of dynamic microtubules. The binding between ER and growing microtubule plus ends requires End Binding (EB) proteins and the transmembrane protein STIM1, which form a tip-attachment complex (TAC), but it is unknown whether these proteins are sufficient for membrane remodeling. Furthermore, EBs and their partners undergo rapid turnover at microtubule ends, and it is unclear how highly transient protein-protein interactions can induce load-bearing processive motion. Here, we reconstituted membrane tubulation in a minimal system with giant unilamellar vesicles, dynamic microtubules, an EB protein, and a membrane-bound protein that can interact with EBs and microtubules. We showed that these components are sufficient to drive membrane remodeling by three mechanisms: membrane tubulation induced by growing microtubule ends, motor-independent membrane sliding along microtubule shafts, and membrane pulling by shrinking microtubules. Experiments and modeling demonstrated that the first two mechanisms can be explained by adhesion-driven biased membrane spreading on microtubules. Optical trapping revealed that growing and shrinking microtubule ends can exert forces of ∼0.5 and ∼5 pN, respectively, through attached proteins. Rapidly exchanging molecules that connect membranes to dynamic microtubules can thus bear a sufficient load to induce membrane deformation and motility. Furthermore, combining TAC components and a membrane-attached kinesin in the same in vitro assays demonstrated that they can cooperate in promoting membrane tubule extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruddi Rodríguez-García
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629, the Netherlands
| | - Chiung-Yi Chen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Gijsje Koenderink
- Department of Living Matter, AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098, the Netherlands
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629, the Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands.
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14
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Yabuno Y, Uchihashi T, Sasakura T, Shimizu H, Naito Y, Fukushima K, Ota K, Kogo M, Nojima H, Yabuta N. Clathrin heavy chain phosphorylated at T606 plays a role in proper cell division. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1976-1994. [PMID: 31272276 PMCID: PMC6681784 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1637201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin regulates mitotic progression, in addition to membrane trafficking. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms of clathrin during mitosis remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate novel regulation of clathrin during mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Clathrin heavy chain (CHC) was phosphorylated at T606 by its association partner cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK). This phosphorylation was required for proper cell proliferation and tumor growth of cells implanted into nude mice. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the localization of CHC-pT606 signals changed during mitosis. CHC-pT606 signals localized in the nucleus and at the centrosome during interphase, whereas CHC signals were mostly cytoplasmic. Co-immunoprecipitation suggested that CHC formed a complex with GAK and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Depletion of GAK using siRNA induced metaphase arrest and aberrant localization of CHC-pT606, which abolished Kiz-pT379 (as a phosphorylation target of PLK1) signals on chromatin at metaphase. Taken together, we propose that the GAK_CHC-pT606_PLK1_Kiz-pT379 axis plays a role in proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yabuno
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Uchihashi
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Towa Sasakura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Ota
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Thawani A, Stone HA, Shaevitz JW, Petry S. Spatiotemporal organization of branched microtubule networks. eLife 2019; 8:43890. [PMID: 31066674 PMCID: PMC6519983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how chromosomes are segregated, it is necessary to explain the precise spatiotemporal organization of microtubules (MTs) in the mitotic spindle. We use Xenopus egg extracts to study the nucleation and dynamics of MTs in branched networks, a process that is critical for spindle assembly. Surprisingly, new branched MTs preferentially originate near the minus-ends of pre-existing MTs. A sequential reaction model, consisting of deposition of nucleation sites on an existing MT, followed by rate-limiting nucleation of branches, reproduces the measured spatial profile of nucleation, the distribution of MT plus-ends and tubulin intensity. By regulating the availability of the branching effectors TPX2, augmin and γ-TuRC, combined with single-molecule observations, we show that first TPX2 is deposited on pre-existing MTs, followed by binding of augmin/γ-TuRC to result in the nucleation of branched MTs. In sum, regulating the localization and kinetics of nucleation effectors governs the architecture of branched MT networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Thawani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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16
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Rostkova E, Burgess SG, Bayliss R, Pfuhl M. Solution NMR assignment of the C-terminal domain of human chTOG. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2018; 12:221-224. [PMID: 29582386 PMCID: PMC6132821 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-018-9812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule regulatory protein colonic and hepatic tumor overexpressed gene (chTOG), also known as cytoskeleleton associated protein 5 (CKAP5) plays an important role in organizing the cytoskeleton and in particular in the assembly of k-fibres in mitosis. Recently, we dissected the hitherto poorly understood C-terminus of this protein by discovering two new domains-a cryptic TOG domain (TOG6) and a smaller, helical domain at the very C-terminus. It was shown that the C-terminal domain is important for the interaction with the TACC domain in TACC3 during the assembly of k-fibres in a ternary complex that also includes clathrin. Here we now present the solution NMR assignment of the chTOG C-terminal domain which confirms our earlier prediction that it is mainly made of α-helices. However, the appearance of the 1H-15N HSQC spectrum is indicative of the presence of a considerable amount of unstructured and possibly flexible portions of protein in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rostkova
- Cardiovascular and Randall Division, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Selena G Burgess
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Pfuhl
- Cardiovascular and Randall Division, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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17
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Nelson KN, Meyer AN, Wang CG, Donoghue DJ. Oncogenic driver FGFR3-TACC3 is dependent on membrane trafficking and ERK signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34306-34319. [PMID: 30344944 PMCID: PMC6188140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion proteins resulting from chromosomal translocations have been identified as oncogenic drivers in many cancers, allowing them to serve as potential drug targets in clinical practice. The genes encoding FGFRs, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors, are commonly involved in such translocations, with the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion protein frequently identified in many cancers, including glioblastoma, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma among others. FGFR3-TACC3 retains the entire extracellular domain and most of the kinase domain of FGFR3, with its C-terminal domain fused to TACC3. We examine here the effects of targeting FGFR3-TACC3 to different subcellular localizations by appending either a nuclear localization signal (NLS) or a myristylation signal, or by deletion of the normal signal sequence. We demonstrate that the oncogenic effects of FGFR3-TACC3 require either entrance to the secretory pathway or plasma membrane localization, leading to overactivation of canonical MAPK/ERK pathways. We also examined the effects of different translocation breakpoints in FGFR3-TACC3, comparing fusion at TACC3 exon 11 with fusion at exon 8. Transformation resulting from FGFR3-TACC3 was not affected by association with the canonical TACC3-interacting proteins Aurora-A, clathrin, and ch-TOG. We have shown that kinase inhibitors for MEK (Trametinib) and FGFR (BGJ398) are effective in blocking cell transformation and MAPK pathway upregulation. The development of personalized medicines will be essential in treating patients who harbor oncogenic drivers such as FGFR3-TACC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Clark G Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,UCSD Moores Cancer Center and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Burgess SG, Mukherjee M, Sabir S, Joseph N, Gutiérrez-Caballero C, Richards MW, Huguenin-Dezot N, Chin JW, Kennedy EJ, Pfuhl M, Royle SJ, Gergely F, Bayliss R. Mitotic spindle association of TACC3 requires Aurora-A-dependent stabilization of a cryptic α-helix. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97902. [PMID: 29510984 PMCID: PMC5897774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A regulates the recruitment of TACC3 to the mitotic spindle through a phospho-dependent interaction with clathrin heavy chain (CHC). Here, we describe the structural basis of these interactions, mediated by three motifs in a disordered region of TACC3. A hydrophobic docking motif binds to a previously uncharacterized pocket on Aurora-A that is blocked in most kinases. Abrogation of the docking motif causes a delay in late mitosis, consistent with the cellular distribution of Aurora-A complexes. Phosphorylation of Ser558 engages a conformational switch in a second motif from a disordered state, needed to bind the kinase active site, into a helical conformation. The helix extends into a third, adjacent motif that is recognized by a helical-repeat region of CHC, not a recognized phospho-reader domain. This potentially widespread mechanism of phospho-recognition provides greater flexibility to tune the molecular details of the interaction than canonical recognition motifs that are dominated by phosphate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena G Burgess
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Manjeet Mukherjee
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Sabir
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nimesh Joseph
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mark W Richards
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Pfuhl
- Cardiovascular & Randall Division, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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19
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Fry AM, Bayliss R, Roig J. Mitotic Regulation by NEK Kinase Networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:102. [PMID: 29250521 PMCID: PMC5716973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies in yeast and Drosophila led to identification of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Polo-like kinases (PLKs) and Aurora kinases as essential regulators of mitosis. These enzymes have since been found in the majority of eukaryotes and their cell cycle-related functions characterized in great detail. However, genetic studies in another fungal species, Aspergillus nidulans, identified a distinct family of protein kinases, the NEKs, that are also widely conserved and have key roles in the cell cycle, but which remain less well studied. Nevertheless, it is now clear that multiple NEK family members act in networks to regulate specific events of mitosis, including centrosome separation, spindle assembly and cytokinesis. Here, we describe our current understanding of how the NEK kinases contribute to these processes, particularly through targeted phosphorylation of proteins associated with the microtubule cytoskeleton. We also present the latest findings on molecular events that control the activation state of the NEKs and how these are revealing novel modes of enzymatic regulation relevant not only to other kinases but also to pathological mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Roig
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Ding ZM, Huang CJ, Jiao XF, Wu D, Huo LJ. The role of TACC3 in mitotic spindle organization. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:369-378. [PMID: 28745816 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TACC3 regulates spindle organization during mitosis and also regulates centrosome-mediated microtubule nucleation by affecting γ-Tubulin ring complexes. In addition, it interacts with different proteins (such as ch-TOG, clathrin and Aurora-A) to function in mitotic spindle assembly and stability. By forming the TACC3/ch-TOG complex, TACC3 acts as a plus end-tracking protein to promote microtubule elongation. The TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin complex is formed to stabilize kinetochore fibers by crosslinking adjacent microtubules. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of TACC3 by Aurora-A is important for the formation of TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin and its recruitment to kinetochore fibers. Recently, the aberrant expression of TACC3 in a variety of human cancers has been linked with mitotic defects. Thus, in this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the biological roles of TACC3 in mitotic spindle organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chun-Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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21
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Yang C, Wu J, de Heus C, Grigoriev I, Liv N, Yao Y, Smal I, Meijering E, Klumperman J, Qi RZ, Akhmanova A. EB1 and EB3 regulate microtubule minus end organization and Golgi morphology. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3179-3198. [PMID: 28814570 PMCID: PMC5626540 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
End-binding proteins regulate the dynamics and function of microtubule plus ends by recruiting a plethora of diverse factors. Yang et al. show that EB1 and EB3 also affect microtubule minus ends by participating in their attachment to Golgi membranes. This function is important for cell polarity and migration. End-binding proteins (EBs) are the core components of microtubule plus end tracking protein complexes, but it is currently unknown whether they are essential for mammalian microtubule organization. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout technology, we generated stable cell lines lacking EB2 and EB3 and the C-terminal partner-binding half of EB1. These cell lines show only mild defects in cell division and microtubule polymerization. However, the length of CAMSAP2-decorated stretches at noncentrosomal microtubule minus ends in these cells is reduced, microtubules are detached from Golgi membranes, and the Golgi complex is more compact. Coorganization of microtubules and Golgi membranes depends on the EB1/EB3–myomegalin complex, which acts as membrane–microtubule tether and counteracts tight clustering of individual Golgi stacks. Disruption of EB1 and EB3 also perturbs cell migration, polarity, and the distribution of focal adhesions. EB1 and EB3 thus affect multiple interphase processes and have a major impact on microtubule minus end organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Meijering
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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22
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Sarkar S, Ryan EL, Royle SJ. FGFR3-TACC3 cancer gene fusions cause mitotic defects by removal of endogenous TACC3 from the mitotic spindle. Open Biol 2017; 7:170080. [PMID: 28855393 PMCID: PMC5577446 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3 (FGFR3-TACC3; FT3) is a gene fusion resulting from rearrangement of chromosome 4 that has been identified in many cancers including those of the urinary bladder. Altered FGFR3 signalling in FT3-positive cells is thought to contribute to cancer progression. However, potential changes in TACC3 function in these cells have not been explored. TACC3 is a mitotic spindle protein required for accurate chromosome segregation. Errors in segregation lead to aneuploidy, which can contribute to cancer progression. Here we show that FT3-positive bladder cancer cells have lower levels of endogenous TACC3 on the mitotic spindle, and that this is sufficient to cause mitotic defects. FT3 is not localized to the mitotic spindle, and by virtue of its TACC domain, recruits endogenous TACC3 away from the spindle. Knockdown of the fusion gene or low-level overexpression of TACC3 partially rescues the chromosome segregation defects in FT3-positive bladder cancer cells. This function of FT3 is specific to TACC3 as inhibition of FGFR3 signalling does not rescue the TACC3 level on the spindle in these cancer cells. Models of FT3-mediated carcinogenesis should, therefore, include altered mitotic functions of TACC3 as well as altered FGFR3 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Sarkar
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ellis L Ryan
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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23
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Cirillo L, Gotta M, Meraldi P. The Elephant in the Room: The Role of Microtubules in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:93-124. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Nixon FM, Honnor TR, Clarke NI, Starling GP, Beckett AJ, Johansen AM, Brettschneider JA, Prior IA, Royle SJ. Microtubule organization within mitotic spindles revealed by serial block face scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1845-1855. [PMID: 28389579 PMCID: PMC6173286 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) is a powerful method to analyze cells in 3D. Here, working at the resolution limit of the method, we describe a correlative light-SBF-SEM workflow to resolve microtubules of the mitotic spindle in human cells. We present four examples of uses for this workflow that are not practical by light microscopy and/or transmission electron microscopy. First, distinguishing closely associated microtubules within K-fibers; second, resolving bridging fibers in the mitotic spindle; third, visualizing membranes in mitotic cells, relative to the spindle apparatus; and fourth, volumetric analysis of kinetochores. Our workflow also includes new computational tools for exploring the spatial arrangement of microtubules within the mitotic spindle. We use these tools to show that microtubule order in mitotic spindles is sensitive to the level of TACC3 on the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye M Nixon
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Thomas R Honnor
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas I Clarke
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Georgina P Starling
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alison J Beckett
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Adam M Johansen
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Ian A Prior
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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25
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Petschnigg J, Kotlyar M, Blair L, Jurisica I, Stagljar I, Ketteler R. Systematic Identification of Oncogenic EGFR Interaction Partners. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:280-294. [PMID: 27956147 PMCID: PMC5240790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) that—once activated upon ligand binding—leads to receptor dimerization, recruitment of protein complexes, and activation of multiple signaling cascades. The EGFR is frequently overexpressed or mutated in various cancers leading to aberrant signaling and tumor growth. Hence, identification of interaction partners that bind to mutated EGFR can help identify novel targets for drug discovery. Here, we used a systematic approach to identify novel proteins that are involved in cancerous EGFR signaling. Using a combination of high-content imaging and a mammalian membrane two-hybrid protein–protein interaction method, we identified eight novel interaction partners of EGFR, of which half strongly interacted with oncogenic, hyperactive EGFR variants. One of these, transforming acidic coiled-coil proteins (TACC) 3, stabilizes EGFR on the cell surface, which results in an increase in downstream signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT pathway. Depletion of TACC3 from cells using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown or small-molecule targeting reduced mitogenic signaling in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, suggesting that targeting TACC3 has potential as a new therapeutic approach for non-small cell lung cancer. A combined screening approach involving an image-based green fluorescent protein-Grb2 translocation assay and a mammalian membrane two-hybrid protein–protein interaction assay identified 11 novel interactors of EGFR. Eight of those were further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. TACC3 was identified as a novel EGFR interactor, which specifically binds to oncogenic EGFR variants. TACC3 directly modulates EGFR stability at the cell surface and hence promotes mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Targeting TACC3 in non-small cell lung cancer cells partially resensitizes TK-resistant cells to TK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Petschnigg
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Louise Blair
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 2E4, Canada; TECHNA Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, Toronto, M5G 1L5, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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26
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Rutherford EL, Lowery LA. Exploring the developmental mechanisms underlying Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Evidence for defects in neural crest cell migration. Dev Biol 2016; 420:1-10. [PMID: 27777068 PMCID: PMC5193094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mental retardation, craniofacial malformation, and defects in skeletal and heart development. The syndrome is associated with irregularities on the short arm of chromosome 4, including deletions of varying sizes and microduplications. Many of these genotypic aberrations in humans have been correlated with the classic WHS phenotype, and animal models have provided a context for mapping these genetic irregularities to specific phenotypes; however, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning the cell biological mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. This review summarizes literature that has made recent contributions to this topic, drawing from the vast body of knowledge detailing the genetic particularities of the disorder and the more limited pool of information on its cell biology. Finally, we propose a novel characterization for WHS as a pathophysiology owing in part to defects in neural crest cell motility and migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Rutherford
- Boston College, Department of Biology, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Boston College, Department of Biology, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
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27
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Rutherford EL, Carandang L, Ebbert PT, Mills AN, Bowers JT, Lowery LA. Xenopus TACC2 is a microtubule plus end-tracking protein that can promote microtubule polymerization during embryonic development. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3013-3020. [PMID: 27559128 PMCID: PMC5063610 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus TACC2 is a microtubule plus end–tracking protein that localizes in front of EB1 and overlaps with TACC1 and TACC3 in cultured embryonic mesenchymal cells and neuronal growth cones. TACC2 OE can promote increased microtubule polymerization in mesenchymal cells but not growth cones, suggesting cell-type specificity to its function. Microtubule dynamics is regulated by plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs), which localize to the plus ends of microtubules (MTs). We previously showed that TACC1 and TACC3, members of the transforming acidic coiled-coil protein family, can act as +TIPs to regulate MT dynamics in Xenopus laevis. Here we characterize TACC2 as a +TIP that localizes to MT plus ends in front of EB1 and overlapping with TACC1 and TACC3 in multiple embryonic cell types. We also show that TACC2 can promote MT polymerization in mesenchymal cells but not neuronal growth cones, thus displaying cell-type specificity. Structure–function analysis demonstrates that the C-terminal region of TACC2 is both necessary and sufficient to localize to MT plus ends and promote increased rates of MT polymerization, whereas the N-terminal region cannot bind to MT plus ends but can act in a dominant-negative capacity to reduce polymerization rates. Finally, we analyze mRNA expression patterns in Xenopus embryos for each TACC protein and observe neural enrichment of TACC3 expression compared with TACC1 and TACC2, which are also expressed in mesodermal tissues, including somites. Overall these data provide a novel assessment of all three TACC proteins as a family of +TIPs by highlighting the unique attributes of each, as well as their collective characteristics.
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28
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Lucaj CM, Evans MF, Nwagbara BU, Ebbert PT, Baker CC, Volk JG, Francl AF, Ruvolo SP, Lowery LA. Xenopus TACC1 is a microtubule plus-end tracking protein that can regulate microtubule dynamics during embryonic development. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 72:225-34. [PMID: 26012630 PMCID: PMC4520305 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule plus‐end dynamics are regulated by a family of proteins called plus‐end tracking proteins (+TIPs). We recently demonstrated that the transforming acidic coiled‐coil (TACC) domain family member, TACC3, can function as a +TIP to regulate microtubule dynamics in Xenopus laevis embryonic cells. Although it has been previously reported that TACC3 is the only TACC family member that exists in Xenopus, our examination of its genome determined that Xenopus, like all other vertebrates, contains three TACC family members. Here, we investigate the localization and function of Xenopus TACC1, the founding member of the TACC family. We demonstrate that it can act as a +TIP to regulate microtubule dynamics, and that the conserved C‐terminal TACC domain is required for its localization to plus‐ends. We also show that, in Xenopus embryonic mesenchymal cells, TACC1 and TACC3 are each required for maintaining normal microtubule growth speed but exhibit some functional redundancy in the regulation of microtubule growth lifetime. Given the conservation of TACC1 in Xenopus and other vertebrates, we propose that Xenopus laevis is a useful system to investigate unexplored cell biological functions of TACC1 and other TACC family members in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. © 2015 The Authors. Cytoskeleton, Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lucaj
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew F Evans
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Belinda U Nwagbara
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick T Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Charlie C Baker
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph G Volk
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew F Francl
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Sean P Ruvolo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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29
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Nelson KN, Meyer AN, Siari A, Campos AR, Motamedchaboki K, Donoghue DJ. Oncogenic Gene Fusion FGFR3-TACC3 Is Regulated by Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:458-69. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Chen JWC, Barker AR, Wakefield JG. The Ran Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:74. [PMID: 26636083 PMCID: PMC4659922 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the small GTPase Ran has emerged as a central regulator of both mitosis and meiosis, particularly in the generation, maintenance, and regulation of the microtubule (MT)-based bipolar spindle. Ran-regulated pathways in mitosis bear many similarities to the well-characterized functions of Ran in nuclear transport and, as with transport, the majority of these mitotic effects are mediated through affecting the physical interaction between karyopherins and Spindle Assembly Factors (SAFs)—a loose term describing proteins or protein complexes involved in spindle assembly through promoting nucleation, stabilization, and/or depolymerization of MTs, through anchoring MTs to specific structures such as centrosomes, chromatin or kinetochores, or through sliding MTs along each other to generate the force required to achieve bipolarity. As such, the Ran-mediated pathway represents a crucial functional module within the wider spindle assembly landscape. Research into mitosis using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster has contributed substantially to our understanding of centrosome and spindle function. However, in comparison to mammalian systems, very little is known about the contribution of Ran-mediated pathways in Drosophila mitosis. This article sets out to summarize our understanding of the roles of the Ran pathway components in Drosophila mitosis, focusing on the syncytial blastoderm embryo, arguing that it can provide important insights into the conserved functions on Ran during spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W C Chen
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Amy R Barker
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK ; Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - James G Wakefield
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
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31
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Burgess SG, Peset I, Joseph N, Cavazza T, Vernos I, Pfuhl M, Gergely F, Bayliss R. Aurora-A-Dependent Control of TACC3 Influences the Rate of Mitotic Spindle Assembly. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005345. [PMID: 26134678 PMCID: PMC4489650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential mammalian gene TACC3 is frequently mutated and amplified in cancers and its fusion products exhibit oncogenic activity in glioblastomas. TACC3 functions in mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. In particular, phosphorylation on S558 by the mitotic kinase, Aurora-A, promotes spindle recruitment of TACC3 and triggers the formation of a complex with ch-TOG-clathrin that crosslinks and stabilises kinetochore microtubules. Here we map the Aurora-A-binding interface in TACC3 and show that TACC3 potently activates Aurora-A through a domain centered on F525. Vertebrate cells carrying homozygous F525A mutation in the endogenous TACC3 loci exhibit defects in TACC3 function, namely perturbed localization, reduced phosphorylation and weakened interaction with clathrin. The most striking feature of the F525A cells however is a marked shortening of mitosis, at least in part due to rapid spindle assembly. F525A cells do not exhibit chromosome missegregation, indicating that they undergo fast yet apparently faithful mitosis. By contrast, mutating the phosphorylation site S558 to alanine in TACC3 causes aneuploidy without a significant change in mitotic duration. Our work has therefore defined a regulatory role for the Aurora-A-TACC3 interaction beyond the act of phosphorylation at S558. We propose that the regulatory relationship between Aurora-A and TACC3 enables the transition from the microtubule-polymerase activity of TACC3-ch-TOG to the microtubule-crosslinking activity of TACC3-ch-TOG-clathrin complexes as mitosis progresses. Aurora-A-dependent control of TACC3 could determine the balance between these activities, thereby influencing not only spindle length and stability but also the speed of spindle formation with vital consequences for chromosome alignment and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena G. Burgess
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Peset
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nimesh Joseph
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Cavazza
- Cell and Developmental Biology program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Cell and Developmental Biology program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Pfuhl
- Cardiovascular and Randall Division, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Leicester Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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32
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Nixon FM, Gutiérrez-Caballero C, Hood FE, Booth DG, Prior IA, Royle SJ. The mesh is a network of microtubule connectors that stabilizes individual kinetochore fibers of the mitotic spindle. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26090906 PMCID: PMC4495718 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore fibers (K-fibers) of the mitotic spindle are force-generating units that power chromosome movement during mitosis. K-fibers are composed of many microtubules that are held together throughout their length. Here, we show, using 3D electron microscopy, that K-fiber microtubules (MTs) are connected by a network of MT connectors. We term this network ‘the mesh’. The K-fiber mesh is made of linked multipolar connectors. Each connector has up to four struts, so that a single connector can link up to four MTs. Molecular manipulation of the mesh by overexpression of TACC3 causes disorganization of the K-fiber MTs. Optimal stabilization of K-fibers by the mesh is required for normal progression through mitosis. We propose that the mesh stabilizes K-fibers by pulling MTs together and thereby maintaining the integrity of the fiber. Our work thus identifies the K-fiber meshwork of linked multipolar connectors as a key integrator and determinant of K-fiber structure and function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07635.001 Before a cell divides, its genetic material must be copied and then equally distributed between the newly formed daughter cells. In the cells of plants, animals, and fungi, a structure known as the spindle pulls the two copies of the chromosomes apart. The spindle is made up of a network of long, protein filaments called microtubules, and the bundles of microtubules that attach to the chromosomes are referred to as ‘K-fibers’. K-fibers are organized in a way that provides strength. These bundles of microtubules are held together throughout their entire length and, in 2011, it was suggested that a group of proteins including one called TACC3 could cross-link adjacent microtubules within K-fibers. However, it remained unclear how these proteins achieved this. Now, Nixon et al.—including several of the researchers involved in the 2011 work—have used a technique called 3D electron tomography to analyze what holds the K-fibers together in human cells. This analysis revealed struts or connectors that hold together adjacent microtubules within K-fibers. These connectors can vary in size and a single connector can link up to four microtubules. This means that, in a three-dimensional view, the connectors appear as a ‘mesh’ between the microtubules in the bundle. Nixon et al. then increased the levels of the TACC3 protein and found that the K-fibers became disorganized. The spacing of the microtubules with the K-fibers was reduced so that they were more tightly packed than normal. These observations suggest that ‘the mesh’ influences the microtubule spacing within a K-fiber. Nixon et al. analyzed how disorganized K-fibers affected dividing cells and found that it took longer for the chromosomes to move to the newly forming daughter cells. This suggests that cells must maintain optimal levels of TACC3 to ensure that the K-fibers can effectively separate the chromosomes. Further work is needed to identify the other proteins and molecules that make up the mesh. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07635.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye M Nixon
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fiona E Hood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Booth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Prior
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
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