1
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Hardman D, Hennig K, Gomes ER, Roman W, Bernabeu MO. An in vitro agent-based modelling approach to optimization of culture medium for generating muscle cells. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230603. [PMID: 38228184 PMCID: PMC10791523 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Methodologies for culturing muscle tissue are currently lacking in terms of quality and quantity of mature cells produced. We analyse images from in vitro experiments to quantify the effects of culture media composition on mouse-derived myoblast behaviour and myotube quality. Metrics of early indicators of cell quality were defined. Images of muscle cell differentiation reveal that altering culture media significantly affects quality indicators and myoblast migratory behaviours. To study the effects of early-stage cell behaviours on mature cell quality, metrics drawn from experimental images or inferred by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) were applied as inputs to an agent-based model (ABM) of skeletal muscle cell differentiation with quality indicator metrics as outputs. Computational modelling was used to inform further in vitro experiments to predict the optimum media composition for culturing muscle cells. Our results suggest that myonuclei production in myotubes is inversely related to early-stage nuclei fusion index and that myonuclei density and spatial distribution are correlated with residence time of fusing myoblasts, the age at which myotube-myotube fusion ends and the repulsion force between myonuclei. Culture media with 5% serum was found to produce the optimum cell quality and to make muscle cells cultured in a neuron differentiation medium viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hardman
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Katharina Hennig
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - William Roman
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Miguel O. Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
- The Bayes Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9BT, UK
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2
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Hennig K, Hardman D, Barata DM, Martins II, Bernabeu MO, Gomes ER, Roman W. Generating fast-twitch myotubes in vitro with an optogenetic-based, quantitative contractility assay. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302227. [PMID: 37550008 PMCID: PMC10427763 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of fiber types within skeletal muscle impacts the tissue's physiological characteristics and susceptibility to disease and ageing. In vitro systems should therefore account for fiber-type composition when modelling muscle conditions. To induce fiber specification in vitro, we designed a quantitative contractility assay based on optogenetics and particle image velocimetry. We submitted cultured myotubes to long-term intermittent light-stimulation patterns and characterized their structural and functional adaptations. After several days of in vitro exercise, myotubes contract faster and are more resistant to fatigue. The enhanced contractile functionality was accompanied by advanced maturation such as increased width and up-regulation of neuron receptor genes. We observed an up-regulation in the expression of fast myosin heavy-chain isoforms, which induced a shift towards a fast-twitch phenotype. This long-term in vitro exercise strategy can be used to study fiber specification and refine muscle disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hennig
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Hardman
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Mb Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Ibb Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel O Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Bayes Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - William Roman
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Victoria Node, EMBL Australia, Clayton, Australia
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3
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Van Bruggen S, Jarrot PA, Thomas E, Sheehy CE, Silva CMS, Hsu AY, Cunin P, Nigrovic PA, Gomes ER, Luo HR, Waterman CM, Wagner DD. NLRP3 is essential for neutrophil polarization and chemotaxis in response to leukotriene B4 gradient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303814120. [PMID: 37603754 PMCID: PMC10468616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303814120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment to sites of infection and inflammation is an essential process in the early innate immune response. Upon activation, a subset of neutrophils rapidly assembles the multiprotein complex known as the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome forms at the microtubule organizing center, which promotes the formation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, essential cytokines in the immune response. We recently showed that mice deficient in NLRP3 (NLRP3-/-) have reduced neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneum in a model of thioglycolate-induced peritonitis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this diminished recruitment could be, in part, the result of defects in neutrophil chemotaxis. We find that NLRP3-/- neutrophils show loss of cell polarization, as well as reduced directionality and velocity of migration toward increasing concentrations of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in a chemotaxis assay in vitro, which was confirmed through intravital microscopy of neutrophil migration toward a laser-induced burn injury of the liver. Furthermore, pharmacologically blocking NLRP3 inflammasome assembly with MCC950 in vitro reduced directionality but preserved nondirectional movement, indicating that inflammasome assembly is specifically required for polarization and directional chemotaxis, but not cell motility per se. In support of this, pharmacological breakdown of the microtubule cytoskeleton via nocodazole treatment induced cell polarization and restored nondirectional cell migration in NLRP3-deficient neutrophils in the LTB4 gradient. Therefore, NLRP3 inflammasome assembly is required for establishment of cell polarity to guide the directional chemotactic migration of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Van Bruggen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago University, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Pierre-André Jarrot
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Eline Thomas
- Department of Life Science Technology, Imec, Leuven3001, Belgium
- Department of Biophysics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Casey E. Sheehy
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Camila M. S. Silva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Alan Y. Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Pierre Cunin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon1649-028, Portugal
| | - Hongbo R. Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Clare M. Waterman
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago University, Woods Hole, MA02543
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago University, Woods Hole, MA02543
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
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4
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Fernandes AR, Martins JP, Gomes ER, Mendes CS, Teodoro RO. Drosophila motor neuron boutons remodel through membrane blebbing coupled with muscle contraction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3352. [PMID: 37291089 PMCID: PMC10250368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wired neurons form new presynaptic boutons in response to increased synaptic activity, however the mechanism(s) by which this occurs remains uncertain. Drosophila motor neurons (MNs) have clearly discernible boutons that display robust structural plasticity, being therefore an ideal system in which to study activity-dependent bouton genesis. Here, we show that in response to depolarization and in resting conditions, MNs form new boutons by membrane blebbing, a pressure-driven mechanism that occurs in 3-D cell migration, but to our knowledge not previously described to occur in neurons. Accordingly, F-actin is decreased in boutons during outgrowth, and non-muscle myosin-II is dynamically recruited to newly formed boutons. Furthermore, muscle contraction plays a mechanical role, which we hypothesize promotes bouton addition by increasing MN confinement. Overall, we identified a mechanism by which established circuits form new boutons allowing their structural expansion and plasticity, using trans-synaptic physical forces as the main driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia R Fernandes
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João P Martins
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - César S Mendes
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita O Teodoro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Janota CS, Pinto A, Pezzarossa A, Machado P, Costa J, Campinho P, Franco CA, Gomes ER. Shielding of actin by the endoplasmic reticulum impacts nuclear positioning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2763. [PMID: 35589708 PMCID: PMC9120458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear position is central to cell polarization, and its disruption is associated with various pathologies. The nucleus is moved away from the leading edge of migrating cells through its connection to moving dorsal actin cables, and the absence of connections to immobile ventral stress fibers. It is unclear how these asymmetric nucleo-cytoskeleton connections are established. Here, using an in vitro wound assay, we find that remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) impacts nuclear positioning through the formation of a barrier that shields immobile ventral stress fibers. The remodeling of ER and perinuclear ER accumulation is mediated by the ER shaping protein Climp-63. Furthermore, ectopic recruitment of the ER to stress fibers restores nuclear positioning in the absence of Climp-63. Our findings suggest that the ER mediates asymmetric nucleo-cytoskeleton connections to position the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Silva Janota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pinto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Pezzarossa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Machado
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Judite Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Campinho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudio A Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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6
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Abstract
Loss of nuclear integrity correlates with increased DNA damage in different tissues. In a recent issue of Cell, Nader et al. reveal that nuclear envelope ruptures in dense tissue microenvironments cause TREX1-dependent DNA damage and promote the transition from in situ to invasive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sérgio F de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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7
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Roman W, Pinheiro H, Pimentel MR, Segalés J, Oliveira LM, García-Domínguez E, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Serrano AL, Gomes ER, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Muscle repair after physiological damage relies on nuclear migration for cellular reconstruction. Science 2021; 374:355-359. [PMID: 34648328 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- William Roman
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, CIBERNED, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Pinheiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jessica Segalés
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, CIBERNED, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis M Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Esther García-Domínguez
- FreshAge Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gómez-Cabrera
- FreshAge Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, CIBERNED, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, CIBERNED, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28019 Madrid, Spain.,ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Savulescu AF, Brackin R, Bouilhol E, Dartigues B, Warrell JH, Pimentel MR, Beaume N, Fortunato IC, Dallongeville S, Boulle M, Soueidan H, Agou F, Schmoranzer J, Olivo-Marin JC, Franco CA, Gomes ER, Nikolski M, Mhlanga MM. Interrogating RNA and protein spatial subcellular distribution in smFISH data with DypFISH. Cell Rep Methods 2021; 1:100068. [PMID: 35474672 PMCID: PMC9017151 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing have allowed for the identification of cellular subtypes on the basis of quantification of the number of transcripts in each cell. However, cells might also differ in the spatial distribution of molecules, including RNAs. Here, we present DypFISH, an approach to quantitatively investigate the subcellular localization of RNA and protein. We introduce a range of analytical techniques to interrogate single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) data in combination with protein immunolabeling. DypFISH is suited to study patterns of clustering of molecules, the association of mRNA-protein subcellular localization with microtubule organizing center orientation, and interdependence of mRNA-protein spatial distributions. We showcase how our analytical tools can achieve biological insights by utilizing cell micropatterning to constrain cellular architecture, which leads to reduction in subcellular mRNA distribution variation, allowing for the characterization of their localization patterns. Furthermore, we show that our method can be applied to physiological systems such as skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca F. Savulescu
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7295 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robyn Brackin
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10-117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Bouilhol
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dartigues
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jonathan H. Warrell
- Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mafalda R. Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7295 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Isabela C. Fortunato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Mikaël Boulle
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hayssam Soueidan
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, URA 2185, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10-117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudio A. Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Macha Nikolski
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Musa M. Mhlanga
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Epigenomics & Single Cell Biophysics Group, Department of Cell Biology, FNWI, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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9
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Pinheiro H, Pimentel MR, Sequeira C, Oliveira LM, Pezzarossa A, Roman W, Gomes ER. mRNA distribution in skeletal muscle is associated with mRNA size. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs256388. [PMID: 34297126 PMCID: PMC7611476 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myofibers are large and elongated cells with multiple and evenly distributed nuclei. Nuclear distribution suggests that each nucleus influences a specific compartment within the myofiber and implies a functional role for nuclear positioning. Compartmentalization of specific mRNAs and proteins has been reported at the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions, but mRNA distribution in non-specialized regions of the myofibers remains largely unexplored. We report that the bulk of mRNAs are enriched around the nucleus of origin and that this perinuclear accumulation depends on recently transcribed mRNAs. Surprisingly, mRNAs encoding large proteins - giant mRNAs - are spread throughout the cell and do not exhibit perinuclear accumulation. Furthermore, by expressing exogenous transcripts with different sizes we found that size contributes to mRNA spreading independently of mRNA sequence. Both these mRNA distribution patterns depend on microtubules and are independent of nuclear dispersion, mRNA expression level and stability, and the characteristics of the encoded protein. Thus, we propose that mRNA distribution in non-specialized regions of skeletal muscle is size selective to ensure cellular compartmentalization and simultaneous long-range distribution of giant mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pinheiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Ramos Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sequeira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Manuel Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anna Pezzarossa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - William Roman
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Calero-Cuenca FJ, Osorio DS, Carvalho-Marques S, Sridhara SC, Oliveira LM, Jiao Y, Diaz J, Janota CS, Cadot B, Gomes ER. Ctdnep1 and Eps8L2 regulate dorsal actin cables for nuclear positioning during cell migration. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1521-1530.e8. [PMID: 33567288 PMCID: PMC8043254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells actively position their nuclei within the cytoplasm for multiple cellular and physiological functions.1, 2, 3 Consequently, nuclear mispositioning is usually associated with cell dysfunction and disease, from muscular disorders to cancer metastasis.4, 5, 6, 7 Different cell types position their nuclei away from the leading edge during cell migration.8, 9, 10, 11 In migrating fibroblasts, nuclear positioning is driven by an actin retrograde flow originated at the leading edge that drives dorsal actin cables away from the leading edge. The dorsal actin cables connect to the nuclear envelope by the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex on transmembrane actin-associated nuclear (TAN) lines.12, 13, 14 Dorsal actin cables are required for the formation of TAN lines. How dorsal actin cables are organized to promote TAN lines formation is unknown. Here, we report a role for Ctdnep1/Dullard, a nuclear envelope phosphatase,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and the actin regulator Eps8L223, 24, 25 on nuclear positioning and cell migration. We demonstrate that Ctdnep1 and Eps8L2 directly interact, and this interaction is important for nuclear positioning and cell migration. We also show that Ctdnep1 and Eps8L2 are involved in the formation and thickness of dorsal actin cables required for TAN lines engagement during nuclear movement. We propose that Ctdnep1-Eps8L2 interaction regulates dorsal actin cables for nuclear movement during cell migration. Ctdnep1 and Eps8L2 are required for nuclear positioning and TAN lines formation Ctdnep1 directly interacts with Eps8L2 for nuclear movement and cell migration Ctdnep1-Eps8L2 interaction regulates dorsal actin organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Calero-Cuenca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel S Osorio
- Center for Research in Myology, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sofia Carvalho-Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sreerama Chaitanya Sridhara
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis M Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yue Jiao
- Center for Research in Myology, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jheimmy Diaz
- Center for Research in Myology, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cátia S Janota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Center for Research in Myology, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Research in Myology, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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11
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Déjardin T, Carollo PS, Sipieter F, Davidson PM, Seiler C, Cuvelier D, Cadot B, Sykes C, Gomes ER, Borghi N. Nesprins are mechanotransducers that discriminate epithelial-mesenchymal transition programs. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152020. [PMID: 32790861 PMCID: PMC7659719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
LINC complexes are transmembrane protein assemblies that physically connect the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton through the nuclear envelope. Dysfunctions of LINC complexes are associated with pathologies such as cancer and muscular disorders. The mechanical roles of LINC complexes are poorly understood. To address this, we used genetically encoded FRET biosensors of molecular tension in a nesprin protein of the LINC complex of fibroblastic and epithelial cells in culture. We exposed cells to mechanical, genetic, and pharmacological perturbations, mimicking a range of physiological and pathological situations. We show that nesprin experiences tension generated by the cytoskeleton and acts as a mechanical sensor of cell packing. Moreover, nesprin discriminates between inductions of partial and complete epithelial–mesenchymal transitions. We identify the implicated mechanisms, which involve α-catenin capture at the nuclear envelope by nesprin upon its relaxation, thereby regulating β-catenin transcription. Our data thus implicate LINC complex proteins as mechanotransducers that fine-tune β-catenin signaling in a manner dependent on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théophile Déjardin
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Pietro Salvatore Carollo
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - François Sipieter
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Seiler
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Rercherche 144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Center for Research in Myology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 974, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Sykes
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Center for Research in Myology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 974, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Instituto de Medecina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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12
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Janota CS, Calero-Cuenca FJ, Gomes ER. The role of the cell nucleus in mechanotransduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:204-211. [PMID: 32361559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are known to influence cellular processes with consequences at the cellular and physiological level. The cell nucleus is the largest and stiffest organelle, and it is connected to the cytoskeleton for proper cellular function. The connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton is in most cases mediated by the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. Not surprisingly, the nucleus and the associated cytoskeleton are implicated in multiple mechanotransduction pathways important for cellular activities. Herein, we review recent advances describing how the LINC complex, the nuclear lamina, and nuclear pore complexes are involved in nuclear mechanotransduction. We will also discuss how the perinuclear actin cytoskeleton is important for the regulation of nuclear mechanotransduction. Additionally, we discuss the relevance of nuclear mechanotransduction for cell migration, development, and how nuclear mechanotransduction impairment leads to multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S Janota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Javier Calero-Cuenca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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13
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Roman W, Gomes ER. Nuclear positioning in skeletal muscle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 82:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Roman W, Martins JP, Gomes ER. Local Arrangement of Fibronectin by Myofibroblasts Governs Peripheral Nuclear Positioning in Muscle Cells. Dev Cell 2018; 46:102-111.e6. [PMID: 29937388 PMCID: PMC6035285 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells (myofibers) are rod-shaped multinucleated cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM) basal lamina. In contrast to other cell types, nuclei in myofibers are positioned just below the plasma membrane at the cell periphery. Peripheral nuclear positioning occurs during myogenesis and is driven by myofibril crosslinking and contraction. Here we show that peripheral nuclear positioning is triggered by local accumulation of fibronectin secreted by myofibroblasts. We demonstrate that fibronectin via α5-integrin mediates peripheral nuclear positioning dependent on FAK and Src activation. Finally, we show that Cdc42, downstream of restricted fibronectin activation, is required for myofibril crosslinking but not myofibril contraction. Thus we identify that local activation of integrin by fibronectin secreted by myofibroblasts activates peripheral nuclear positioning in skeletal myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Roman
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João P Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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15
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Calero-Cuenca FJ, Janota CS, Gomes ER. Dealing with the nucleus during cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:35-41. [PMID: 29454272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The position of the nucleus within cells is a key event during cell migration. The movement and positioning of the nucleus strongly impacts cell migration. Notably, the last two years largely contributed to emphasise the dynamicity of the nucleus-cytoskeleton interactions that occur during cell migration. Nuclei are under continuous tension from opposing intracellular forces and its tether to the cytoskeleton can be regulated at different levels. Interestingly, it was showed how nuclear positioning is highly related to cell function. In most migrating cells, including cancer cells, the nucleus can be the rate limiting step of cell migration and is placed away from the leading edge. By contrast, leukocytes position their nucleus close to the lamellipodia at the leading edge, and the nucleus contributes to drilling through the endothelium. Differences in cell migration in 2D versus 3D environments are also evident. The mechanisms and forces at play during nuclear positioning and translocation are clearly affected by the nature of the substrate. As such nuclear positioning during cell migration can vary between cell types and environments. In this review we aim to give an overview of the latest discoveries in the field revealing how nuclear positioning is tightly regulated, not only by intrinsic nuclear properties, such as deformability, nuclear envelope content or nucleus-cytoskeleton connectivity, but also by the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Calero-Cuenca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia S Janota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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16
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Abstract
Nuclear positioning plays important roles for certain cellular functions. This is particularly relevant in skeletal muscle cells also known as myofibers in which nuclear positioning defects were shown to hinder muscle function. Myofibers are multinucleated cells with nuclei equally distributed at the periphery of the cell. However, nuclei can be found centrally located during myogenesis before anchoring at the periphery or in certain muscle disorders, either due to regenerating myofibers or defects in nuclear movement. As such, nuclear localization in myofibers (central or peripheral) can be used to assess myofiber maturity, regeneration, or health. To study how nuclei reach the periphery of myofibers during development, we devised a unique protocol to mature myofibers thereby recapitulating later stages of differentiation, including nuclear movement to the periphery. Here we describe how to use this system to study nuclear positioning and other nuclear characteristics such as nuclear stiffness or rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Roman
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, 1649-028, Portugal.
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17
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Abstract
The nucleus is connected to the cytoskeleton, and these connections are involved in multiple functions such as nuclear positioning, shape and stiffness, cytoskeleton organization, mechanotransduction, gene expression, chromosome positioning, DNA repair, and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S Janota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Calero-Cuenca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Judite Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Gache V, Gomes ER, Cadot B. Microtubule motors involved in nuclear movement during skeletal muscle differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:865-874. [PMID: 28179457 PMCID: PMC5385935 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear mispositioning in muscle is often associated with muscular diseases, but little is known about the mechanisms governing nuclear motion in these cells. A screen is presented for molecular motors involved in moving nuclei during myofiber differentiation. Nuclear positioning is a determining event in several cellular processes, such as fertilization, cell migration, and cell differentiation. The structure and function of muscle cells, which contain hundreds of nuclei, have been shown to rely in part on proper nuclear positioning. Remarkably, in the course of muscle differentiation, nuclear movements along the myotube axis might represent the event required for the even positioning of nuclei in the mature myofiber. Here we analyze nuclear behavior, time in motion, speed, and alignment during myotube differentiation and temporal interference of cytoskeletal microtubule-related motors. Using specific inhibitors, we find that nuclear movement and alignment are microtubule dependent, with 19 microtubule motor proteins implicated in at least one nuclear behavior. We further focus on Kif1c, Kif5b, kif9, kif21b, and Kif1a, which affect nuclear alignment. These results emphasize the different roles of molecular motors in particular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gache
- Center of Research in Myology, INSERM UPMC UMR974, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE3617, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E R Gomes
- Center of Research in Myology, INSERM UPMC UMR974, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE3617, 75013 Paris, France .,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - B Cadot
- Center of Research in Myology, INSERM UPMC UMR974, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE3617, 75013 Paris, France
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19
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Abstract
Skeletal muscles are composed of myofibers, the biggest cells in the mammalian body and one of the few syncytia. How the complex and evolutionarily conserved structures that compose it are assembled remains under investigation. Their size and physiological features often constrain manipulation and imaging applications. The culture of immortalized cell lines is widely used, but it can only replicate the early steps of differentiation. Here, we describe a protocol that enables easy genetic manipulation of myofibers originating from primary mouse myoblasts. After one week of differentiation, the myofibers display contractility, aligned sarcomeres and triads, as well as peripheral nuclei. The entire differentiation process can be followed by live imaging or immunofluorescence. This system combines the advantages of the existing ex vivo and in vitro protocols. The possibility of easy and efficient transfection as well as the ease of access to all differentiation stages broadens the potential applications. Myofibers can subsequently be used not only to address relevant developmental and cell biology questions, but also to reproduce muscle disease phenotypes for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda R Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa
| | - Sestina Falcone
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 361, Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris 6
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 361, Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris 6
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa; Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 361, Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris 6;
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20
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Abstract
Nuclear movement and positioning within cells has become an area of great interest in the past few years due to the identification of different molecular mechanisms and functions in distinct organisms and contexts. One extreme example occurs during skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Skeletal muscles are composed of individual multinucleated myofibers with nuclei positioned at their periphery. Myofibers are formed by fusion of mononucleated myoblasts and during their development, successive nuclear movements and positioning events have been described. The position of the nuclei in myofibers is important for muscle function. Interestingly, during muscle regeneration and in some muscular diseases, nuclei are positioned in the center of the myofiber. In this review, we discuss the multiple mechanisms of nuclear positioning that occur during myofiber formation and regeneration. We also discuss the role of nuclear positioning for skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cadot
- a Center of Research in Myology; INSERM UPMC UMR974; CNRS FRE3617 ; Paris , France
| | - Vincent Gache
- b Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon; CNRS UMR5239 ; Lyon , France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- a Center of Research in Myology; INSERM UPMC UMR974; CNRS FRE3617 ; Paris , France.,c Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa ; Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Vilmont V, Cadot B, Ouanounou G, Gomes ER. A system for studying mechanisms of neuromuscular junction development and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Vilmont V, Cadot B, Vezin E, Le Grand F, Gomes ER. Dynein disruption perturbs post-synaptic components and contributes to impaired MuSK clustering at the NMJ: implication in ALS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27804. [PMID: 27283349 PMCID: PMC4901269 DOI: 10.1038/srep27804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) allows the transformation of a neuronal message into a mechanical force by muscle contraction and is the target of several neuromuscular disorders. While the neuronal side is under extensive research, the muscle appeared recently to have a growing role in the formation and integrity of the neuromuscular junction. We used an in vitro model of mature myofibers to study the role of dynein on major postsynaptic proteins. We found that dynein affects the expression and the clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) and Rapsyn. We also show that myofibers with dynein impairment or from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) model (SOD1G93A) show similar defects in myofiber formation and agrin-induced AChR clustering suggesting a role for dynein impairment in ALS progression. Finally, we found that dynein can affect MuSK traffic through the endosomal pathway. Collectively, our studies show that defects in dynein can lead to impairment of muscle NMJ components’ expression and clustering. We propose that NMJ defects could happen via defective MuSK traffic and that this could be one of the pathological features involved in neurodegeneration such as ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vilmont
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Vezin
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Le Grand
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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23
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Vilmont V, Cadot B, Ouanounou G, Gomes ER. A system for studying mechanisms of neuromuscular junction development and maintenance. Development 2016; 143:2464-77. [PMID: 27226316 PMCID: PMC4958317 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a cellular synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, enables the translation of chemical cues into physical activity. The development of this special structure has been subject to numerous investigations, but its complexity renders in vivo studies particularly difficult to perform. In vitro modeling of the neuromuscular junction represents a powerful tool to delineate fully the fine tuning of events that lead to subcellular specialization at the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic sites. Here, we describe a novel heterologous co-culture in vitro method using rat spinal cord explants with dorsal root ganglia and murine primary myoblasts to study neuromuscular junctions. This system allows the formation and long-term survival of highly differentiated myofibers, motor neurons, supporting glial cells and functional neuromuscular junctions with post-synaptic specialization. Therefore, fundamental aspects of NMJ formation and maintenance can be studied using the described system, which can be adapted to model multiple NMJ-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vilmont
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cadot
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Ouanounou
- FRE CNRS 3693 (U.N.I.C), Unité de Neuroscience, Information et Complexité CNRS, Bât. 33, 1 Ave de la Terasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - Edgar R Gomes
- Myology Research Center, UM76-INSERM U974-CNRS FRE 3617 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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24
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Gomes ER, Brockow K, Kuyucu S, Saretta F, Mori F, Blanca-Lopez N, Ott H, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Kidon M, Caubet JC, Terreehorst I. Drug hypersensitivity in children: report from the pediatric task force of the EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group. Allergy 2016. [PMID: 26416157 DOI: 10.1111/all.12774)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When questioned, about 10% of the parents report suspected hypersensitivity to at least one drug in their children. However, only a few of these reactions can be confirmed as allergic after a diagnostic workup. There is still a lack of knowledge on drug hypersensitivity (DH) epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and appropriate diagnostic methods particularly in children. Meanwhile, the tools used for DH management in adults are applied also for children. Whereas this appears generally acceptable, some aspects of DH and management differ with age. Most reactions in children are still attributed to betalactams. Some manifestations, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated angioedema and serum sickness-like reactions, are more frequent among young patients as compared to adults. Risk factors such as viral infections are particularly frequent in children, making the diagnosis challenging. The practicability and validity of skin test and other diagnostic procedures need further assessment in children. This study presents an up-to-date review on epidemiology, clinical spectrum, diagnostic tools, and current management of DH in children. A new general algorithm for the study of these reactions in children is proposed. Data are presented focusing on reported differences between pediatric and adult patients, also identifying unmet needs to be addressed in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Gomes
- Allergology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - K Brockow
- Division Environmental Dermatology and Allergology Helmholtz Zentrum München/TUM, Department of Dermatology und AllergologyBiederstein, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Kuyucu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - F Saretta
- Pediatric Department, Hospital of Palmanova, A.S.S.5 'Bassa Friulana', Palmanova, UD, Italy
| | - F Mori
- Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatric, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - N Blanca-Lopez
- Allergy Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Ott
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Atanaskovic-Markovic
- University Children's Hospital of Belgrade, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Kidon
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit and Institute for Pediatric Pulmonology and National CF Center, Safra Children's Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - J-C Caubet
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - I Terreehorst
- Department of ENT and Pediatrics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Falcone S, Roman W, Hnia K, Gache V, Didier N, Lainé J, Auradé F, Marty I, Nishino I, Charlet-Berguerand N, Romero NB, Marazzi G, Sassoon D, Laporte J, Gomes ER. N-WASP is required for Amphiphysin-2/BIN1-dependent nuclear positioning and triad organization in skeletal muscle and is involved in the pathophysiology of centronuclear myopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1455-75. [PMID: 25262827 PMCID: PMC4237471 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in amphiphysin-2/BIN1, dynamin 2, and myotubularin are associated with centronuclear myopathy (CNM), a muscle disorder characterized by myofibers with atypical central nuclear positioning and abnormal triads. Mis-splicing of amphiphysin-2/BIN1 is also associated with myotonic dystrophy that shares histopathological hallmarks with CNM. How amphiphysin-2 orchestrates nuclear positioning and triad organization and how CNM-associated mutations lead to muscle dysfunction remains elusive. We find that N-WASP interacts with amphiphysin-2 in myofibers and that this interaction and N-WASP distribution are disrupted by amphiphysin-2 CNM mutations. We establish that N-WASP functions downstream of amphiphysin-2 to drive peripheral nuclear positioning and triad organization during myofiber formation. Peripheral nuclear positioning requires microtubule/Map7/Kif5b-dependent distribution of nuclei along the myofiber and is driven by actin and nesprins. In adult myofibers, N-WASP and amphiphysin-2 are only involved in the maintenance of triad organization but not in the maintenance of peripheral nuclear positioning. Importantly, we confirmed that N-WASP distribution is disrupted in CNM and myotonic dystrophy patients. Our results support a role for N-WASP in amphiphysin-2-dependent nuclear positioning and triad organization and in CNM and myotonic dystrophy pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sestina Falcone
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - William Roman
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Karim Hnia
- IGBMC-CNRS, UMR 7104 INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Didier
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Lainé
- Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Auradé
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Marty
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Muscle et Pathologies, Grenoble, France
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Giovanna Marazzi
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Edgar R Gomes
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Cadot B, Gache V, Gomes ER. Fast, multi-dimensional and simultaneous kymograph-like particle dynamics (SkyPad) analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89073. [PMID: 24586511 PMCID: PMC3929634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kymograph analysis is a method widely used by researchers to analyze particle dynamics in one dimensional (1D) trajectories. RESULTS Here we provide a Visual Basic-coded algorithm to use as a Microsoft Excel add-in that automatically analyzes particles in 2D trajectories with all the advantages of kymograph analysis. CONCLUSIONS This add-in, which we named SkyPad, leads to significant time saving and higher accuracy of particle analysis. Finally, SkyPad can also be used for 3D trajectories analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cadot
- UMRS 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Vincent Gache
- UMRS 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- UMRS 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
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27
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Cadot B, Gache V, Vasyutina E, Falcone S, Birchmeier C, Gomes ER. Nuclear movement during myotube formation is microtubule and dynein dependent and is regulated by Cdc42, Par6 and Par3. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:741-9. [PMID: 22732842 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells actively position their nucleus within the cytoplasm. One striking example is observed during skeletal myogenesis. Differentiated myoblasts fuse to form a multinucleated myotube with nuclei positioned in the centre of the syncytium by an unknown mechanism. Here, we describe that the nucleus of a myoblast moves rapidly after fusion towards the central myotube nuclei. This movement is driven by microtubules and dynein/dynactin complex, and requires Cdc42, Par6 and Par3. We found that Par6β and dynactin accumulate at the nuclear envelope of differentiated myoblasts and myotubes, and this accumulation is dependent on Par6 and Par3 proteins but not on microtubules. These results suggest a mechanism where nuclear movement after fusion is driven by microtubules that emanate from one nucleus that are pulled by dynein/dynactin complex anchored to the nuclear envelope of another nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cadot
- UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris 75634, France
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30
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Luxton GWG, Gomes ER, Folker ES, Worman HJ, Gundersen GG. TAN lines: a novel nuclear envelope structure involved in nuclear positioning. Nucleus 2012; 2:173-81. [PMID: 21818410 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.3.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear position is actively controlled and can be adjusted according to the needs of a cell by nuclear movement. Microtubules mediate the majority of nuclear movements studied to date, although examples of nuclear movements mediated by the actin cytoskeleton have been described. One such actin-dependent nuclear movement occurs during centrosome orientation in fibroblasts polarizing for migration. Here, the centrosome is maintained at the cell center while the nucleus is moved to the cell rear by actin retrograde flow thus positioning the centrosome between the nucleus and the leading edge of the cell. We have explored the molecular mechanism for actin dependent movement of the nucleus during centrosome centration. We found that a novel linear array of nuclear envelope membrane proteins composed of nesprin-2G and SUN2, called transmembrane actin-associated nuclear (TAN) lines, couple the nucleus to moving actin cables resulting in the nucleus being positioned toward the cell rear. TAN lines are anchored by A-type lamins and this allows the forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton to be transmitted across the nuclear envelope to move the nucleus. Here we review the data supporting this mechanism for nuclear movement, discuss questions remaining to be addressed and consider how this new mechanism of nuclear movement may shed light on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Gant Luxton
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Borrego-Pinto J, Jegou T, Osorio DS, Auradé F, Gorjánácz M, Koch B, Mattaj IW, Gomes ER. Samp1 is a component of TAN lines and is required for nuclear movement. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1099-105. [PMID: 22349700 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The position of the nucleus is regulated in different developmental stages and cellular events. During polarization, the nucleus moves away from the future leading edge and this movement is required for proper cell migration. Nuclear movement requires the LINC complex components nesprin-2G and SUN2, which form transmembrane actin-associated nuclear (TAN) lines at the nuclear envelope. Here we show that the nuclear envelope protein Samp1 (NET5) is involved in nuclear movement during fibroblast polarization and migration. Moreover, we demonstrate that Samp1 is a component of TAN lines that contain nesprin-2G and SUN2. Finally, Samp1 associates with SUN2 and lamin A/C, and the presence of Samp1 at the nuclear envelope requires lamin A/C. These results support a role for Samp1 in the association between the LINC complex and lamins during nuclear movement.
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32
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Kowalski ML, Makowska JS, Blanca M, Bavbek S, Bochenek G, Bousquet J, Bousquet P, Celik G, Demoly P, Gomes ER, Niżankowska-Mogilnicka E, Romano A, Sanchez-Borges M, Sanz M, Torres MJ, De Weck A, Szczeklik A, Brockow K. Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - classification, diagnosis and management: review of the EAACI/ENDA(#) and GA2LEN/HANNA*. Allergy 2011; 66:818-29. [PMID: 21631520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are responsible for 21-25% of reported adverse drug events which include immunological and nonimmunological hypersensitivity reactions. This study presents up-to-date information on pathomechanisms, clinical spectrum, diagnostic tools and management of hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs. Clinically, NSAID hypersensitivity is particularly manifested by bronchial asthma, rhinosinusitis, anaphylaxis or urticaria and variety of late cutaneous and organ-specific reactions. Diagnosis of hypersensitivity to a NSAID includes understanding of the underlying mechanism and is necessary for prevention and management. A stepwise approach to the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs is proposed, including clinical history, in vitro testing and/or provocation test with a culprit or alternative drug depending on the type of the reaction. The diagnostic process should result in providing the patient with written information both on forbidden and on alternative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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33
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Abstract
Nuclei move to specific locations to polarize migrating and differentiating cells. Many nuclear movements are microtubule-dependent. However, nuclear movement to reorient the centrosome in migrating fibroblasts occurs through an unknown actin-dependent mechanism. We found that linear arrays of outer (nesprin2G) and inner (SUN2) nuclear membrane proteins assembled on and moved with retrogradely moving dorsal actin cables during nuclear movement in polarizing fibroblasts. Inhibition of nesprin2G, SUN2, or actin prevented nuclear movement and centrosome reorientation. The coupling of actin cables to the nuclear membrane for nuclear movement via specific membrane proteins indicates that, like plasma membrane integrins, nuclear membrane proteins assemble into actin-dependent arrays for force transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.W. Gant Luxton
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, 75634, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de Myologie, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Eric S. Folker
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Erin Vintinner
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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34
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Mitchell KJ, Pannérec A, Cadot B, Parlakian A, Besson V, Gomes ER, Marazzi G, Sassoon DA. Identification and characterization of a non-satellite cell muscle resident progenitor during postnatal development. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:257-66. [PMID: 20118923 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident myogenic progenitors in postnatal skeletal muscle involved in muscle postnatal growth and adult regenerative capacity. Here, we identify and describe a population of muscle-resident stem cells, which are located in the interstitium, that express the cell stress mediator PW1 but do not express other markers of muscle stem cells such as Pax7. PW1(+)/Pax7(-) interstitial cells (PICs) are myogenic in vitro and efficiently contribute to skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo as well as generating satellite cells and PICs. Whereas Pax7 mutant satellite cells show robust myogenic potential, Pax7 mutant PICs are unable to participate in myogenesis and accumulate during postnatal growth. Furthermore, we found that PICs are not derived from a satellite cell lineage. Taken together, our findings uncover a new and anatomically identifiable population of muscle progenitors and define a key role for Pax7 in a non-satellite cell population during postnatal muscle growth.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Proliferation
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Development/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- PAX7 Transcription Factor/genetics
- PAX7 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/transplantation
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Mitchell
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, 75634, France
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35
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Ostlund C, Folker ES, Choi JC, Gomes ER, Gundersen GG, Worman HJ. Dynamics and molecular interactions of linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex proteins. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:4099-108. [PMID: 19843581 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.057075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is situated in the nuclear envelope and forms a connection between the lamina and cytoskeletal elements. Sun1, Sun2 and nesprin-2 are important components of the LINC complex. We expressed these proteins fused to green fluorescent protein in embryonic fibroblasts and studied their diffusional mobilities using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We show that they all are more mobile in embryonic fibroblasts from mice lacking A-type lamins than in cells from wild-type mice. Knockdown of Sun2 also increased the mobility of a short, chimeric form of nesprin-2 giant (mini-nesprin-2G), whereas the lack of emerin did not affect the mobility of Sun1, Sun2 or mini-nesprin-2G. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments showed Sun1 to be more closely associated with lamin A than is Sun2. Sun1 and Sun2 had similar affinity for the nesprin-2 KASH domain in plasmon surface resonance (Biacore) experiments. This affinity was ten times higher than that previously reported between nesprin-2 and actin. Deletion of the actin-binding domain had no effect on mini-nesprin-2G mobility. Our data support a model in which A-type lamins and Sun2 anchor nesprin-2 in the outer nuclear membrane, whereas emerin, Sun1 and actin are dispensable for this anchoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ostlund
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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36
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Gundersen GG, Wen Y, Eng CH, Schmoranzer J, Cabrera-Poch N, Morris EJS, Chen M, Gomes ER. Regulation of Microtubules by Rho GTPases in Migrating Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/047001766x.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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37
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Gomes ER, Almeida RD, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. Nitric Oxide Modulates Tumor Cell Death Induced by Photodynamic Therapy Through a cGMP-dependent Mechanism¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760423nomtcd2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The centrosome is positioned between the nucleus and the leading edge of many types of migrating cells. Cdc42 regulates this centrosome reorientation through its effectors Par6 and MRCK. Using time-lapse microscopy of live cells, the mechanisms and kinetics of centrosome reorientation can be studied. In this chapter, we describe a modification in the standard wound healing assay that allows the study of signaling pathways involved in centrosome reorientation and other polarization events that occur before cell migration. We also describe a method for visualization of centrosome reorientation by time-lapse microscopy using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts stably transfected with GFP-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar R Gomes
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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39
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Gomes ER, Jani S, Gundersen GG. Nuclear movement regulated by Cdc42, MRCK, myosin, and actin flow establishes MTOC polarization in migrating cells. Cell 2005; 121:451-63. [PMID: 15882626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is reoriented between the nucleus and the leading edge in many migrating cells and contributes to directional migration. Models suggest that the MTOC is moved to its position during reorientation. By direct imaging of wound-edge fibroblasts after triggering MTOC reorientation with soluble factors, we found instead that the nucleus moved away from the leading edge to reorient the MTOC, while the MTOC remained stationary. Rearward nuclear movement was coupled with actin retrograde flow and was regulated by a pathway involving Cdc42, MRCK, myosin, and actin. Nuclear movement was unaffected by the inhibition of dynein, Par6, or PKCzeta, yet these components were essential for MTOC reorientation, as they maintained the MTOC at the cell centroid. These results show that nuclear repositioning is an initial polarizing event in migrating cells and that the positions of the nucleus and the MTOC are established by separate regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar R Gomes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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40
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Evans KJ, Gomes ER, Reisenweber SM, Gundersen GG, Lauring BP. Linking axonal degeneration to microtubule remodeling by Spastin-mediated microtubule severing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 168:599-606. [PMID: 15716377 PMCID: PMC2171748 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200409058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the AAA adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Spastin (SPG4) cause an autosomal dominant form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, which is a retrograde axonopathy primarily characterized pathologically by the degeneration of long spinal neurons in the corticospinal tracts and the dorsal columns. Using recombinant Spastin, we find that six mutant forms of Spastin, including three disease-associated forms, are severely impaired in ATPase activity. In contrast to a mutation designed to prevent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding, an ATP hydrolysis-deficient Spastin mutant predicted to remain kinetically trapped on target proteins decorates microtubules in transfected cells. Analysis of disease-associated missense mutations shows that some more closely resemble the canonical hydrolysis mutant, whereas others resemble the ATP-binding mutant. Using real-time imaging, we show that Spastin severs microtubules when added to permeabilized, cytosol-depleted cells stably expressing GFP-tubulin. Using purified components, we also show that Spastin interacts directly with microtubules and is sufficient for severing. These studies suggest that defects in microtubule severing are a cause of axonal degeneration in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia J Evans
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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41
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Gundersen GG, Wen Y, Eng CH, Schmoranzer J, Cabrera-Poch N, Morris EJS, Chen M, Gomes ER. Regulation of microtubules by Rho GTPases in migrating cells. Novartis Found Symp 2005; 269:106-16; discussion 116-26, 223-30. [PMID: 16358406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) contribute to cell polarization and migration, but the molecular mechanism involved are unknown. We have explored signalling pathways that generate specific changes in MTs arrays in wounded monolayers of fibroblasts. In earlier work, we found that Rho GTPase and its effector mDia, stimulate selective MT stabilization in the lamella, whereas Cdc42 and the MT motor protein dynein regulate MT organizing centre (MTOC) reorientation towards the leading edge. We have now found that the MT tip proteins EB1 and adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC) function with mDia to stabilize MTs and interact directly with mDia. EB1, APC and mDia localize to the ends of stabilized MTs suggesting that they may contribute to capping of these MTs. Models of MTOC reorientation suggest that the MTOC moves in front of the nucleus by dynein pulling on MTs. In contrast, we find by directly imaging MTOC reorientation that the nucleus moves rearward while the MTOC remains stationary. Rearward nuclear movement is coupled to retrograde actin-myosin flow and is regulated by Cdc42 and its effector myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase. Dynein is not involved in nuclear movement, but is essential to maintain the MTOC at the cell centroid. These results show that there are two Cdc42 pathways that regulate MTOC reorientation.
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42
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Almeida RD, Gomes ER, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. Calpains are activated by photodynamic therapy but do not contribute to apoptotic tumor cell death. Cancer Lett 2004; 216:183-9. [PMID: 15533594 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is a promising technique based on the formation of singlet oxygen following irradiation of a sensitizer with visible light. In the present work we investigated the role of calpains in PDT, using the human lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells and bisulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS2) as a sensitizer. Photosensitization induced apoptotic cell death and a time-dependent activation of calpains, as determined using the fluorogenic substrate succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (SLLVY-AMC). However, inhibition of calpains with calpain inhibitor II or with PD 150606 did not affect the demise process. The results indicate that although calpains are activated in PDT, they do not play a major role in tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro D Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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43
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein has been implicated in numerous aspects of intracellular movement. We recently found dynein inhibitors to interfere with the reorientation of the microtubule cytoskeleton during healing of wounded NIH3T3 cell monolayers. We now find that dynein and its regulators dynactin and LIS1 localize to the leading cell cortex during this process. In the presence of serum, bright diffuse staining was observed in regions of active ruffling. This pattern was abolished by cytochalasin D, and was not observed in cells treated with lysophosphatidic acid, conditions which allow microtubule reorientation but not forward cell movement. Under the same conditions, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, clear punctate dynein/dynactin containing structures were observed along the sides and at the tips of microtubules at the leading edge. Overexpression of dominant negative dynactin and LIS1 cDNAs or injection of antidynein antibody interfered with the rate of cell migration. Together, these results implicate a leading edge cortical pool of dynein in both early and persistent steps in directed cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis L Dujardin
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, P & S 15-409, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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44
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Abstract
In both dividing and interphase cells, microtubules are remodeled in response to signal transduction pathways triggered by a variety of stimuli. Members of the Rho family of small GTPases have emerged as key intermediates in transmitting signals to cortical factors that mediate capture of dynamic microtubules at specific sites. The specificity of cortical capture appears to be controlled by microtubule tip proteins and cortical receptors that bind these proteins. Recent studies suggest that some of the proteins interacting with microtubule tips behave as bridging proteins between the microtubule tip proteins and their cortical receptors. Such bridging proteins may enhance cortical capture of microtubules directly or indirectly through interactions with the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Columbia University, Black Building 1217, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is a very promising technique based on the formation of singlet oxygen induced by a sensitizer after irradiation with visible light. The stimulation of tumor growth by nitric oxide (NO) was reported recently, and NO was shown to have a protective effect against PDT-induced tumor death. We investigated a putative direct effect of NO on tumor cell death induced by PDT, using the human lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells and bisulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS2) as a sensitizer. Cells were incubated with AlPcS2 in the presence or absence of NO donors ((Z)-1-[(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, hydroxylamine and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine) or L-arginine. Under these conditions, in the absence of NO donors or L-arginine the cells died rapidly by apoptosis upon photosensitization. In the presence of NO donors or L-arginine, apoptotic cell death after photosensitization was significantly decreased. Modulation of cell death by NO was not due to S-nitrosylation of caspases and occurred at the level or upstream of caspase-9 processing. The protective effect of NO was reversed by incubating the cells with 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, or with KT5823, an inhibitor of protein kinase G (PKG). Incubation with 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate, a membrane permeable cyclic guanosine monophosphate analog, also decreased cell death induced by PDT. Although the protective effect of NO against apoptotic cell death in several models has been attributed to an increase in the expression of heme oxygenase-1, heat shock protein 70 or Bcl-2, this was not the case under our experimental conditions. These results show that NO decreases the extent of apoptotic cell death after PDT treatment through a PKG-dependent mechanism, upstream or at the level of caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar R Gomes
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Gomes ER, Cruz T, Lopes CF, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. Photosensitization of lymphoblastoid cells with phthalocyanines at different saturating incubation times. Cell Biol Toxicol 2000; 15:249-60. [PMID: 10696824 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007615813184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy of cancer is a promising treatment based on the tumor-specific accumulation of photosensitizers followed by irradiation with visible light which induces tumor cell death. The effect of different preincubation times on the photosensitization efficiency of the phthalocyanines AlPc and AlPcS4 was investigated in lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells under conditions that allow maximal uptake of the sensitizers. First, the time course for the uptake of AlPcS4 and AlPc by CCRF-CEM cells and by the pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was compared. The uptake of AlPcS4 by CCRF-CEM cells was not significantly different after 6 h or 24 h incubation, but the photosensitization efficiency of the phthalocyanine was much higher when a 24 h preincubation period was used, with a fluence rate of 5 mW/cm2. However, for a fluence rate of 10 mW/cm2, the photosensitization efficiency of AlPcS4 was almost completely independent of the preincubation time (6 h vs. 24 h) with the phthalocyanine. When the cells were preincubated with 1 micromol/L AlPc for 10 min or 6 h, which allows the same accumulation of sensitizer by the cells, no significant effect of the incubation time on the photodynamic inactivation of CCRF-CEM cells was observed, with fluence rates of 5 mW/cm2 or 10 mW/cm2, for different light doses. Confocal fluorescence microscopy studies did not reveal differences in the localization of the phthalocyanines after maximal uptake was reached. The results show that the preincubation time with AlPcS4, after the maximal uptake is reached, affects cell growth to an extent depending on the fluence rate used, and this effect was not due to a major redistribution of the sensitizer during incubation. However, this was not observed when AlPc was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Gomes
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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