1
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Reis LR, Nascimento RO, Massafera MP, Di Mascio P, Ronsein GE. Investigating neutrophil responses to stimuli: Comparative analysis of reactive species-dependent and independent mechanisms. Redox Biol 2025; 81:103540. [PMID: 40037225 PMCID: PMC11923813 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in immune response, using mechanisms as degranulation, phagocytosis, and the release of extracellular DNA together with microbicidal proteins, the so-called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), to combat pathogens. Multiple mechanisms might be involved in neutrophil's response to stimuli, but the biochemical characterization of each different pathway is still lacking. In this study, we used superoxide measurements, live-imaging microscopy and high-resolution proteomics to provide a thorough biochemical characterization of the neutrophil's response following activation by two well-known stimuli, namely phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and ionomycin, a calcium ionophore. Our results demonstrated that although both stimuli induce extracellular DNA release, signals and mediators released by activated cells before this final event were distinct. Thus, PMA-treated neutrophils induce superoxide production, and degranulation of proteins from all granules, especially those derived from secretory vesicles and tertiary granules. On the other hand, ionomycin-treated neutrophils do not stimulate superoxide generation, but induce extensive protein citrullination (also known as arginine deimination), particularly modifying proteins related to actin cytoskeleton organization, nucleus stability, and the NADPH oxidase complex. Interestingly, many of the citrullinated proteins detected in this work were also found to act as autoantigens in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. These striking differences show neutrophils' response to PMA and ionomycin are two distinct biochemical processes that point towards neutrophils diversification and plasticity responding to the environment. It also provides implications for understanding neutrophil-driven microbial response and potential roles in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenna Rocha Reis
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Pereira Massafera
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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2
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Smoler M, Pennacchietti F, De Rossi MC, Bruno L, Testa I, Levi V. Dynamical organization of vimentin intermediate filaments in living cells revealed by MoNaLISA nanoscopy. Biosci Rep 2025; 45:BSR20241133. [PMID: 39936518 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20241133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are intimately involved in the mechanical behavior of cells. Unfortunately, the resolution of optical microscopy limits our understanding of their organization. Here, we combined nanoscopy, single-filament tracking, and numerical simulations to inspect the dynamical organization of vimentin intermediate filaments in live cells. We show that a higher proportion of peripheral versus perinuclear vimentin pools are constrained in their lateral motion in the seconds time window, probably due to their cross-linking to other cytoskeletal networks. In a longer time scale, active forces become evident and affect similarly both pools of filaments. Our results provide a detailed description of the dynamical organization of the vimentin network in live cells and give some cues on its response to mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Smoler
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francesca Pennacchietti
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Cecilia De Rossi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Cálculo (IC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ilaria Testa
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valeria Levi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Romano R, Cordella P, Bucci C. The Type III Intermediate Filament Protein Peripherin Regulates Lysosomal Degradation Activity and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:549. [PMID: 39859265 PMCID: PMC11766092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Peripherin belongs to heterogeneous class III of intermediate filaments, and it is the only intermediate filament protein selectively expressed in the neurons of the peripheral nervous system. It has been previously discovered that peripherin interacts with proteins important for the endo-lysosomal system and for the transport to late endosomes and lysosomes, such as RAB7A and AP-3, although little is known about its role in the endocytic pathway. Here, we show that peripherin silencing affects lysosomal abundance but also positioning, causing the redistribution of lysosomes from the perinuclear area to the cell periphery. Moreover, peripherin silencing affects lysosomal activity, inhibiting EGFR degradation and the degradation of a fluorogenic substrate for proteases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that peripherin silencing affects lysosomal biogenesis by reducing the TFEB and TFE3 contents. Finally, in peripherin-depleted cells, the autophagic flux is strongly inhibited. Therefore, these data indicate that peripherin has an important role in regulating lysosomal biogenesis, and positioning and functions of lysosomes, affecting both the endocytic and autophagic pathways. Considering that peripherin is the most abundant intermediate filament protein of peripheral neurons, its dysregulation, affecting its functions, could be involved in the onset of several neurodegenerative diseases of the peripheral nervous system characterized by alterations in the endocytic and/or autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (P.C.)
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4
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Hjelmeland ME, Lien HE, Berg HF, Woie K, Werner HMJ, Amant F, Haldorsen IS, Trovik J, Krakstad C. Loss of vimentin expression in preoperative biopsies independently predicts poor prognosis, lymph node metastasis and recurrence in endometrial cancer. BJC REPORTS 2024; 2:81. [PMID: 39516342 PMCID: PMC11524127 DOI: 10.1038/s44276-024-00105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise preoperative risk classification of endometrial cancer is crucial for treatment decisions. Existing clinical markers often fail to accurately predict lymph node metastasis and recurrence risk. Loss of vimentin expression has emerged as a potential marker for predicting recurrence in low-risk endometrial cancer patients. We assessed whether vimentin expression in preoperative biopsies predicts poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis in a large multicentre cohort. METHODS Vimentin expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 1483 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer across 14 hospitals in Europe. Expression levels of vimentin were analyzed in conjunction with clinical characteristics for predicting disease-specific survival and lymph node metastases. RESULTS Vimentin loss was significantly associated with aggressive disease and poor survival. Adjusted for clinicopathological variables, vimentin remained independently prognostic with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.68 (95% CI 1.16-2.42, P = 0.006). Vimentin expression remained independently prognostic in endometrioid endometrial cancer- and FIGO staged 1 patient. Interestingly, vimentin loss independently predicted lymph node metastases, with an HR of 1.83 (95% CI 1.13-2.95, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Loss of vimentin in preoperative biopsies serves as an independent predictor of poor prognosis and lymph node metastases. Incorporating vimentin as a clinical marker can improve risk stratification and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Hjelmeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde E Lien
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hege F Berg
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathrine Woie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrica M J Werner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Division Gynecologic Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingfrid S Haldorsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Coelho-Rato LS, Parvanian S, Andrs Salajkova S, Medalia O, Eriksson JE. Intermediate filaments at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261386. [PMID: 39206824 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) comprise a large family of versatile cytoskeletal proteins, divided into six subtypes with tissue-specific expression patterns. IFs have a wide repertoire of cellular functions, including providing structural support to cells, as well as active roles in mechanical support and signaling pathways. Consequently, defects in IFs are associated with more than 100 diseases. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we discuss the established classes of IFs and their general features, their functions beyond structural support, and recent advances in the field. We also highlight their involvement in disease and potential use as clinical markers of pathological conditions. Finally, we provide our view on current knowledge gaps and the future directions of the IF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila S Coelho-Rato
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sepideh Parvanian
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sarka Andrs Salajkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Euro-Bioimaging ERIC, 20520 Turku, Finland
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6
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Saldanha R, Ho Thanh MT, Krishnan N, Hehnly H, Patteson A. Vimentin supports cell polarization by enhancing centrosome function and microtubule acetylation. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230641. [PMID: 38835244 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is important for controlling cell shape, motility and cell division processes. Vimentin intermediate filaments are important for cell migration and cell polarization in mesenchymal cells and assembly of vimentin and microtubule networks is dynamically coordinated, but the precise details of how vimentin mediates cell polarity remain unclear. Here, we characterize the effects of vimentin on the structure and function of the centrosome and the stability of microtubule filaments in wild-type and vimentin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We find that vimentin mediates the structure of the pericentriolar material, promotes centrosome-mediated microtubule regrowth and increases the level of stable acetylated microtubules in the cell. Loss of vimentin also impairs centrosome repositioning during cell polarization and migration processes that occur during wound closure. Our results suggest that vimentin modulates centrosome structure and function as well as microtubule network stability, which has important implications for how cells establish proper cell polarization and persistent migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renita Saldanha
- Physics Department, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Minh Tri Ho Thanh
- Physics Department, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nikhila Krishnan
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alison Patteson
- Physics Department, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
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7
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Saldanha R, Tri Ho Thanh M, Krishnan N, Hehnly H, Patteson AE. Vimentin supports cell polarization by enhancing centrosome function and microtubule acetylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528977. [PMID: 36824848 PMCID: PMC9949120 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is important for controlling cell shape, motility, and cell division processes. Vimentin intermediate filaments are necessary for proper polarization of migrating fibroblasts and assembly of vimentin and microtubule networks is dynamically coordinated, but the precise details of how vimentin mediates cell polarity remain unclear. Here, we characterize the effects of vimentin on the structure and function of the centrosome and the stability of microtubule filaments in wild-type and vimentin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs). We find that vimentin mediates the structure of the pericentrosomal material, promotes centrosome-mediated microtubule regrowth, and increases the level of stable acetylated microtubules in the cell. Loss of vimentin also impairs centrosome repositioning during cell polarization and migration processes that occur during wound closure. Our results suggest that vimentin modulates centrosome structure and function as well as microtubule network stability, which has important implications for how cells establish proper cell polarization and persistent migration.
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8
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Reis LR, Souza Junior DR, Tomasin R, Bruni-Cardoso A, Di Mascio P, Ronsein GE. Citrullination of actin-ligand and nuclear structural proteins, cytoskeleton reorganization and protein redistribution across cellular fractions are early events in ionomycin-induced NETosis. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102784. [PMID: 37356135 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures of DNA coated with cytotoxic proteins and histones released by activated neutrophils through a process called NETosis. NETs release occurs through a sequence of highly organized events leading to chromatin expansion and rupture of nuclear and cellular membranes. In calcium ionophore-induced NETosis, the enzyme peptidylargine deiminase 4 (PAD4) mediates chromatin decondensation through histone citrullination, but the biochemical pathways involved in this process are not fully understood. Here we use live-imaging microscopy and proteomic studies of the neutrophil cellular fractions to investigate the early events in ionomycin-triggered NETosis. We found that before ionomycin-stimulated neutrophils release NETs, profound biochemical changes occur in and around their nucleus, such as, cytoskeleton reorganization, nuclear redistribution of actin-remodeling related proteins, and citrullination of actin-ligand and nuclear structural proteins. Ionomycin-stimulated neutrophils rapidly lose their characteristic polymorphic nucleus, and these changes are promptly communicated to the extracellular environment through the secretion of proteins related to immune response. Therefore, our findings revealed key biochemical mediators in the early process that subsequently culminates with nuclear and cell membranes rupture, and extracellular DNA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenna Rocha Reis
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeka Tomasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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RANDHAWA AAYUSHI, DEB DUTTA SAYAN, GANGULY KEYA, V. PATIL TEJAL, LUTHFIKASARI RACHMI, LIM KITAEK. Understanding cell-extracellular matrix interactions for topology-guided tissue regeneration. BIOCELL 2023. [DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2023.026217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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10
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Infante E, Etienne-Manneville S. Intermediate filaments: Integration of cell mechanical properties during migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:951816. [PMID: 35990612 PMCID: PMC9389290 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.951816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a vital and dynamic process required for the development of multicellular organisms and for immune system responses, tissue renewal and wound healing in adults. It also contributes to a variety of human diseases such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The cytoskeleton, which includes actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs), is responsible for the maintenance of animal cell shape and structural integrity. Each cytoskeletal network contributes its unique properties to dynamic cell behaviour, such as cell polarization, membrane protrusion, cell adhesion and contraction. Hence, cell migration requires the dynamic orchestration of all cytoskeleton components. Among these, IFs have emerged as a molecular scaffold with unique mechanical features and a key player in the cell resilience to mechanical stresses during migration through complex 3D environment. Moreover, accumulating evidence illustrates the participation of IFs in signalling cascades and cytoskeletal crosstalk. Teaming up with actin and microtubules, IFs contribute to the active generation of forces required for cell adhesion and mesenchymal migration and invasion. Here we summarize and discuss how IFs integrate mechanical properties and signalling functions to control cell migration in a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Infante
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Université Paris-Cité, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Université Paris-Cité, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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11
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Vasudevan J, Zheng C, Wan JG, Cham TJ, Teck LC, Fernandez JG. From qualitative data to correlation using deep generative networks: Demonstrating the relation of nuclear position with the arrangement of actin filaments. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271056. [PMID: 35905093 PMCID: PMC9337686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell nucleus is a dynamic structure that changes locales during cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, or migration, and its mispositioning is a hallmark of several disorders. As with most mechanobiological activities of adherent cells, the repositioning and anchoring of the nucleus are presumed to be associated with the organization of the cytoskeleton, the network of protein filaments providing structural integrity to the cells. However, demonstrating this correlation between cytoskeleton organization and nuclear position requires the parameterization of the extraordinarily intricate cytoskeletal fiber arrangements. Here, we show that this parameterization and demonstration can be achieved outside the limits of human conceptualization, using generative network and raw microscope images, relying on machine-driven interpretation and selection of parameterizable features. The developed transformer-based architecture was able to generate high-quality, completed images of more than 8,000 cells, using only information on actin filaments, predicting the presence of a nucleus and its exact localization in more than 70 per cent of instances. Our results demonstrate one of the most basic principles of mechanobiology with a remarkable level of significance. They also highlight the role of deep learning as a powerful tool in biology beyond data augmentation and analysis, capable of interpreting—unconstrained by the principles of human reasoning—complex biological systems from qualitative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothsna Vasudevan
- Engineering and Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuanxia Zheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James G. Wan
- Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tat-Jen Cham
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Chwee Teck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Javier G. Fernandez
- Engineering and Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lalioti V, González-Sanz S, Lois-Bermejo I, González-Jiménez P, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Merino A, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Cell surface detection of vimentin, ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins reveals selective colocalization at primary cilia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7063. [PMID: 35487944 PMCID: PMC9052736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein mediates docking of the virus onto cells prior to viral invasion. Several cellular receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 Spike docking at the cell surface, of which ACE2 plays a key role in many cell types. The intermediate filament protein vimentin has been reported to be present at the surface of certain cells and act as a co-receptor for several viruses; furthermore, its potential involvement in interactions with Spike proteins has been proposed. Nevertheless, the potential colocalization of vimentin with Spike and its receptors on the cell surface has not been explored. Here we have assessed the binding of Spike protein constructs to several cell types. Incubation of cells with tagged Spike S or Spike S1 subunit led to discrete dotted patterns at the cell surface, which consistently colocalized with endogenous ACE2, but sparsely with a lipid raft marker. Vimentin immunoreactivity mostly appeared as spots or patches unevenly distributed at the surface of diverse cell types. Of note, vimentin could also be detected in extracellular particles and in the cytoplasm underlying areas of compromised plasma membrane. Interestingly, although overall colocalization of vimentin-positive spots with ACE2 or Spike was moderate, a selective enrichment of the three proteins was detected at elongated structures, positive for acetylated tubulin and ARL13B. These structures, consistent with primary cilia, concentrated Spike binding at the top of the cells. Our results suggest that a vimentin-Spike interaction could occur at selective locations of the cell surface, including ciliated structures, which can act as platforms for SARS-CoV-2 docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lalioti
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Sanz
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Lois-Bermejo
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Merino
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Ostrowska-Podhorodecka Z, Ding I, Norouzi M, McCulloch CA. Impact of Vimentin on Regulation of Cell Signaling and Matrix Remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:869069. [PMID: 35359446 PMCID: PMC8961691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.869069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin expression contributes to cellular mechanoprotection and is a widely recognized marker of fibroblasts and of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. But it is not understood how vimentin affects signaling that controls cell migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Recent data indicate that vimentin controls collagen deposition and ECM structure by regulating contractile force application to the ECM and through post-transcriptional regulation of ECM related genes. Binding of cells to the ECM promotes the association of vimentin with cytoplasmic domains of adhesion receptors such as integrins. After initial adhesion, cell-generated, myosin-dependent forces and signals that impact vimentin structure can affect cell migration. Post-translational modifications of vimentin determine its adaptor functions, including binding to cell adhesion proteins like paxillin and talin. Accordingly, vimentin regulates the growth, maturation and adhesive strength of integrin-dependent adhesions, which enables cells to tune their attachment to collagen, regulate the formation of cell extensions and control cell migration through connective tissues. Thus, vimentin tunes signaling cascades that regulate cell migration and ECM remodeling. Here we consider how specific properties of vimentin serve to control cell attachment to the underlying ECM and to regulate mesenchymal cell migration and remodeling of the ECM by resident fibroblasts.
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14
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van Asperen JV, Robe PA, Hol EM. GFAP Alternative Splicing and the Relevance for Disease – A Focus on Diffuse Gliomas. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221102065. [PMID: 35673702 PMCID: PMC9185002 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament protein that is
characteristic for astrocytes and neural stem cells, and their malignant analogues in
glioma. Since the discovery of the protein 50 years ago, multiple alternative splice
variants of the GFAP gene have been discovered, leading to different GFAP isoforms. In
this review, we will describe GFAP isoform expression from gene to protein to network,
taking the canonical isoforms GFAPα and the main alternative variant GFAPδ as the starting
point. We will discuss the relevance of studying GFAP and its isoforms in disease, with a
specific focus on diffuse gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy V. van Asperen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre A.J.T. Robe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Deshpande O, Telley IA. Nuclear positioning during development: Pushing, pulling and flowing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:10-21. [PMID: 34642103 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The positioning of the nucleus, the central organelle of the cell, is an active and regulated process crucially linked to cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and polarity. Alterations in positioning have been correlated with cell and tissue function deficiency and genetic or chemical manipulation of nuclear position is embryonic lethal. Nuclear positioning is a precursor for symmetric or asymmetric cell division which is accompanied by fate determination of the daughter cells. Nuclear positioning also plays a key role during early embryonic developmental stages in insects, such as Drosophila, where hundreds of nuclei divide without cytokinesis and are distributed within the large syncytial embryo at roughly regular spacing. While the cytoskeletal elements and the linker proteins to the nucleus are fairly well characterised, including some of the force generating elements driving nuclear movement, there is considerable uncertainty about the biophysical mechanism of nuclear positioning, while the field is debating different force models. In this review, we highlight the current body of knowledge, discuss cell context dependent models of nuclear positioning, and outline open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Deshpande
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ivo A Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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16
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Vallés AS, Tenconi PE, Luquez JM, Furland NE. The inhibition of microtubule dynamics instability alters lipid homeostasis in TM4 Sertoli cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115607. [PMID: 34089742 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells (SC) structurally support and transport nutrients to germ cells during spermatogenesis facilitated by an active cytoskeleton. Chemical perturbation of SC microtubule (MT) dynamics instability leads to premature germ cell exfoliation demonstrating that this process is essential for male fertility, yet the effects of MT damaging drugs on SC lipid metabolism have been less explored. The aim of this study was to advance our understanding of how adequate SC MT dynamicity is needed to finely tune lipid homeostasis. To elucidate the role of MT dynamics instability on the latter, we suppressed MT dynamicity by long-term exposures to 10 nM of nocodazole (NCZ) on TM4-SC cultures. Inhibition of MT dynamics instability affected the distribution of [3H] arachidonate on TM4-SC. Triacylglycerols (TAG) exhibited a higher proportion of the [3H] label, with significantly lower percentages in the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin, and notably, also in phosphatidylethanolamine. A noteworthy and progressive accumulation of lipid droplets during the period of exposure to NCZ was accompanied by increased TAG levels but not cholesterol levels in TM4-SC. NCZ-exposed cells reduced their mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS production without triggering apoptosis, had a compromised autophagic flux, and lost their transferrin expression. Although SC morphology was preserved, the NCZ-exposed cells displayed alteration of the normal organization of microfilaments (f-actin) and intermediate filaments (vimentin). Our findings suggest that a preserved MT dynamicity is essential in the maintenance of lipid and fatty acids homeostasis in SC, and thus highlights a novel target in these cells for drugs that impair MT dynamicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - P E Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J M Luquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - N E Furland
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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17
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Ashraf S, Tay YD, Kelly DA, Sawin KE. Microtubule-independent movement of the fission yeast nucleus. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.253021. [PMID: 33602740 PMCID: PMC8015250 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of the cell nucleus typically involves the cytoskeleton and either polymerization-based pushing forces or motor-based pulling forces. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, nuclear movement and positioning are thought to depend on microtubule polymerization-based pushing forces. Here, we describe a novel, microtubule-independent, form of nuclear movement in fission yeast. Microtubule-independent nuclear movement is directed towards growing cell tips, and it is strongest when the nucleus is close to a growing cell tip, and weakest when the nucleus is far from that tip. Microtubule-independent nuclear movement requires actin cables but does not depend on actin polymerization-based pushing or myosin V-based pulling forces. The vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated proteins (VAPs) Scs2 and Scs22, which are critical for endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites in fission yeast, are also required for microtubule-independent nuclear movement. We also find that in cells in which microtubule-based pushing forces are present, disruption of actin cables leads to increased fluctuations in interphase nuclear positioning and subsequent altered septation. Our results suggest two non-exclusive mechanisms for microtubule-independent nuclear movement, which may help illuminate aspects of nuclear positioning in other cells.
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18
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Antmen E, Demirci U, Hasirci V. Micropatterned Surfaces Expose the Coupling between Actin Cytoskeleton-Lamin/Nesprin and Nuclear Deformability of Breast Cancer Cells with Different Malignancies. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000048. [PMID: 33724728 PMCID: PMC9049775 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction proteins transfer mechanical stimuli through nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling and affect the nuclear morphology of cancer cells. However, the contribution of actin filament integrity has never been studied directly. It is hypothesized that differences in nuclear deformability of cancer cells are influenced by the integrity of actin filaments. In this study, transparent micropatterned surfaces as simple tools to screen cytoskeletal and nuclear distortions are presented. Surfaces decorated with micropillars are used to culture and image breast cancer cells and quantify their deformation using shape descriptors (circularity, area, perimeter). Using two drugs (cytochalasin D and jasplakinolide), actin filaments are disrupted. Deformation of cells on micropillars is decreased upon drug treatment as shown by increased circularity. However, the effect is much smaller on benign MCF10A than on malignant MCF7 and MDAMB231 cells. On micropatterned surfaces, molecular analysis shows that Lamin A/C and Nesprin-2 expressions decreased but, after drug treatment, increased in malignant cells but not in benign cells. These findings suggest that Lamin A/C, Nesprin-2 and actin filaments are critical in mechanotransduction of cancer cells. Consequently, transparent micropatterned surfaces can be used as image analysis platforms to provide robust, high throughput measurements of nuclear deformability of cancer cells, including the effect of cytoskeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Antmen
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biotechnology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU) Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
- METU, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Department of Medical Engineering, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Quantitative Phase Imaging of Spreading Fibroblasts Identifies the Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in the Stabilization of the Cell Rear. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081089. [PMID: 32707896 PMCID: PMC7463699 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells attaching to the extracellular matrix spontaneously acquire front-rear polarity. This self-organization process comprises spatial activation of polarity signaling networks and the establishment of a protruding cell front and a non-protruding cell rear. Cell polarization also involves the reorganization of cell mass, notably the nucleus that is positioned at the cell rear. It remains unclear, however, how these processes are regulated. Here, using coherence-controlled holographic microscopy (CCHM) for non-invasive live-cell quantitative phase imaging (QPI), we examined the role of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its interacting partner Rack1 in dry mass distribution in spreading Rat2 fibroblasts. We found that FAK-depleted cells adopt an elongated, bipolar phenotype with a high central body mass that gradually decreases toward the ends of the elongated processes. Further characterization of spreading cells showed that FAK-depleted cells are incapable of forming a stable rear; rather, they form two distally positioned protruding regions. Continuous protrusions at opposite sides results in an elongated cell shape. In contrast, Rack1-depleted cells are round and large with the cell mass sharply dropping from the nuclear area towards the basal side. We propose that FAK and Rack1 act differently yet coordinately to establish front-rear polarity in spreading cells.
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20
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van Bodegraven EJ, Etienne-Manneville S. Intermediate filaments against actomyosin: the david and goliath of cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:79-88. [PMID: 32623234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin and microtubules, constitute the cytoskeleton and regulate essential biological processes including cell migration. Despite the well-described changes in the composition of IFs in migrating cells, the mechanism by which these changes may contribute to cell migration remains elusive. Recent studies show that IFs control cell migration by impacting the actomyosin machinery. This review discusses how the unique physical properties of IFs, the interplay between IFs and the actomyosin network, and the connection of IFs with cell adhesive structures participate in cell migration. We highlight the biochemical and mechanical mechanisms by which IFs control actomyosin-generated forces to influence migration speed and contribute to nuclear integrity and cell resilience to compressive forces in 2D, as well as in confined 3D migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J van Bodegraven
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France.
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21
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Apparent stiffness of vimentin intermediate filaments in living cells and its relation with other cytoskeletal polymers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118726. [PMID: 32320724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of interconnected biopolymers intimately involved in the generation and transmission of forces. Several mechanical properties of microtubules and actin filaments have been extensively explored in cells. In contrast, intermediate filaments (IFs) received comparatively less attention despite their central role in defining cell shape, motility and adhesion during physiological processes as well as in tumor progression. Here, we explored relevant biophysical properties of vimentin IFs in living cells combining confocal microscopy and a filament tracking routine that allows localizing filaments with ~20 nm precision. A Fourier-based analysis showed that IFs curvatures followed a thermal-like behavior characterized by an apparent persistence length (lp*) similar to that measured in aqueous solution. Additionally, we determined that certain perturbations of the cytoskeleton affect lp* and the lateral mobility of IFs as assessed in cells in which either the microtubule dynamic instability was reduced or actin filaments were partially depolymerized. Our results provide relevant clues on how vimentin IFs mechanically couple with microtubules and actin filaments in cells and support a role of this network in the response to mechanical stress.
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22
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Sneider A, Hah J, Wirtz D, Kim DH. Recapitulation of molecular regulators of nuclear motion during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:50-62. [PMID: 30261154 PMCID: PMC6527386 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1506654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly orchestrated cellular event that involves physical interactions of diverse subcellular components. The nucleus as the largest and stiffest organelle in the cell not only maintains genetic functionality, but also actively changes its morphology and translocates through dynamic formation of nucleus-bound contractile stress fibers. Nuclear motion is an active and essential process for successful cell migration and nucleus self-repairs in response to compression and extension forces in complex cell microenvironment. This review recapitulates molecular regulators that are crucial for nuclear motility during cell migration and highlights recent advances in nuclear deformation-mediated rupture and repair processes in a migrating cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jungwon Hah
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Patteson AE, Vahabikashi A, Pogoda K, Adam SA, Mandal K, Kittisopikul M, Sivagurunathan S, Goldman A, Goldman RD, Janmey PA. Vimentin protects cells against nuclear rupture and DNA damage during migration. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4079-4092. [PMID: 31676718 PMCID: PMC6891099 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells frequently migrate through tight spaces during normal embryogenesis, wound healing, diapedesis, or in pathological situations such as metastasis. Nuclear size and shape are important factors in regulating the mechanical properties of cells during their migration through such tight spaces. At the onset of migratory behavior, cells often initiate the expression of vimentin, an intermediate filament protein that polymerizes into networks extending from a juxtanuclear cage to the cell periphery. However, the role of vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs) in regulating nuclear shape and mechanics remains unknown. Here, we use wild-type and vimentin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts to show that VIFs regulate nuclear shape and perinuclear stiffness, cell motility in 3D, and the ability of cells to resist large deformations. These changes increase nuclear rupture and activation of DNA damage repair mechanisms, which are rescued by exogenous reexpression of vimentin. Our findings show that VIFs provide mechanical support to protect the nucleus and genome during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Patteson
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stephen A Adam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Kittisopikul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Suganya Sivagurunathan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Anne Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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24
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Reshetniak S, Rizzoli SO. Interrogating Synaptic Architecture: Approaches for Labeling Organelles and Cytoskeleton Components. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:23. [PMID: 31507402 PMCID: PMC6716447 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission has been studied for decades, as a fundamental step in brain function. The structure of the synapse, and its changes during activity, turned out to be key aspects not only in the transfer of information between neurons, but also in cognitive processes such as learning and memory. The overall synaptic morphology has traditionally been studied by electron microscopy, which enables the visualization of synaptic structure in great detail. The changes in the organization of easily identified structures, such as the presynaptic active zone, or the postsynaptic density, are optimally studied via electron microscopy. However, few reliable methods are available for labeling individual organelles or protein complexes in electron microscopy. For such targets one typically relies either on combination of electron and fluorescence microscopy, or on super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. This review focuses on approaches and techniques used to specifically reveal synaptic organelles and protein complexes, such as cytoskeletal assemblies. We place the strongest emphasis on methods detecting the targets of interest by affinity binding, and we discuss the advantages and limitations of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiia Reshetniak
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Li J, Zou Y, Li Z, Jiu Y. Joining actions: crosstalk between intermediate filaments and actin orchestrates cellular physical dynamics and signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1368-1374. [PMID: 31098891 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many key cellular functions are regulated by the interplay of three distinct cytoskeletal networks, made of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs), which is a hitherto poorly investigated area of research. However, there are growing evidence in the last few years showing that the IFs cooperate with actin filaments to exhibit strongly coupled functions. This review recapitulates our current knowledge on how the crosstalk between IFs and actin filaments modulates the migration properties, mechano-responsiveness and signaling transduction of cells, from both biophysical and biochemical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yun Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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26
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The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040362. [PMID: 31003495 PMCID: PMC6523135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of animal cells is one of the most complicated and functionally versatile structures, involved in processes such as endocytosis, cell division, intra-cellular transport, motility, force transmission, reaction to external forces, adhesion and preservation, and adaptation of cell shape. These functions are mediated by three classical cytoskeletal filament types, as follows: Actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The named filaments form a network that is highly structured and dynamic, responding to external and internal cues with a quick reorganization that is orchestrated on the time scale of minutes and has to be tightly regulated. Especially in brain tumors, the cytoskeleton plays an important role in spreading and migration of tumor cells. As the cytoskeletal organization and regulation is complex and many-faceted, this review aims to summarize the findings about cytoskeletal filament types, including substructures formed by them, such as lamellipodia, stress fibers, and interactions between intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin. Additionally, crucial regulatory aspects of the cytoskeletal filaments and the formed substructures are discussed and integrated into the concepts of cell motility. Even though little is known about the impact of cytoskeletal alterations on the progress of glioma, a final point discussed will be the impact of established cytoskeletal alterations in the cellular behavior and invasion of glioma.
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27
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Jalal S, Shi S, Acharya V, Huang RYJ, Viasnoff V, Bershadsky AD, Tee YH. Actin cytoskeleton self-organization in single epithelial cells and fibroblasts under isotropic confinement. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.220780. [PMID: 30787030 PMCID: PMC6432717 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton self-organization in two cell types, fibroblasts and epitheliocytes, was studied in cells confined to isotropic adhesive islands. In fibroblasts plated onto islands of optimal size, an initially circular actin pattern evolves into a radial pattern of actin bundles that undergo asymmetric chiral swirling before finally producing parallel linear stress fibers. Epitheliocytes, however, did not exhibit succession through all the actin patterns described above. Upon confinement, the actin cytoskeleton in non-keratinocyte epitheliocytes was arrested at the circular stage, while in keratinocytes it progressed as far as the radial pattern but still could not break symmetry. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition pushed actin cytoskeleton development from circular towards radial patterns but remained insufficient to cause chirality. Knockout of cytokeratins also did not promote actin chirality development in keratinocytes. Left–right asymmetric cytoskeleton swirling could, however, be induced in keratinocytes by treatment with small doses of the G-actin sequestering drug, latrunculin A in a transcription-independent manner. Both the nucleus and the cytokeratin network followed the induced chiral swirling. Development of chirality in keratinocytes was controlled by DIAPH1 (mDia1) and VASP, proteins involved in regulation of actin polymerization. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Epitheliocytes cannot develop the F-actin patterns typically observed in fibroblasts, but can do so after treatments affecting actin polymerization. Regulators of actin polymerization, DIAPH1 and VASP, control this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Jalal
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Shidong Shi
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | | | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,Centre National Pour la Recherche Scientifique, Singapore 117411.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 .,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yee Han Tee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
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28
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Chang B, Svoboda KKH, Liu X. Cell polarization: From epithelial cells to odontoblasts. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 98:1-11. [PMID: 30473389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity identifies the asymmetry of a cell. Various types of cells, including odontoblasts and epithelial cells, polarize to fulfil their destined functions. Odontoblast polarization is a prerequisite and fundamental step for tooth development and tubular dentin formation. Current knowledge of odontoblast polarization, however, is very limited, which greatly impedes the development of novel approaches for regenerative endodontics. Compared to odontoblasts, epithelial cell polarization has been extensively studied over the last several decades. The knowledge obtained from epithelia polarization has been found applicable to other cell types, which is particularly useful considering the remarkable similarities of the morphological and compositional features between polarized odontoblasts and epithelia. In this review, we first discuss the characteristics, the key regulatory factors, and the process of epithelial polarity. Next, we compare the known facts of odontoblast polarization with epithelial cells. Lastly, we clarify knowledge gaps in odontoblast polarization and propose the directions for future research to fill the gaps, leading to the advancement of regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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29
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Janin A, Gache V. Nesprins and Lamins in Health and Diseases of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1277. [PMID: 30245638 PMCID: PMC6137955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the inner nuclear transmembrane protein emerin in the early 1990s, nuclear envelope (NE) components and related involvement in nuclei integrity and functionality have been highly investigated. The NE is composed of two distinct lipid bilayers described as the inner (INM) and outer (ONM) nuclear membrane. NE proteins can be specifically “integrated” in the INM (such as emerin and SUN proteins) or in the ONM such as nesprins. Additionally, flanked to the INM, the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork mainly composed of lamins A and C completes NE composition. This network of proteins physically interplays to guarantee NE integrity and most importantly, shape the bridge between cytoplasmic cytoskeletons networks (such as microtubules and actin) and the genome, through the anchorage to the heterochromatin. The essential network driving the connection of nucleoskeleton with cytoskeleton takes place in the perinuclear space (the space between ONM and INM) with the contribution of the LINC complex (for Linker of Nucleoskeleton to Cytoskeleton), hosting KASH and SUN proteins interactions. This close interplay between compartments has been related to diverse functions from nuclear integrity, activity and positioning through mechanotransduction pathways. At the same time, mutations in NE components genes coding for proteins such as lamins or nesprins, had been associated with a wide range of congenital diseases including cardiac and muscular diseases. Although most of these NE associated proteins are ubiquitously expressed, a large number of tissue-specific disorders have been associated with diverse pathogenic mutations. Thus, diagnosis and molecular explanation of this group of diseases, commonly called “nuclear envelopathies,” is currently challenging. This review aims, first, to give a better understanding of diverse functions of the LINC complex components, from the point of view of lamins and nesprins. Second, to summarize human congenital diseases with a special focus on muscle and heart abnormalities, caused by mutations in genes coding for these two types of NE associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Janin
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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30
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Schiweck J, Eickholt BJ, Murk K. Important Shapeshifter: Mechanisms Allowing Astrocytes to Respond to the Changing Nervous System During Development, Injury and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:261. [PMID: 30186118 PMCID: PMC6111612 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most prevalent glial cells in the brain. Historically considered as “merely supporting” neurons, recent research has shown that astrocytes actively participate in a large variety of central nervous system (CNS) functions including synaptogenesis, neuronal transmission and synaptic plasticity. During disease and injury, astrocytes efficiently protect neurons by various means, notably by sealing them off from neurotoxic factors and repairing the blood-brain barrier. Their ramified morphology allows them to perform diverse tasks by interacting with synapses, blood vessels and other glial cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of how astrocytes acquire their complex morphology during development. We then move from the developing to the mature brain, and review current research on perisynaptic astrocytic processes, with a particular focus on how astrocytes engage synapses and modulate their formation and activity. Comprehensive changes have been reported in astrocyte cell shape in many CNS pathologies. Factors influencing these morphological changes are summarized in the context of brain pathologies, such as traumatic injury and degenerative conditions. We provide insight into the molecular, cellular and cytoskeletal machinery behind these shape changes which drive the dynamic remodeling in astrocyte morphology during injury and the development of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schiweck
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Murk
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are one of the three major elements of the cytoskeleton. Their stability, intrinsic mechanical properties, and cell type-specific expression patterns distinguish them from actin and microtubules. By providing mechanical support, IFs protect cells from external forces and participate in cell adhesion and tissue integrity. IFs form an extensive and elaborate network that connects the cell cortex to intracellular organelles. They act as a molecular scaffold that controls intracellular organization. However, IFs have been revealed as much more than just rigid structures. Their dynamics is regulated by multiple signaling cascades and appears to contribute to signaling events in response to cell stress and to dynamic cellular functions such as mitosis, apoptosis, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris Cedex 15, France;
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32
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De Pascalis C, Pérez-González C, Seetharaman S, Boëda B, Vianay B, Burute M, Leduc C, Borghi N, Trepat X, Etienne-Manneville S. Intermediate filaments control collective migration by restricting traction forces and sustaining cell-cell contacts. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3031-3044. [PMID: 29980627 PMCID: PMC6122997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro wound healing assay, De Pascalis et al. show that intermediate filaments (IFs) participate in the dynamics of the acto-myosin network and its association with adhesions in astrocytes during collective migration. Glial IFs control the distribution of forces and the interactions between neighboring cells, ultimately determining the speed and direction of collective migration. Mesenchymal cell migration relies on the coordinated regulation of the actin and microtubule networks that participate in polarized cell protrusion, adhesion, and contraction. During collective migration, most of the traction forces are generated by the acto-myosin network linked to focal adhesions at the front of leader cells, which transmit these pulling forces to the followers. Here, using an in vitro wound healing assay to induce polarization and collective directed migration of primary astrocytes, we show that the intermediate filament (IF) network composed of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin contributes to directed collective movement by controlling the distribution of forces in the migrating cell monolayer. Together with the cytoskeletal linker plectin, these IFs control the organization and dynamics of the acto-myosin network, promoting the actin-driven treadmilling of adherens junctions, thereby facilitating the polarization of leader cells. Independently of their effect on adherens junctions, IFs influence the dynamics and localization of focal adhesions and limit their mechanical coupling to the acto-myosin network. We thus conclude that IFs promote collective directed migration in astrocytes by restricting the generation of traction forces to the front of leader cells, preventing aberrant tractions in the followers, and by contributing to the maintenance of lateral cell–cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Pascalis
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Cell Polarity, Migration, and Cancer Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie Curie Université Paris 06, L'Institut de Formation Doctorale, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Pérez-González
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shailaja Seetharaman
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Cell Polarity, Migration, and Cancer Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Batiste Boëda
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Cell Polarity, Migration, and Cancer Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- University of Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, CytoMorpho Lab, Paris, France.,University of Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Mithila Burute
- University of Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, CytoMorpho Lab, Paris, France.,University of Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Leduc
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Cell Polarity, Migration, and Cancer Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Institut Jacques Monod, Unité Mixe de Recherche 7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Cell Polarity, Migration, and Cancer Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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33
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Anselme K, Wakhloo NT, Rougerie P, Pieuchot L. Role of the Nucleus as a Sensor of Cell Environment Topography. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701154. [PMID: 29283219 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The proper integration of biophysical cues from the cell vicinity is crucial for cells to maintain homeostasis, cooperate with other cells within the tissues, and properly fulfill their biological function. It is therefore crucial to fully understand how cells integrate these extracellular signals for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Topography has emerged as a prominent component of the cellular microenvironment that has pleiotropic effects on cell behavior. This progress report focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the topography sensing mechanism with a special emphasis on the role of the nucleus. Here, recent techniques developed for monitoring the nuclear mechanics are reviewed and the impact of various topographies and their consequences on nuclear organization, gene regulation, and stem cell fate is summarized. The role of the cell nucleus as a sensor of cell-scale topography is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Anselme
- University of Haute‐AlsaceUniversity of Strasbourg CNRS UMR7361, IS2M 68057 Mulhouse France
| | - Nayana Tusamda Wakhloo
- University of Haute‐AlsaceUniversity of Strasbourg CNRS UMR7361, IS2M 68057 Mulhouse France
| | - Pablo Rougerie
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941‐902 Brazil
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- University of Haute‐AlsaceUniversity of Strasbourg CNRS UMR7361, IS2M 68057 Mulhouse France
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34
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Deek J, Maan R, Loiseau E, Bausch AR. Reconstitution of composite actin and keratin networks in vesicles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1897-1902. [PMID: 29464258 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00819h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although cytoskeletal networks are interpenetrating and interacting in living cells, very little is understood as to the effect their interaction has on their properties. Here, as a step towards elucidating the synergistic cellular role of these structural proteins, we investigate isolated keratin and actin composites and show how the in vitro network formation of keratin influences the properties of actin networks and vice versa. By encapsulating purified composite networks into vesicles and separating the time scales of network formation we are able to demonstrate that the actin network stabilizes keratin networks by providing an elastic resistance to their collapse in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deek
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiophysik E27, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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35
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Chengappa P, Sao K, Jones TM, Petrie RJ. Intracellular Pressure: A Driver of Cell Morphology and Movement. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 337:185-211. [PMID: 29551161 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pressure, generated by actomyosin contractility and the directional flow of water across the plasma membrane, can rapidly reprogram cell shape and behavior. Recent work demonstrates that cells can generate intracellular pressure with a range spanning at least two orders of magnitude; significantly, pressure is implicated as an important regulator of cell dynamics, such as cell division and migration. Changes to intracellular pressure can dictate the mechanisms by which single human cells move through three-dimensional environments. In this review, we chronicle the classic as well as recent evidence demonstrating how intracellular pressure is generated and maintained in metazoan cells. Furthermore, we highlight how this potentially ubiquitous physical characteristic is emerging as an important driver of cell morphology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tia M Jones
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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36
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Roman W, Martins JP, Carvalho FA, Voituriez R, Abella JV, Santos NC, Cadot B, Way M, Gomes ER. Myofibril contraction and crosslinking drive nuclear movement to the periphery of skeletal muscle. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1189-1201. [PMID: 28892082 PMCID: PMC5675053 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear movements are important for multiple cellular functions, and are driven by polarized forces generated by motor proteins and the cytoskeleton. During skeletal myofibre formation or regeneration, nuclei move from the centre to the periphery of the myofibre for proper muscle function. Centrally located nuclei are also found in different muscle disorders. Using theoretical and experimental approaches, we demonstrate that nuclear movement to the periphery of myofibres is mediated by centripetal forces around the nucleus. These forces arise from myofibril contraction and crosslinking that 'zip' around the nucleus in combination with tight regulation of nuclear stiffness by lamin A/C. In addition, an Arp2/3 complex containing Arpc5L together with γ-actin is required to organize desmin to crosslink myofibrils for nuclear movement. Our work reveals that centripetal forces exerted by myofibrils squeeze the nucleus to the periphery of myofibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Roman
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao P. Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filomena A. Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raphael Voituriez
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée; CNRS UMR 7600; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris , France
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin; CNRS FRE 3231, Université Pierre et Marie Curie ; Paris, France
| | - Jasmine V.G. Abella
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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37
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Sanghvi-Shah R, Weber GF. Intermediate Filaments at the Junction of Mechanotransduction, Migration, and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:81. [PMID: 28959689 PMCID: PMC5603733 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically induced signal transduction has an essential role in development. Cells actively transduce and respond to mechanical signals and their internal architecture must manage the associated forces while also being dynamically responsive. With unique assembly-disassembly dynamics and physical properties, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments play an important role in regulating cell shape and mechanical integrity. While this function has been recognized and appreciated for more than 30 years, continually emerging data also demonstrate important roles of intermediate filaments in cell signal transduction. In this review, with a particular focus on keratins and vimentin, the relationship between the physical state of intermediate filaments and their role in mechanotransduction signaling is illustrated through a survey of current literature. Association with adhesion receptors such as cadherins and integrins provides a critical interface through which intermediate filaments are exposed to forces from a cell's environment. As a consequence, these cytoskeletal networks are posttranslationally modified, remodeled and reorganized with direct impacts on local signal transduction events and cell migratory behaviors important to development. We propose that intermediate filaments provide an opportune platform for cells to both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Sanghvi-Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory F Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
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38
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Cheng F, Eriksson JE. Intermediate Filaments and the Regulation of Cell Motility during Regeneration and Wound Healing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/9/a022046. [PMID: 28864602 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIntermediate filaments (IFs) comprise a diverse group of flexible cytoskeletal structures, the assembly, dynamics, and functions of which are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Characteristically, the expression of IF proteins is specific for tissues, differentiation stages, cell types, and functional contexts. Recent research has rapidly expanded the knowledge of IF protein functions. From being regarded as primarily structural proteins, it is now well established that IFs act as powerful modulators of cell motility and migration, playing crucial roles in wound healing and tissue regeneration, as well as inflammatory and immune responses. Although many of these IF-associated functions are essential for tissue repair, the involvement of IF proteins has been established in many additional facets of tissue healing and regeneration. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the multiple functions of cytoplasmic IFs that relate to cell motility in the context of wound healing, taking examples from studies on keratin, vimentin, and nestin. Wound healing and regeneration include orchestration of a broad range of cellular processes, including regulation of cell attachment and migration, proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, angiogenesis, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this respect, IF proteins now emerge as multifactorial and tissue-specific integrators of tissue regeneration, thereby acting as essential guardian biopolymers at the interface between health and disease, the failing of which contributes to a diverse range of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
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39
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Radhakrishnan AV, Jokhun DS, Venkatachalapathy S, Shivashankar GV. Nuclear Positioning and Its Translational Dynamics Are Regulated by Cell Geometry. Biophys J 2017; 112:1920-1928. [PMID: 28494962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective activity of several molecular motors and other active processes generate large forces for directional motion within the cell, which is vital for a multitude of cellular functions such as migration, division, contraction, transport, and positioning of various organelles. These processes also generate a background of fluctuating forces, which influence intracellular dynamics and thereby create unique biophysical signatures, which are altered in many diseases. In this study, we have used the nucleus as a probe particle to understand the microrheological properties of altered intracellular environments by using micropatterning to confine cells in two structurally and functionally extreme geometries. We find that nuclear positional dynamics is sensitive to the cytoskeletal organization by studying the effect of actin polymerization and nuclear rigidity on the diffusive behavior of the nucleus. Taken together, our results suggest that mapping nuclear positional dynamics provides important insights into biophysical properties of the active cytoplasmic medium. These biophysical signatures have the potential to be used as an ultrasensitive single-cell assay for early disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Radhakrishnan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doorgesh S Jokhun
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular Oncology, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy.
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40
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De Pascalis C, Etienne-Manneville S. Single and collective cell migration: the mechanics of adhesions. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1833-1846. [PMID: 28684609 PMCID: PMC5541834 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical and physical properties of the environment control cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in the long term. However, to be able to move and migrate through a complex three-dimensional environment, cells must quickly adapt in the short term to the physical properties of their surroundings. Interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur through focal adhesions or hemidesmosomes via the engagement of integrins with fibrillar ECM proteins. Cells also interact with their neighbors, and this involves various types of intercellular adhesive structures such as tight junctions, cadherin-based adherens junctions, and desmosomes. Mechanobiology studies have shown that cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesions participate in mechanosensing to transduce mechanical cues into biochemical signals and conversely are responsible for the transmission of intracellular forces to the extracellular environment. As they migrate, cells use these adhesive structures to probe their surroundings, adapt their mechanical properties, and exert the appropriate forces required for their movements. The focus of this review is to give an overview of recent developments showing the bidirectional relationship between the physical properties of the environment and the cell mechanical responses during single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Pascalis
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR3691, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, Sorbonne Universités, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR3691, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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41
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Keratin gene mutations influence the keratinocyte response to DNA damage and cytokine induced apoptosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Mazel T. Crosstalk of cell polarity signaling pathways. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1241-1258. [PMID: 28293820 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, the asymmetric organization of cellular components along one or multiple axes, is present in most cells. From budding yeast cell polarization induced by pheromone signaling, oocyte polarization at fertilization to polarized epithelia and neuronal cells in multicellular organisms, similar mechanisms are used to determine cell polarity. Crucial role in this process is played by signaling lipid molecules, small Rho family GTPases and Par proteins. All these signaling circuits finally govern the cytoskeleton, which is responsible for oriented cell migration, cell shape changes, and polarized membrane and organelle trafficking. Thus, typically in the process of cell polarization, most cellular constituents become polarized, including plasma membrane lipid composition, ion concentrations, membrane receptors, and proteins in general, mRNA, vesicle trafficking, or intracellular organelles. This review gives a brief overview how these systems talk to each other both during initial symmetry breaking and within the signaling feedback loop mechanisms used to preserve the polarized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mazel
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- State Institute for Drug Control, Šrobárova 48, 100 41, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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43
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Leduc C, Etienne-Manneville S. Regulation of microtubule-associated motors drives intermediate filament network polarization. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1689-1703. [PMID: 28432079 PMCID: PMC5461013 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are key players in the control of cell morphology and structure as well as in active processes such as cell polarization, migration, and mechanoresponses. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling IF dynamics and organization in motile cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms leading to the polarized rearrangement of the IF network along the polarity axis. Using photobleaching and photoconversion experiments in glial cells expressing vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin, we show that the distribution of cytoplasmic IFs results from a continuous turnover based on the cooperation of an actin-dependent retrograde flow and anterograde and retrograde microtubule-dependent transports. During wound-induced astrocyte polarization, IF transport becomes directionally biased from the cell center toward the cell front. Such asymmetry in the transport is mainly caused by a Cdc42- and atypical PKC-dependent inhibition of dynein-dependent retrograde transport. Our results show how polarity signaling can affect the dynamic turnover of the IF network to promote the polarization of the network itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Leduc
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, UMR 3691, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, UMR 3691, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, 75724 Paris, France.
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44
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Jiu Y, Peränen J, Schaible N, Cheng F, Eriksson JE, Krishnan R, Lappalainen P. Vimentin intermediate filaments control actin stress fiber assembly through GEF-H1 and RhoA. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:892-902. [PMID: 28096473 PMCID: PMC5358333 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin and intermediate filament cytoskeletons contribute to numerous cellular processes, including morphogenesis, cytokinesis and migration. These two cytoskeletal systems associate with each other, but the underlying mechanisms of this interaction are incompletely understood. Here, we show that inactivation of vimentin leads to increased actin stress fiber assembly and contractility, and consequent elevation of myosin light chain phosphorylation and stabilization of tropomyosin-4.2 (see Geeves et al., 2015). The vimentin-knockout phenotypes can be rescued by re-expression of wild-type vimentin, but not by the non-filamentous ‘unit length form’ vimentin, demonstrating that intact vimentin intermediate filaments are required to facilitate the effects on the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, we provide evidence that the effects of vimentin on stress fibers are mediated by activation of RhoA through its guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 (also known as ARHGEF2). Vimentin depletion induces phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated GEF-H1 on Ser886, and thereby promotes RhoA activity and actin stress fiber assembly. Taken together, these data reveal a new mechanism by which intermediate filaments regulate contractile actomyosin bundles, and may explain why elevated vimentin expression levels correlate with increased migration and invasion of cancer cells. Summary: Vimentin intermediate filaments control the activity of RhoA, and consequent stress fiber assembly and contractility by downregulating its guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Jiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Johan Peränen
- Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Niccole Schaible
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fang Cheng
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, POB 123, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, POB 123, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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45
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Tanja Mierke C. Physical role of nuclear and cytoskeletal confinements in cell migration mode selection and switching. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.4.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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46
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Mapping intracellular mechanics on micropatterned substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7159-E7168. [PMID: 27799529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells impact on their architecture, their migration, intracellular trafficking, and many other cellular functions and have been shown to be modified during cancer progression. We have developed an approach to map the intracellular mechanical properties of living cells by combining micropatterning and optical tweezers-based active microrheology. We optically trap micrometer-sized beads internalized in cells plated on crossbow-shaped adhesive micropatterns and track their displacement following a step displacement of the cell. The local intracellular complex shear modulus is measured from the relaxation of the bead position assuming that the intracellular microenvironment of the bead obeys power-law rheology. We also analyze the data with a standard viscoelastic model and compare with the power-law approach. We show that the shear modulus decreases from the cell center to the periphery and from the cell rear to the front along the polarity axis of the micropattern. We use a variety of inhibitors to quantify the spatial contribution of the cytoskeleton, intracellular membranes, and ATP-dependent active forces to intracellular mechanics and apply our technique to differentiate normal and cancer cells.
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47
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Charrier EE, Asnacios A, Milloud R, De Mets R, Balland M, Delort F, Cardoso O, Vicart P, Batonnet-Pichon S, Hénon S. Desmin Mutation in the C-Terminal Domain Impairs Traction Force Generation in Myoblasts. Biophys J 2016; 110:470-480. [PMID: 26789769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in the ability of cells to both resist mechanical stress and generate force, but the precise involvement of intermediate filaments in these processes remains unclear. We focus here on desmin, a type III intermediate filament, which is specifically expressed in muscle cells and serves as a skeletal muscle differentiation marker. By using several complementary experimental techniques, we have investigated the impact of overexpressing desmin and expressing a mutant desmin on the passive and active mechanical properties of C2C12 myoblasts. We first show that the overexpression of wild-type-desmin increases the overall rigidity of the cells, whereas the expression of a mutated E413K desmin does not. This mutation in the desmin gene is one of those leading to desminopathies, a subgroup of myopathies associated with progressive muscular weakness that are characterized by the presence of desmin aggregates and a disorganization of sarcomeres. We show that the expression of this mutant desmin in C2C12 myoblasts induces desmin network disorganization, desmin aggregate formation, and a small decrease in the number and total length of stress fibers. We finally demonstrate that expression of the E413K mutant desmin also alters the traction forces generation of single myoblasts lacking organized sarcomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E Charrier
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France; Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Milloud
- LIPhy Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5588, Grenoble, France
| | - Richard De Mets
- LIPhy Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5588, Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Balland
- LIPhy Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5588, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Delort
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cardoso
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Vicart
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Batonnet-Pichon
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Hénon
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France.
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48
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Arsenovic PT, Ramachandran I, Bathula K, Zhu R, Narang JD, Noll NA, Lemmon CA, Gundersen GG, Conway DE. Nesprin-2G, a Component of the Nuclear LINC Complex, Is Subject to Myosin-Dependent Tension. Biophys J 2016; 110:34-43. [PMID: 26745407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus of a cell has long been considered to be subject to mechanical force. Despite the observation that mechanical forces affect nuclear geometry and movement, how forces are applied onto the nucleus is not well understood. The nuclear LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex has been hypothesized to be the critical structure that mediates the transfer of mechanical forces from the cytoskeleton onto the nucleus. Previously used techniques for studying nuclear forces have been unable to resolve forces across individual proteins, making it difficult to clearly establish if the LINC complex experiences mechanical load. To directly measure forces across the LINC complex, we generated a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based tension biosensor for nesprin-2G, a key structural protein in the LINC complex, which physically links this complex to the actin cytoskeleton. Using this sensor we show that nesprin-2G is subject to mechanical tension in adherent fibroblasts, with highest levels of force on the apical and equatorial planes of the nucleus. We also show that the forces across nesprin-2G are dependent on actomyosin contractility and cell elongation. Additionally, nesprin-2G tension is reduced in fibroblasts from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome patients. This report provides the first, to our knowledge, direct evidence that nesprin-2G, and by extension the LINC complex, is subject to mechanical force. We also present evidence that nesprin-2G localization to the nuclear membrane is altered under high-force conditions. Because forces across the LINC complex are altered by a variety of different conditions, mechanical forces across the LINC complex, as well as the nucleus in general, may represent an important mechanism for mediating mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Arsenovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Iswarya Ramachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kranthidhar Bathula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ruijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jiten D Narang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Natalie A Noll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Christopher A Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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49
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Cadot B, Gache V, Gomes ER. Moving and positioning the nucleus in skeletal muscle - one step at a time. Nucleus 2016; 6:373-81. [PMID: 26338260 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1090073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear movement and positioning within cells has become an area of great interest in the past few years due to the identification of different molecular mechanisms and functions in distinct organisms and contexts. One extreme example occurs during skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Skeletal muscles are composed of individual multinucleated myofibers with nuclei positioned at their periphery. Myofibers are formed by fusion of mononucleated myoblasts and during their development, successive nuclear movements and positioning events have been described. The position of the nuclei in myofibers is important for muscle function. Interestingly, during muscle regeneration and in some muscular diseases, nuclei are positioned in the center of the myofiber. In this review, we discuss the multiple mechanisms of nuclear positioning that occur during myofiber formation and regeneration. We also discuss the role of nuclear positioning for skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cadot
- a Center of Research in Myology; INSERM UPMC UMR974; CNRS FRE3617 ; Paris , France
| | - Vincent Gache
- b Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon; CNRS UMR5239 ; Lyon , France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- a Center of Research in Myology; INSERM UPMC UMR974; CNRS FRE3617 ; Paris , France.,c Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa ; Lisbon, Portugal
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50
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Barker AR, McIntosh KV, Dawe HR. Centrosome positioning in non-dividing cells. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1007-1021. [PMID: 26319517 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles and centrosomes are found in almost all eukaryotic cells, where they are important for organising the microtubule cytoskeleton in both dividing and non-dividing cells. The spatial location of centrioles and centrosomes is tightly controlled and, in non-dividing cells, plays an important part in cell migration, ciliogenesis and immune cell functions. Here, we examine some of the ways that centrosomes are connected to other organelles and how this impacts on cilium formation, cell migration and immune cell function in metazoan cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Barker
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, London
| | - Kate V McIntosh
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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