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McGovern MM, Hosamani IV, Niu Y, Nguyen KY, Zong C, Groves AK. Expression of Atoh1, Gfi1, and Pou4f3 in the mature cochlea reprograms nonsensory cells into hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304680121. [PMID: 38266052 PMCID: PMC10835112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304680121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory hair cells of the mature mammalian organ of Corti do not regenerate; consequently, loss of hair cells leads to permanent hearing loss. Although nonmammalian vertebrates can regenerate hair cells from neighboring supporting cells, many humans with severe hearing loss lack both hair cells and supporting cells, with the organ of Corti being replaced by a flat epithelium of nonsensory cells. To determine whether the mature cochlea can produce hair cells in vivo, we reprogrammed nonsensory cells adjacent to the organ of Corti with three hair cell transcription factors: Gfi1, Atoh1, and Pou4f3. We generated numerous hair cell-like cells in nonsensory regions of the cochlea and new hair cells continued to be added over a period of 9 wk. Significantly, cells adjacent to reprogrammed hair cells expressed markers of supporting cells, suggesting that transcription factor reprogramming of nonsensory cochlear cells in adult animals can generate mosaics of sensory cells like those seen in the organ of Corti. Generating such sensory mosaics by reprogramming may represent a potential strategy for hearing restoration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M McGovern
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ishwar V Hosamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yichi Niu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ken Y Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chenghang Zong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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2
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Abstract
Cochlear hair cells (HCs) in the inner ear are responsible for sound detection. For HC fate specification, the master transcription factor Atoh1 is both necessary and sufficient. Atoh1 expression is dynamic and tightly regulated during development, but the cis-regulatory elements mediating this regulation remain unresolved. Unexpectedly, we found that deleting the only recognized Atoh1 enhancer, defined here as Eh1, failed to impair HC development. By using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), we discovered two additional Atoh1 enhancers: Eh2 and Eh3. Notably, Eh2 deletion was sufficient for impairing HC development, and concurrent deletion of Eh1 and Eh2 or all three enhancers resulted in nearly complete absence of HCs. Lastly, we showed that Atoh1 binds to all three enhancers, consistent with its autoregulatory function. Our findings reveal that the cooperative action of three distinct enhancers underpins effective Atoh1 regulation during HC development, indicating potential therapeutic approaches for HC regeneration.
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3
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Wang Y, Peng Q, Mou X, Wang X, Li H, Han T, Sun Z, Wang X. A successful hybrid deep learning model aiming at promoter identification. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:206. [PMID: 35641900 PMCID: PMC9158169 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zone adjacent to a transcription start site (TSS), namely, the promoter, is primarily involved in the process of DNA transcription initiation and regulation. As a result, proper promoter identification is critical for further understanding the mechanism of the networks controlling genomic regulation. A number of methodologies for the identification of promoters have been proposed. Nonetheless, due to the great heterogeneity existing in promoters, the results of these procedures are still unsatisfactory. In order to establish additional discriminative characteristics and properly recognize promoters, we developed the hybrid model for promoter identification (HMPI), a hybrid deep learning model that can characterize both the native sequences of promoters and the morphological outline of promoters at the same time. We developed the HMPI to combine a method called the PSFN (promoter sequence features network), which characterizes native promoter sequences and deduces sequence features, with a technique referred to as the DSPN (deep structural profiles network), which is specially structured to model the promoters in terms of their structural profile and to deduce their structural attributes. RESULTS The HMPI was applied to human, plant and Escherichia coli K-12 strain datasets, and the findings showed that the HMPI was successful at extracting the features of the promoter while greatly enhancing the promoter identification performance. In addition, after the improvements of synthetic sampling, transfer learning and label smoothing regularization, the improved HMPI models achieved good results in identifying subtypes of promoters on prokaryotic promoter datasets. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the HMPI was successful at extracting the features of promoters while greatly enhancing the performance of identifying promoters on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic datasets, and the improved HMPI models are good at identifying subtypes of promoters on prokaryotic promoter datasets. The HMPI is additionally adaptable to different biological functional sequences, allowing for the addition of new features or models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinke Peng
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xu Mou
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haozhou Li
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Han
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao Sun
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Enhancer decommissioning imposes an epigenetic barrier to sensory hair cell regeneration. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2471-2485.e5. [PMID: 34331868 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian tissues such as heart, brain, retina, and the sensory structures of the inner ear do not effectively regenerate, although a latent capacity for regeneration exists at embryonic and perinatal times. We explored the epigenetic basis for this latent regenerative potential in the mouse inner ear and its rapid loss during maturation. In perinatal supporting cells, whose fate is maintained by Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, the hair cell enhancer network is epigenetically primed (H3K4me1) but silenced (active H3K27 de-acetylation and trimethylation). Blocking Notch signaling during the perinatal period of plasticity rapidly eliminates epigenetic silencing and allows supporting cells to transdifferentiate into hair cells. Importantly, H3K4me1 priming of the hair cell enhancers in supporting cells is removed during the first post-natal week, coinciding with the loss of transdifferentiation potential. We hypothesize that enhancer decommissioning during cochlear maturation contributes to the failure of hair cell regeneration in the mature organ of Corti.
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5
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POU4F3 pioneer activity enables ATOH1 to drive diverse mechanoreceptor differentiation through a feed-forward epigenetic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105137118. [PMID: 34266958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105137118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, hierarchical cascades of transcription factors interact with lineage-specific chromatin structures to control the sequential steps in the differentiation of specialized cell types. While examples of transcription factor cascades have been well documented, the mechanisms underlying developmental changes in accessibility of cell type-specific enhancers remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the transcriptional "master regulator" ATOH1-which is necessary for the differentiation of two distinct mechanoreceptor cell types, hair cells in the inner ear and Merkel cells of the epidermis-is unable to access much of its target enhancer network in the progenitor populations of either cell type when it first appears, imposing a block to further differentiation. This block is overcome by a feed-forward mechanism in which ATOH1 first stimulates expression of POU4F3, which subsequently acts as a pioneer factor to provide access to closed ATOH1 enhancers, allowing hair cell and Merkel cell differentiation to proceed. Our analysis also indicates the presence of both shared and divergent ATOH1/POU4F3-dependent enhancer networks in hair cells and Merkel cells. These cells share a deep developmental lineage relationship, deriving from their common epidermal origin, and suggesting that this feed-forward mechanism preceded the evolutionary divergence of these very different mechanoreceptive cell types.
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6
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Batissoco AC, Lezirovitz K, Zanatta DB, Hemza CRML, Vasques LR, Strauss BE, Mingroni-Netto RC, Haddad LA, Bento RF, Oiticica J. Cochlea cell-specific marker expression upon in vitro Hes1 knockdown. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10579. [PMID: 34008754 PMCID: PMC8130059 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2020e10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NOTCH pathway proteins, including the transcriptional factor HES1, play crucial roles in the development of the inner ear by means of the lateral inhibition mechanism, in which supporting cells have their phenotype preserved while they are prevented from becoming hair cells. Genetic manipulation of this pathway has been demonstrated to increase hair cell number. The present study aimed to investigate gene expression effects in hair cells and supporting cells after Hes1-shRNA lentivirus transduction in organotypic cultures of the organ of Corti from postnatal-day-3 mice. Forty-eight hours after in vitro knockdown, Hes1 gene expression was reduced at both mRNA and protein levels. Myo7a (hair cell marker) and Sox2 (progenitor cell marker) mRNA levels also significantly increased. The modulation of gene expression in the organ of Corti upon Hes1 knockdown is consistent with cell phenotypes related to lateral inhibition mechanism interference in the inner ear. The lentivirus-based expression of Hes1-shRNA is a valuable strategy for genetic interference in the organ of Corti and for future evaluation of its efficacy in protocols aiming at the regeneration of hair cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Batissoco
- Otorrinolaringologia/LIM32, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - K Lezirovitz
- Otorrinolaringologia/LIM32, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D B Zanatta
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - C R M L Hemza
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L R Vasques
- Centro de Estudos sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - B E Strauss
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - R C Mingroni-Netto
- Centro de Estudos sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L A Haddad
- Centro de Estudos sobre o Genoma Humano e Células-Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R F Bento
- Otorrinolaringologia/LIM32, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J Oiticica
- Otorrinolaringologia/LIM32, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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7
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Abdul-Aziz D, Hathiramani N, Phung L, Sykopetrites V, Edge ASB. HIC1 Represses Atoh1 Transcription and Hair Cell Differentiation in the Cochlea. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:797-809. [PMID: 33770497 PMCID: PMC8072069 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Across species, expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor ATOH1 promotes differentiation of cochlear supporting cells to sensory hair cells required for hearing. In mammals, this process is limited to development, whereas nonmammalian vertebrates can also regenerate hair cells after injury. The mechanistic basis for this difference is not fully understood. Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) is a transcriptional repressor known to inhibit Atoh1 in the cerebellum. We therefore investigated its potential role in cochlear hair cell differentiation. We find that Hic1 is expressed throughout the postnatal murine cochlear sensory epithelium. In cochlear organoids, Hic1 knockdown induces Atoh1 expression and promotes hair cell differentiation, while Hic1 overexpression hinders differentiation. Wild-type HIC1, but not the DNA-binding mutant C521S, suppresses activity of the Atoh1 autoregulatory enhancer and blocks its responsiveness to β-catenin activation. Our findings reveal the importance of HIC1 repression of Atoh1 in the cochlea, which may be targeted to promote hair cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lauren Phung
- Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vittoria Sykopetrites
- Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Albert S B Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Hearing Loss Caused by HCMV Infection through Regulating the Wnt and Notch Signaling Pathways. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040623. [PMID: 33917368 PMCID: PMC8067389 DOI: 10.3390/v13040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent sensory disabilities worldwide with huge social and economic burdens. The leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children is congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Though the implementation of universal screening and early intervention such as antiviral or anti-inflammatory ameliorate the severity of CMV-associated diseases, direct and targeted therapeutics is still seriously lacking. The major hurdle for it is that the mechanism of CMV induced SNHL has not yet been well understood. In this review, we focus on the impact of CMV infection on the key players in inner ear development including the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Investigations on these interactions may gain new insights into viral pathogenesis and reveal novel targets for therapy.
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9
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Iyer AA, Groves AK. Transcription Factor Reprogramming in the Inner Ear: Turning on Cell Fate Switches to Regenerate Sensory Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:660748. [PMID: 33854418 PMCID: PMC8039129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.660748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates can restore their auditory and vestibular hair cells naturally by triggering the regeneration of adjacent supporting cells. The transcription factor ATOH1 is a key regulator of hair cell development and regeneration in the inner ear. Following the death of hair cells, supporting cells upregulate ATOH1 and give rise to new hair cells. However, in the mature mammalian cochlea, such natural regeneration of hair cells is largely absent. Transcription factor reprogramming has been used in many tissues to convert one cell type into another, with the long-term hope of achieving tissue regeneration. Reprogramming transcription factors work by altering the transcriptomic and epigenetic landscapes in a target cell, resulting in a fate change to the desired cell type. Several studies have shown that ATOH1 is capable of reprogramming cochlear non-sensory tissue into cells resembling hair cells in young animals. However, the reprogramming ability of ATOH1 is lost with age, implying that the potency of individual hair cell-specific transcription factors may be reduced or lost over time by mechanisms that are still not clear. To circumvent this, combinations of key hair cell transcription factors have been used to promote hair cell regeneration in older animals. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have identified and studied these reprogramming factor combinations for hair cell regeneration. Finally, we discuss the important questions that emerge from these findings, particularly the feasibility of therapeutic strategies using reprogramming factors to restore human hearing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita A. Iyer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics & Genomics, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics & Genomics, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Gene therapy development in hearing research in China. Gene Ther 2020; 27:349-359. [PMID: 32681137 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss, the most common form of hearing impairment, is mainly attributable to genetic mutations or acquired factors, such as aging, noise exposure, and ototoxic drugs. In the field of gene therapy, advances in genetic and physiological studies and profound increases in knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms have yielded great progress in terms of restoring the auditory function in animal models of deafness. Nonetheless, many challenges associated with the translation from basic research to clinical therapies remain to be overcome before a total restoration of auditory function can be expected. In recent years, Chinese research teams have promoted various developmental efforts in this field, including gene sequencing to identify additional potential loci that cause deafness, studies to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, and research to optimize vectors and delivery routes. In this review, we summarize the state of the field and focus mainly on the progress of gene therapy in animal model studies and the optimization of therapeutic strategies in China.
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11
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Menendez L, Trecek T, Gopalakrishnan S, Tao L, Markowitz AL, Yu HV, Wang X, Llamas J, Huang C, Lee J, Kalluri R, Ichida J, Segil N. Generation of inner ear hair cells by direct lineage conversion of primary somatic cells. eLife 2020; 9:e55249. [PMID: 32602462 PMCID: PMC7326493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanoreceptive sensory hair cells in the inner ear are selectively vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults. In mammals, hair cells lack regenerative capacity, and their death leads to permanent hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Their paucity and inaccessibility has limited the search for otoprotective and regenerative strategies. Growing hair cells in vitro would provide a route to overcome this experimental bottleneck. We report a combination of four transcription factors (Six1, Atoh1, Pou4f3, and Gfi1) that can convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts, adult tail-tip fibroblasts and postnatal supporting cells into induced hair cell-like cells (iHCs). iHCs exhibit hair cell-like morphology, transcriptomic and epigenetic profiles, electrophysiological properties, mechanosensory channel expression, and vulnerability to ototoxin in a high-content phenotypic screening system. Thus, direct reprogramming provides a platform to identify causes and treatments for hair cell loss, and may help identify future gene therapy approaches for restoring hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Menendez
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Talon Trecek
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Suhasni Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Litao Tao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Alexander L Markowitz
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Haoze V Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Xizi Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Juan Llamas
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - James Lee
- DRVision TechnologiesBellevueUnited States
| | - Radha Kalluri
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Justin Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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12
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Li J, Zhang T, Ramakrishnan A, Fritzsch B, Xu J, Wong EYM, Loh YHE, Ding J, Shen L, Xu PX. Dynamic changes in cis-regulatory occupancy by Six1 and its cooperative interactions with distinct cofactors drive lineage-specific gene expression programs during progressive differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2880-2896. [PMID: 31956913 PMCID: PMC7102962 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Six1 is essential for induction of sensory cell fate and formation of auditory sensory epithelium, but how it activates gene expression programs to generate distinct cell-types remains unknown. Here, we perform genome-wide characterization of Six1 binding at different stages of auditory sensory epithelium development and find that Six1-binding to cis-regulatory elements changes dramatically at cell-state transitions. Intriguingly, Six1 pre-occupies enhancers of cell-type-specific regulators and effectors before their expression. We demonstrate in-vivo cell-type-specific activity of Six1-bound novel enhancers of Pbx1, Fgf8, Dusp6, Vangl2, the hair-cell master regulator Atoh1 and a cascade of Atoh1's downstream factors, including Pou4f3 and Gfi1. A subset of Six1-bound sites carry consensus-sequences for its downstream factors, including Atoh1, Gfi1, Pou4f3, Gata3 and Pbx1, all of which physically interact with Six1. Motif analysis identifies RFX/X-box as one of the most significantly enriched motifs in Six1-bound sites, and we demonstrate that Six1-RFX proteins cooperatively regulate gene expression through binding to SIX:RFX-motifs. Six1 targets a wide range of hair-bundle regulators and late Six1 deletion disrupts hair-bundle polarity. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of how Six1 cooperates with distinct cofactors in feedforward loops to control lineage-specific gene expression programs during progressive differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242-1324
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elaine Y M Wong
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianqiang Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde 528308, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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13
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Ye Z, Su Z, Xie S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Jiang L. Yap-lin28a axis targets let7-Wnt pathway to restore progenitors for initiating regeneration. eLife 2020; 9:55771. [PMID: 32352377 PMCID: PMC7250571 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sox2 expressing (sox2+) progenitors in adult mammalian inner ear lose the capacity to regenerate while progenitors in the zebrafish lateral line are able to proliferate and regenerate damaged HCs throughout lifetime. To mimic the HC damage in mammals, we have established a zebrafish severe injury model to eliminate both progenitors and HCs. The atoh1a expressing (atoh1a+) HC precursors were the main population that survived post severe injury, and gained sox2 expression to initiate progenitor regeneration. In response to severe injury, yap was activated to upregulate lin28a transcription. Severe-injury-induced progenitor regeneration was disabled in lin28a or yap mutants. In contrary, overexpression of lin28a initiated the recovery of sox2+ progenitors. Mechanistically, microRNA let7 acted downstream of lin28a to activate Wnt pathway for promoting regeneration. Our findings that lin28a is necessary and sufficient to regenerate the exhausted sox2+ progenitors shed light on restoration of progenitors to initiate HC regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwu Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuye Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjia Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Guo L, Zhang Z, Shao B, Qi J, Zhou H, Zhu W, Yan X, Hong G, Zhang L, Zhang X, Tang M, Zhao C, Gao X, Chai R. Knockdown of Foxg1 in supporting cells increases the trans-differentiation of supporting cells into hair cells in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1401-1419. [PMID: 31485717 PMCID: PMC7113235 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foxg1 is one of the forkhead box genes that are involved in morphogenesis, cell fate determination, and proliferation, and Foxg1 was previously reported to be required for morphogenesis of the mammalian inner ear. However, Foxg1 knock-out mice die at birth, and thus the role of Foxg1 in regulating hair cell (HC) regeneration after birth remains unclear. Here we used Sox2CreER/+ Foxg1loxp/loxp mice and Lgr5-EGFPCreER/+ Foxg1loxp/loxp mice to conditionally knock down Foxg1 specifically in Sox2+ SCs and Lgr5+ progenitors, respectively, in neonatal mice. We found that Foxg1 conditional knockdown (cKD) in Sox2+ SCs and Lgr5+ progenitors at postnatal day (P)1 both led to large numbers of extra HCs, especially extra inner HCs (IHCs) at P7, and these extra IHCs with normal hair bundles and synapses could survive at least to P30. The EdU assay failed to detect any EdU+ SCs, while the SC number was significantly decreased in Foxg1 cKD mice, and lineage tracing data showed that much more tdTomato+ HCs originated from Sox2+ SCs in Foxg1 cKD mice compared to the control mice. Moreover, the sphere-forming assay showed that Foxg1 cKD in Lgr5+ progenitors did not significantly change their sphere-forming ability. All these results suggest that Foxg1 cKD promotes HC regeneration and leads to large numbers of extra HCs probably by inducing direct trans-differentiation of SCs and progenitors to HCs. Real-time qPCR showed that cell cycle and Notch signaling pathways were significantly down-regulated in Foxg1 cKD mice cochlear SCs. Together, this study provides new evidence for the role of Foxg1 in regulating HC regeneration from SCs and progenitors in the neonatal mouse cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingna Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Buwei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jieyu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Weijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guodong Hong
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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15
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Simpson KL, Stoney R, Frese KK, Simms N, Rowe W, Pearce SP, Humphrey S, Booth L, Morgan D, Dynowski M, Trapani F, Catozzi A, Revill M, Helps T, Galvin M, Girard L, Nonaka D, Carter L, Krebs MG, Cook N, Carter M, Priest L, Kerr A, Gazdar AF, Blackhall F, Dive C. A biobank of small cell lung cancer CDX models elucidates inter- and intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:437-451. [PMID: 35121965 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is treated as a homogeneous disease, biopsies and preclinical models reveal heterogeneity in transcriptomes and morphology. SCLC subtypes were recently defined by neuroendocrine transcription factor (NETF) expression. Circulating-tumor-cell-derived explant models (CDX) recapitulate donor patients' tumor morphology, diagnostic NE marker expression and chemotherapy responses. We describe a biobank of 38 CDX models, including six CDX pairs generated pretreatment and at disease progression revealing complex intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed three of four previously described subtypes based on ASCL1, NEUROD1 and POU2F3 expression and identified a previously unreported subtype based on another NETF, ATOH1. We document evolution during disease progression exemplified by altered MYC and NOTCH gene expression, increased 'variant' cell morphology, and metastasis without strong evidence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This CDX biobank provides a research resource to facilitate SCLC personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Simpson
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruth Stoney
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kristopher K Frese
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicole Simms
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Rowe
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon P Pearce
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Humphrey
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Booth
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Derrick Morgan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marek Dynowski
- Scientific Computing Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alessia Catozzi
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mitchell Revill
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Helps
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Melanie Galvin
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Louise Carter
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew G Krebs
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalie Cook
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mathew Carter
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lynsey Priest
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alastair Kerr
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, UK.
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16
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Spatiotemporally controlled overexpression of cyclin D1 triggers generation of supernumerary cells in the postnatal mouse inner ear. Hear Res 2020; 390:107951. [PMID: 32244147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma family of pocket proteins (pRBs), composed of Rb1, p107, and p130 are negative regulators of cell-cycle progression. The deletion of any individual pRB in the auditory system triggers hair cells' (HCs) and supporting cells' (SCs) proliferation to different extents. Nevertheless, accessing their combined role in the inner ear through conditional or complete knockout methods is limited by the early mortality of the triple knockout. In quiescent cells, hyperphosphorylation and inactivation of the pRBs are maintained through the activity of the Cyclin-D1-cdk4/6 complex. Cyclin D1 (CycD1) is expressed in the embryonic and neonatal inner ear. In the mature organ of Corti (OC), CycD1 expression is significantly downregulated, paralleling the OC mitotic quiescence. Earlier studies showed that CycD1 overexpression leads to cell-cycle reactivation in cultures of inner ear explants. Here, we characterize a Cre-activated, Doxycycline (Dox)-controlled, conditional CycD1 overexpression model, which when bred to a tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator and the Atoh1-cre mouse lines, allow for transient CycD1 overexpression and pRBs' downregulation in the inner ear in a reversible fashion. Analyses of postnatal mice's inner ears at various time points revealed the presence of supernumerary cells throughout the length of the cochlea and in the vestibular end-organs. Notably, most supernumerary cells were observed in the inner hair cells' (IHCs) region, expressed myosin VIIa (M7a), and showed no signs of apoptosis at any of the time points analyzed. Auditory and vestibular phenotypes were similar between the different genotypes and treatment groups. The fact that no significant differences were observed in auditory and vestibular function supports the notion that the supernumerary cells detected in the adult mice cochlea and macular end-organs may not impair auditory functions.
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17
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Chang SY, Carpena NT, Mun S, Jung JY, Chung PS, Shim H, Han K, Ahn JC, Lee MY. Enhanced Inner-Ear Organoid Formation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by Photobiomodulation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:556-567. [PMID: 32258218 PMCID: PMC7118273 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) stimulates different types of stem cells to migrate, proliferate, and differentiate in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known about the effects of PBM on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) toward the otic lineage. Only a few reports have documented the in vitro differentiation of ESCs into inner-ear hair cells (HCs) due to the complexity of HCs compared with other target cell types. In this study, we determined the optimal condition to differentiate the ESCs into the otic organoid using different culture techniques and PBM parameters. The efficiency of organoid formation within the embryoid body (EB) was dependent on the cell density of the hanging drop. PBM, using 630 nm wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs), further improved the differentiation of inner-ear hair cell-like cells coupled with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overexpression. Transcriptome analysis showed the factors that are responsible for the effect of PBM in the formation of otic organoids, notably, the downregulation of neural development-associated genes and the hairy and enhancer of split 5 (Hes5) gene, which inhibits the differentiation of prosensory cells to hair cells. These data enrich the current differentiation protocols for generating inner-ear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Chang
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel T Carpena
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Mun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,DKU-Theragen Institute for NGS Analysis (DTiNa), 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Jung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Sang Chung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosup Shim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,DKU-Theragen Institute for NGS Analysis (DTiNa), 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Ahn
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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18
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Brown R, Groves AK. Hear, Hear for Notch: Control of Cell Fates in the Inner Ear by Notch Signaling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030370. [PMID: 32121147 PMCID: PMC7175228 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate inner ear is responsible for detecting sound, gravity, and head motion. These mechanical forces are detected by mechanosensitive hair cells, arranged in a series of sensory patches in the vestibular and cochlear regions of the ear. Hair cells form synapses with neurons of the VIIIth cranial ganglion, which convey sound and balance information to the brain. They are surrounded by supporting cells, which nourish and protect the hair cells, and which can serve as a source of stem cells to regenerate hair cells after damage in non-mammalian vertebrates. The Notch signaling pathway plays many roles in the development of the inner ear, from the earliest formation of future inner ear ectoderm on the side of the embryonic head, to regulating the production of supporting cells, hair cells, and the neurons that innervate them. Notch signaling is re-deployed in non-mammalian vertebrates during hair cell regeneration, and attempts have been made to manipulate the Notch pathway to promote hair cell regeneration in mammals. In this review, we summarize the different modes of Notch signaling in inner ear development and regeneration, and describe how they interact with other signaling pathways to orchestrate the fine-grained cellular patterns of the ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogers Brown
- Program in Developmental Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Program in Developmental Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-8743
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19
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: The authors developed a noncontact low-frequency ultrasound device that delivers high-intensity mechanical force based on phased-array technology. It may aid wound healing because it is likely to be associated with lower risks of infection and heat-induced pain compared with conventional ultrasound methods. The authors hypothesized that the microdeformation it induces accelerates wound epithelialization. Its effects on key wound-healing processes (angiogenesis, collagen accumulation, and angiogenesis-related gene transcription) were also examined. Methods: Immediately after wounding, bilateral acute wounds in C57BL/6J mice were noncontact low-frequency ultrasound– and sham-stimulated for 1 hour/day for 3 consecutive days (10 Hz/90.6 Pa). Wound closure (epithelialization) was recorded every 2 days as the percentage change in wound area relative to baseline. Wound tissue was procured on days 2, 5, 7, and 14 (five to six per time point) and subjected to histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome staining, CD31 immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase-chain reaction analysis. Results: Compared to sham-treated wounds, ultrasound/phased-array–treated wounds exhibited significantly accelerated epithelialization (65 ± 27 percent versus 30 ± 33 percent closure), angiogenesis (4.6 ± 1.7 percent versus 2.2 ± 1.0 percent CD31+ area), and collagen deposition (44 ± 14 percent versus 28 ± 13 percent collagen density) on days 5, 2, and 5, respectively (all p < 0.05). The expression of Notch ligand delta-like 1 protein (Dll1) and Notch1, which participate in angiogenesis, was transiently enhanced by treatment on days 2 and 5, respectively. Conclusions: The authors’ noncontact low-frequency ultrasound phased-array device improved the wound-healing rate. It was associated with increased early neovascularization that was followed by high levels of collagen-matrix production and epithelialization. The device may expand the mechanotherapeutic proangiogenesis field, thereby helping stimulate a revolution in infected wound care.
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20
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Notch Signalling: The Multitask Manager of Inner Ear Development and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1218:129-157. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34436-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Tateya T, Sakamoto S, Ishidate F, Hirashima T, Imayoshi I, Kageyama R. Three-dimensional live imaging of Atoh1 reveals the dynamics of hair cell induction and organization in the developing cochlea. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev177881. [PMID: 31676552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During cochlear development, hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells differentiate in the prosensory domain to form the organ of Corti, but how one row of inner HCs (IHCs) and three rows of outer HCs (OHCs) are organized is not well understood. Here, we investigated the process of HC induction by monitoring Atoh1 expression in cochlear explants of Atoh1-EGFP knock-in mouse embryos and showed that only the cells that express Atoh1 over a certain threshold are selected for HC fate determination. HC induction initially occurs at the medial edge of the prosensory domain to form IHCs and subsequently at the lateral edge to form OHCs, while Hedgehog signaling maintains a space between IHCs and OHCs, leading to formation of the tunnel of Corti. These results reveal dynamic Atoh1 expression in HC fate control and suggest that multi-directional signals regulate OHC induction, thereby organizing the prototype of the organ of Corti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tateya
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan .,Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan.,Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ishidate
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Research Center for Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Growth Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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22
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Munnamalai V, Fekete DM. The acquisition of positional information across the radial axis of the cochlea. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:281-297. [PMID: 31566832 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Munnamalai
- The Jackson Laboratory Bar Harbor Maine
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of Maine Orono Maine
- The Neuroscience ProgramSackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Donna M. Fekete
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience West Lafayette Indiana
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research West Lafayette Indiana
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23
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Denans N, Baek S, Piotrowski T. Comparing Sensory Organs to Define the Path for Hair Cell Regeneration. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:567-589. [PMID: 31553635 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deafness or hearing deficits are debilitating conditions. They are often caused by loss of sensory hair cells or defects in their function. In contrast to mammals, nonmammalian vertebrates robustly regenerate hair cells after injury. Studying the molecular and cellular basis of nonmammalian vertebrate hair cell regeneration provides valuable insights into developing cures for human deafness. In this review, we discuss the current literature on hair cell regeneration in the context of other models for sensory cell regeneration, such as the retina and the olfactory epithelium. This comparison reveals commonalities with, as well as differences between, the different regenerating systems, which begin to define a cellular and molecular blueprint of regeneration. In addition, we propose how new technical advances can address outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denans
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
| | - Sungmin Baek
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
| | - Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
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24
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Samarajeewa A, Jacques BE, Dabdoub A. Therapeutic Potential of Wnt and Notch Signaling and Epigenetic Regulation in Mammalian Sensory Hair Cell Regeneration. Mol Ther 2019; 27:904-911. [PMID: 30982678 PMCID: PMC6520458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent sensory deficits worldwide and can result from the death of mechanosensory hair cells that transduce auditory signals in the cochlea. The mammalian cochlea lacks the capacity to regenerate these hair cells once damaged, and currently there are no biological therapies for hearing loss. Understanding the signaling pathways responsible for hair cell development can inform regenerative strategies and identify targets for treating hearing loss. The canonical Wnt and Notch pathways are critical for cochlear development; they converge on several key molecules, such as Atoh1, to regulate prosensory specification, proliferation, hair cell differentiation, and cellular organization. Much work has focused on Wnt and Notch modulation in the neonatal mouse cochlea, where they can promote hair cell regeneration. However, this regenerative response is limited in the adult cochlea and this might be attributed to age-dependent epigenetic modifications. Indeed, the epigenetic status at key gene loci undergoes dynamic changes during cochlear development, maturation, and aging. Therefore, strategies to improve regenerative success in the adult cochlea might require the modulation of Wnt, Notch, or other pathways, as well as targeted epigenetic modifications to alter the activity of key genes critical for supporting cell proliferation or transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshula Samarajeewa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Alain Dabdoub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
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25
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Lenz DR, Gunewardene N, Abdul-Aziz DE, Wang Q, Gibson TM, Edge ASB. Applications of Lgr5-Positive Cochlear Progenitors (LCPs) to the Study of Hair Cell Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:14. [PMID: 30873406 PMCID: PMC6401656 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse cochlea contains approximately 15,000 hair cells. Its dimensions and location, and the small number of hair cells, make mechanistic, developmental and cellular replacement studies difficult. We recently published a protocol to expand and differentiate murine neonatal cochlear progenitor cells into 3D organoids that recapitulate developmental pathways and can generate large numbers of hair cells with intact stereociliary bundles, molecular markers of the native cells and mechanotransduction channel activity, as indicated by FM1-43 uptake. Here, we elaborate on the method and application of these Lgr5-positive cochlear progenitors, termed LCPs, to the study of inner ear development and differentiation. We demonstrate the use of these cells for testing several drug candidates, gene silencing and overexpression, as well as genomic modification using CRISPR/Cas9. We thus establish LCPs as a valuable in vitro tool for the analysis of progenitor cell manipulation and hair cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Lenz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Niliksha Gunewardene
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dunia E Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tyler M Gibson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Albert S B Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
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26
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McGovern MM, Randle MR, Cuppini CL, Graves KA, Cox BC. Multiple supporting cell subtypes are capable of spontaneous hair cell regeneration in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Development 2019; 146:146/4/dev171009. [PMID: 30770379 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supporting cells (SCs) are known to spontaneously regenerate hair cells (HCs) in the neonatal mouse cochlea, yet little is known about the relative contribution of distinct SC subtypes which differ in morphology and function. We have previously shown that HC regeneration is linked to Notch signaling, and some SC subtypes, but not others, lose expression of the Notch effector Hes5 Other work has demonstrated that Lgr5-positive SCs have an increased capacity to regenerate HCs; however, several SC subtypes express Lgr5. To further investigate the source for spontaneous HC regeneration, we used three CreER lines to fate-map distinct groups of SCs during regeneration. Fate-mapping either alone or combined with a mitotic tracer showed that pillar and Deiters' cells contributed more regenerated HCs overall. However, when normalized to the total fate-mapped population, pillar, Deiters', inner phalangeal and border cells had equal capacity to regenerate HCs, and all SC subtypes could divide after HC damage. Investigating the mechanisms that allow individual SC subtypes to regenerate HCs and the postnatal changes that occur in each group during maturation could lead to therapies for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M McGovern
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA
| | - Michelle R Randle
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA
| | - Candice L Cuppini
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA
| | - Kaley A Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA
| | - Brandon C Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA .,Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA
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27
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Zhong C, Fu Y, Pan W, Yu J, Wang J. Atoh1 and other related key regulators in the development of auditory sensory epithelium in the mammalian inner ear: function and interplay. Dev Biol 2019; 446:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Walters BJ, Cox BC. Approaches for the study of epigenetic modifications in the inner ear and related tissues. Hear Res 2019; 376:69-85. [PMID: 30679030 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modifications such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, are two types of epigenetic modifications that alter gene expression. These additions to DNA regulatory elements or to the tails of histones can be inherited or can also occur de novo. Since epigenetic modifications can have significant effects on various processes at both the cellular and organismal level, there has been a rapid increase in research on this topic throughout all fields of biology in recent years. However, epigenetic research is relativity new for the inner ear field, likely due to the limited number of cells present and their quiescent nature. Here, we provide an overview of methods used to detect DNA methylation and histone modifications with a focus on those that have been validated for use with limited cell numbers and a discussion of the strengths and limitations for each. We also provide examples for how these methods have been used to investigate the epigenetic landscape in the inner ear and related tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Walters
- Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, and of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Brandon C Cox
- Departments of Pharmacology and Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62711, USA.
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Ma JH, Kim HP, Bok J, Shin JO. CTCF is required for maintenance of auditory hair cells and hearing function in the mouse cochlea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2646-2652. [PMID: 30107916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Auditory hair cells play an essential role in hearing. These cells convert sound waves, mechanical stimuli, into electrical signals that are conveyed to the brain via spiral ganglion neurons. The hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They assemble in a special arrangement with three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells. The proper differentiation and preservation of auditory hair cells are essential for acquiring and maintaining hearing function, respectively. Many genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying hair-cell differentiation and maintenance have been elucidated to date. However, the role of epigenetic regulation in hair-cell differentiation and maintenance has not been definitively demonstrated. CTCF is an essential epigenetic component that plays a primary role in the organization of global chromatin architecture. To determine the role of CTCF in mammalian hair cells, we specifically deleted Ctcf in developing hair cells by crossing Ctcffl/fl mice with Gfi1Cre/+ mice. Gfi1Cre; Ctcffl/fl mice did not exhibit obvious developmental defects in hair cells until postnatal day 8. However, at 3 weeks, the Ctcf deficiency caused intermittent degeneration of the stereociliary bundles of outer hair cells, resulting in profound hearing impairment. At 5 weeks, most hair cells were degenerated in Gfi1Cre; Ctcffl/fl mice, and defects in other structures of the organ of Corti, such as the tunnel of Corti and Nuel's space, became apparent. These results suggest that CTCF plays an essential role in maintaining hair cells and hearing function in mammalian cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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30
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Lahlou H, Lopez-Juarez A, Fontbonne A, Nivet E, Zine A. Modeling human early otic sensory cell development with induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198954. [PMID: 29902227 PMCID: PMC6002076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear represents a promising system to develop cell-based therapies from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In the developing ear, Notch signaling plays multiple roles in otic region specification and for cell fate determination. Optimizing hiPSC induction for the generation of appropriate numbers of otic progenitors and derivatives, such as hair cells, may provide an unlimited supply of cells for research and cell-based therapy. In this study, we used monolayer cultures, otic-inducing agents, Notch modulation, and marker expression to track early and otic sensory lineages during hiPSC differentiation. Otic/placodal progenitors were derived from hiPSC cultures in medium supplemented with FGF3/FGF10 for 13 days. These progenitor cells were then treated for 7 days with retinoic acid (RA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) or a Notch inhibitor. The differentiated cultures were analyzed in parallel by qPCR and immunocytochemistry. After the 13 day induction, hiPSC-derived cells displayed an upregulated expression of a panel of otic/placodal markers. Strikingly, a subset of these induced progenitor cells displayed key-otic sensory markers, the percentage of which was increased in cultures under Notch inhibition as compared to RA/EGF-treated cultures. Our results show that modulating Notch pathway during in vitro differentiation of hiPSC-derived otic/placodal progenitors is a valuable strategy to promote the expression of human otic sensory lineage genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Lahlou
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, Marseille, France
| | | | - Arnaud Fontbonne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, Marseille, France
| | - Azel Zine
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNIA UMR 7260, Marseille, France
- Université de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: ,
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31
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McGovern MM, Zhou L, Randle MR, Cox BC. Spontaneous Hair Cell Regeneration Is Prevented by Increased Notch Signaling in Supporting Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:120. [PMID: 29780306 PMCID: PMC5945818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, differentiation of cochlear progenitor cells into hair cells (HCs) or supporting cells (SCs) is partially controlled through Notch signaling. Many studies have shown that inhibition of Notch signaling allows SCs to convert into HCs in both normal and drug damaged neonatal mouse cochleae. This mechanism is also implicated during HC regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates; however, the mechanism of spontaneous HC regeneration in the neonatal mouse cochlea is less understood. While inhibition of Notch signaling can force SCs to convert into HCs and increase the number of regenerated HCs, it is currently unknown whether this pathway is involved in spontaneous HC regeneration observed in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the role of Notch signaling during the spontaneous HC regeneration process using Atoh1-CreERTM::Rosa26loxP-stop-loxP-DTA/+ mice injected with tamoxifen at postnatal day (P) 0 and P1 to ablate HCs and stimulate spontaneous HC regeneration. Expression changes of genes in the Notch pathway were measured using immunostaining and in situ hybridization, with most changes observed in the apical one-third of the cochlea where the majority of HC regeneration occurs. Expression of the Notch target genes Hes1, Hes5, Hey1, HeyL, and Jagged1 were decreased. To investigate whether reduction of Notch signaling is involved in the spontaneous HC regeneration process, we overexpressed the Notch1 intracellular fragment (N1ICD) in cochlear SCs and other non-sensory epithelial cells in the context of HC damage. Specifically, Atoh1-CreERTM::Rosa26loxP-stop-loxP-DTA/+::Sox10rtTA::TetO-LacZ::TetO-N1ICD mice were injected with tamoxifen at P0/P1 to stimulate spontaneous HC regeneration and given doxycycline from P0-P7 to induce expression of N1ICD as well as LacZ for fate-mapping. We observed a 92% reduction in the number of fate-mapped regenerated HCs in mice with N1ICD overexpression compared to controls with HC damage but no manipulation of Notch signaling. Therefore, we conclude that increased Notch signaling prevents spontaneous HC regeneration from occurring in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Understanding which components of the Notch pathway regulates regenerative plasticity in the neonatal mouse cochlea will inform investigations focused on stimulating HC regeneration in mature cochlea and eventually in humans to treat hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. McGovern
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Luyi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Michelle R. Randle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Brandon C. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
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32
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Atkinson PJ, Dong Y, Gu S, Liu W, Najarro EH, Udagawa T, Cheng AG. Sox2 haploinsufficiency primes regeneration and Wnt responsiveness in the mouse cochlea. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1641-1656. [PMID: 29553487 DOI: 10.1172/jci97248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, Sox2 is indispensable for cell division and differentiation, yet its roles in regenerating tissues are less clear. Here, we used combinations of transgenic mouse models to reveal that Sox2 haploinsufficiency (Sox2haplo) increases rather than impairs cochlear regeneration in vivo. Sox2haplo cochleae had delayed terminal mitosis and ectopic sensory cells, yet normal auditory function. Sox2haplo amplified and expanded domains of damage-induced Atoh1+ transitional cell formation in neonatal cochlea. Wnt activation via β-catenin stabilization (β-cateninGOF) alone failed to induce proliferation or transitional cell formation. By contrast, β-cateninGOF caused proliferation when either Sox2haplo or damage was present, and transitional cell formation when both were present in neonatal, but not mature, cochlea. Mechanistically, Sox2haplo or damaged neonatal cochleae showed lower levels of Sox2 and Hes5, but not of Wnt target genes. Together, our study unveils an interplay between Sox2 and damage in directing tissue regeneration and Wnt responsiveness and thus provides a foundation for potential combinatorial therapies aimed at stimulating mammalian cochlear regeneration to reverse hearing loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Atkinson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yaodong Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Otology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuping Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elvis Huarcaya Najarro
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tomokatsu Udagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Spatiotemporal coordination of cellular differentiation and tissue morphogenesis in organ of Corti development. Med Mol Morphol 2018. [PMID: 29536272 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The organ of Corti, an acoustic sensory organ, is a specifically differentiated epithelium of the cochlear duct, which is a part of the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear. Cells in the organ of Corti are generally classified into two kinds; hair cells, which transduce the mechanical stimuli of sound to the cell membrane electrical potential differences, and supporting cells. These cells emerge from homogeneous prosensory epithelium through cell fate determination and differentiation. In the organ of Corti organogenesis, cell differentiation and the rearrangement of their position proceed in parallel, resulting in a characteristic alignment of mature hair cells and supporting cells. Recently, studies have focused on the signaling molecules and transcription factors that regulate cell fate determination and differentiation processes. In comparison, less is known about the mechanism of the formation of the tissue architecture; however, this is important in the morphogenesis of the organ of Corti. Thus, this review will introduce previous findings that focus on how cell fate determination, cell differentiation, and whole tissue morphogenesis proceed in a spatiotemporally and finely coordinated manner. This overview provides an insight into the regulatory mechanisms of the coordination in the developing organ of Corti.
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A mouse model of miR-96, miR-182 and miR-183 misexpression implicates miRNAs in cochlear cell fate and homeostasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3569. [PMID: 29476110 PMCID: PMC5824881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in Mir96, one of three co-expressed polycistronic miRNA genes (Mir96, Mir182, Mir183), cause hereditary hearing loss in humans and mice. Transgenic FVB/NCrl- Tg(GFAP-Mir183,Mir96,Mir182)MDW1 mice (Tg1MDW), which overexpress this neurosensory-specific miRNA cluster in the inner ear, were developed as a model system to identify, in the aggregate, target genes and biologic processes regulated by the miR-183 cluster. Histological assessments demonstrate Tg1MDW/1MDW homozygotes have a modest increase in cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs). Affymetrix mRNA microarray data analysis revealed that downregulated genes in P5 Tg1MDW/1MDW cochlea are statistically enriched for evolutionarily conserved predicted miR-96, miR-182 or miR-183 target sites. ABR and DPOAE tests from 18 days to 3 months of age revealed that Tg1MDW/1MDW homozygotes develop progressive neurosensory hearing loss that correlates with histologic assessments showing massive losses of both IHCs and outer hair cells (OHCs). This mammalian miRNA misexpression model demonstrates a potency and specificity of cochlear homeostasis for one of the dozens of endogenously co-expressed, evolutionally conserved, small non-protein coding miRNA families. It should be a valuable tool to predict and elucidate miRNA-regulated genes and integrated functional gene expression networks that significantly influence neurosensory cell differentiation, maturation and homeostasis.
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Gálvez H, Tena JJ, Giraldez F, Abelló G. The Repression of Atoh1 by Neurogenin1 during Inner Ear Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:321. [PMID: 29104531 PMCID: PMC5655970 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1) and Neurogenin1 (Neurog1) are basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors crucial for the generation of hair cells (HCs) and neurons in the inner ear. Both genes are induced early in development, but the expression of Atoh1 is counteracted by Neurog1. As a result, HC development is prevented during neurogenesis. This work aimed at understanding the molecular basis of this interaction. Atoh1 regulation depends on a 3'Atoh1-enhancer that is the site for Atoh1 autoregulation. Reporter assays on chick embryos and P19 cells show that Neurog1 hampers the autoactivation of Atoh1, the effect being cell autonomous and independent on Notch activity. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing (ATAC-Seq) analysis shows that the region B of the 3'Atoh1-enhancer is accessible during development and sufficient for both activation and repression. Neurog1 requires the regions flanking the class A E-box to show its repressor effect, however, it does not require binding to DNA for Atoh1 repression. This depends on the dimerization domains Helix-1 and Helix-2 and the reduction of Atoh1 protein levels. The results point towards the acceleration of Atoh1 mRNA degradation as the potential mechanism for the reduction of Atoh1 levels. Such a mechanism dissociates the prevention of Atoh1 expression in neurosensory progenitors from the unfolding of the neurogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gálvez
- DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) - Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Giraldez
- DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) - Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gina Abelló
- DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) - Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Modeling and Preventing Progressive Hearing Loss in Usher Syndrome III. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13480. [PMID: 29044151 PMCID: PMC5647385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome type III (USH3) characterized by progressive loss of vision and hearing is caused by mutations in the clarin-1 gene (CLRN1). Clrn1 knockout (KO) mice develop hair cell defects by postnatal day 2 (P2) and are deaf by P21-P25. Early onset profound hearing loss in KO mice and lack of information about the cochlear cell type that requires Clrn1 expression pose challenges to therapeutic investigation. We generated KO mice harboring a transgene, TgAC1, consisting of Clrn1-UTR (Clrn1 cDNA including its 5′ and 3′ UTR) under the control of regulatory elements (Atoh1 3′ enhancer/β-globin basal promoter) to direct expression of Clrn1 in hair cells during development and down regulate it postnatally. The KO-TgAC1 mice displayed delayed onset progressive hearing loss associated with deterioration of the hair bundle structure, leading to the hypothesis that hair cell expression of Clrn1 is essential for postnatal preservation of hair cell structure and hearing. Consistent with that hypothesis, perinatal transfection of hair cells in KO-TgAC1 mice with a single injection of AAV-Clrn1-UTR vector showed correlative preservation of the hair bundle structure and hearing through adult life. Further, the efficacy of AAV-Clrn1 vector was significantly attenuated, revealing the potential importance of UTR in gene therapy.
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37
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yu P, Hu Y, Zhou H, Guo L, Xu X, Zhu X, Waqas M, Qi J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen F, Tang M, Qian X, Shi H, Gao X, Chai R. Characterization of Lgr5+ Progenitor Cell Transcriptomes after Neomycin Injury in the Neonatal Mouse Cochlea. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:213. [PMID: 28725177 PMCID: PMC5496572 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5+ supporting cells (SCs) are enriched hair cell (HC) progenitors in the cochlea. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that HC injury can spontaneously activate Lgr5+ progenitors to regenerate HCs in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Promoting HC regeneration requires the understanding of the mechanism of HC regeneration, and this requires knowledge of the key genes involved in HC injury-induced self-repair responses that promote the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ progenitors. Here, as expected, we found that neomycin-treated Lgr5+ progenitors (NLPs) had significantly greater HC regeneration ability, and greater but not significant proliferation ability compared to untreated Lgr5+ progenitors (ULPs) in response to neomycin exposure. Next, we used RNA-seq analysis to determine the differences in the gene-expression profiles between the transcriptomes of NLPs and ULPs from the neonatal mouse cochlea. We first analyzed the genes that were enriched and differentially expressed in NLPs and ULPs and then analyzed the cell cycle genes, the transcription factors, and the signaling pathway genes that might regulate the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ progenitors. We found 9 cell cycle genes, 88 transcription factors, 8 microRNAs, and 16 cell-signaling pathway genes that were significantly upregulated or downregulated after neomycin injury in NLPs. Lastly, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network to show the interaction and connections of genes that are differentially expressed in NLPs and ULPs. This study has identified the genes that might regulate the proliferation and HC regeneration of Lgr5+ progenitors after neomycin injury, and investigations into the roles and mechanisms of these genes in the cochlea should be performed in the future to identify potential therapeutic targets for HC regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Bioinformatics Department, Admera Health LLCSouth Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Yao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Lingna Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaochen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and TechnologyKarachi, Pakistan
| | - Jieyu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
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38
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Mittal R, Debs LH, Nguyen D, Patel AP, Grati M, Mittal J, Yan D, Eshraghi AA, Liu XZ. Signaling in the Auditory System: Implications in Hair Cell Regeneration and Hearing Function. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2710-2721. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Luca H. Debs
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Desiree Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Amit P. Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
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39
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Gálvez H, Abelló G, Giraldez F. Signaling and Transcription Factors during Inner Ear Development: The Generation of Hair Cells and Otic Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28393066 PMCID: PMC5364141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration between cell signals and bHLH transcription factors plays a prominent role during the development of hair cells of the inner ear. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the inner ear, responsible for the mechano-transduction of sound waves into electrical signals. They derive from multipotent progenitors that reside in the otic placode. Progenitor commitment is the result of cell signaling from the surrounding tissues that result in the restricted expression of SoxB1 transcription factors, Sox2 and Sox3. In turn, they induce the expression of Neurog1 and Atoh1, two bHLH factors that specify neuronal and hair cell fates, respectively. Neuronal and hair cell development, however, do not occur simultaneously. Hair cell development is prevented during neurogenesis and prosensory stages, resulting in the delay of hair cell development with respect to neuron production. Negative interactions between Neurog1 and Atoh1, and of Atoh1 with other bHLH factors driven by Notch signaling, like Hey1 and Hes5, account for this delay. In summary, the regulation of Atoh1 and hair cell development relies on interactions between cell signaling and bHLH transcription factors that dictate cell fate and timing decisions during development. Interestingly, these mechanisms operate as well during hair cell regeneration after damage and during stem cell directed differentiation, making developmental studies instrumental for improving therapies for hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gálvez
- Developmental Biology, CEXS, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gina Abelló
- Developmental Biology, CEXS, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Giraldez
- Developmental Biology, CEXS, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Zheng F, Zuo J. Cochlear hair cell regeneration after noise-induced hearing loss: Does regeneration follow development? Hear Res 2016; 349:182-196. [PMID: 28034617 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) affects a large number of military personnel and civilians. Regenerating inner-ear cochlear hair cells (HCs) is a promising strategy to restore hearing after NIHL. In this review, we first summarize recent transcriptome profile analysis of zebrafish lateral lines and chick utricles where spontaneous HC regeneration occurs after HC damage. We then discuss recent studies in other mammalian regenerative systems such as pancreas, heart and central nervous system. Both spontaneous and forced HC regeneration occurs in mammalian cochleae in vivo involving proliferation and direct lineage conversion. However, both processes are inefficient and incomplete, and decline with age. For direct lineage conversion in vivo in cochleae and in other systems, further improvement requires multiple factors, including transcription, epigenetic and trophic factors, with appropriate stoichiometry in appropriate architectural niche. Increasing evidence from other systems indicates that the molecular paths of direct lineage conversion may be different from those of normal developmental lineages. We therefore hypothesize that HC regeneration does not have to follow HC development and that epigenetic memory of supporting cells influences the HC regeneration, which may be a key to successful cochlear HC regeneration. Finally, we discuss recent efforts in viral gene therapy and drug discovery for HC regeneration. We hope that combination therapy targeting multiple factors and epigenetic signaling pathways will provide promising avenues for HC regeneration in humans with NIHL and other types of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 322, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 322, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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41
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Basch ML, Brown RM, Jen HI, Semerci F, Depreux F, Edlund RK, Zhang H, Norton CR, Gridley T, Cole SE, Doetzlhofer A, Maletic-Savatic M, Segil N, Groves AK. Fine-tuning of Notch signaling sets the boundary of the organ of Corti and establishes sensory cell fates. eLife 2016; 5:19921. [PMID: 27966429 PMCID: PMC5215100 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals that induce the organ of Corti and define its boundaries in the cochlea are poorly understood. We show that two Notch modifiers, Lfng and Mfng, are transiently expressed precisely at the neural boundary of the organ of Corti. Cre-Lox fate mapping shows this region gives rise to inner hair cells and their associated inner phalangeal cells. Mutation of Lfng and Mfng disrupts this boundary, producing unexpected duplications of inner hair cells and inner phalangeal cells. This phenotype is mimicked by other mouse mutants or pharmacological treatments that lower but not abolish Notch signaling. However, strong disruption of Notch signaling causes a very different result, generating many ectopic hair cells at the expense of inner phalangeal cells. Our results show that Notch signaling is finely calibrated in the cochlea to produce precisely tuned levels of signaling that first set the boundary of the organ of Corti and later regulate hair cell development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19921.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Basch
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Rogers M Brown
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hsin-I Jen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Fatih Semerci
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Frederic Depreux
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, United States
| | - Renée K Edlund
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | | | - Thomas Gridley
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, United States
| | - Susan E Cole
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Angelika Doetzlhofer
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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42
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Zou J, Pyykkö I, Hyttinen J. Inner ear barriers to nanomedicine-augmented drug delivery and imaging. J Otol 2016; 11:165-177. [PMID: 29937826 PMCID: PMC6002620 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several challenges to inner ear drug delivery and imaging due to the existence of tight biological barriers to the target structure and the dense bone surrounding it. Advances in imaging and nanomedicine may provide knowledge for overcoming the existing limitations to both the diagnosis and treatment of inner ear diseases. Novel techniques have improved the efficacy of drug delivery and targeting to the inner ear, as well as the quality and accuracy of imaging this structure. In this review, we will describe the pathways and biological barriers of the inner ear regarding drug delivery, the beneficial applications and limitations of the imaging techniques available for inner ear research, the behavior of engineered nanomaterials in inner ear applications, and future perspectives for nanomedicine-based inner ear imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Hearing and Balance Research Unit, Field of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilmari Pyykkö
- Hearing and Balance Research Unit, Field of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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43
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Riddiford N, Schlosser G. Dissecting the pre-placodal transcriptome to reveal presumptive direct targets of Six1 and Eya1 in cranial placodes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27576864 PMCID: PMC5035141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-placodal ectoderm, marked by the expression of the transcription factor Six1 and its co-activator Eya1, develops into placodes and ultimately into many cranial sensory organs and ganglia. Using RNA-Seq in Xenopus laevis we screened for presumptive direct placodal target genes of Six1 and Eya1 by overexpressing hormone-inducible constructs of Six1 and Eya1 in pre-placodal explants, and blocking protein synthesis before hormone-inducing nuclear translocation of Six1 or Eya1. Comparing the transcriptome of explants with non-induced controls, we identified hundreds of novel Six1/Eya1 target genes with potentially important roles for placode development. Loss-of-function studies confirmed that target genes encoding known transcriptional regulators of progenitor fates (e.g. Sox2, Hes8) and neuronal/sensory differentiation (e.g. Ngn1, Atoh1, Pou4f1, Gfi1) require Six1 and Eya1 for their placodal expression. Our findings provide insights into the gene regulatory network regulating placodal neurogenesis downstream of Six1 and Eya1 suggesting new avenues of research into placode development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Riddiford
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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