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Bhatt HN, Diwan R, Estevao IL, Dong R, Smith J, Xiao C, Agarwal SK, Nurunnabi M. Cadherin-11 targeted cell-specific liposomes enabled skin fibrosis treatment by inducing apoptosis. J Control Release 2024; 370:110-123. [PMID: 38648957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Continuous and aberrant activation of myofibroblasts is the hallmark of pathological fibrosis (e.g., abnormal wound healing). The deposition of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components alters or increases the stiffness of tissue and primarily accounts for multiple organ dysfunctions. Among various proteins, Cadherin-11 (CDH11) has been reported to be overexpressed on myofibroblasts in fibrotic tissues. Anti-apoptotic proteins such as (B cell lymphoma-2) (BCL-2) are also upregulated on myofibroblasts. Therefore, we hypothesize that CDH11 could be a targeted domain for cell-specific drug delivery and targeted inhibition of BCL-2 to ameliorate the development of fibrosis in the skin. To prove our hypothesis, we have developed liposomes (LPS) conjugated with CDH11 neutralizing antibody (antiCDH11) to target cell surface CDH11 and loaded these LPS with a BCL-2 inhibitor, Navitoclax (NAVI), to induce apoptosis of CDH11 expressing fibroblasts. The developed LPS were evaluated for physicochemical characterization, stability, in vitro therapeutic efficacy using dermal fibroblasts, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis model in mice. The findings from in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that selectivity of LPS was improved towards CDH11 expressing myofibroblasts, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy with no indication of adverse effects. Hence, this novel research work represents a versatile LPS strategy that exhibits promising potential for treating skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, The University of Texas El Paso, TX 79968, United States; The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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2
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Zhang G, Wang X, Zhang Q. Cdh11: Roles in different diseases and potential value in disease diagnosis and treatment. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 36:101576. [PMID: 38034129 PMCID: PMC10682823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin is a homophilic, Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion glycoprotein that mediates cell-cell adhesion. Among them, Cadherin-11 (CDH11), as a classical cadherin, participates in and influences many crucial aspects of human growth and development. Furthermore, The involvement of CDH11 has been identified in an increasing number of diseases, primarily including various tumorous diseases, fibrotic diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, and more. In various tumorous diseases, CDH11 acts not only as a tumor suppressor but can also promote migration and invasion of certain tumors through various mechanisms. Likewise, in non-tumorous diseases, CDH11 remains a pivotal factor in disease progression. In this context, we summarize the specific functionalities and mechanisms of CDH11 in various diseases, aiming to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the potential value of CDH11 in disease diagnosis and treatment. This endeavor seeks to provide more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for clinical management across diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Zhang
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
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3
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Kenny FN, Marcotti S, De Freitas DB, Drudi EM, Leech V, Bell RE, Easton J, Díaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Fleck R, Allison L, Philippeos C, Manhart A, Shaw TJ, Stramer BM. Autocrine IL-6 drives cell and extracellular matrix anisotropy in scar fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:1-16. [PMID: 37660739 PMCID: PMC10878985 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is associated with dramatic changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture of unknown etiology. Here we exploit keloid scars as a paradigm to understand fibrotic ECM organization. We reveal that keloid patient fibroblasts uniquely produce a globally aligned ECM network in 2-D culture as observed in scar tissue. ECM anisotropy develops after rapid initiation of a fibroblast supracellular actin network, suggesting that cell alignment initiates ECM patterning. Keloid fibroblasts produce elevated levels of IL-6, and autocrine IL-6 production is both necessary and sufficient to induce cell and ECM alignment, as evidenced by ligand stimulation of normal dermal fibroblasts and treatment of keloid fibroblasts with the function blocking IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, tocilizumab. Downstream of IL-6, supracellular organization of keloid fibroblasts is controlled by activation of cell-cell adhesion. Adhesion formation inhibits contact-induced cellular overlap leading to nematic organization of cells and an alignment of focal adhesions. Keloid fibroblasts placed on isotropic ECM align the pre-existing matrix, suggesting that focal adhesion alignment leads to active anisotropic remodeling. These results show that IL-6-induced fibroblast cooperativity can control the development of a nematic ECM, highlighting both IL-6 signaling and cell-cell adhesions as potential therapeutic targets to inhibit this common feature of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona N Kenny
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Elena M Drudi
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vivienne Leech
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK
| | - Rachel E Bell
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Easton
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Roland Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, UK
| | - Leanne Allison
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, UK
| | - Christina Philippeos
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angelika Manhart
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK; Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya J Shaw
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
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4
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Mukherjee PK, Nguyen QT, Li J, Zhao S, Christensen SM, West GA, Chandra J, Gordon IO, Lin S, Wang J, Mao R, Czarnecki D, Rayan C, Goren I, Banerjee S, Kotak P, Plesec T, Lal S, Fabre T, Asano S, Bound K, Hart K, Park C, Martinez R, Dower K, Wynn TA, Hu S, Naydenov N, Decaris M, Turner S, Holubar SD, Steele SR, Fiocchi C, Ivanov AI, Kravarik KM, Rieder F. Stricturing Crohn's Disease Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Fibroblast Heterogeneity and Intercellular Interactions. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:1180-1196. [PMID: 37507073 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblasts play a key role in stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD) but understanding its pathogenesis requires a systems-level investigation to uncover new treatment targets. We studied full-thickness CD tissues to characterize fibroblast heterogeneity and function by generating the first single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) atlas of strictured bowel and providing proof of principle for therapeutic target validation. METHODS We performed scRNAseq of 13 fresh full-thickness CD resections containing noninvolved, inflamed nonstrictured, and strictured segments as well as 7 normal non-CD bowel segments. Each segment was separated into mucosa/submucosa or muscularis propria and analyzed separately for a total of 99 tissue samples and 409,001 cells. We validated cadherin-11 (CDH11) as a potential therapeutic target by using whole tissues, isolated intestinal cells, NanoString nCounter, next-generation sequencing, proteomics, and animal models. RESULTS Our integrated dataset revealed fibroblast heterogeneity in strictured CD with the majority of stricture-selective changes detected in the mucosa/submucosa, but not the muscle layer. Cell-cell interaction modeling revealed CXCL14+ as well as MMP/WNT5A+ fibroblasts displaying a central signaling role in CD strictures. CDH11, a fibroblast cell-cell adhesion molecule, was broadly expressed and up-regulated, and its profibrotic function was validated using NanoString nCounter, RNA sequencing, tissue target expression, in vitro gain- and loss-of-function experiments, proteomics, and knock-out and antibody-mediated CDH11 blockade in experimental colitis. CONCLUSIONS A full-thickness bowel scRNAseq atlas revealed previously unrecognized fibroblast heterogeneity and interactions in CD strictures and CDH11 was validated as a potential therapeutic target. These results provide a new resource for a better understanding of CD stricture formation and open potential therapeutic developments. This work has been posted as a preprint on Biorxiv under doi: 10.1101/2023.04.03.534781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab K Mukherjee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Quang Tam Nguyen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Gail A West
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jyotsna Chandra
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ilyssa O Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Ren Mao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Douglas Czarnecki
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carla Rayan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Idan Goren
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suhanti Banerjee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Prerna Kotak
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Plesec
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samir Lal
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Fabre
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shoh Asano
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn Bound
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Hart
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chanyoung Park
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Martinez
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Dower
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shaomin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nayden Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California
| | - Stefan D Holubar
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Scott R Steele
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kellie M Kravarik
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Global Translational Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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5
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Ezzo M, Hinz B. Novel approaches to target fibroblast mechanotransduction in fibroproliferative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108528. [PMID: 37708995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to changes in mechanical environment is vital in conditions of organ injury when the architecture of normal tissues is disturbed or lost. Among the various cellular players that respond to injury, fibroblasts take center stage in re-establishing tissue integrity by secreting and organizing extracellular matrix into stabilizing scar tissue. Activation, activity, survival, and death of scar-forming fibroblasts are tightly controlled by mechanical environment and proper mechanotransduction ensures that fibroblast activities cease after completion of the tissue repair process. Conversely, dysregulated mechanotransduction often results in fibroblast over-activation or persistence beyond the state of normal repair. The resulting pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix is called fibrosis, a condition that has been associated with over 40% of all deaths in the industrialized countries. Consequently, elements in fibroblast mechanotransduction are scrutinized for their suitability as anti-fibrotic therapeutic targets. We review the current knowledge on mechanically relevant factors in the fibroblast extracellular environment, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion structures, stretch-activated membrane channels, stress-regulated cytoskeletal structures, and co-transcription factors. We critically discuss the targetability of these elements in therapeutic approaches and their progress in pre-clinical and/or clinical trials to treat organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ezzo
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Mukherjee PK, Nguyen QT, Li J, Zhao S, Christensen SM, West GA, Chandra J, Gordon IO, Lin S, Wang J, Mao R, Czarnecki D, Rayan C, Kotak P, Plesec T, Lal S, Fabre T, Asano S, Bound K, Hart K, Park C, Martinez R, Dower K, Wynn TA, Hu S, Naydenov N, Decaris M, Turner S, Holubar SD, Steele SR, Fiocchi C, Ivanov AI, Kravarik KM, Rieder F. Stricturing Crohn's disease single-cell RNA sequencing reveals fibroblast heterogeneity and intercellular interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.534781. [PMID: 37066202 PMCID: PMC10103967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.534781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Fibroblasts play a key role in stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD) but understanding it's pathogenesis requires a systems-level investigation to uncover new treatment targets. We studied full thickness CD tissues to characterize fibroblast heterogeneity and function by generating the first single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) atlas of strictured bowel and providing proof of principle for therapeutic target validation. Methods We performed scRNAseq of 13 fresh full thickness CD resections containing non-involved, inflamed non-strictured, and strictured segments as well as 7 normal non-CD bowel segments. Each segment was separated into mucosa/submucosa or muscularis propria and analyzed separately for a total of 99 tissue samples and 409,001 cells. We validated cadherin-11 (CDH11) as a potential therapeutic target by using whole tissues, isolated intestinal cells, NanoString nCounter, next generation sequencing, proteomics and animal models. Results Our integrated dataset revealed fibroblast heterogeneity in strictured CD with the majority of stricture-selective changes detected in the mucosa/submucosa, but not the muscle layer. Cell-cell interaction modeling revealed CXCL14+ as well as MMP/WNT5A+ fibroblasts displaying a central signaling role in CD strictures. CDH11, a fibroblast cell-cell adhesion molecule, was broadly expressed and upregulated, and its pro-fibrotic function was validated by NanoString nCounter, RNA sequencing, tissue target expression, in vitro gain- and loss-of-function experiments, proteomics, and two animal models of experimental colitis. Conclusion A full-thickness bowel scRNAseq atlas revealed previously unrecognized fibroblast heterogeneity and interactions in CD strictures and CDH11 was validated as a potential therapeutic target. These results provide a new resource for a better understanding of CD stricture formation and opens potential therapeutic developments.
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Nahaboo W, Eski SE, Despin-Guitard E, Vermeersch M, Versaevel M, Saykali B, Monteyne D, Gabriele S, Magin TM, Schwarz N, Leube RE, Zwijsen A, Perez-Morga D, Singh SP, Migeotte I. Keratin filaments mediate the expansion of extra-embryonic membranes in the post-gastrulation mouse embryo. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108747. [PMID: 35266581 PMCID: PMC8982622 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm arises at gastrulation and contributes to both the mouse embryo proper and its extra-embryonic membranes. Two-photon live imaging of embryos bearing a keratin reporter allowed recording filament nucleation and elongation in the extra-embryonic region. Upon separation of amniotic and exocoelomic cavities, keratin 8 formed apical cables co-aligned across multiple cells in the amnion, allantois, and blood islands. An influence of substrate rigidity and composition on cell behavior and keratin content was observed in mesoderm explants. Embryos lacking all keratin filaments displayed a deflated extra-embryonic cavity, a narrow thick amnion, and a short allantois. Single-cell RNA sequencing of sorted mesoderm cells and micro-dissected amnion, chorion, and allantois, provided an atlas of transcriptomes with germ layer and regional information. It defined the cytoskeleton and adhesion expression profile of mesoderm-derived keratin 8-enriched cells lining the exocoelomic cavity. Those findings indicate a novel role for keratin filaments in the expansion of extra-embryonic structures and suggest mechanisms of mesoderm adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallis Nahaboo
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sema Elif Eski
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangéline Despin-Guitard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Versaevel
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Bechara Saykali
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - David Perez-Morga
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Doolin MT, Smith IM, Stroka KM. Fibroblast to myofibroblast transition is enhanced by increased cell density. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar41. [PMID: 34731044 PMCID: PMC8694087 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of the lung caused by a rampant inflammatory response that results in the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). IPF patient lungs also develop fibroblastic foci that consist of activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. In concert with ECM deposition, the increased cell density within fibroblastic foci imposes confining forces on lung fibroblasts. In this work, we observed that increased cell density increases the incidence of the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT), but mechanical confinement imposed by micropillars has no effect on FMT incidence. We found that human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) express more α-SMA and deposit more collagen matrix, which are both characteristics of myofibroblasts, in response to TGF-β1 when cells are seeded at a high density compared with a medium or a low density. These results support the hypothesis that HLFs undergo FMT more readily in response to TGF-β1 when cells are densely packed, and this effect could be dependent on increased OB-cadherin expression. This work demonstrates that cell density is an important factor to consider when modelling IPF in vitro, and it may suggest decreasing cell density within fibroblastic foci as a strategy to reduce IPF burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Doolin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Ian M Smith
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 20742.,Maryland Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 20742.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201
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9
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Matera DL, Lee AT, Hiraki HL, Baker BM. The Role of Rho GTPases During Fibroblast Spreading, Migration, and Myofibroblast Differentiation in 3D Synthetic Fibrous Matrices. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:381-396. [PMID: 34777599 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Connective tissue repair and mechanosensing are tightly entwined in vivo and occur within a complex three-dimensional (3D), fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically driven by activated fibroblasts, wound repair involves well-defined steps of cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and fibrous ECM deposition. While the role of Rho GTPases in regulating these processes has been explored extensively in two-dimensional cell culture models, much less is known about their role in more physiologic, 3D environments. Methods We employed a 3D, fibrous and protease-sensitive hydrogel model of interstitial ECM to study the interplay between Rho GTPases and fibrous matrix cues in fibroblasts during wound healing. Results Modulating fiber density within protease-sensitive hydrogels, we confirmed previous findings that heightened fiber density promotes fibroblast spreading and proliferation. The presence of matrix fibers furthermore corresponded to increased cell migration speeds and macroscopic hydrogel contraction arising from fibroblast generated forces. During fibroblast spreading, Rac1 and RhoA GTPase activity proved crucial for fiber-mediated cell spreading and contact guidance along matrix fibers, while Cdc42 was dispensable. In contrast, interplay between RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 contributed to fiber-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and matrix contraction over longer time scales. Conclusion These observations may provide insights into tissue repair processes in vivo and motivate the incorporation of cell-adhesive fibers within synthetic hydrogels for material-guided wound repair strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alexander T Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Harrison L Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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10
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Arslan FN, Eckert J, Schmidt T, Heisenberg CP. Holding it together: when cadherin meets cadherin. Biophys J 2021; 120:4182-4192. [PMID: 33794149 PMCID: PMC8516678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion is the key to multicellularity, and its malfunction plays an important role in various developmental and disease-related processes. Although it has been intensively studied by both biologists and physicists, a commonly accepted definition of cell-cell adhesion is still being debated. Cell-cell adhesion has been described at the molecular scale as a function of adhesion receptors controlling binding affinity, at the cellular scale as resistance to detachment forces or modulation of surface tension, and at the tissue scale as a regulator of cellular rearrangements and morphogenesis. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss recent advances in the molecular, cellular, and theoretical description of cell-cell adhesion, ranging from biomimetic models to the complexity of cells and tissues in an organismal context. In particular, we will focus on cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and the role of adhesion signaling and mechanosensation therein, two processes central for understanding the biological and physical basis of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Eckert
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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11
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Cao W, Song S, Fang G, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang QS. Cadherin-11 Deficiency Attenuates Ang-II-Induced Atrial Fibrosis and Susceptibility to Atrial Fibrillation. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2897-2911. [PMID: 34239314 PMCID: PMC8259948 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s306073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrosis serves as a disease initiating mechanism in the development of atrial fibrillation. Angiotensin II (Ang-II), a key mediator for atrial fibrosis, aberrantly activates atrial fibroblasts (AFs) into myofibroblasts, resulting in subsequent excessive synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Cadherin-11 (CDH11) is essential in the development of non-cardiac fibrotic diseases. In this study, we investigated its role in the pathogenesis and underlying mechanism of atrial fibrillation. Methods We obtained left atrial tissues from either patients with atrial fibrillation or Ang-II-induced atrial fibrosis mice. We utilized a global CDH11 knockout mouse (CDH11-/-) model to determine the effect of CDH11 on AF cell proliferation, migration, ECM synthesis/deposition. RNA-Seq of isolated AFs from CDH11-/- or normal mice was performed and differential expressed genes were analyzed. The mouse susceptibility to atrial fibrillation was examined by cardiac electrophysiology. Results We found that cadherin-11 was significantly up-regulated in fibrotic atrial tissue from patients with atrial fibrillation and Ang-II-induced mice. Both normal and CDH11-/- mice did not develop atrial fibrosis at resting state. However, after Ang-II infusion, unlike severe atrial fibrosis occurred in normal mice, CDH11-/- mice displayed a reduced atrial fibrosis. Atrial fibroblasts with CDH11 deletion from CDH11-/- mice showed reduction in Ang-II-induced cell proliferation, migration and ECM synthesis/deposition, indicating the involvement of CDH11 in atrial fibrosis. Consistently, RNA-Seq of CDH11-null AFs uncovered significant decrease in pro-fibrotic gene expression. In addition, we identified reduction of transcripts associated with Smad2/3, ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. Further, CDH11-/- mice showed a significantly attenuated Ang-II-induced susceptibility to atrial fibrillation. Conclusion Our results indicate that CDH11 potentiates Ang-II-induced activation of AFs. The pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis is through CDH11 mediated stimulation of Smad2/3, ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. Thus, CDH11 might serve as a novel therapeutic target for ameliorating the development of atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojian Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingze Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
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12
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Homophilic and heterophilic cadherin bond rupture forces in homo- or hetero-cellular systems measured by AFM-based single-cell force spectroscopy. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:543-559. [PMID: 33880610 PMCID: PMC8190030 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins enable intercellular adherens junctions to withstand tensile forces in tissues, e.g. generated by intracellular actomyosin contraction. In-vitro single molecule force spectroscopy experiments can reveal cadherin–cadherin extracellular region binding dynamics such as bond formation and strength. However, characterization of cadherin-presenting cell homophilic and heterophilic binding in the proteins’ native conformational and functional states in living cells has rarely been done. Here, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) to measure rupture forces of homophilic and heterophilic bond formation of N- (neural), OB- (osteoblast) and E- (epithelial) cadherins in living fibroblast and epithelial cells in homo- and hetero-cellular arrangements, i.e., between cells and cadherins of the same and different types. In addition, we used indirect immunofluorescence labelling to study and correlate the expression of these cadherins in intercellular adherens junctions. We showed that N/N and E/E-cadherin homophilic binding events are stronger than N/OB heterophilic binding events. Disassembly of intracellular actin filaments affects the cadherin bond rupture forces suggesting a contribution of actin filaments in cadherin extracellular binding. Inactivation of myosin did not affect the cadherin rupture force in both homo- and hetero-cellular arrangements, but particularly strengthened the N/OB heterophilic bond and reinforced the other cadherins’ homophilic bonds.
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13
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Howsmon DP, Sacks MS. On Valve Interstitial Cell Signaling: The Link Between Multiscale Mechanics and Mechanobiology. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:15-27. [PMID: 33527256 PMCID: PMC11046423 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves function in one of the most mechanically demanding environments in the body to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The resident valve interstitial cells respond to this mechanical environment and maintain the structure and integrity of the heart valve tissues to preserve homeostasis. While the mechanics of organ-tissue-cell heart valve function has progressed, the intracellular signaling network downstream of mechanical stimuli has not been fully elucidated. This has hindered efforts to both understand heart valve mechanobiology and rationally identify drug targets for treating valve disease. In the present work, we review the current literature on VIC mechanobiology and then propose mechanistic mathematical modeling of the mechanically-stimulated VIC signaling response to comprehend the coupling between VIC mechanobiology and valve mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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14
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Riley LA, Merryman WD. Cadherin-11 and cardiac fibrosis: A common target for a common pathology. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109876. [PMID: 33285242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis represents an enormous health concern as it is prevalent in nearly every form of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Fibrosis is characterized by the activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a contractile cell type that secretes significant amounts of extracellular matrix components; however, the onset of this condition is also due to persistent inflammation and the cellular responses to a changing mechanical environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and biomechanical mechanisms that lead to cardiac fibrosis in cardiovascular diseases. We then discuss cadherin-11, an intercellular adhesion protein present on both myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells, as a potential link for all three of the fibrotic mechanisms. Since experimentally blocking cadherin-11 dimerization prevents fibrotic diseases including cardiac fibrosis, understanding how this protein can be targeted for therapeutic use could lead to better treatments for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA.
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15
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Pakshir P, Noskovicova N, Lodyga M, Son DO, Schuster R, Goodwin A, Karvonen H, Hinz B. The myofibroblast at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/13/jcs227900. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In 1971, Gabbiani and co-workers discovered and characterized the “modification of fibroblasts into cells which are capable of an active spasm” (contraction) in rat wound granulation tissue and, accordingly, named these cells ‘myofibroblasts’. Now, myofibroblasts are not only recognized for their physiological role in tissue repair but also as cells that are key in promoting the development of fibrosis in all organs. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the current understanding of central aspects of myofibroblast biology, such as their definition, activation from different precursors, the involved signaling pathways and most widely used models to study their function. Myofibroblasts will be placed into context with their extracellular matrix and with other cell types communicating in the fibrotic environment. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies to target myofibroblasts in anti-fibrotic therapies are summarized to emphasize their crucial role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Nina Noskovicova
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Amanda Goodwin
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Henna Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Tendons connect muscles to bones to transfer the forces necessary for movement. Cell-cell junction proteins, cadherins and connexins, may play a role in tendon development and injury. In this review, we begin by highlighting current understanding of how cell-cell junctions may regulate embryonic tendon development and differentiation. We then examine cell-cell junctions in postnatal tendon, before summarizing the role of cadherins and connexins in adult tendons. More information exists regarding the role of cell-cell junctions in the formation and homeostasis of other musculoskeletal tissues, namely cartilage and bone. Therefore, to inform future tendon studies, we include a brief survey of cadherins and connexins in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and summarize how cell-cell junctions are involved in some musculoskeletal tissue pathologies. An enhanced understanding of how cell-cell junctions participate in tendon development, maintenance, and disease will benefit future regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jett B Murray
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
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17
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FOXF1 Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis by Preventing CDH2-CDH11 Cadherin Switch in Myofibroblasts. Cell Rep 2019; 23:442-458. [PMID: 29642003 PMCID: PMC5947867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant accumulation of collagen-secreting myofibroblasts. Development of effective therapies is limited due to incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating myofibroblast expansion. FOXF1 transcription factor is expressed in resident lung fibroblasts, but its role in lung fibrosis remains unknown due to the lack of genetic mouse models. Through comprehensive analysis of human IPF genomics data, lung biopsies, and transgenic mice with fibroblast-specific inactivation of FOXF1, we show that FOXF1 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis. FOXF1 deletion increases myofibroblast invasion and collagen secretion and promotes a switch from N-cadherin (CDH2) to Cadherin-11 (CDH11), which is a critical step in the acquisition of the pro-fibrotic phenotype. FOXF1 directly binds to Cdh2 and Cdh11 promoters and differentially regulates transcription of these genes. Re-expression of CDH2 or inhibition of CDH11 in FOXF1-deficient cells reduces myofibroblast invasion in vitro. FOXF1 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by regulating a switch from CDH2 to CDH11 in lung myofibroblasts.
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18
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Qin EC, Kandel ME, Liamas E, Shah TB, Kim C, Kaufman CD, Zhang ZJ, Popescu G, Gillette MU, Leckband DE, Kong H. Graphene oxide substrates with N-cadherin stimulates neuronal growth and intracellular transport. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:412-423. [PMID: 30951897 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is fundamental for neuronal function and development and is dependent on the formation of stable actin filaments. N-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion protein, is actively involved in neuronal growth and actin cytoskeleton organization. Various groups have explored how neurons behaved on substrates engineered to present N-cadherin; however, few efforts have been made to examine how these surfaces modulate neuronal intracellular transport. To address this issue, we assembled a substrate to which recombinant N-cadherin molecules are physiosorbed using graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). N-cadherin physisorbed on GO and rGO led to a substantial enhancement of intracellular mass transport along neurites relative to N-cadherin on glass, due to increased neuronal adhesion, neurite extensions, dendritic arborization and glial cell adhesion. This study will be broadly useful for recreating active neural tissues in vitro and for improving our understanding of the development, homeostasis, and physiology of neurons. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Intracellular transport of proteins and chemical cues is extremely important for culturing neurons in vitro, as they replenish materials within and facilitate communication between neurons. Various studies have shown that intracellular transport is dependent on the formation of stable actin filaments. However, the extent to which cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion modulates intracellular transport is not heavily explored. In this study, N-cadherin was adsorbed onto graphene oxide-based substrates to understand the role of cadherin at a molecular level and the intracellular transport within cells was examined using spatial light interference microscopy. As such, the results of this study will serve to better understand and harness the role of cell-cell adhesion in neuron development and regeneration.
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19
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Lodyga M, Cambridge E, Karvonen HM, Pakshir P, Wu B, Boo S, Kiebalo M, Kaarteenaho R, Glogauer M, Kapoor M, Ask K, Hinz B. Cadherin-11-mediated adhesion of macrophages to myofibroblasts establishes a profibrotic niche of active TGF-β. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/564/eaao3469. [PMID: 30647145 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to the activation of fibroblastic cells into myofibroblasts, which secrete collagen and contract the collagen matrix to acutely repair injured tissue. Persistent myofibroblast activation leads to the accumulation of fibrotic scar tissue that impairs organ function. We investigated the key processes that turn acute beneficial repair into destructive progressive fibrosis. We showed that homotypic cadherin-11 interactions promoted the specific binding of macrophages to and persistent activation of profibrotic myofibroblasts. Cadherin-11 was highly abundant at contacts between macrophages and myofibroblasts in mouse and human fibrotic lung tissues. In attachment assays, cadherin-11 junctions mediated specific recognition and strong adhesion between macrophages and myofibroblasts. One functional outcome of cadherin-11-mediated adhesion was locally restricted activation of latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) between macrophage-myofibroblast pairs that was not observed in cocultures of macrophages and myofibroblasts that were not in contact with one another. Our data suggest that cadherin-11 junctions maintain latent TGF-β-producing macrophages and TGF-β-activating myofibroblasts in close proximity to one another. Inhibition of homotypic cadherin-11 interactions could be used to cause macrophage-myofibroblast separation, thereby destabilizing the profibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Cambridge
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Henna M Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.,Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Brian Wu
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Melanie Kiebalo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Riitta Kaarteenaho
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada. .,Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
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20
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Bowler MA, Bersi MR, Ryzhova LM, Jerrell RJ, Parekh A, Merryman WD. Cadherin-11 as a regulator of valve myofibroblast mechanobiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1614-H1626. [PMID: 30359089 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00277.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-11 (CDH11) is upregulated in a variety of fibrotic diseases, including arthritis and calcific aortic valve disease. Our recent work has identified CDH11 as a potential therapeutic target and shown that treatment with a CDH11 functional blocking antibody can prevent hallmarks of calcific aortic valve disease in mice. The present study investigated the role of CDH11 in regulating the mechanobiological behavior of valvular interstitial cells believed to cause calcification. Aortic valve interstitial cells were harvested from Cdh11+/+, Cdh11+/-, and Cdh11-/- immortomice. Cells were subjected to inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-6 to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which CDH11 regulates their mechanobiological changes. Histology was performed on aortic valves from Cdh11+/+, Cdh11+/-, and Cdh11-/- mice to identify key responses to CDH11 deletion in vivo. We showed that CDH11 influences cell behavior through its regulation of contractility and its ability to bind substrates via focal adhesions. We also show that transforming growth factor-β1 overrides the normal relationship between CDH11 and smooth muscle α-actin to exacerbate the myofibroblast disease phenotype. This phenotypic switch is potentiated through the IL-6 signaling axis and could act as a paracrine mechanism of myofibroblast activation in neighboring aortic valve interstitial cells in a positive feedback loop. These data suggest CDH11 is an important mediator of the myofibroblast phenotype and identify several mechanisms by which it modulates cell behavior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cadherin-11 influences valvular interstitial cell contractility by regulating focal adhesions and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Transforming growth factor-β1 overrides the normal balance between cadherin-11 and smooth muscle α-actin expression to promote a myofibroblast phenotype. Cadherin-11 is necessary for IL-6 and chitinase-3-like protein 1 secretion, and IL-6 promotes contractility. Targeting cadherin-11 could therapeutically influence valvular interstitial cell phenotypes in a multifaceted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Bowler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew R Bersi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Larisa M Ryzhova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rachel J Jerrell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aron Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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21
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Walraven M, Hinz B. Therapeutic approaches to control tissue repair and fibrosis: Extracellular matrix as a game changer. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Stylianou A, Gkretsi V, Stylianopoulos T. Transforming growth factor-β modulates pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts cell shape, stiffness and invasion. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1537-1546. [PMID: 29477748 PMCID: PMC5957271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor microenvironment consists of the extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal cells, such as fibroblasts (FBs) and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and a myriad of soluble factors. In many tumor types, including pancreatic tumors, the interplay between stromal cells and the other tumor microenvironment components leads to desmoplasia, a cancer-specific type of fibrosis that hinders treatment. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and CAFs are thought to play a crucial role in this tumor desmoplastic reaction, although the involved mechanisms are unknown. METHODS Optical/fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, image processing techniques, invasion assay in 3D collagen I gels and real-time PCR were employed to investigate the effect of TGF-β on normal pancreatic FBs and CAFs with regard to crucial cellular morphodynamic characteristics and relevant gene expression involved in tumor progression and metastasis. RESULTS CAFs present specific myofibroblast-like characteristics, such as α-smooth muscle actin expression and cell elongation, they also form more lamellipodia and are softer than FBs. TGF-β treatment increases cell stiffness (Young's modulus) of both FBs and CAFs and increases CAF's (but not FB's) elongation, cell spreading, lamellipodia formation and spheroid invasion. Gene expression analysis shows that these morphodynamic characteristics are mediated by Rac, RhoA and ROCK expression in CAFs treated with TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β modulates CAFs', but not FBs', cell shape, stiffness and invasion. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings elucidate on the effects of TGF-β on CAFs' behavior and stiffness providing new insights into the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.
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23
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Cadherins in vascular smooth muscle cell (patho)biology: Quid nos scimus? Cell Signal 2018; 45:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Tschumperlin DJ, Ligresti G, Hilscher MB, Shah VH. Mechanosensing and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:74-84. [PMID: 29293092 DOI: 10.1172/jci93561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury disrupts the mechanical homeostasis that underlies normal tissue architecture and function. The failure to resolve injury and restore homeostasis gives rise to progressive fibrosis that is accompanied by persistent alterations in the mechanical environment as a consequence of pathological matrix deposition and stiffening. This Review focuses on our rapidly growing understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking the altered mechanical environment in injury, repair, and fibrosis to cellular activation. In particular, our focus is on the mechanisms by which cells transduce mechanical signals, leading to transcriptional and epigenetic responses that underlie both transient and persistent alterations in cell state that contribute to fibrosis. Translation of these mechanobiological insights may enable new approaches to promote tissue repair and arrest or reverse fibrotic tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moira B Hilscher
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Zemła J, Danilkiewicz J, Orzechowska B, Pabijan J, Seweryn S, Lekka M. Atomic force microscopy as a tool for assessing the cellular elasticity and adhesiveness to identify cancer cells and tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 73:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Targeting of cadherin-11 decreases skin fibrosis in the tight skin-1 mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187109. [PMID: 29112946 PMCID: PMC5675431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease clinically manifesting as progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Cadherin-11 (CDH11) expression is increased in fibrotic skin and lung tissue. Targeting CDH11 may be an effective approach to treating fibrosis. We hypothesize that targeting CDH11 will decrease fibrosis in the tight skin-1 (Tsk-1) mouse model. Methods CDH11 expression was determined in the Tsk-1 mouse model using quantitative real time PCR and immunofluorescence (IF). Inhibitory anti- CDH11 monoclonal antibodies were tested in Tsk-1 mice for their ability to decrease hypodermal fibrosis. Results Expression of CDH11 was increased in fibrotic skin from Tsk-1 mice compared to pallid controls. IF staining demonstrated that CDH11 expression localized to fibroblasts within the hypodermis of fibrotic skin. Treatment with inhibitory anti-CDH11 monoclonal antibodies decreased hypodermal thickness and fibrotic mediators in Tsk-1 mice compared to control antibodies. Conclusions These data demonstrate an important role for CDH11 in the development of skin fibrosis in Tsk-1 mice. These data add to the growing evidence for the important role of CDH11 in tissue fibrosis and fibrotic disease such as systemic sclerosis.
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Griffin FE, Schiavi J, McDevitt TC, McGarry JP, McNamara LM. The role of adhesion junctions in the biomechanical behaviour and osteogenic differentiation of 3D mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. J Biomech 2017; 59:71-79. [PMID: 28577903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be regulated by the mechanical environment. MSCs grown in 3D spheroids (mesenspheres) have preserved multi-lineage potential, improved differentiation efficiency, and exhibit enhanced osteogenic gene expression and matrix composition in comparison to MSCs grown in 2D culture. Within 3D mesenspheres, mechanical cues are primarily in the form of cell-cell contraction, mediated by adhesion junctions, and as such adhesion junctions are likely to play an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenspheres. However the precise role of N- and OB-cadherin on the biomechanical behaviour of mesenspheres remains unknown. Here we have mechanically tested mesenspheres cultured in suspension using parallel plate compression to assess the influence of N-cadherin and OB-cadherin adhesion junctions on the viscoelastic properties of the mesenspheres during osteogenesis. Our results demonstrate that N-cadherin and OB-cadherin have different effects on mesensphere viscoelastic behaviour and osteogenesis. When OB-cadherin was silenced, the viscosity, initial and long term Young's moduli and actin stress fibre formation of the mesenspheres increased in comparison to N-cadherin silenced mesenspheres and mesenspheres treated with a scrambled siRNA (Scram) at day 2. Additionally, the increased viscoelastic material properties correlate with evidence of calcification at an earlier time point (day 7) of OB-cadherin silenced mesenspheres but not Scram. Interestingly, both N-cadherin and OB-cadherin silenced mesenspheres had higher BSP2 expression than Scram at day 14. Taken together, these results indicate that N-cadherin and OB-cadherin both influence mesensphere biomechanics and osteogenesis, but play different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Griffin
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Schiavi
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - T C McDevitt
- Gladstone Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - J P McGarry
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - L M McNamara
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Cronce MJ, Faulknor RA, Pomerantseva I, Liu XH, Goldman SM, Ekwueme EC, Mwizerwa O, Neville CM, Sundback CA. In vivo response to decellularized mesothelium scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:716-725. [PMID: 28323397 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biological surgical scaffolds are used in plastic and reconstructive surgery to support structural reinforcement and regeneration of soft tissue defects. Macrophage and fibroblast cell populations heavily regulate scaffold integration into host tissue following implantation. In the present study, the biological host response to a commercially available surgical scaffold (Meso BioMatrix Surgical Mesh (MBM)) was investigated for up to 9 weeks after subcutaneous implantation; this scaffold promoted superior cell migration and infiltration previously in in vitro studies relative to other commercially available scaffolds. Infiltrating macrophages and fibroblasts phenotypes were assessed for evidence of inflammation and remodeling. At week 1, macrophages were the dominant cell population, but fibroblasts were most abundant at subsequent time points. At week 4, the scaffold supported inflammation modulation as indicated by M1 to M2 macrophage polarization; the foreign body giant cell response resolved by week 9. Unexpectedly, a fibroblast subpopulation expressed macrophage phenotypic markers, following a similar trend in transitioning from a proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype. Also, α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts were abundant at weeks 4 and 9, mirroring collagen expression and remodeling activity. MBM supported physiologic responses observed during normal wound healing, including cellular infiltration, host tissue ingrowth, remodeling of matrix proteins, and immune modulation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 716-725, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cronce
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Renea A Faulknor
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Irina Pomerantseva
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | | | | | - Emmanuel C Ekwueme
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Olive Mwizerwa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Craig M Neville
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Cathryn A Sundback
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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Stylianou A, Stylianopoulos T. Atomic Force Microscopy Probing of Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment Components. BIONANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-015-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gkretsi V, Stylianou A, Papageorgis P, Polydorou C, Stylianopoulos T. Remodeling Components of the Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:214. [PMID: 26528429 PMCID: PMC4604307 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumor pathophysiology is characterized by an abnormal microenvironment that guides tumor progression and poses barriers to the efficacy of cancer therapies. Most common among tumor types are abnormalities in the structure of the tumor vasculature and stroma. Remodeling the tumor microenvironment with the aim to normalize any aberrant properties has the potential to improve therapy. In this review, we discuss structural abnormalities of the tumor microenvironment and summarize the therapeutic strategies that have been developed to normalize tumors as well as their potential to enhance therapy. Finally, we present different in vitro models that have been developed to analyze and better understand the effects of the tumor microenvironment on cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Papageorgis
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus ; Program in Biological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Christiana Polydorou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
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McAndrews KM, Yi J, McGrail DJ, Dawson MR. Enhanced Adhesion of Stromal Cells to Invasive Cancer Cells Regulated by Cadherin 11. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1932-8. [PMID: 26046821 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to promote tumor growth and metastasis; however their differential accumulation in invasive and noninvasive tumors is not fully understood. We hypothesized that differences in cell adhesion may contribute to this phenomenon. To test this, we analyzed the adhesion of CAF-precursor fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells to invasive and noninvasive cancers originating from the the breast, ovaries, and prostate. In all cases, stromal cells preferentially adhered to more invasive cancer cells. Modulating integrin and cadherin binding affinities with calcium chelation revealed that adhesion was independent of integrin activity but required cadherin function. Invasive cancer cells had increased expression of mesenchymal markers cadherin 2 and 11 that localized with stromal cell cadherin 11, suggesting that these molecules are involved in stromal cell engraftment. Blockade of cadherin 11 on stromal cells inhibited adhesion and may serve as a target for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. McAndrews
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jaeyoon Yi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel J. McGrail
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michelle R. Dawson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Rizzo S, Basso C, Lazzarini E, Celeghin R, Paolin A, Gerosa G, Valente M, Thiene G, Pilichou K. TGF-beta1 pathway activation and adherens junction molecular pattern in nonsyndromic mitral valve prolapse. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:359-67. [PMID: 26345253 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dysregulation of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 1 pathway has been associated with either syndromic or isolated mitral valve (MV) prolapse due to myxoid degeneration (floppy MV). The activation of Smad receptor-mediated intracellular TGF-β pathway and its effect on adherens junction (AJ) molecular pattern of activated valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in MV prolapse are herein investigated. METHODS Floppy MV leaflets were obtained from 30 patients (24 males, mean age 55.5±12.7 years) who underwent surgical repair, and 10 age- and sex-matched Homograft Tissue Bank samples served as controls. MV leaflet cellular and extracellular matrix composition, including collagen I and III, was evaluated by histology and transmission electron microscopy. Smad2 active phosphorylated form (p-Smad2), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and junctional proteins (N-cadherin, cadherin-11, β-catenin, plakoglobin, plakophilin-2) in VICs were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence and confirmed by immunoblotting. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out for components of TGF-β pathway cascade and filamin A (FLN-A). RESULTS Floppy MV leaflets were thicker (P<.001) and had higher α-SMA+ cell density (P=.002) and collagen III expression (P<.001) than controls. Enhanced p-Smad2 nuclear immunoreactivity (P<.001) and TGF-β1 gene (P=.045), TIMP1 (P=.020), and CTGF (P=.047) expression but no differences in FLN-A and total Smad2 gene expression levels were found between floppy MV and controls. Higher expression of cadherin-11, either exclusively or in colocalization with N-cadherin, and aberrant presence of plakophilin-2 at the AJ were found in floppy MV vs. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 pathway activation in nonsyndromic MV prolapse induces VICs differentiation into contractile myofibroblasts and is associated with changes in the molecular pattern of the AJ, with increased cadherin-11 and aberrant plakophilin-2 expression. AJ reinforcement might promote latent TGF-β1 activation leading to extracellular matrix remodeling in floppy MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Lazzarini
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rudy Celeghin
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Adolfo Paolin
- Tissue Bank of Veneto Region, Civil Hospital, Treviso, Italy.
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa Valente
- Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Kalliopi Pilichou
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
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Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation. Dev Biol 2015; 407:145-57. [PMID: 26188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper remodeling of the endocardial cushions into thin fibrous valves is essential for gestational progression and long-term function. This process involves dynamic interactions between resident cells and their local environment, much of which is not understood. In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (Cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 (-/-) aortic valve leaflets contained reduced Sox9 activity, β1 integrin expression, and RhoA-GTP activity, suggesting that remodeling defects are due to improper migration and/or cellular contraction. Cad-11 deletion or siRNA knockdown reduced migration, eliminated collective migration, and impaired 3D matrix compaction by aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC). Cad-11 depleted cells in culture contained few filopodia, stress fibers, or contact inhibited locomotion. Transfection of Cad-11 depleted cells with constitutively active RhoA restored cell phenotypes. Together, these results identify cadherin-11 mediated adhesive signaling for proper remodeling of the embryonic semilunar valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Derek C Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States.
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Chen J, Ryzhova LM, Sewell-Loftin MK, Brown CB, Huppert SS, Baldwin HS, Merryman WD. Notch1 Mutation Leads to Valvular Calcification Through Enhanced Myofibroblast Mechanotransduction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1597-605. [PMID: 26023079 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a significant cardiovascular disorder, and controversy exists as to whether it is primarily a dystrophic or osteogenic process in vivo. In this study, we sought to clarify the mechanism of CAVD by assessing a genetic mutation, Notch1 heterozygosity, which leads to CAVD with 100% penetrance in humans. APPROACH AND RESULTS Murine immortalized Notch1(+/-) aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) were isolated and expanded in vitro. Molecular signaling of wild-type and Notch1(+/-) AVICs were compared to identify changes in pathways that have been linked to CAVD-transforming growth factor-β1/bone morphogenetic protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B-and assessed for calcification potential. Additionally, AVIC mechanobiology was studied in a physiologically relevant, dynamic mechanical environment (10% cyclic strain) to investigate differences in responses between the cell types. We found that Notch1(+/-) AVICs resembled a myofibroblast-like phenotype expressing higher amounts of cadherin-11, a known mediator of dystrophic calcification, and decreased Runx2, a known osteogenic marker. We determined that cadherin-11 expression is regulated by Akt activity, and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation significantly reduced cadherin-11 expression. Moreover, in the presence of cyclic strain, Notch1(+/-) AVICs exhibited significantly upregulated phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and smooth muscle α-actin expression, indicative of a fully activated myofibroblast. Finally, these Notch1-mediated alterations led to enhanced dystrophic calcific nodule formation. CONCLUSIONS This study presents novel insights in our understanding of Notch1-mediated CAVD by demonstrating that the mutation leads to AVICs that are fully activated myofibroblasts, resulting in dystrophic, but not osteogenic, calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chen
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.)
| | - Larisa M Ryzhova
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.)
| | - M K Sewell-Loftin
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.)
| | - Christopher B Brown
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.)
| | - Stacey S Huppert
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.)
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.)
| | - W David Merryman
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.C., L.M.R., M.K.S.-L., W.D.M.) and Divison of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (C.B.B., H.S.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (S.S.H.).
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Abstract
Fibrotic cardiac disease, a leading cause of death worldwide, manifests as substantial loss of function following maladaptive tissue remodeling. Fibrosis can affect both the heart valves and the myocardium and is characterized by the activation of fibroblasts and accumulation of extracellular matrix. Valvular interstitial cells and cardiac fibroblasts, the cell types responsible for maintenance of cardiac extracellular matrix, are sensitive to changing mechanical environments, and their ability to sense and respond to mechanical forces determines both normal development and the progression of disease. Recent studies have uncovered specific adhesion proteins and mechano-sensitive signaling pathways that contribute to the progression of fibrosis. Integrins form adhesions with the extracellular matrix, and respond to changes in substrate stiffness and extracellular matrix composition. Cadherins mechanically link neighboring cells and are likely to contribute to fibrotic disease propagation. Finally, transition to the active myofibroblast phenotype leads to maladaptive tissue remodeling and enhanced mechanotransductive signaling, forming a positive feedback loop that contributes to heart failure. This Commentary summarizes recent findings on the role of mechanotransduction through integrins and cadherins to perpetuate mechanically induced differentiation and fibrosis in the context of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Schroer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Balint B, Yin H, Chakrabarti S, Chu MW, Sims SM, Pickering JG. Collectivization of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via TGF-β–Cadherin-11–Dependent Adhesive Switching. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1254-64. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in healthy arteries are arranged as a collective. However, in diseased arteries, SMCs commonly exist as individual cells, unconnected to each other. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the events that enable individualized SMCs to enter into a stable and interacting cell collective.
Approach and Results—
Human SMCs stimulated to undergo programmed collectivization were tracked by time-lapse microscopy. We uncovered a switch in the behavior of contacting SMCs from semiautonomous motility to cell–cell adherence. Central to the cell-adherent phenotype was the formation of uniquely elongated adherens junctions, up to 60 μm in length, which appeared to strap adjacent SMCs to each other. Remarkably, these junctions contained both N-cadherin and cadherin-11. Ground-state depletion super-resolution microscopy revealed that these hybrid assemblies were comprised of 2 parallel nanotracks of each cadherin, separated by 50 nm. Blocking either N-cadherin or cadherin-11 inhibited collectivization. Cell–cell adhesion and adherens junction elongation were associated with reduced transforming growth factor-β signaling, and exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 suppressed junction elongation via the noncanonical p38 pathway. Imaging of fura-2–loaded SMCs revealed that SMC assemblies displayed coordinated calcium oscillations and cell–cell transmission of calcium waves which, together with increased connexin 43–containing junctions, depended on cadherin-11 and N-cadherin function.
Conclusions—
SMCs can self-organize, structurally and functionally, via transforming growth factor-β–p38–dependent adhesive switching and a novel adherens junction architecture comprised of hybrid nanotracks of cadherin-11 and N-cadherin. The findings define a mechanism for the assembly of SMCs into networks, a process that may be relevant to the stability and function of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Balint
- From the Robarts Research Institute (B.B., H.Y., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C.), Surgery (M.W.A.C.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.M.S.), University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre (S.C., J.G.P.), London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Yin
- From the Robarts Research Institute (B.B., H.Y., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C.), Surgery (M.W.A.C.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.M.S.), University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre (S.C., J.G.P.), London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- From the Robarts Research Institute (B.B., H.Y., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C.), Surgery (M.W.A.C.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.M.S.), University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre (S.C., J.G.P.), London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W.A. Chu
- From the Robarts Research Institute (B.B., H.Y., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C.), Surgery (M.W.A.C.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.M.S.), University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre (S.C., J.G.P.), London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Sims
- From the Robarts Research Institute (B.B., H.Y., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C.), Surgery (M.W.A.C.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.M.S.), University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre (S.C., J.G.P.), London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- From the Robarts Research Institute (B.B., H.Y., J.G.P.), Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) (J.G.P.), Biochemistry (J.G.P.), Medical Biophysics (B.B., J.G.P.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C.), Surgery (M.W.A.C.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.M.S.), University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre (S.C., J.G.P.), London, Ontario, Canada
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Alimperti S, Andreadis ST. CDH2 and CDH11 act as regulators of stem cell fate decisions. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:270-82. [PMID: 25771201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the mechanical and biochemical signals originating from cell-cell adhesion are critical for stem cell lineage specification. In this review, we focus on the role of cadherin mediated signaling in development and stem cell differentiation, with emphasis on two well-known cadherins, cadherin-2 (CDH2) (N-cadherin) and cadherin-11 (CDH11) (OB-cadherin). We summarize the existing knowledge regarding the role of CDH2 and CDH11 during development and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We also discuss engineering strategies to control stem cell fate decisions by fine-tuning the extent of cell-cell adhesion through surface chemistry and microtopology. These studies may be greatly facilitated by novel strategies that enable monitoring of stem cell specification in real time. We expect that better understanding of how intercellular adhesion signaling affects lineage specification may impact biomaterial and scaffold design to control stem cell fate decisions in three-dimensional context with potential implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Alimperti
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang H, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Roles of transforming growth factor-β1 and OB-cadherin in porcine cardiac valve myofibroblast differentiation. FASEB J 2014; 28:4551-62. [PMID: 25008089 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis is a common disease, and some of its early causes are the activation and differentiation of resident fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in response to transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). The aim of this study was to understand how TGF-β1 and its downstream effector, OB-cadherin [cadherin 11 (CDH11)], regulate porcine myofibroblast phenotypes. Based on whole-genome microarrays, 95 and 107 genes are up- and down-regulated at both the early (8 h) and the late (24 h) time points of TGF-β1 treatment. Gene functions related to cell adhesion, skeletal system development, and extracellular matrix are up-regulated by TGF-β1, whereas oxidation-reduction and steroid metabolic process are down-regulated. Notably, one of the cell adhesion molecules, CDH11, is up-regulated by ∼2-fold through both the Smad2/3 and the ERK pathways elicited by TGF-β1. CDH11 mediates cell-cell contacts in both valvular fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Knockdown of CDH11 by small interfering RNA increases the myofibroblast phenotype, including an ∼2-fold increase in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and stress fiber formation. In contrast, increased binding of CDH11 through antibody treatment inhibits α-SMA expression. This study presents gene functional changes in response to TGF-β1 at the systems level and supports an inhibitory role of CDH11 in myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, and
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, BioFrontiers Institute, and
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, BioFrontiers Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Laurent VM, Duperray A, Sundar Rajan V, Verdier C. Atomic force microscopy reveals a role for endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression in bladder cancer cell adherence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98034. [PMID: 24857933 PMCID: PMC4032264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex process involving cell-cell interactions mediated by cell adhesive molecules. In this study we determine the adhesion strength between an endothelial cell monolayer and tumor cells of different metastatic potentials using Atomic Force Microscopy. We show that the rupture forces of receptor-ligand bonds increase with retraction speed and range between 20 and 70 pN. It is shown that the most invasive cell lines (T24, J82) form the strongest bonds with endothelial cells. Using ICAM-1 coated substrates and a monoclonal antibody specific for ICAM-1, we demonstrate that ICAM-1 serves as a key receptor on endothelial cells and that its interactions with ligands expressed by tumor cells are correlated with the rupture forces obtained with the most invasive cancer cells (T24, J82). For the less invasive cancer cells (RT112), endothelial ICAM-1 does not seem to play any role in the adhesion process. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the distribution of rupture forces suggests that ICAM-1 interacts preferentially with one ligand on T24 cancer cells and with two ligands on J82 cancer cells. Possible counter receptors for these interactions are CD43 and MUC1, two known ligands for ICAM-1 which are expressed by these cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie M. Laurent
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Duperray
- INSERM, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vinoth Sundar Rajan
- INSERM, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, IAB, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Verdier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Alimperti S, You H, George T, Agarwal SK, Andreadis ST. Cadherin-11 regulates both mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells and the development of contractile function in vivo. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2627-38. [PMID: 24741067 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.134833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although soluble factors, such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), induce mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation towards the smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage, the role of adherens junctions in this process is not well understood. In this study, we found that cadherin-11 but not cadherin-2 was necessary for MSC differentiation into SMCs. Cadherin-11 regulated the expression of TGF-β1 and affected SMC differentiation through a pathway that was dependent on TGF-β receptor II (TGFβRII) but independent of SMAD2 or SMAD3. In addition, cadherin-11 activated the expression of serum response factor (SRF) and SMC proteins through the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. Engagement of cadherin-11 increased its own expression through SRF, indicative of the presence of an autoregulatory feedback loop that committed MSCs to the SMC fate. Notably, SMC-containing tissues (such as aorta and bladder) from cadherin-11-null (Cdh11(-/-)) mice showed significantly reduced levels of SMC proteins and exhibited diminished contractility compared with controls. This is the first report implicating cadherin-11 in SMC differentiation and contractile function in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Alimperti
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Hui You
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Teresa George
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Biology of Inflammation Center, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 672E, MS, BCM285, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Biology of Inflammation Center, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 672E, MS, BCM285, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Acute slowing of cardiac conduction in response to myofibroblast coupling to cardiomyocytes through N-cadherin. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 68:29-37. [PMID: 24412534 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiological consequences of cardiomyocyte and myofibroblast interactions remain unclear, and the contribution of mechanical coupling between these two cell types is still poorly understood. In this study, we examined the time course and mechanisms by which addition of myofibroblasts activated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) influence the conduction velocity (CV) of neonatal rat ventricular cell monolayers. We observed that myofibroblasts affected CV within 30 min of contact and that these effects were temporally correlated with membrane deformation of cardiomyocytes by the myofibroblasts. Expression of dominant negative RhoA in the myofibroblasts impaired both myofibroblast contraction and myofibroblast-induced slowing of cardiac conduction, whereas overexpression of constitutive RhoA had little effect. To determine the importance of mechanical coupling between these cell types, we examined the expression of the two primary cadherins in the heart (N- and OB-cadherin) at cell-cell contacts formed between myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Although OB-cadherin was frequently found at myofibroblast-myofibroblast contacts, very little expression was observed at myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte contacts. The myofibroblast-induced slowing of cardiac conduction was not prevented by silencing of OB-cadherin in the myofibroblasts, and could be reversed by inhibitors of mechanosensitive channels (gadolinium or streptomycin) and cellular contraction (blebbistatin). In contrast, N-cadherin expression was commonly observed at myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte contacts, and silencing of N-cadherin in myofibroblasts prevented the myofibroblast-dependent slowing of cardiac conduction. We propose that myofibroblasts can impair the electrophysiological function of cardiac tissue through the application of contractile force to the cardiomyocyte membrane via N-cadherin junctions.
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Zhou J, Bowen C, Lu G, Knapp Iii C, Recknagel A, Norris RA, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 expression patterns in heart valves associate with key functions during embryonic cushion formation, valve maturation and calcification. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:300-10. [PMID: 24356423 DOI: 10.1159/000356762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper fibroblast cell migration and differentiation are critical for valve formation and homeostasis, but uncontrolled myofibroblastic activation may precede osteogenic differentiation and calcification. Cadherin-11 (cad-11) is a cell-cell adhesion protein classically expressed at mesenchymal-osteoblast interfaces that participates in mesenchymal differentiation to osteochondral lineages. This suggests cad-11 may have an important role in heart valve development and pathogenesis, but its expression patterns in valves are largely unknown. In this study, we profiled the spatial and temporal expression patterns of cad-11 in embryonic chick and mouse heart development. We determined that cad-11 is expressed in both endocardial and mesenchymal cells of the atrioventricular and outflow tract cushions (pre-HH30/E14), but becomes restricted to the valve endocardial/endothelial cells during late fetal remodeling and throughout postnatal life. We then investigated changes in cad-11 expression in a murine aortic valve disease model (the ApoE(-/-)). Unlike wild-type mice, cad-11 becomes dramatically re-expressed in the interstitium. Similarly, in calcified human aortic valve leaflets, cad-11 loses endothelial confinement and becomes significantly re-expressed in the valve interstitium. Double labeling identified that 91% of myofibroblastic and 96% of osteoblastic cells in calcified aortic valves were also cad-11 positive. Collectively, our results suggest that cad-11 is important for proper embryonic cushion formation and remodeling, but may also participate in aortic valve pathogenesis if re-expressed in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA
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44
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Isometric Contraction of Dupuytren’s Myofibroblasts Is Inhibited by Blocking Intercellular Junctions. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2664-2671. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lee YC, Bilen MA, Yu G, Lin SC, Huang CF, Ortiz A, Cho H, Song JH, Satcher RL, Kuang J, Gallick GE, Yu-Lee LY, Huang W, Lin SH. Inhibition of cell adhesion by a cadherin-11 antibody thwarts bone metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1401-11. [PMID: 23913163 PMCID: PMC3834228 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cadherin-11 (CDH11) is a member of the cadherin superfamily mainly expressed in osteoblasts but not in epithelial cells. However, prostate cancer cells with a propensity for bone metastasis express high levels of cadherin-11 and reduced levels of E-cadherin. Downregulation of cadherin-11 inhibits interaction of prostate cancer cells with osteoblasts in vitro and homing of prostate cancer cells to bone in an animal model of metastasis. These findings indicate that targeting cadherin-11 may prevent prostate cancer bone metastasis. To explore this possibility, a panel of 21 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was generated against the extracellular (EC) domain of cadherin-11. Two antibodies, mAbs 2C7 and 1A5, inhibited cadherin-11-mediated cell-cell aggregation in vitro using L-cells transfected with cadherin-11. Both antibodies demonstrated specificity to cadherin-11, and neither antibody recognized E-cadherin or N-cadherin on C4-2B or PC3 cells, respectively. Furthermore, mAb 2C7 inhibited cadherin-11-mediated aggregation between the highly metastatic PC3-mm2 cells and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Mechanistically, a series of deletion mutants revealed a unique motif, aa 343-348, in the cadherin-11 EC3 domain that is recognized by mAb 2C7 and that this motif coordinated cell-cell adhesion. Importantly, administration of mAb 2C7 in a prophylactic setting effectively prevented metastasis of PC3-mm2 cells to bone in an in vivo mouse model. These results show that targeting the extracellular domain of cadherin-11 can limit cellular adhesion and metastatic dissemination of prostate cancer cells. IMPLICATIONS Monotherapy using a cadherin-11 antibody is a suitable option for the prevention of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lee
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mehmet Asim Bilen
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guoyu Yu
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Song-Chang Lin
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chih-Fen Huang
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pharmacy at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Angelica Ortiz
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hyojin Cho
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian H. Song
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert L. Satcher
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian Kuang
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Orthopaedic Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Wang H, Sridhar B, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Characterization of cell subpopulations expressing progenitor cell markers in porcine cardiac valves. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69667. [PMID: 23936071 PMCID: PMC3720586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) are the main population of cells found in cardiac valves. These resident fibroblastic cells play important roles in maintaining proper valve function, and their dysregulation has been linked to disease progression in humans. Despite the critical functions of VICs, their cellular composition is still not well defined for humans and other mammals. Given the limited availability of healthy human valves and the similarity in valve structure and function between humans and pigs, we characterized porcine VICs (pVICs) based on expression of cell surface proteins and sorted a specific subpopulation of pVICs to study its functions. We found that small percentages of pVICs express the progenitor cell markers ABCG2 (~5%), NG2 (~5%) or SSEA-4 (~7%), whereas another subpopulation (~5%) expresses OB–CDH, a type of cadherin expressed by myofibroblasts or osteo-progenitors. pVICs isolated from either aortic or pulmonary valves express most of these protein markers at similar levels. Interestingly, OB–CDH, NG2 and SSEA-4 all label distinct valvular subpopulations relative to each other; however, NG2 and ABCG2 are co-expressed in the same cells. ABCG2+ cells were further characterized and found to deposit more calcified matrix than ABCG2- cells upon osteogenic induction, suggesting that they may be involved in the development of osteogenic VICs during valve pathology. Cell profiling based on flow cytometry and functional studies with sorted primary cells provide not only new and quantitative information about the cellular composition of porcine cardiac valves, but also contribute to our understanding of how a subpopulation of valvular cells (ABCG2+ cells) may participate in tissue repair and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Balaji Sridhar
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- *
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Substrate-dependent Wnt signaling in MSC differentiation within biomaterial-derived 3D spheroids. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4725-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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48
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Hutcheson JD, Chen J, Sewell-Loftin MK, Ryzhova LM, Fisher CI, Su YR, Merryman WD. Cadherin-11 regulates cell-cell tension necessary for calcific nodule formation by valvular myofibroblasts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:114-20. [PMID: 23162011 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dystrophic calcific nodule formation in vitro involves differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) into a myofibroblast phenotype. Interestingly, inhibition of the kinase MAPK Erk kinase (MEK)1/2 prevents calcific nodule formation despite leading to myofibroblast activation of AVICs, indicating the presence of an additional mechanotransductive component required for calcific nodule morphogenesis. In this study, we assess the role of transforming growth factor β1-induced cadherin-11 expression in calcific nodule formation. METHODS AND RESULTS As shown previously, porcine AVICs treated with transforming growth factor β1 before cyclic strain exhibit increased myofibroblast activation and significant calcific nodule formation. In addition to an increase in contractile myofibroblast markers, transforming growth factor β1-treated AVICs exhibit significantly increased expression of cadherin-11. This expression is inhibited by the addition of U0126, a specific MEK1/2 inhibitor. The role of increased cadherin-11 is revealed through a wound assay, which demonstrates increased intercellular tension in transforming growth factor β1-treated AVICs possessing cadherin-11. Furthermore, when small interfering RNA is used to knockdown cadherin-11, calcific nodule formation is abrogated, indicating that robust cell-cell connections are necessary in generating tension for calcific nodule morphogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate enrichment of cadherin-11 in human calcified leaflets. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the necessity of cadherin-11 for dystrophic calcific nodule formation, which proceeds through an Erk1/2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2213 Garland Ave, 9445 MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0493, USA
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Talior-Volodarsky I, Connelly KA, Arora PD, Gullberg D, McCulloch CA. α11 integrin stimulates myofibroblast differentiation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:265-75. [PMID: 22869616 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by the production of a disorganized fibrotic matrix in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. We examined whether adhesion of cardiac fibroblasts to glycated collagens mediates the differentiation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts, which may contribute to cardiac fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS By microarray, we found that methylglyoxal-treated collagen selectively enhanced α11 integrin expression in human cardiac fibroblasts, while levels of other collagen-binding integrins (α1, α2, and α10) were unchanged. Similar increases in α11 integrin mRNA and protein expression were observed in cardiac fibroblasts from streptozotocin (STZ)-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. In human cardiac fibroblasts plated on methyglyoxal-treated collagen and in cardiac fibroblasts from diabetic rats, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 but not TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 was increased compared with controls. Knock-down of α11 integrin and TGF-β receptors with small-interfering RNA blocked the increased expression of TGF-β2, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and α11 integrin that were induced in cells plated on methylglyoxal-treated collagen. Further, inhibition of Smad3 signalling blocked methylglyoxal-collagen up-regulation of α11 integrin and α-SMA expression. Rats with STZ-induced diabetes exhibited increased phosphorylation of Smad3 in cardiac tissues compared with control rats. CONCLUSION Interactions between α11 integrins and the Smad-dependent TGF-β2 signalling may contribute to the formation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts and the development of a fibrotic interstitium in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Talior-Volodarsky
- Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Room 244, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
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50
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Isolation of the multipotent MSC subpopulation from human gingival fibroblasts by culturing on chitosan membranes. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2642-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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