1
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Berg C, Sieber M, Sun J. Finishing the egg. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad183. [PMID: 38000906 PMCID: PMC10763546 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamete development is a fundamental process that is highly conserved from early eukaryotes to mammals. As germ cells develop, they must coordinate a dynamic series of cellular processes that support growth, cell specification, patterning, the loading of maternal factors (RNAs, proteins, and nutrients), differentiation of structures to enable fertilization and ensure embryonic survival, and other processes that make a functional oocyte. To achieve these goals, germ cells integrate a complex milieu of environmental and developmental signals to produce fertilizable eggs. Over the past 50 years, Drosophila oogenesis has risen to the forefront as a system to interrogate the sophisticated mechanisms that drive oocyte development. Studies in Drosophila have defined mechanisms in germ cells that control meiosis, protect genome integrity, facilitate mRNA trafficking, and support the maternal loading of nutrients. Work in this system has provided key insights into the mechanisms that establish egg chamber polarity and patterning as well as the mechanisms that drive ovulation and egg activation. Using the power of Drosophila genetics, the field has begun to define the molecular mechanisms that coordinate environmental stresses and nutrient availability with oocyte development. Importantly, the majority of these reproductive mechanisms are highly conserved throughout evolution, and many play critical roles in the development of somatic tissues as well. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress in several key areas that impact egg chamber development and ovulation. First, we discuss the mechanisms that drive nutrient storage and trafficking during oocyte maturation and vitellogenesis. Second, we examine the processes that regulate follicle cell patterning and how that patterning impacts the construction of the egg shell and the establishment of embryonic polarity. Finally, we examine regulatory factors that control ovulation, egg activation, and successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Berg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5065USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269USA
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2
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Spradling AC. The Ancient Origin and Function of Germline Cysts. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:3-21. [PMID: 37996670 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Gamete production in most animal species is initiated within an evolutionarily ancient multicellular germline structure, the germline cyst, whose interconnected premeiotic cells synchronously develop from a single progenitor arising just downstream from a stem cell. Cysts in mice, Drosophila, and many other animals protect developing sperm, while in females, cysts generate nurse cells that guard sister oocytes from transposons (TEs) and help them grow and build a Balbiani body. However, the origin and extreme evolutionary conservation of germline cysts remains a mystery. We suggest that cysts arose in ancestral animals like Hydra and Planaria whose multipotent somatic and germline stem cells (neoblasts) express genes conserved in all animal germ cells and frequently begin differentiation in cysts. A syncytial state is proposed to help multipotent stem cell chromatin transition to an epigenetic state with heterochromatic domains suitable for TE repression and specialized function. Most modern animals now lack neoblasts but have retained stem cells and cysts in their early germlines, which continue to function using this ancient epigenetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C Spradling
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Keramidioti A, Golegou E, Psarra E, Paschalidis N, Kalodimou K, Yamamoto S, Delidakis C, Vakaloglou KM, Zervas CG. Epithelial morphogenesis in the Drosophila egg chamber requires Parvin and ILK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:951082. [PMID: 36531940 PMCID: PMC9752845 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.951082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrins are the major family of transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-matrix adhesion and have a critical role in epithelial morphogenesis. Integrin function largely depends on the indirect connection of the integrin cytoplasmic tail to the actin cytoskeleton through an intracellular protein network, the integrin adhesome. What is currently unknown is the role of individual integrin adhesome components in epithelia dynamic reorganization. Drosophila egg chamber consists of the oocyte encircled by a monolayer of somatic follicle epithelial cells that undergo specific cell shape changes. Egg chamber morphogenesis depends on a developmental array of cell-cell and cell-matrix signalling events. Recent elegant work on the role of integrins in the Drosophila egg chamber has indicated their essential role in the early stages of oogenesis when the pre-follicle cells assemble into the follicle epithelium. Here, we have focused on the functional requirement of two key integrin adhesome components, Parvin and Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK). Both proteins are expressed in the developing ovary from pupae to the adult stage and display enriched expression in terminal filament and stalk cells, while their genetic removal from early germaria results in severe disruption of the subsequent oogenesis, leading to female sterility. Combining genetic mosaic analysis of available null alleles for both Parvin and Ilk with conditional rescue utilizing the UAS/Gal4 system, we found that Parvin and ILK are required in pre-follicle cells for germline cyst encapsulation and stalk cell morphogenesis. Collectively, we have uncovered novel developmental functions for both Parvin and ILK, which closely synergize with integrins in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Keramidioti
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evgenia Golegou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Psarra
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kalodimou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Neuroscience (BCM), The Development Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Program in Developmental Biology (BCM), Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Iraklio, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Iraklio, Greece
| | - Katerina M. Vakaloglou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos G. Zervas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Milas A, de-Carvalho J, Telley IA. Follicle cell contact maintains main body axis polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213703. [PMID: 36409222 PMCID: PMC9682419 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, the anterior-posterior body axis is maternally established and governed by differential localization of partitioning defective (Par) proteins within the oocyte. At mid-oogenesis, Par-1 accumulates at the oocyte posterior end, while Par-3/Bazooka is excluded there but maintains its localization along the remaining oocyte cortex. Past studies have proposed the need for somatic cells at the posterior end to initiate oocyte polarization by providing a trigger signal. To date, neither the molecular identity nor the nature of the signal is known. Here, we provide evidence that mechanical contact of posterior follicle cells (PFCs) with the oocyte cortex causes the posterior exclusion of Bazooka and maintains oocyte polarity. We show that Bazooka prematurely accumulates exclusively where posterior follicle cells have been mechanically detached or ablated. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PFC contact maintains Par-1 and oskar mRNA localization and microtubule cytoskeleton polarity in the oocyte. Our observations suggest that cell-cell contact mechanics modulates Par protein binding sites at the oocyte cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Rua da Quinta Grande, Portugal
| | - Jorge de-Carvalho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Rua da Quinta Grande, Portugal
| | - Ivo A. Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Rua da Quinta Grande, Portugal,Correspondence to Ivo A. Telley:
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5
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Guo Y, Guo J, Li Y. Wolbachia wPip Blocks Zika Virus Transovarial Transmission in Aedes albopictus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0263321. [PMID: 35894613 PMCID: PMC9603370 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02633-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is being developed as a biological tool to suppress mosquito populations and/or interfere with their transmitted viruses. Adult males with an artificial Wolbachia infection have been released, successfully yielding population suppression in multiple field trials. The main characteristic of the artificial Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes used in the suppression program is the lower vector competence than that in native infected/uninfected mosquitoes in horizontal and vertical transmission. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the Aedes albopictus HC line infected with a trio of Wolbachia strains exhibited almost complete blockade of dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in horizontal and vertical transmission. However, the extent to which Wolbachia inhibits virus transovarial transmission is unknown since no studies have been performed to determine whether Wolbachia protects ovarian cells against viral infection. Here, we employed ovarian cells of the Ae. albopictus GUA (a wild-type mosquito line superinfected with two native Wolbachia strains, wAlbA and wAlbB), HC, and GT lines (tetracycline-cured, Wolbachia-uninfected mosquitoes), which exhibit key traits, and compared them to better understand how Wolbachia inhibits ZIKV transovarial transmission. Our results showed that the infection rate of adult GT progeny was significantly higher than that of GUA progeny during the first and second gonotrophic cycles. In contrast, the infection rates of adult GT and GUA progeny were not significantly different during the third gonotrophic cycle. All examined adult HC progeny from three gonotrophic cycles were negative for ZIKV infection. A strong negative linear correlation existed between Wolbachia density and ZIKV load in the ovaries of mosquitoes. Although there is no obvious coexistence area in the ovaries for Wolbachia and ZIKV, host immune responses may play a role in Wolbachia blocking ZIKV expansion and maintenance in the ovaries of Ae. albopictus. These results will aid in understanding Wolbachia-ZIKV interactions in mosquitoes. IMPORTANCE Area-wide application of Wolbachia to suppress mosquito populations and their transmitted viruses has achieved success in multiple countries. However, the mass release of Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes involves a potential risk of accidentally releasing fertile females. In this study, we employed ovarian cells of the Ae. albopictus GUA, HC, and GT lines, which exhibit key traits, and compared them to better understand how Wolbachia inhibits ZIKV transovarial transmission. Our results showed an almost complete blockade of ZIKV transmission in HC female mosquitoes. Wolbachia in natively infected GUA mosquitoes negative affected ZIKV, and this interference was shown by slightly lower loads than those in HC mosquitoes. Overall, our work helps show how Wolbachia blocks ZIKV expansion and maintenance in the ovaries of Ae. albopictus and aids in understanding Wolbachia-ZIKV interactions in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiatian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Töpfer U, Guerra Santillán KY, Fischer-Friedrich E, Dahmann C. Distinct contributions of ECM proteins to basement membrane mechanical properties in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:275413. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The basement membrane is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) that is crucial for the development of epithelial tissues and organs. In Drosophila, the mechanical properties of the basement membrane play an important role in the proper elongation of the developing egg chamber; however, the molecular mechanisms contributing to basement membrane mechanical properties are not fully understood. Here, we systematically analyze the contributions of individual ECM components towards the molecular composition and mechanical properties of the basement membrane underlying the follicle epithelium of Drosophila egg chambers. We find that the Laminin and Collagen IV networks largely persist in the absence of the other components. Moreover, we show that Perlecan and Collagen IV, but not Laminin or Nidogen, contribute greatly towards egg chamber elongation. Similarly, Perlecan and Collagen, but not Laminin or Nidogen, contribute towards the resistance of egg chambers against osmotic stress. Finally, using atomic force microscopy we show that basement membrane stiffness mainly depends on Collagen IV. Our analysis reveals how single ECM components contribute to the mechanical properties of the basement membrane controlling tissue and organ shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Töpfer
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karla Yanín Guerra Santillán
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dahmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Milas A, Telley IA. Polarity Events in the Drosophila melanogaster Oocyte. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895876. [PMID: 35602591 PMCID: PMC9117655 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a pre-requirement for many fundamental processes in animal cells, such as asymmetric cell division, axon specification, morphogenesis and epithelial tissue formation. For all these different processes, polarization is established by the same set of proteins, called partitioning defective (Par) proteins. During development in Drosophila melanogaster, decision making on the cellular and organism level is achieved with temporally controlled cell polarization events. The initial polarization of Par proteins occurs as early as in the germline cyst, when one of the 16 cells becomes the oocyte. Another marked event occurs when the anterior–posterior axis of the future organism is defined by Par redistribution in the oocyte, requiring external signaling from somatic cells. Here, we review the current literature on cell polarity events that constitute the oogenesis from the stem cell to the mature egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milas
- *Correspondence: Ana Milas, ; Ivo A. Telley,
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8
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Roberto GM, Emery G. Directing with restraint: Mechanisms of protrusion restriction in collective cell migrations. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:75-81. [PMID: 35397972 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is necessary for morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound healing and immune response. It is also involved in diseases. In particular, cell migration is inherent in metastasis. Cells can migrate individually or in groups. To migrate efficiently, cells need to be able to organize into a leading front that protrudes by forming membrane extensions and a trailing edge that contracts. This organization is scaled up at the group level during collective cell movements. If a cell or a group of cells is unable to limit its leading edge and hence to restrict the formation of protrusions to the front, directional movements are impaired or abrogated. Here we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms restricting protrusion formation in collective cell migration. We focus on three in vivo examples: the neural crest cell migration, the rotatory migration of follicle cells around the Drosophila egg chamber and the border cell migration during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Molinari Roberto
- Vesicular Trafficking and Cell Signalling Research Unit, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Vesicular Trafficking and Cell Signalling Research Unit, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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9
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Töpfer U, Guerra Santillán KY, Fischer-Friedrich E. Stiffness Measurement of Drosophila Egg Chambers by Atomic Force Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2540:301-315. [PMID: 35980585 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2541-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila egg chamber development requires cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling morphogenesis. Previous research has shown that the mechanical properties of the basement membrane contribute to tissue elongation of the egg chamber. Here, we discuss how indentation with the microindenter of an atomic force microscope can be used to determine an effective stiffness value of a Drosophila egg chamber. We provide information on the preparation of egg chambers prior to the measurement, dish coating, the actual atomic force microscope measurement process, and data analysis. Furthermore, we discuss how to interpret acquired data and which mechanical components are expected to influence measured stiffness values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Töpfer
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karla Yanín Guerra Santillán
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Sirot L, Bansal R, Esquivel CJ, Arteaga-Vázquez M, Herrera-Cruz M, Pavinato VAC, Abraham S, Medina-Jiménez K, Reyes-Hernández M, Dorantes-Acosta A, Pérez-Staples D. Post-mating gene expression of Mexican fruit fly females: disentangling the effects of the male accessory glands. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:480-496. [PMID: 34028117 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mating has profound physiological and behavioural consequences for female insects. During copulation, female insects typically receive not only sperm, but a complex ejaculate containing hundreds of proteins and other molecules from male reproductive tissues, primarily the reproductive accessory glands. The post-mating phenotypes affected by male accessory gland (MAG) proteins include egg development, attraction to oviposition hosts, mating, attractiveness, sperm storage, feeding and lifespan. In the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, mating increases egg production and the latency to remating. However, previous studies have not found a clear relationship between injection of MAG products and oviposition or remating inhibition in this species. We used RNA-seq to study gene expression in mated, unmated and MAG-injected females to understand the potential mating- and MAG-regulated genes and pathways in A. ludens. Both mating and MAG-injection regulated transcripts and pathways related to egg development. Other transcripts regulated by mating included those with orthologs predicted to be involved in immune response, musculature and chemosensory perception, whereas those regulated by MAG-injection were predicted to be involved in translational control, sugar regulation, diet detoxification and lifespan determination. These results suggest new phenotypes that may be influenced by seminal fluid molecules in A. ludens. Understanding these influences is critical for developing novel tools to manage A. ludens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sirot
- The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - R Bansal
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - C J Esquivel
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - M Arteaga-Vázquez
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - M Herrera-Cruz
- CONACyT- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - V A C Pavinato
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - S Abraham
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecoetológicas de Moscas de la Fruta y sus Enemigos Naturales (LIEMEN), PROIMI, Tucumán, Argentina, CONICET, Argentina
| | - K Medina-Jiménez
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - M Reyes-Hernández
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - A Dorantes-Acosta
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - D Pérez-Staples
- INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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11
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Lebo DPV, Chirn A, Taylor JD, Levan A, Doerre Torres V, Agreda E, Serizier SB, Lord AK, Jenkins VK, McCall K. An RNAi screen of the kinome in epithelial follicle cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary reveals genes required for proper germline death and clearance. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6080751. [PMID: 33693600 PMCID: PMC8022946 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death and cell corpse clearance are an essential part of organismal health and development. Cell corpses are often cleared away by professional phagocytes such as macrophages. However, in certain tissues, neighboring cells known as nonprofessional phagocytes can also carry out clearance functions. Here, we use the Drosophila melanogaster ovary to identify novel genes required for clearance by nonprofessional phagocytes. In the Drosophila ovary, germline cells can die at multiple time points. As death proceeds, the epithelial follicle cells act as phagocytes to facilitate the clearance of these cells. We performed an unbiased kinase screen to identify novel proteins and pathways involved in cell clearance during two death events. Of 224 genes examined, 18 demonstrated severe phenotypes during developmental death and clearance while 12 demonstrated severe phenotypes during starvation-induced cell death and clearance, representing a number of pathways not previously implicated in phagocytosis. Interestingly, it was found that several genes not only affected the clearance process in the phagocytes, but also non-autonomously affected the process by which germline cells died. This kinase screen has revealed new avenues for further exploration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane P V Lebo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alice Chirn
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Taylor
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Levan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Emily Agreda
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison K Lord
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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12
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Alhadyian H, Shoaib D, Ward RE. Septate junction proteins are required for egg elongation and border cell migration during oogenesis in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6237887. [PMID: 33871584 PMCID: PMC8495938 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein components of the invertebrate occluding junction—known as the septate junction (SJ)—are required for morphogenetic developmental events during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. In order to determine whether SJ proteins are similarly required for morphogenesis during other developmental stages, we investigated the localization and requirement of four representative SJ proteins during oogenesis: Contactin, Macroglobulin complement-related, Neurexin IV, and Coracle. A number of morphogenetic processes occur during oogenesis, including egg elongation, formation of dorsal appendages, and border cell (BC) migration. We found that all four SJ proteins are expressed in egg chambers throughout oogenesis, with the highest and the most sustained levels in the follicular epithelium (FE). In the FE, SJ proteins localize along the lateral membrane during early and mid-oogenesis, but become enriched in an apical-lateral domain (the presumptive SJ) by stage 11. SJ protein relocalization requires the expression of other SJ proteins, as well as Rab5 and Rab11 like SJ biogenesis in the embryo. Knocking down the expression of these SJ proteins in follicle cells throughout oogenesis results in egg elongation defects and abnormal dorsal appendages. Similarly, reducing the expression of SJ genes in the BC cluster results in BC migration defects. Together, these results demonstrate an essential requirement for SJ genes in morphogenesis during oogenesis, and suggest that SJ proteins may have conserved functions in epithelial morphogenesis across developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Alhadyian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Dania Shoaib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Robert E Ward
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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13
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Schotthöfer SK, Bohrmann J. Analysing bioelectrical phenomena in the Drosophila ovary with genetic tools: tissue-specific expression of sensors for membrane potential and intracellular pH, and RNAi-knockdown of mechanisms involved in ion exchange. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:15. [PMID: 32635900 PMCID: PMC7341674 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Changes in transcellular bioelectrical patterns are known to play important roles during developmental and regenerative processes. The Drosophila follicular epithelium has proven to be an appropriate model system for studying the mechanisms by which bioelectrical signals emerge and act. Fluorescent indicator dyes in combination with various inhibitors of ion-transport mechanisms have been used to investigate the generation of membrane potentials (Vmem) and intracellular pH (pHi). Both parameters as well as their anteroposterior and dorsoventral gradients were affected by the inhibitors which, in addition, led to alterations of microfilament and microtubule patterns equivalent to those observed during follicle-cell differentiation. Results We expressed two genetically-encoded fluorescent sensors for Vmem and pHi, ArcLight and pHluorin-Moesin, in the follicular epithelium of Drosophila. By means of the respective inhibitors, we obtained comparable effects on Vmem and/or pHi as previously described for Vmem- and pHi-sensitive fluorescent dyes. In a RNAi-knockdown screen, five genes of ion-transport mechanisms and gap-junction subunits were identified exerting influence on ovary development and/or oogenesis. Loss of ovaries or small ovaries were the results of soma knockdowns of the innexins inx1 and inx3, and of the DEG/ENaC family member ripped pocket (rpk). Germline knockdown of rpk also resulted in smaller ovaries. Soma knockdown of the V-ATPase-subunit vha55 caused size-reduced ovaries with degenerating follicles from stage 10A onward. In addition, soma knockdown of the open rectifier K+channel 1 (ork1) resulted in a characteristic round-egg phenotype with altered microfilament and microtubule organisation in the follicular epithelium. Conclusions The genetic tool box of Drosophila provides means for a refined and extended analysis of bioelectrical phenomena. Tissue-specifically expressed Vmem- and pHi-sensors exhibit some practical advantages compared to fluorescent indicator dyes. Their use confirms that the ion-transport mechanisms targeted by inhibitors play important roles in the generation of bioelectrical signals. Moreover, modulation of bioelectrical signals via RNAi-knockdown of genes coding for ion-transport mechanisms and gap-junction subunits exerts influence on crucial processes during ovary development and results in cytoskeletal changes and altered follicle shape. Thus, further evidence amounts for bioelectrical regulation of developmental processes via the control of both signalling pathways and cytoskeletal organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Katharina Schotthöfer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Biologie II, Abt. Zoologie und Humanbiologie, Worringerweg 3, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Bohrmann
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Biologie II, Abt. Zoologie und Humanbiologie, Worringerweg 3, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Cerqueira Campos F, Dennis C, Alégot H, Fritsch C, Isabella A, Pouchin P, Bardot O, Horne-Badovinac S, Mirouse V. Oriented basement membrane fibrils provide a memory for F-actin planar polarization via the Dystrophin-Dystroglycan complex during tissue elongation. Development 2020; 147:dev.186957. [PMID: 32156755 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
How extracellular matrix contributes to tissue morphogenesis is still an open question. In the Drosophila ovarian follicle, it has been proposed that after Fat2-dependent planar polarization of the follicle cell basal domain, oriented basement membrane (BM) fibrils and F-actin stress fibers constrain follicle growth, promoting its axial elongation. However, the relationship between BM fibrils and stress fibers and their respective impact on elongation are unclear. We found that Dystroglycan (Dg) and Dystrophin (Dys) are involved in BM fibril deposition. Moreover, they also orient stress fibers, by acting locally and in parallel to Fat2. Importantly, Dg-Dys complex-mediated cell-autonomous control of F-actin fiber orientation relies on the preceding BM fibril deposition, indicating two distinct but interdependent functions. Thus, the Dg-Dys complex works as a crucial organizer of the epithelial basal domain, regulating both F-actin and BM. Furthermore, BM fibrils act as a persistent cue for the orientation of stress fibers that are the main effector of elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cerqueira Campos
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cynthia Dennis
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Alégot
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cornelia Fritsch
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adam Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology - The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago IL 60653, USA
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Bardot
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology - The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago IL 60653, USA
| | - Vincent Mirouse
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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15
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Kaur H, Sharma SK, Mandal S, Mandal L. Lar maintains the homeostasis of the hematopoietic organ in Drosophila by regulating insulin signaling in the niche. Development 2019; 146:dev.178202. [PMID: 31784462 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell compartments in metazoa get regulated by systemic factors as well as local stem cell niche-derived factors. However, the mechanisms by which systemic signals integrate with local factors in maintaining tissue homeostasis remain unclear. Employing the Drosophila lymph gland, which harbors differentiated blood cells, and stem-like progenitor cells and their niche, we demonstrate how a systemic signal interacts and harmonizes with local factor/s to achieve cell type-specific tissue homeostasis. Our genetic analyses uncovered a novel function of Lar, a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. Niche-specific loss of Lar leads to upregulated insulin signaling, causing increased niche cell proliferation and ectopic progenitor differentiation. Insulin signaling assayed by PI3K activation is downregulated after the second instar larval stage, a time point that coincides with the appearance of Lar in the hematopoietic niche. We further demonstrate that Lar physically associates with InR and serves as a negative regulator for insulin signaling in the Drosophila larval hematopoietic niche. Whether Lar serves as a localized invariable negative regulator of systemic signals such as insulin in other stem cell niches remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sharma
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
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16
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Basar MA, Williamson K, Roy SD, Finger DS, Ables ET, Duttaroy A. Spargel/dPGC-1 is essential for oogenesis and nutrient-mediated ovarian growth in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2019; 454:97-107. [PMID: 31251895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary proteins are crucial for oogenesis. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a major nutrient sensor controlling organismal growth and fertility, but the downstream effectors of TOR signaling remain largely uncharacterized. We previously identified Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1 as a terminal effector of the TOR-TSC pathway, and now report that Spargel connects nutrition to oogenesis. We found that Spargel is expressed predominantly in the ovaries of adult flies, and germline spargel knockdown inhibits cyst growth, ultimately leading to egg chamber degeneration and female sterility. In situ staining demonstrated nuclear localization of Spargel in the nurse cells and follicle cells of the ovariole. Furthermore, Spargel/dPGC-1 expression is influenced by dietary yeast concentration and TOR signaling, suggesting Spargel/dPGC-1 might transmit nutrient-mediated signals into ovarian growth. We propose that potentiating Spargel/dPGC-1 expression in the ovary is instrumental in nutrient-mediated regulation of oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abul Basar
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Kishana Williamson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Swagota D Roy
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Danielle S Finger
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th St., Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th St., Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Atanu Duttaroy
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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17
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Guo Y, Gong JT, Mo PW, Huang HJ, Hong XY. Wolbachia localization during Laodelphax striatellus embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:125-133. [PMID: 31128084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria carried by thousands of arthropod species. The success of Wolbachia is due to efficient vertical transmission by the host maternal germline. Wolbachia's behavior during host oogenesis is well characterized, although their behavior during embryogenesis is unclear. Vertical transmission of Wolbachia wStri in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus is extraordinarily efficient. To understand why, we investigated its localization and dynamics in L. striatellus embryos. Microscopic observations indicated that the Wolbachia were mainly localized at the anterior region of the embryo during early embryogenesis. The distribution of Wolbachia within the anterior region was established during oogenesis, and according to a phylogenetic analysis, may be due to intrinsic factors in Wolbachia. We observed that wStri migrated to the posterior part cells during late embryogenesis, in the region where gonads were formed. An expression profile of Wolbachia-infected host embryonic development genes revealed Ddx1 mRNAs, which is required for host viability and in the germ line, accumulated in the posterior region of 3-day-old embryos, while other development genes mRNAs were significantly more abundant in the posterior region of 6-day-old embryos. These genes thus appear to be associated with the localization of Wolbachia wStri in the anterior region, although their functions remain unclear. These results can explain Wolbachia wStri high prevalence in L. striatellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330096, China.
| | - Jun-Tao Gong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Pei-Wen Mo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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18
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Dent LG, Manning SA, Kroeger B, Williams AM, Saiful Hilmi AJ, Crea L, Kondo S, Horne-Badovinac S, Harvey KF. The dPix-Git complex is essential to coordinate epithelial morphogenesis and regulate myosin during Drosophila egg chamber development. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008083. [PMID: 31116733 PMCID: PMC6555532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How biochemical and mechanical information are integrated during tissue development is a central question in morphogenesis. In many biological systems, the PIX-GIT complex localises to focal adhesions and integrates both physical and chemical information. We used Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber formation to study the function of PIX and GIT orthologues (dPix and Git, respectively), and discovered a central role for this complex in controlling myosin activity and epithelial monolayering. We found that Git's focal adhesion targeting domain mediates basal localisation of this complex to filament structures and the leading edge of migrating cells. In the absence of dpix and git, tissue disruption is driven by contractile forces, as reduction of myosin activators restores egg production and morphology. Further, dpix and git mutant eggs closely phenocopy defects previously reported in pak mutant epithelia. Together, these results indicate that the dPix-Git complex controls egg chamber morphogenesis by controlling myosin contractility and Pak kinase downstream of focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G. Dent
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LGD); (KFH)
| | - Samuel A. Manning
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kroeger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Audrey M. Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | | | - Luke Crea
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu Kondo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kieran F. Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- * E-mail: (LGD); (KFH)
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19
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Stedden CG, Menegas W, Zajac AL, Williams AM, Cheng S, Özkan E, Horne-Badovinac S. Planar-Polarized Semaphorin-5c and Plexin A Promote the Collective Migration of Epithelial Cells in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:908-920.e6. [PMID: 30827914 PMCID: PMC6424623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Collective migration of epithelial cells is essential for morphogenesis, wound repair, and the spread of many cancers, yet how individual cells signal to one another to coordinate their movements is largely unknown. Here, we introduce a tissue-autonomous paradigm for semaphorin-based regulation of collective cell migration. Semaphorins typically regulate the motility of neuronal growth cones and other migrating cell types by acting as repulsive cues within the migratory environment. Studying the follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila, we discovered that the transmembrane semaphorin, Sema-5c, promotes collective cell migration by acting within the migrating cells themselves, not the surrounding environment. Sema-5c is planar polarized at the basal epithelial surface such that it is enriched at the leading edge of each cell. This location places it in a prime position to send a repulsive signal to the trailing edge of the cell ahead to communicate directional information between neighboring cells. Our data show that Sema-5c can signal across cell-cell boundaries to suppress protrusions in neighboring cells and that Plexin A is the receptor that transduces this signal. Finally, we present evidence that Sema-5c antagonizes the activity of Lar, another transmembrane guidance cue that operates along leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces in this tissue, via a mechanism that appears to be independent of Plexin A. Together, our results suggest that multiple transmembrane guidance cues can be deployed in a planar-polarized manner across an epithelium and work in concert to coordinate individual cell movements for collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Stedden
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Menegas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Allison L Zajac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Audrey M Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shouqiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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20
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Casier K, Delmarre V, Gueguen N, Hermant C, Viodé E, Vaury C, Ronsseray S, Brasset E, Teysset L, Boivin A. Environmentally-induced epigenetic conversion of a piRNA cluster. eLife 2019; 8:39842. [PMID: 30875295 PMCID: PMC6420265 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable element (TE) activity is repressed in animal gonads by PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) produced by piRNA clusters. Current models in flies propose that germinal piRNA clusters are functionally defined by the maternal inheritance of piRNAs produced during the previous generation. Taking advantage of an inactive, but ready to go, cluster of P-element derived transgene insertions in Drosophila melanogaster, we show here that raising flies at high temperature (29°C) instead of 25°C triggers the stable conversion of this locus from inactive into actively producing functional piRNAs. The increase of antisense transcripts from the cluster at 29°C combined with the requirement of transcription of euchromatic homologous sequences, suggests a role of double stranded RNA in the production of de novo piRNAs. This report describes the first case of the establishment of an active piRNA cluster by environmental changes in the absence of maternal inheritance of homologous piRNAs. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Casier
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Delmarre
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Gueguen
- GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Hermant
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Elise Viodé
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Vaury
- GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Ronsseray
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Brasset
- GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laure Teysset
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Boivin
- Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, UMR7622, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
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Dissection of Nidogen function in Drosophila reveals tissue-specific mechanisms of basement membrane assembly. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007483. [PMID: 30260959 PMCID: PMC6177204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin sheet-like specialized extracellular matrices found at the basal surface of epithelia and endothelial tissues. They have been conserved across evolution and are required for proper tissue growth, organization, differentiation and maintenance. The major constituents of BMs are two independent networks of Laminin and Type IV Collagen in addition to the proteoglycan Perlecan and the glycoprotein Nidogen/entactin (Ndg). The ability of Ndg to bind in vitro Collagen IV and Laminin, both with key functions during embryogenesis, anticipated an essential role for Ndg in morphogenesis linking the Laminin and Collagen IV networks. This was supported by results from cultured embryonic tissue experiments. However, the fact that elimination of Ndg in C. elegans and mice did not affect survival strongly questioned this proposed linking role. Here, we have isolated mutations in the only Ndg gene present in Drosophila. We find that while, similar to C.elegans and mice, Ndg is not essential for overall organogenesis or viability, it is required for appropriate fertility. We also find, alike in mice, tissue-specific requirements of Ndg for proper assembly and maintenance of certain BMs, namely those of the adipose tissue and flight muscles. In addition, we have performed a thorough functional analysis of the different Ndg domains in vivo. Our results support an essential requirement of the G3 domain for Ndg function and unravel a new key role for the Rod domain in regulating Ndg incorporation into BMs. Furthermore, uncoupling of the Laminin and Collagen IV networks is clearly observed in the larval adipose tissue in the absence of Ndg, indeed supporting a linking role. In light of our findings, we propose that BM assembly and/or maintenance is tissue-specific, which could explain the diverse requirements of a ubiquitous conserved BM component like Nidogen. Basement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of specialized extracellular matrices present in every tissue of the human body. Its main constituents are two networks of laminin and Type IV Collagen linked by Nidogen (Ndg) and proteoglycans. They form an organized scaffold that regulates organ morphogenesis and function. Mutations affecting BM components are associated with organ dysfunction and several congenital diseases. Thus, a better comprehension of BM assembly and maintenance will not only help to learn more about organogenesis but also to a better understanding and, hopefully, treatment of these diseases. Here, we have used the fruit fly Drosophila to analyse the role of Ndg in BM formation in vivo. Elimination of Ndg in worms and mice does not affect survival, strongly questioning its proposed linking role, derived from in vitro experiments. Here, we show that in the fly, Ndg is dispensable for BM assembly and preservation in many tissues, but absolutely required in others. Furthermore, our functional study of the different Ndg domains challenges the significance of some interactions between BM components derived from in vitro experiments, while confirming others, and reveals a new key requirement for the Rod domain in Ndg function and incorporation into BMs.
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Guo Y, Hoffmann AA, Xu XQ, Mo PW, Huang HJ, Gong JT, Ju JF, Hong XY. Vertical Transmission of Wolbachia Is Associated With Host Vitellogenin in Laodelphax striatellus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2016. [PMID: 30233514 PMCID: PMC6127624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia in host germ lines are essential for their vertical transmission to the next generation. It is unclear how the regulation of host oocyte development influences Wolbachia location and the mechanistic basis of transmission. Here, we investigated whether vitellogenin influences Wolbachia transmission in Laodelphax striatellus. Wolbachia increased in density and spread from the anterior tropharium to developing oocytes as ovaries developed. Microscopic observations indicated that Wolbachia invaded ovarioles from the tropharium of its anterior side rather than the pedicel side. Wolbachia utilized the host Vg transovarial transportation system to enter the ovaries and were transmitted from the tropharium into the developing oocytes through nutritive cords. These observations were supported by knocking down the Vg transcript, in which low Wolbachia titers were detected in ovaries and fewer Wolbachia were transmitted into oocytes. Our findings establish a link between the Vg-related mode of transovarial transmission and efficient maternal transmission of Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xu
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pei-Wen Mo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Tao Gong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Fei Ju
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Uechi H, Kuranaga E. Mechanisms of unusual collective cell movement lacking a free front edge in Drosophila. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 51:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Sánchez-Sánchez BJ, Urbano JM, Comber K, Dragu A, Wood W, Stramer B, Martín-Bermudo MD. Drosophila Embryonic Hemocytes Produce Laminins to Strengthen Migratory Response. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1461-1470. [PMID: 29117553 PMCID: PMC5695906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prominent developmental function attributed to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is cell migration. While cells in culture can produce ECM to migrate, the role of ECM in regulating developmental cell migration is classically viewed as an exogenous matrix presented to the moving cells. In contrast to this view, we show here that Drosophila embryonic hemocytes deposit their own laminins in streak-like structures to migrate efficiently throughout the embryo. With the help of transplantation experiments, live microscopy, and image quantification, we demonstrate that autocrine-produced laminin regulates hemocyte migration by controlling lamellipodia dynamics, stability, and persistence. Proper laminin deposition is regulated by the RabGTPase Rab8, which is highly expressed and required in hemocytes for lamellipodia dynamics and migration. Our results thus support a model in which, during embryogenesis, the Rab8-regulated autocrine deposition of laminin reinforces directional and effective migration by stabilizing cellular protrusions and strengthening otherwise transient adhesion states. Drosophila embryonic hemocytes use autocrine-produced laminins for their migration Autocrine laminins regulate lamellipodia dynamics, stability, and persistence Rab8 regulates laminin deposition and lamellipodia dynamics in migrating hemocytes Laminins deposit in tracks around hemocytes and in a fibrillar mesh over the VNC
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Affiliation(s)
- Besaiz J Sánchez-Sánchez
- CABD (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-JA), Sevilla 41013, Spain; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE5 9AP, UK
| | - José M Urbano
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kate Comber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anca Dragu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE5 9AP, UK
| | - Will Wood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Brian Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE5 9AP, UK
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25
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Díaz de la Loza MC, Díaz-Torres A, Zurita F, Rosales-Nieves AE, Moeendarbary E, Franze K, Martín-Bermudo MD, González-Reyes A. Laminin Levels Regulate Tissue Migration and Anterior-Posterior Polarity during Egg Morphogenesis in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2018; 20:211-223. [PMID: 28683315 PMCID: PMC5507772 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized extracellular matrices required for tissue organization and organ formation. We study the role of laminin and its integrin receptor in the regulation of tissue migration during Drosophila oogenesis. Egg production in Drosophila involves the collective migration of follicle cells (FCs) over the BM to shape the mature egg. We show that laminin content in the BM increases with time, whereas integrin amounts in FCs do not vary significantly. Manipulation of integrin and laminin levels reveals that a dynamic balance of integrin-laminin amounts determines the onset and speed of FC migration. Thus, the interplay of ligand-receptor levels regulates tissue migration in vivo. Laminin depletion also affects the ultrastructure and biophysical properties of the BM and results in anterior-posterior misorientation of developing follicles. Laminin emerges as a key player in the regulation of collective cell migration, tissue stiffness, and the organization of anterior-posterior polarity in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Díaz de la Loza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfonsa Díaz-Torres
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Zurita
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia E Rosales-Nieves
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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26
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Kamath AD, Deehan MA, Frydman HM. Polar cell fate stimulates Wolbachia intracellular growth. Development 2018; 145:dev.158097. [PMID: 29467241 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are crucial partners in the development and evolution of vertebrates and invertebrates. A large fraction of insects harbor Wolbachia, bacterial endosymbionts that manipulate host reproduction to favor their spreading. Because they are maternally inherited, Wolbachia are under selective pressure to reach the female germline and infect the offspring. However, Wolbachia infection is not limited to the germline. Somatic cell types, including stem cell niches, have higher Wolbachia loads compared with the surrounding tissue. Here, we show a novel Wolbachia tropism to polar cells (PCs), specialized somatic cells in the Drosophila ovary. During oogenesis, all stages of PC development are easily visualized, facilitating the investigation of the kinetics of Wolbachia intracellular growth. Wolbachia accumulation is triggered by particular events of PC morphogenesis, including differentiation from progenitors and between stages 8 and 9 of oogenesis. Moreover, induction of ectopic PC fate is sufficient to promote Wolbachia accumulation. We found that Wolbachia PC tropism is evolutionarily conserved across most Drosophila species, but not in Culex mosquitos. These findings highlight the coordination of endosymbiont tropism with host development and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit D Kamath
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark A Deehan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Horacio M Frydman
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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27
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Alégot H, Pouchin P, Bardot O, Mirouse V. Jak-Stat pathway induces Drosophila follicle elongation by a gradient of apical contractility. eLife 2018; 7:32943. [PMID: 29420170 PMCID: PMC5805408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue elongation and its control by spatiotemporal signals is a major developmental question. Currently, it is thought that Drosophila ovarian follicular epithelium elongation requires the planar polarization of the basal domain cytoskeleton and of the extra-cellular matrix, associated with a dynamic process of rotation around the anteroposterior axis. Here we show, by careful kinetic analysis of fat2 mutants, that neither basal planar polarization nor rotation is required during a first phase of follicle elongation. Conversely, a JAK-STAT signaling gradient from each follicle pole orients early elongation. JAK-STAT controls apical pulsatile contractions, and Myosin II activity inhibition affects both pulses and early elongation. Early elongation is associated with apical constriction at the poles and with oriented cell rearrangements, but without any visible planar cell polarization of the apical domain. Thus, a morphogen gradient can trigger tissue elongation through a control of cell pulsing and without a planar cell polarity requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Alégot
- GReD Laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS UMR 6293- INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- GReD Laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS UMR 6293- INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Bardot
- GReD Laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS UMR 6293- INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Mirouse
- GReD Laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS UMR 6293- INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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28
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Uechi H, Kuranaga E. Mechanisms of collective cell movement lacking a leading or free front edge in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2709-2722. [PMID: 28243700 PMCID: PMC11107506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell movement is one of the strategies for achieving the complex shapes of tissues and organs. In this process, multiple cells within a group held together by cell-cell adhesion acquire mobility and move together in the same direction. In some well-studied models of collective cell movement, the mobility depends strongly on traction generated at the leading edge by cells located at the front. However, recent advances in live-imaging techniques have led to the discovery of other types of collective cell movement lacking a leading edge or even a free edge at the front, in a diverse array of morphological events, including tubule elongation, epithelial sheet extension, and tissue rotation. We herein review some of the developmental events that are organized by collective cell movement and attempt to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, which include membrane protrusions, guidance cues, cell intercalation, and planer cell polarity, or chirality pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Uechi
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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29
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Hamada-Kawaguchi N, Yamamoto D. Ovarian polarity and cell shape determination by Btk29A in Drosophila. Genesis 2017. [PMID: 28639397 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Btk29A is a Tec family nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, the ortholog of which causes X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans when mutant. In Btk29AficP mutant ovaries, multiple defects are observed: extrapolar cells form ectopically; osk mRNA fails to accumulate posteriorly in mature oocytes; the shape and alignment of follicle cells are grossly distorted. All these phenotypes are rescued by selectively overexpressing the type 2 isoform of wild-type Btk29A in follicle cells. Expression of certain proteins enriched in adherens junctions is markedly affected in Btk29AficP mutants; the anterior-posterior gradient normally observed in the expression of DE-Cadherin and Armadillo are lost and Canoe is sequestered from adherens junctions. Intriguingly, tyrosine phosphorylation of Canoe is reduced in Btk29AficP mutants. It is proposed that Btk29A is required for the establishment of egg chamber polarity presumably through the regulation of subcellular localization of its downstream proteins, including Cno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hamada-Kawaguchi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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30
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Crest J, Diz-Muñoz A, Chen DY, Fletcher DA, Bilder D. Organ sculpting by patterned extracellular matrix stiffness. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28653906 PMCID: PMC5503509 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How organ-shaping mechanical imbalances are generated is a central question of morphogenesis, with existing paradigms focusing on asymmetric force generation within cells. We show here that organs can be sculpted instead by patterning anisotropic resistance within their extracellular matrix (ECM). Using direct biophysical measurements of elongating Drosophila egg chambers, we document robust mechanical anisotropy in the ECM-based basement membrane (BM) but not in the underlying epithelium. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) on wild-type BM in vivo reveals an anterior–posterior (A–P) symmetric stiffness gradient, which fails to develop in elongation-defective mutants. Genetic manipulation shows that the BM is instructive for tissue elongation and the determinant is relative rather than absolute stiffness, creating differential resistance to isotropic tissue expansion. The stiffness gradient requires morphogen-like signaling to regulate BM incorporation, as well as planar-polarized organization to homogenize it circumferentially. Our results demonstrate how fine mechanical patterning in the ECM can guide cells to shape an organ. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24958.001 All organs have specific shapes and architectures that are necessary for them to work properly. Many different factors are responsible for arranging the right cells into the correct positions to make an organ. These include physical forces that act within and around cells to pull them into the right shape and location. A structure called the extracellular matrix surrounds cells and provides them with support; it can also guide cell movements. It is not clear whether the extracellular matrix plays only a passive role or a more active, instructive role in shaping organs, in part, because it is difficult to measure the physical forces within densely packed cells. The ovaries of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provide a simple system in which to study how organs take their shape. Crest et al. developed a method to measure forces in the fly ovary as it changes from being an initially spherical group of cells to its final elongated tube shape. The results revealed that, during this process, the extracellular matrix becomes gradually stiffer from one end of the ovary to the other. This change is the main factor responsible for the cell rearrangements that shape the developing organ. This work reveals that, along with providing structural support to cells, the mechanical properties of the matrix also actively guide how organs form. In the future, these findings may aid efforts to grow organs in a laboratory and to regenerate organs in human patients. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24958.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Crest
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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31
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Barlan K, Cetera M, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 and Lar Define a Basally Localized Planar Signaling System Controlling Collective Cell Migration. Dev Cell 2017; 40:467-477.e5. [PMID: 28292425 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration of epithelial cells underlies diverse tissue-remodeling events, but the mechanisms that coordinate individual cell migratory behaviors for collective movement are largely unknown. Studying the Drosophila follicular epithelium, we show that the cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar function in a planar signaling system that coordinates leading and trailing edge dynamics between neighboring cells. Fat2 signals from each cell's trailing edge to induce leading edge protrusions in the cell behind, in part by stabilizing Lar's localization in these cells. Conversely, Lar signals from each cell's leading edge to stimulate trailing edge retraction in the cell ahead. Fat2/Lar signaling is similar to planar cell polarity signaling in terms of sub-cellular protein localization; however, Fat2/Lar signaling mediates short-range communication between neighboring cells instead of transmitting long-range information across a tissue. This work defines a key mechanism promoting epithelial migration and establishes a different paradigm for planar cell-cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Barlan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maureen Cetera
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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32
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Zhang C, Montooth KL, Calvi BR. Incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes during oogenesis results in ovarian failure and embryonic lethality. Development 2017; 144:2490-2503. [PMID: 28576772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause female infertility. An important unresolved issue is the extent to which incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes contributes to female infertility. It has previously been shown that a mitochondrial haplotype from D. simulans (simw501 ) is incompatible with a nuclear genome from the D. melanogaster strain Oregon-R (OreR), resulting in impaired development, which was enhanced at higher temperature. This mito-nuclear incompatibility is between alleles of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (Aatm) and the mitochondrial-encoded tyrosyl-tRNA that it aminoacylates. Here, we show that this mito-nuclear incompatibility causes a severe temperature-sensitive female infertility. The OreR nuclear genome contributed to death of ovarian germline stem cells and reduced egg production, which was further enhanced by the incompatibility with simw501 mitochondria. Mito-nuclear incompatibility also resulted in aberrant egg morphology and a maternal-effect on embryonic chromosome segregation and survival, which was completely dependent on the temperature and mito-nuclear genotype of the mother. Our findings show that maternal mito-nuclear incompatibility during Drosophila oogenesis has severe consequences for egg production and embryonic survival, with important broader relevance to human female infertility and mitochondrial replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Kristi L Montooth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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33
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Duhart JC, Parsons TT, Raftery LA. The repertoire of epithelial morphogenesis on display: Progressive elaboration of Drosophila egg structure. Mech Dev 2017; 148:18-39. [PMID: 28433748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structures are foundational for tissue organization in all metazoans. Sheets of epithelial cells form lateral adhesive junctions and acquire apico-basal polarity perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Genetic analyses in the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, have greatly advanced our understanding of how epithelial organization is established, and how it is modulated during tissue morphogenesis. Major insights into collective cell migrations have come from analyses of morphogenetic movements within the adult follicular epithelium that cooperates with female germ cells to build a mature egg. Epithelial follicle cells progress through tightly choreographed phases of proliferation, patterning, reorganization and migrations, before they differentiate to form the elaborate structures of the eggshell. Distinct structural domains are organized by differential adhesion, within which lateral junctions are remodeled to further shape the organized epithelia. During collective cell migrations, adhesive interactions mediate supracellular organization of planar polarized macromolecules, and facilitate crawling over the basement membrane or traction against adjacent cell surfaces. Comparative studies with other insects are revealing the diversification of morphogenetic movements for elaboration of epithelial structures. This review surveys the repertoire of follicle cell morphogenesis, to highlight the coordination of epithelial plasticity with progressive differentiation of a secretory epithelium. Technological advances will keep this tissue at the leading edge for interrogating the precise spatiotemporal regulation of normal epithelial reorganization events, and provide a framework for understanding pathological tissue dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Travis T Parsons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
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34
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Zhang T, Mishra P, Hay BA, Chan D, Guo M. Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) inhibitors relieve Mitofusin-dependent mitochondrial defects due to VCP disease mutants. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28322724 PMCID: PMC5360448 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations of valosin-containing protein (VCP) cause an autosomal dominant disease known as inclusion body myopathy, Paget disease with frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The pathological mechanism of IBMPFD is not clear and there is no treatment. We show that endogenous VCP negatively regulates Mitofusin, which is required for outer mitochondrial membrane fusion. Because 90% of IBMPFD patients have myopathy, we generated an in vivo IBMPFD model in adult Drosophila muscle, which recapitulates disease pathologies. We show that common VCP disease mutants act as hyperactive alleles with respect to regulation of Mitofusin. Importantly, VCP inhibitors suppress mitochondrial defects, muscle tissue damage and cell death associated with IBMPFD models in Drosophila. These inhibitors also suppress mitochondrial fusion and respiratory defects in IBMPFD patient fibroblasts. These results suggest that VCP disease mutants cause IBMPFD through a gain-of-function mechanism, and that VCP inhibitors have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angele, United States
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Bruce A Hay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - David Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angele, United States.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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35
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Cha IJ, Lee JH, Cho KS, Lee SB. Drosophila tensin plays an essential role in cell migration and planar polarity formation during oogenesis by mediating integrin-dependent extracellular signals to actin organization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:702-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Huang H, Kornberg TB. Cells must express components of the planar cell polarity system and extracellular matrix to support cytonemes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27591355 PMCID: PMC5030081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila dorsal air sac development depends on Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) proteins produced by the wing imaginal disc and transported by cytonemes to the air sac primordium (ASP). Dpp and FGF signaling in the ASP was dependent on components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) system in the disc, and neither Dpp- nor FGF-receiving cytonemes extended over mutant disc cells that lacked them. ASP cytonemes normally navigate through extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of collagen, laminin, Dally and Dally-like (Dlp) proteins that are stratified in layers over the disc cells. However, ECM over PCP mutant cells had reduced levels of laminin, Dally and Dlp, and whereas Dpp-receiving ASP cytonemes navigated in the Dally layer and required Dally (but not Dlp), FGF-receiving ASP cytonemes navigated in the Dlp layer, requiring Dlp (but not Dally). These findings suggest that cytonemes interact directly and specifically with proteins in the stratified ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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37
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Ma J, He F, Xie G, Deng WM. Maternal AP determinants in the Drosophila oocyte and embryo. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:562-81. [PMID: 27253156 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An animal embryo cannot initiate its journey of forming a new life on its own. It must rely on maternally provided resources and inputs to kick-start its developmental process. In Drosophila, the initial polarities of the embryo along both the anterior-posterior (AP) and dorsal-ventral (DV) axes are also specified by maternal determinants. Over the past several decades, genetic and molecular studies have identified and characterized such determinants, as well as the zygotic genetic regulatory networks that control patterning in the early embryo. Extensive studies of oogenesis have also led to a detailed knowledge of the cellular and molecular interactions that control the formation of a mature egg. Despite these efforts, oogenesis and embryogenesis have been studied largely as separate problems, except for qualitative aspects with regard to maternal regulation of the asymmetric localization of maternal determinants. Can oogenesis and embryogenesis be viewed from a unified perspective at a quantitative level, and can that improve our understanding of how robust embryonic patterning is achieved? Here, we discuss the basic knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms controlling oogenesis and embryonic patterning along the AP axis. We explore properties of the maternal Bicoid gradient in relation to embryo size in search for a unified framework for robust AP patterning. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:562-581. doi: 10.1002/wdev.235 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Feng He
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gengqiang Xie
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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38
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Chen DY, Lipari KR, Dehghan Y, Streichan SJ, Bilder D. Symmetry Breaking in an Edgeless Epithelium by Fat2-Regulated Microtubule Polarity. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1125-33. [PMID: 27134170 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) information is a critical determinant of organ morphogenesis. While PCP in bounded epithelial sheets is increasingly well understood, how PCP is organized in tubular and acinar tissues is not. Drosophila egg chambers (follicles) are an acinus-like "edgeless epithelium" and exhibit a continuous, circumferential PCP that does not depend on pathways active in bounded epithelia; this follicle PCP directs formation of an ellipsoid rather than a spherical egg. Here, we apply an imaging algorithm to "unroll" the entire 3D tissue surface and comprehensively analyze PCP onset. This approach traces chiral symmetry breaking to plus-end polarity of microtubules in the germarium, well before follicles form and rotate. PCP germarial microtubules provide chiral information that predicts the direction of whole-tissue rotation as soon as independent follicles form. Concordant microtubule polarity, but not microtubule alignment, requires the atypical cadherin Fat2, which acts at an early stage to translate plus-end bias into coordinated actin-mediated collective cell migration. Because microtubules are not required for PCP or migration after follicle rotation initiates, while dynamic actin and extracellular matrix are, polarized microtubules lie at the beginning of a handoff mechanism that passes early chiral PCP of the cytoskeleton to a supracellular planar polarized extracellular matrix and elongates the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Katherine R Lipari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Yalda Dehghan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Sebastian J Streichan
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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39
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Multiple Roles for Egalitarian in Polarization of the Drosophila Egg Chamber. Genetics 2016; 203:415-32. [PMID: 27017624 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.184622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila egg chamber provides a useful model for examining mechanisms by which cell fates are specified and maintained in the context of a complex tissue. The egg chamber is also an excellent model for understanding the mechanism by which cytoskeletal filaments are organized and the critical interplay between cytoskeletal organization, polarity establishment, and cell fate specification. Previous work has shown that Egalitarian (Egl) is required for specification and maintenance of oocyte fate. Mutants in egl either completely fail to specify an oocyte, or if specified, the oocyte eventually reverts back to nurse cell fate. Due to this very early role for Egl in egg chamber maturation, it is unclear whether later stages of egg chamber development also require Egl function. In this report, we have depleted Egl at specific stages of egg chamber development. We demonstrate that in early-stage egg chambers, Egl has an additional role in organization of oocyte microtubules. In the absence of Egl function, oocyte microtubules completely fail to reorganize. As such, the localization of microtubule motors and their cargo is disrupted. In addition, Egl also appears to function in regulating the translation of critical polarity determining messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Finally, we demonstrate that in midstage egg chambers, Egl does not appear to be required for microtubule organization, but rather for the correct spatial localization of oskar, bicoid, and gurken mRNAs.
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40
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Aurich F, Dahmann C. A Mutation in fat2 Uncouples Tissue Elongation from Global Tissue Rotation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2503-10. [PMID: 26972006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Global tissue rotation was proposed as a morphogenetic mechanism controlling tissue elongation. In Drosophila ovaries, global tissue rotation of egg chambers coincides with egg chamber elongation. Egg chamber rotation was put forward to result in circumferential alignment of extracellular fibers. These fibers serve as molecular corsets to restrain growth of egg chambers perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis, thereby leading to the preferential egg chamber elongation along this axis. The atypical cadherin Fat2 is required for egg chamber elongation, rotation, and the circumferential alignment of extracellular fibers. Here, we have generated a truncated form of Fat2 that lacks the entire intracellular region. fat2 mutant egg chambers expressing this truncated protein fail to rotate yet display normal extracellular fiber alignment and properly elongate. Our data suggest that global tissue rotation, even though coinciding with tissue elongation, is not a necessary prerequisite for elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Aurich
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dahmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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41
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Andersen D, Horne-Badovinac S. Influence of ovarian muscle contraction and oocyte growth on egg chamber elongation in Drosophila. Development 2016; 143:1375-87. [PMID: 26952985 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organs are formed from multiple cell types that make distinct contributions to their shape. The Drosophila egg chamber provides a tractable model to dissect such contributions during morphogenesis. Egg chambers consist of 16 germ cells (GCs) surrounded by a somatic epithelium. Initially spherical, these structures elongate as they mature. This morphogenesis is thought to occur through a 'molecular corset' mechanism, whereby structural elements within the epithelium become circumferentially organized perpendicular to the elongation axis and resist the expansive growth of the GCs to promote elongation. Whether this epithelial organization provides the hypothesized constraining force has been difficult to discern, however, and a role for GC growth has not been demonstrated. Here, we provide evidence for this mechanism by altering the contractile activity of the tubular muscle sheath that surrounds developing egg chambers. Muscle hypo-contraction indirectly reduces GC growth and shortens the egg, which demonstrates the necessity of GC growth for elongation. Conversely, muscle hyper-contraction enhances the elongation program. Although this is an abnormal function for this muscle, this observation suggests that a corset-like force from the egg chamber's exterior could promote its lengthening. These findings highlight how physical contributions from several cell types are integrated to shape an organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Andersen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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42
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Ng BF, Selvaraj GK, Santa-Cruz Mateos C, Grosheva I, Alvarez-Garcia I, Martín-Bermudo MD, Palacios IM. α-Spectrin and integrins act together to regulate actomyosin and columnarization, and to maintain a monolayered follicular epithelium. Development 2016; 143:1388-99. [PMID: 26952981 PMCID: PMC4852512 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The spectrin cytoskeleton crosslinks actin to the membrane, and although it has been greatly studied in erythrocytes, much is unknown about its function in epithelia. We have studied the role of spectrins during epithelia morphogenesis using the Drosophila follicular epithelium (FE). As previously described, we show that α-Spectrin and β-Spectrin are essential to maintain a monolayered FE, but, contrary to previous work, spectrins are not required to control proliferation. Furthermore, spectrin mutant cells show differentiation and polarity defects only in the ectopic layers of stratified epithelia, similar to integrin mutants. Our results identify α-Spectrin and integrins as novel regulators of apical constriction-independent cell elongation, as α-Spectrin and integrin mutant cells fail to columnarize. Finally, we show that increasing and reducing the activity of the Rho1-Myosin II pathway enhances and decreases multilayering of α-Spectrin cells, respectively. Similarly, higher Myosin II activity enhances the integrin multilayering phenotype. This work identifies a primary role for α-Spectrin in controlling cell shape, perhaps by modulating actomyosin. In summary, we suggest that a functional spectrin-integrin complex is essential to balance adequate forces, in order to maintain a monolayered epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fu Ng
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Gokul Kannan Selvaraj
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Inna Grosheva
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Ines Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Isabel M Palacios
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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43
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Stürner T, Tavosanis G. Rotating for elongation: Fat2 whips for the race. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:487-9. [PMID: 26903537 PMCID: PMC4772502 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton are crucial for cell shape and migration. In this issue, Squarr et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201508081) show that the cadherin superfamily protein Fat2 regulates actin-rich protrusions driving collective cell migration during Drosophila melanogaster egg morphogenesis through its interaction with the WAVE regulatory complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomke Stürner
- Dendrite Differentiation, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- Dendrite Differentiation, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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44
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Isabella AJ, Horne-Badovinac S. Building from the Ground up: Basement Membranes in Drosophila Development. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:305-36. [PMID: 26610918 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are sheetlike extracellular matrices found at the basal surfaces of epithelial tissues. The structural and functional diversity of these matrices within the body endows them with the ability to affect multiple aspects of cell behavior and communication; for this reason, BMs are integral to many developmental processes. The power of Drosophila genetics, as applied to the BM, has yielded substantial insight into how these matrices influence development. Here, we explore three facets of BM biology to which Drosophila research has made particularly important contributions. First, we discuss how newly synthesized BM proteins are secreted to and assembled exclusively on basal epithelial surfaces. Next, we examine how regulation of the structural properties of the BM mechanically supports and guides tissue morphogenesis. Finally, we explore how BMs influence development through the modulation of several major signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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45
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Vlachos S, Jangam S, Conder R, Chou M, Nystul T, Harden N. A Pak-regulated cell intercalation event leading to a novel radial cell polarity is involved in positioning of the follicle stem cell niche in the Drosophila ovary. Development 2015; 142:82-91. [PMID: 25516970 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the germarium of the Drosophila ovary, germline cysts are encapsulated one at a time by a follicular epithelium derived from two follicle stem cells (FSCs). Ovaries in flies mutant for the serine/threonine kinase Pak exhibit a novel phenotype, in which two side-by-side cysts are encapsulated at a time, generating paired egg chambers. This striking phenotype originates in the pupal ovary, where the developing germarium is shaped by the basal stalk, a stack of cells formed by cell intercalation. The process of basal stalk formation is not well understood, and we provide evidence that the cell intercalation is driven by actomyosin contractility of DE-Cadherin-adhered cells, leading to a column of disk-shaped cells exhibiting a novel radial cell polarity. Cell intercalation fails in Pak mutant ovaries, leading to abnormally wide basal stalks and consequently wide germaria with side-by-side cysts. We present evidence that Pak mutant germaria have extra FSCs, and we propose that contact of a germline cyst with the basal stalk in the pupal ovary contributes to FSC niche formation. The wide basal stalk in Pak mutants enables the formation of extra FSC niches which are mispositioned and yet functional, indicating that the FSC niche can be established in diverse locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Sharayu Jangam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Ryan Conder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Michael Chou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Todd Nystul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 Departments of Anatomy and OB/GYN-RS, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nicholas Harden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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46
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Cetera M, Horne-Badovinac S. Round and round gets you somewhere: collective cell migration and planar polarity in elongating Drosophila egg chambers. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:10-5. [PMID: 25677931 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar polarity is a developmental mechanism wherein individual cell behaviors are coordinated across a two-dimensional plane. A great deal of attention has been paid to the roles that the Frizzled/Strabismus and Fat/Dachsous signaling pathways play in this process; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that planar polarity can also be generated through alternate mechanisms. This review focuses on an unconventional form of planar polarity found within the follicular epithelium of the Drosophila egg chamber that helps to create the elongated shape of the egg. We highlight recent studies showing that the planar polarity in this system arises through collective migration of the follicle cells and the resulting rotational motion of the egg chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Cetera
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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47
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Groen CM, Tootle TL. Visualization of Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Fixed and Live Drosophila Egg Chambers. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1328:113-24. [PMID: 26324433 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2851-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of actin cytoskeletal dynamics is critical for understanding the spatial and temporal regulation of actin remodeling. Drosophila oogenesis provides an excellent model system for visualizing the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we present methods for imaging the actin cytoskeleton in Drosophila egg chambers in both fixed samples by phalloidin staining and in live egg chambers using transgenic actin labeling tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Groen
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 1-550 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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48
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Meehan TL, Yalonetskaya A, Joudi TF, McCall K. Detection of Cell Death and Phagocytosis in the Drosophila Ovary. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1328:191-206. [PMID: 26324439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2851-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Billions of cells die and are cleared throughout the development and homeostasis of an organism. Either improper death or clearance can lead to serious illnesses. In the adult Drosophila ovary, germline cells can die by programmed cell death (PCD) at three distinct stages; here we focus on cell death that occurs in mid- and late oogenesis. In mid-oogenesis, the germline of egg chambers can undergo apoptosis in response to nutrient deprivation. In late oogenesis, the nurse cells are eliminated through a developmentally regulated, non-apoptotic cell death. In this chapter, we describe several methods to detect cell death and phagocytosis in the Drosophila ovary. DAPI stains the chromatin of all cells and can be used to detect morphological changes in cells that die by different mechanisms. TUNEL labels fragmented DNA, which can occur in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic death. LysoTracker, an acidophilic dye, marks acidic vesicles and some dying cells; therefore, it can be used to study both death and phagocytosis. We also describe several antibodies that can be used to investigate cell death and/or phagocytosis: active caspase Dcp-1, membrane markers, and lamins. Many of these antibodies can be used in combination with GFP fusion transgenes for further analysis; we show Rab5-GFP and Rab7-GFP, which can be used to study phagocytosis in further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Meehan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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49
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Cetera M, Ramirez-San Juan GR, Oakes PW, Lewellyn L, Fairchild MJ, Tanentzapf G, Gardel ML, Horne-Badovinac S. Epithelial rotation promotes the global alignment of contractile actin bundles during Drosophila egg chamber elongation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5511. [PMID: 25413675 PMCID: PMC4241503 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissues use numerous mechanisms to change shape during development. The Drosophila egg chamber is an organ-like structure that elongates to form an elliptical egg. During elongation the follicular epithelial cells undergo a collective migration that causes the egg chamber to rotate within its surrounding basement membrane. Rotation coincides with the formation of a “molecular corset”, in which actin bundles in the epithelium and fibrils in the basement membrane are all aligned perpendicular to the elongation axis. Here we show that rotation plays a critical role in building the actin-based component of the corset. Rotation begins shortly after egg chamber formation and requires lamellipodial protrusions at each follicle cell’s leading edge. During early stages, rotation is necessary for tissue-level actin bundle alignment, but it becomes dispensable after the basement membrane is polarized. This work highlights how collective cell migration can be used to build a polarized tissue organization for organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Cetera
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Guillermina R Ramirez-San Juan
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lindsay Lewellyn
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Boulevard, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, USA
| | - Michael J Fairchild
- Life Sciences Centre, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Life Sciences Centre, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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50
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Yu J, Wu H, Wen Y, Liu Y, Zhou T, Ni B, Lin Y, Dong J, Zhou Z, Hu Z, Guo X, Sha J, Tong C. Identification of seven genes essential for male fertility through a genome-wide association study of non-obstructive azoospermia and RNA interference-mediated large-scale functional screening in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1493-503. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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