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Mashinchian O, Pisconti A, Le Moal E, Bentzinger CF. The Muscle Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 126:23-65. [PMID: 29305000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stem cells that maintain and regenerate postnatal tissues depends on extrinsic signals originating from their microenvironment, commonly referred to as the stem cell niche. Complex higher-order regulatory interrelationships with the tissue and factors in the systemic circulation are integrated and propagated to the stem cells through the niche. The stem cell niche in skeletal muscle tissue is both a paradigm for a structurally and functionally relatively static niche that maintains stem cell quiescence during tissue homeostasis, and a highly dynamic regenerative niche that is subject to extensive structural remodeling and a flux of different support cell populations. Conditions ranging from aging to chronically degenerative skeletal muscle diseases affect the composition of the niche and thereby impair the regenerative potential of muscle stem cells. A holistic and integrative understanding of the extrinsic mechanisms regulating muscle stem cells in health and disease in a broad systemic context will be imperative for the identification of regulatory hubs in the niche interactome that can be targeted to maintain, restore, or enhance the regenerative capacity of muscle tissue. Here, we review the microenvironmental regulation of muscle stem cells, summarize how niche dysfunction can contribute to disease, and discuss emerging therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Doctoral Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Addolorata Pisconti
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - C Florian Bentzinger
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Görgens SW, Hjorth M, Eckardt K, Wichert S, Norheim F, Holen T, Lee S, Langleite T, Birkeland KI, Stadheim HK, Kolnes KJ, Tangen DS, Kolnes AJ, Jensen J, Drevon CA, Eckel J. The exercise-regulated myokine chitinase-3-like protein 1 stimulates human myocyte proliferation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:330-45. [PMID: 26303257 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is involved in tissue remodelling and inflammatory processes. Plasma levels are elevated in patients with insulin resistance and T2DM. We recently showed that CHI3L1 and its receptor protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) are expressed in skeletal muscle. Activation of PAR-2 by CHI3L1 protects against TNF-α-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. However, the effect of exercise on CHI3L1 and PAR-2 signalling remains unknown. The aim of this work was to study the impact of exercise on CHI3L1 production and the effect of CHI3L1/PAR-2 signalling on skeletal muscle growth and repair. METHODS Three human exercise studies were used to measure CHI3L1 plasma levels (n = 32). In addition, muscle and adipose tissue CHI3L1 mRNA expression was measured in response to acute and long-term exercise (n = 24). Primary human skeletal muscle cells were differentiated in vitro, and electrical pulse stimulation was applied. In addition, myoblasts were incubated with CHI3L1 protein and activation of MAP kinase signalling as well as proliferation was measured. RESULTS Circulating CHI3L1 levels and muscle CHI3L1 mRNA were increased after acute exercise. In addition, CHI3L1 mRNA expression as well as CHI3L1 secretion was enhanced in electrically stimulated cultured myotubes. Incubation of cultured human myoblasts with CHI3L1 protein leads to a strong activation of p44/42, p38 MAPK and Akt as well as enhanced myoblast proliferation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CHI3L1 is induced by acute exercise and that CHI3L1/PAR-2 signalling activates myocyte proliferation, which is important for restructuring of skeletal muscle in the response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Görgens
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center (DDZ); Düsseldorf Germany
| | - M. Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - K. Eckardt
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center (DDZ); Düsseldorf Germany
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Wichert
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center (DDZ); Düsseldorf Germany
| | - F. Norheim
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Holen
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Lee
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Langleite
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - K. I. Birkeland
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - H. K. Stadheim
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - K. J. Kolnes
- Charles University Third Faculty of Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - D. S. Tangen
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - A. J. Kolnes
- Charles University Third Faculty of Medicine; Prague Czech Republic
| | - J. Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - C. A. Drevon
- Department of Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - J. Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center (DDZ); Düsseldorf Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.); Düsseldorf Germany
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Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptor that are activated by extracellular cleavage of the receptor in the N-terminal domain. This slicing of the receptor exposes a tethered ligand which binds to a specific docking point on the receptor surface to initiate intracellular signalling. PARs are expressed by numerous tissues in the body, and they are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as food digestion, tissue remodelling and blood coagulation. This chapter will summarise how serine proteinases activate PARs leading to the development of pain in several chronic pain conditions. The potential of PARs as a drug target for pain relief is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2,
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Kularathna PK, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Tumour progression and cancer-induced pain: a role for protease-activated receptor-2? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:149-56. [PMID: 25448411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteases in modifying the microenvironment of tumour cells has long been recognised. With the discovery of the protease-activated receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors a mechanism for cells to sense and respond directly to proteases in their microenvironment was revealed. Many early studies described the roles of protease-activated receptors in the cellular events that occur during blood coagulation and inflammation. More recently, studies have begun to focus on the roles of protease-activated receptors in the establishment, progression and metastasis of a variety of tumours. This review will focus on the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 and its activators by normal and neoplastic tissues, and describe current evidence that activation of protease-activated receptor-2 is an important event at multiple stages of tumour progression and in pain associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamuditha K Kularathna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Sitparan PK, Pagel CN, Pinniger GJ, Yoo HJ, Mackie EJ, Bakker AJ. Contractile properties of slow and fast skeletal muscles from protease activated receptor-1 null mice. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:991-8. [PMID: 24692104 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptors (PARs) may play a role in skeletal muscle development. We compared the contractile properties of slow-twitch soleus muscles and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from PAR-1 null and littermate control mice. METHODS Contractile function was measured using a force transducer system. Fiber type proportions were determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Soleus muscles from PAR-1 null mice exhibited longer contraction times, a leftward shift in the force-stimulation frequency relationship, and decreased fatiguability compared with controls. PAR-1 null soleus muscles also had increased type 1 and decreased type IIb/x fiber numbers compared with controls. In PAR-1 null EDL muscles, no differences were found, except for a slower rate of fatigue compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The absence of PAR-1 results in a slower skeletal muscle contractile phenotype, likely due to an increase in type I and a decrease in type IIb/x fiber numbers. Muscle Nerve 50: 991-998, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paran K Sitparan
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, M311, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Chitinase-3-like protein 1 protects skeletal muscle from TNFα-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Biochem J 2014; 459:479-88. [PMID: 24512683 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CHI3L1 (chitinase-3-like protein 1) is a glycoprotein consisting of 383 amino acids with a molecular mass of 40 kDa, and its serum level is elevated in inflammatory diseases. Although CHI3L1 is described as a biomarker of inflammation, the function of this protein is not completely understood. In the present study, we examined the regulation of CHI3L1 in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Moreover, we analysed potential autocrine effects of CHI3L1. We show that myotubes express CHI3L1 in a differentiation-dependent manner. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines up-regulate CHI3L1 expression (6-fold) and release (3-fold). Importantly, CHI3L1 treatment blocked TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation in skeletal muscle cells. We show that this effect is mediated via PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2). In addition, CHI3L1 treatment diminished the TNFα-induced expression and secretion of IL (interleukin)-8, MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and IL-6. In addition, impaired insulin action at the level of Akt and GSK3α/β (glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β) phosphoryl-ation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was normalized by CHI3L1. In conclusion, the novel myokine CHI3L1, which is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, can counteract TNFα-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells, potentially involving an auto- and/or para-crine mechanism.
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Duchesne E, Tremblay MH, Côté CH. Mast cell tryptase stimulates myoblast proliferation; a mechanism relying on protease-activated receptor-2 and cyclooxygenase-2. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:235. [PMID: 21999702 PMCID: PMC3207928 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells contribute to tissue repair in fibrous tissues by stimulating proliferation of fibroblasts through the release of tryptase which activates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). The possibility that a tryptase/PAR-2 signaling pathway exists in skeletal muscle cell has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether tryptase can stimulate myoblast proliferation and determine the downstream cascade. METHODS Proliferation of L6 rat skeletal myoblasts stimulated with PAR-2 agonists (tryptase, trypsin and SLIGKV) was assessed. The specificity of the tryptase effect was evaluated with a specific inhibitor, APC-366. Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the expression and functionality of PAR-2 receptor and to assess the expression of COX-2. COX-2 activity was evaluated with a commercial activity assay kit and by measurement of PGF2α production. Proliferation assays were also performed in presence of different prostaglandins (PGs). RESULTS Tryptase increased L6 myoblast proliferation by 35% above control group and this effect was completely inhibited by APC-366. We confirmed the expression of PAR-2 receptor in vivo in skeletal muscle cells and in satellite cells and in vitro in L6 cells, where PAR-2 was found to be functional. Trypsin and SLIGKV increased L6 cells proliferation by 76% and 26% above control, respectively. COX-2 activity was increased following stimulation with PAR-2 agonist but its expression remained unchanged. Inhibition of COX-2 activity by NS-398 abolished the stimulation of cell proliferation induced by tryptase and trypsin. Finally, 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15Δ-PGJ2), a product of COX-2-derived prostaglandin D2, stimulated myoblast proliferation, but not PGE2 and PGF2α. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data show that tryptase can stimulate myoblast proliferation and this effect is part of a signaling cascade dependent on PAR-2 activation and on the downstream activation of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Duchesne
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 boul, Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Role of protease-activated receptor-2 on cell death and DNA fragmentation in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. J Transl Med 2010; 8:85. [PMID: 20846373 PMCID: PMC2945981 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and gastric carcinoma. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is activated by trypsin, induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), cell proliferation and apoptosis in several cells. Previously, we found that H. pylori induces the expression of PAR-2, which mediates the expression of adhesion molecules integrins in gastric epithelial cells. In the present study, the role of PAR-2 on H. pylori-induced cell death was investigated by determining cell viability, DNA fragmentation, and the activation of MAPK in gastric epithelial AGS cells. Methods AGS cells were cultured in the presence of H. pylori transfected with PAR-2 antisense (AS) oligonucleotide (ODN) or treated with a soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). Viable cells and DNA fragmentation were determined by trypan blue exclusion assay and the amount of oligonucleosome-bound DNA, respectively. The activation of MAPK such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), was assessed by Western blotting for phospho-specific forms of MAPK. Results H. pylori-induced cell death and DNA fragmentation augmented in the cells transfected with PAR-2 AS ODN or treated with SBTI. The activation of MAPK, induced by H. pylori, were suppressed by transfection with PAR-2 AS ODN or treatment with SBTI. Conclusion PAR-2, whose expression is induced by H. pylori, may prevent cell death and DNA fragmentation with the activation of MAPK in gastric epithelial cells.
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Ide J, Aoki T, Ishivata S, Glusa E, Strukova SM. Proteinase-activated receptor agonists stimulate the increase in intracellular Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts from chick embryos. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 144:760-3. [PMID: 18856195 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied activation of cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts from chick embryos induced by agonists of PAR1 (thrombin and PAR1 peptide agonist) and PAR2 (trypsin, factor Xa, and peptide SLIGRL) by analyzing changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Exposure of cardiomyocytes with thrombin induced immediate permanent dose-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i. Ca2+ response decreased in a calcium-free medium. Peptide agonists of PAR1 and PAR2 also stimulated the increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes. Thrombin induced a short-term increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiac fibroblasts and potentiated cell proliferation. PAR2 agonists trypsin and peptide SLIGRL stimulated proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Our results indicate that cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts from chick embryos have at least two types of PAR (types 1 and 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ide
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow
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Vesey DA, Hooper JD, Gobe GC, Johnson DW. Potential physiological and pathophysiological roles for protease-activated receptor-2 in the kidney (Review Article). Nephrology (Carlton) 2007; 12:36-43. [PMID: 17295659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), the second of four members of a unique subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors, is abundantly expressed in the kidney. In a similar manner to other PAR cleavage of its extracellular N-terminus exposes a tethered ligand, SLIGKV in humans, which acts as an intramolecular ligand to activate itself. In the kidney, PAR-2 expression has been variably reported in collecting duct cells, mesangial cells, interstitial fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and proximal tubular cells. Despite this renal expression data, the function of PAR-2 in the kidney remains unknown. More than 15 different mammalian serine proteases have been shown to activate PAR-2 in an in vitro setting, but it is still unclear which of these are physiologically relevant activators of PAR-2 in specific tissues. Their identification could provide novel therapeutic targets. PAR-2 activates a number of down-stream signalling molecules that include protein kinase C, extracellular signal regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-B. Proteases that can activate PAR-2 are generated and released from cells during injury, inflammation and malignancy and can thus signal to cells under these conditions. Potential physiological and pathophysiological roles for PAR-2 in the kidney include the regulation of inflammation, blood flow, and ion transport and tissue protection, repair and fibrosis. In this review the potential roles of PAR-2 in the kidney are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Cheng CX, Li YN, Ohno H, Sawanobori K, Li YC, Shimada O, Atsumi S. Mast Cells Appearing in Long-term Skeletal Muscle Cell Cultures of Rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1424-30. [PMID: 17853403 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are known to be involved in type I allergy and to be localized in almost all tissues in the body. However, they have slightly different properties depending on their tissue of residence. Although mast cells are found in skeletal muscle tissue, there have been no reports of their appearance in cultured skeletal muscles. We report here that mast cells appear in long-term cultures of skeletal muscles from neonatal rats and rat fetuses. When muscle cells were disseminated and cultured in minimum essential medium with 10% fetal calf serum and 10% horse serum, oval cells containing large granules started to appear on myotube sheets at 5 days of culture. These oval cells continued to proliferate for 2-3 months, and showed immunoreactivity for histamine, tryptase, Fc(epsilon)RI, and c-kit. They showed metachromatic staining with 0.5% toluidine blue at pH 0.5 and were stained with both Alcian blue and safranin. Biochemically measured histamine content per dish was significantly higher in 2-month than in 5-day culture. From these results, we concluded that these oval cells were mast cells. Because proteases from mast cells have been reported previously to affect myoblast proliferation, the present findings suggest that there may be some interaction between mast cells and muscle cell proliferation or differentiation. The present finding that mast cells are easily obtained from ordinary skeletal muscle cultures provides a useful method for the study of the diverse functions of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xie Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-city, Yamanashi, Japan
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Jean-Baptiste G, Yang Z, Khoury C, Gaudio S, Greenwood MT. Peptide and non-peptide G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in skeletal muscle. Peptides 2005; 26:1528-36. [PMID: 16042993 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large class of cell surface receptors that mediate a multitude of functions. Over the years, a number of GPCRs and ancillary proteins have been shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle. Unlike the case with other muscle tissues like cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, there has been little attempt at systematically analyzing GPCRs in skeletal muscle. Here we have compiled all the GPCRs that are expressed in skeletal muscle. In addition, we review the known function of these receptors in both skeletal muscle tissue and in cultured skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 2B2
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Xie WZ, Leibl M, Clark MR, Dohrmann P, Kunze T, Gieseler F. Activation of the coagulation system in cancerogenesis and metastasation. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:70-5. [PMID: 15795099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the coagulation system in cancer patients is a well-known phenomenon responsible for recurrent clinical problems. A number of fascinating molecular mechanisms have been recognized showing that the tumor not only activates the coagulation system, but vice versa, activated coagulation proteins are able to induce molecular effects in tumor cells. The molecular basis is the expression of defined membrane receptors by tumor cells that are activated, for example, by thrombin. As the liberation of thrombin from prothrombin is one of the key events in coagulation, it's impact upon biological processes, such as cancerogenesis and metastasation, seems to be a regular pathophysiological consequence. These perceptions are not only interesting for the comprehension of cancerogenesis, metastasation, and clinical phenomena, but they also have a high impact upon modern strategies of tumor therapy. Especially, the development of clinically useful coagulation inhibitors, such as modern low molecular weight heparins or melagatran, created the possibility of therapies that combine cell biological approaches with apoptosis-inducing principals such as chemotherapy. Several clinical studies that demonstrate the implication of these strategies have already been published recently. In this article the cell biological basics for these approaches are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Kiel, Germany
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Song SJ, Pagel CN, Pike RN, Mackie EJ. Studies on the receptors mediating responses of osteoblasts to thrombin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:206-13. [PMID: 15381162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease thrombin stimulates proliferation in osteoblasts, but decreases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of osteoblast differentiation. Three thrombin receptors have been identified, protease activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-3 and PAR-4; we have previously demonstrated that mouse osteoblasts express PAR-1 and PAR-4. The effect of thrombin on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation was studied to determine which of the thrombin receptors is responsible for the primary effects of thrombin. Primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts from PAR-1-null and wild-type mice, and synthetic peptides that specifically activate PAR-1 (TFFLR-NH2) and PAR-4 (AYPGKF-NH2) were used. Both the PAR-1-activating peptide and thrombin stimulated incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (two to four-fold, P < 0.001) and reduced alkaline phosphatase activity (approximately three-fold, P < 0.05) in cells from wild-type mice. The PAR-4-activating peptide, however, had no effect on either alkaline phosphatase activity or proliferation in these cells. Neither thrombin nor PAR-4-activating peptide was able to affect osteoblast proliferation or alkaline phosphatase activity in cells isolated from PAR-1-null mice. The results demonstrate that thrombin stimulates proliferation and inhibits differentiation of osteoblasts through activation of PAR-1. No other thrombin receptor appears to be involved in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Song
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
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15
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Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Shpacovitch V, Rattenholl A, Moormann C, Vergnolle N, Luger TA, Hollenberg MD. Proteinase-activated receptors: transducers of proteinase-mediated signaling in inflammation and immune response. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:1-43. [PMID: 15689571 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteinases such as thrombin, mast cell tryptase, trypsin, or cathepsin G, for example, are highly active mediators with diverse biological activities. So far, proteinases have been considered to act primarily as degradative enzymes in the extracellular space. However, their biological actions in tissues and cells suggest important roles as a part of the body's hormonal communication system during inflammation and immune response. These effects can be attributed to the activation of a new subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, termed proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). Four members of the PAR family have been cloned so far. Thus, certain proteinases act as signaling molecules that specifically regulate cells by activating PARs. After stimulation, PARs couple to various G proteins and activate signal transduction pathways resulting in the rapid transcription of genes that are involved in inflammation. For example, PARs are widely expressed by cells involved in immune responses and inflammation, regulate endothelial-leukocyte interactions, and modulate the secretion of inflammatory mediators or neuropeptides. Together, the PAR family necessitates a paradigm shift in thinking about hormone action, to include proteinases as key modulators of biological function. Novel compounds that can modulate PAR function may be potent candidates for the treatment of inflammatory or immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Boltzmann Institute for Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Nishibori M, Mori S, Takahashi HK. Physiology and pathophysiology of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs): PAR-2-mediated proliferation of colon cancer cell. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 97:25-30. [PMID: 15655297 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fmj04005x5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present minireview, we summarize the effects of PAR-1 and PAR-2 stimulation using their activating peptides and agonist proteinases on the calcium signaling and the cell proliferation in DLD-1 cell, a human colon cancer cell line. PAR-2 but not PAR-1 stimulation induced the enhancement of cell proliferation, whereas both PAR-1 and PAR-2 stimulation induced the transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i). PAR-2 stimulation induced the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, but PAR-1 stimulation did not. The inhibition of MEK1/2 by PD98059 completely abolished the proliferative response to PAR-2 stimulation. Thus, MEK-ERK activation plays major role in the PAR-2-mediated proliferative response. The coupling of PARs to calcium signaling and MEK-ERK activation may be independent, and varied dependent on cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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Smith R, Ransjö M, Tatarczuch L, Song SJ, Pagel C, Morrison JR, Pike RN, Mackie EJ. Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 leads to inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:507-16. [PMID: 15040840 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.0301248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PAR-2 is expressed by osteoblasts and activated by proteases present during inflammation. PAR-2 activation inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by hormones and cytokines in mouse bone marrow cultures and may protect bone from uncontrolled resorption. INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is expressed by osteoblasts, is activated specifically by a small number of proteases, including mast cell tryptase and factor Xa. PAR-2 is also activated by a peptide (RAP) that corresponds to the "tethered ligand" created by cleavage of the receptor's extracellular domain. The effect of activating PAR-2 on osteoclast differentiation was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse bone marrow cultures have been used to investigate the effect of PAR-2 activation on osteoclast differentiation induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], and interleukin-11 (IL-11). Expression of PAR-2 by mouse bone marrow, mouse bone marrow stromal cell-enriched cultures, and the RAW264.7 osteoclastogenic cell line was demonstrated by RT-PCR. RESULTS RAP was shown to inhibit osteoclast differentiation induced by PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate expression of mediators of osteoclast differentiation induced by PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11 in mouse bone marrow cultures and primary calvarial osteoblast cultures treated simultaneously with RAP. In bone marrow and osteoblast cultures treated with PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11, RAP inhibited expression of RANKL and significantly suppressed the ratio of RANKL:osteoprotegerin expression. Activation of PAR-2 led to reduced expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 in bone marrow cultures treated with PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11. RAP inhibited PTH- or 1,25(OH)2D3-induced expression of IL-6 in bone marrow cultures. RAP had no effect on osteoclast differentiation in RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that PAR-2 activation inhibits osteoclast differentiation by acting on cells of the osteoblast lineage to modulate multiple mediators of the effects of PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, and IL-11. Therefore, the role of PAR-2 in bone may be to protect it from uncontrolled resorption by limiting levels of osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosealee Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kang OH, Jeong HJ, Kim DK, Choi SC, Kim TH, Nah YH, Kim HM, Lee YM. Trypsin induces tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion from a human leukemic mast cell line. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21:161-7. [PMID: 12736906 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin activating both proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) 2 and PAR4 plays an important role in inflammation. We have investigated the potential of trypsin to induce TNF-alpha secretion from the human leukemic mast cell line (HMC-1). HMC-1 cells co-express both PAR2 and PAR4, and their agonist trypsin signals to HMC-1 cells. Trypsin (100 nm), SLIGKV-NH(2) (100 microm, corresponding to the PAR2 tethered ligand), or GYPGQV-NH(2) (100 microm, corresponding to the PAR4 tethered ligand) induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion from HMC-1 cells. TNF-alpha secretion by trypsin was significantly blocked by pretreatment with 50 microm PD098059, MEK-1 inhibitor. Furthermore, trypsin stimulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in HMC-1 cells without any detectable activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase homologue. These results show that trypsin may induce TNF-alpha secretion following activation of ERK via both PAR2 and PAR4 on HMC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Hwa Kang
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
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de Niese MR, Chinni C, Pike RN, Bottomley SP, Mackie EJ. Dissection of protease-activated receptor-1-dependent and -independent responses to thrombin in skeletal myoblasts. Exp Cell Res 2002; 274:149-56. [PMID: 11855866 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin exerts a number of effects on skeletal myoblasts in vitro. It stimulates proliferation and intracellular calcium mobilization and inhibits differentiation and apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in these cells. Many cellular responses to thrombin are mediated by protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Expression of PAR-1 is present in mononuclear myoblasts in vitro, but repressed when fusion occurs to form myotubes. In the current study, we used PAR-1-null mice to determine which of thrombin's effects on myoblasts are mediated by PAR-1. Thrombin inhibited fusion almost as effectively in cultures prepared from the muscle of PAR-1-null myoblasts as in cultures prepared from wild-type mice. Apoptosis was inhibited as effectively in PAR-1-null myoblasts as in wild-type myoblasts. These effects in PAR-1-null myoblasts were mediated by a secreted inhibitor of apoptosis and fusion, as demonstrated previously for normal rat myoblasts. Thrombin failed to induce an intracellular calcium response in PAR-1-null myoblast cultures, although these cells were able to mobilize intracellular calcium in response to activation of other receptors. PAR-1-null myoblasts also failed to proliferate in response to thrombin. These results demonstrate that thrombin's effects on myoblast apoptosis and fusion are not mediated by PAR-1 and that PAR-1 is the only thrombin receptor capable of inducing proliferation and calcium mobilization in neonatal mouse myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R de Niese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cicala
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Naples, Italy.
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