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de Barros NR, Gomez A, Ermis M, Falcone N, Haghniaz R, Young P, Gao Y, Aquino AF, Li S, Niu S, Chen R, Huang S, Zhu Y, Eliahoo P, Sun A, Khorsandi D, Kim J, Kelber J, Khademhosseini A, Kim HJ, Li B. Gelatin methacryloyl and Laponite bioink for 3D bioprinted organotypic tumor modeling. Biofabrication 2023; 15:10.1088/1758-5090/ace0db. [PMID: 37348491 PMCID: PMC10683563 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ace0db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)in vitrotumor models that can capture the pathophysiology of human tumors are essential for cancer biology and drug development. However, simulating the tumor microenvironment is still challenging because it consists of a heterogeneous mixture of various cellular components and biological factors. In this regard, current extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking hydrogels used in tumor tissue engineering lack physical interactions that can keep biological factors released by encapsulated cells within the hydrogel and improve paracrine interactions. Here, we developed a nanoengineered ion-covalent cross-linkable bioink to construct 3D bioprinted organotypic tumor models. The bioink was designed to implement the tumor ECM by creating an interpenetrating network composed of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a light cross-linkable polymer, and synthetic nanosilicate (Laponite) that exhibits a unique ionic charge to improve retention of biological factors released by the encapsulated cells and assist in paracrine signals. The physical properties related to printability were evaluated to analyze the effect of Laponite hydrogel on bioink. Low GelMA (5%) with high Laponite (2.5%-3.5%) composite hydrogels and high GelMA (10%) with low Laponite (1.0%-2.0%) composite hydrogels showed acceptable mechanical properties for 3D printing. However, a low GelMA composite hydrogel with a high Laponite content could not provide acceptable cell viability. Fluorescent cell labeling studies showed that as the proportion of Laponite increased, the cells became more aggregated to form larger 3D tumor structures. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot experiments showed that an increase in the Laponite ratio induces upregulation of growth factor and tissue remodeling-related genes and proteins in tumor cells. In contrast, cell cycle and proliferation-related genes were downregulated. On the other hand, concerning fibroblasts, the increase in the Laponite ratio indicated an overall upregulation of the mesenchymal phenotype-related genes and proteins. Our study may provide a rationale for using Laponite-based hydrogels in 3D cancer modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan Roberto de Barros
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Gomez
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, United States of America
| | - Menekse Ermis
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, TX 76706, United Ustates of America
| | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Patric Young
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Yaqi Gao
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
| | - Albert-Fred Aquino
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, United States of America
| | - Siyuan Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
- METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Siyi Niu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - RunRun Chen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
| | - Shuyi Huang
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Payam Eliahoo
- Department of Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Arthur Sun
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Danial Khorsandi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Jinjoo Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Kelber
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), 1018 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
- Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University, Northridge, CA 91324, United States of America
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Guo K, Yombo DJK, Schmit T, Wang Z, Navaeiseddighi Z, Sathish V, Mathur R, Wu M, Kumar BD, Hur J, Khan N. Cellular Heterogeneity and Molecular Reprogramming of the Host Response during Influenza Acute Lung Injury. J Virol 2022; 96:e0124622. [PMID: 36286482 PMCID: PMC9645213 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01246-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An exuberant host response contributes to influenza A virus (IAV) (or influenza)-mediated lung injury. However, despite significant information on the host response to IAV, the cellular framework and molecular interactions that dictate the development of acute injury in IAV-infected lungs remain incompletely understood. We performed an unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis to examine the cellular heterogeneity and regulation of host responses in the IAV model of acute lung injury. At the cellular level, IAV infection promoted the overwhelming recruitment of monocytes that exhibited the cell differentiation trajectory to monocyte-derived macrophages. Together, monocytes and monocyte-derived myeloid cells constituted over 50% of the total immune cells in IAV-infected lungs. In contrast, IAV infection resulted in a significant loss of nonhematopoietic cells. Molecularly, our data show the multidimensional cell-cell communication dynamics of interferon and chemokine signaling between immune and nonimmune cells and the cell-specific molecular pathways regulating the host responses during IAV-induced lung injury. Our data provide a foundation for further exploring the mechanistic association of the IAV host response with acute lung injury. IMPORTANCE A dysregulated host response develops acute lung injury during IAV infection. However, the pathological immune mechanism(s) associated with acute lung injury during IAV infection is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we performed scRNAseq to examine the dynamics of host responses during the peak of IAV-mediated lung injury. At the cellular level, our data reveal significant myelopoiesis predominated by monocytes and macrophages and the simultaneous disruption of the nonhematopoietic cell framework, crucial for regulating inflammation and barrier integrity in IAV-infected lungs. Molecularly, we observed a complex cellular network involving cell-cell communications and a number of unique regulons dictating the outcome of interferon and chemokine responses during peak lung injury. Our data present a unique atlas of cellular changes and the regulation of global and cell-specific host responses during IAV infection. We expect that this information will open new avenues to identify targets for therapeutic intervention against IAV lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dan Justin Kalenda Yombo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Taylor Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Zhihan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | | | - Venkatachelem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Ramkumar Mathur
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Bony De Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Nadeem Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Zhang Z, Dong Y, Wu B, Li Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Gao Y, Gao L, Song Q, Zheng Z, Yao Y. Irradiation enhances the malignancy-promoting behaviors of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965660. [PMID: 36338684 PMCID: PMC9627491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Previous studies have found that some pro-malignant CAFs participate in the resistance to radiotherapy as well as the initiation and progression of tumor recurrence. However, the exact mechanism of how radiation affects CAFs remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect and possible mechanism of radiation-activated CAFs, and its influence on lung cancer. Methods CAFs were isolated from surgical specimens in situ and irradiated with 8Gy x-rays. The changes in cell morphology and subcellular structure were observed. CAFs marker proteins such as FAP and α-SMA were detected by Western Blotting. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and transwell chamber assay was used to detect the activation of cell viability and migration ability. A nude mouse xenograft model was established to observe the tumorigenicity of irradiated CAFs in vivo. The genomic changes of CAFs after radiation activation were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing technology, and the possible mechanisms were analyzed. Results The CAFs showed a disorderly growth pattern after X-ray irradiation. Subcellular observations suggested that metabolism-related organelles exhibited more activity. The expression level of CAFs-related signature molecules was also increased. The CAFs irradiated by 8Gy had good proliferative activity. In the (indirect) co-culture system, CAFs showed radiation protection and migration induction to lung cancer cell lines, and this influence was more obvious in radiation-activated CAFs. The radiation protection was decreased after exosome inhibitors were applied. Vivo study also showed that radiation-activated CAFs have stronger tumorigenesis. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes were enriched in several pro-cancer signaling pathways in radiation-activated CAFs. Conclusions Our study confirmed that CAFs could be activated by ionizing radiation. Irradiation-activated CAFs could promote cancer cell proliferation, migration, radiotherapy tolerance, and tumorigenesis. These results suggested that irradiation-activated CAFs might participate in the recurrence of lung cancer after radiotherapy, and the inhibition of CAFs activation may be an important way to improve clinical radiotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oncology, Huang-gang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Yingge Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Gao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Likun Gao
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Yao, ; Zhongliang Zheng, ; Qibin Song,
| | - Zhongliang Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Yao, ; Zhongliang Zheng, ; Qibin Song,
| | - Yi Yao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Yao, ; Zhongliang Zheng, ; Qibin Song,
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Wu C, Gu J, Gu H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Ji R. The recent advances of cancer associated fibroblasts in cancer progression and therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008843. [PMID: 36185262 PMCID: PMC9516766 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an abundant component of tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are heterogeneous cell populations that play important roles in tumor development, progression and therapeutic resistance. Multiple sources of cells can be recruited and educated to become CAFs, such as fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells and adipocytes, which may explain the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of CAFs. It is widely believed that CAFs regulate tumor progression by remodeling extracellular matrix, promoting angiogenesis, and releasing soluble cytokines, making them a promising cancer therapy target. In this review, we discussed about the origin, subpopulation, and functional heterogeneity of CAFs, with particular attention to recent research advances and clinical therapeutic potential of CAFs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianmei Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Hongbing Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - XiaoXin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Runbi Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Runbi Ji,
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Bronchoalveolar-Lavage-Derived Fibroblast Cell Line (B-LSDM7) as a New Protocol for Investigating the Mechanisms of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091441. [PMID: 35563747 PMCID: PMC9103910 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of BAL to study ILDs has improved our understanding of IPF pathogenesis. BAL fluid is routinely collected and can be considered a clinical and research tool. The procedure is well tolerated and minimally invasive. No specific cell lines from BAL or immortalized cell lines from IPF patients are available commercially. A method to quickly isolate and characterize fibroblasts from BAL is an unmet research need. Materials and methods: Here we describe a new protocol by which we isolated a cell line from IPF. The cell line was expanded in vitro and characterized phenotypically, morphologically and functionally. Results: This culture showed highly filamentous cells with an evident central nucleus. From the phenotypic point of view, this cell line displays fibroblast/myofibroblast-like features including expression of alpha-SMA, vimentin, collagen type-1 and fibronectin. The results showed high expression of ROS in these cells. Oxidative stress invariably promotes extracellular matrix expression in lung diseases directly or through over-production of pro-fibrotic growth factors. Conclusions: Our protocol makes it possible to obtain fibroblasts BAL that is a routine non-invasive method that offers the possibility of having a large sample of patients. Standardized culture methods are important for a reliable model for testing molecules and eventual novel development therapeutic targets.
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Choi DH, Lee KE, Park J, Park YJ, Lee JY, Park YS. Cell-Permeable Oct4 Gene Delivery Enhances Stem Cell-like Properties of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9357. [PMID: 34502264 PMCID: PMC8430778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of one cell type into another is a trans-differentiation process. Recent advances in fibroblast research revealed that epithelial cells can give rise to fibroblasts by epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, fibroblasts can also give rise to epithelia by undergoing a mesenchymal to epithelial transition. To elicit stem cell-like properties in fibroblasts, the Oct4 transcription factor acts as a master transcriptional regulator for reprogramming somatic cells. Notably, the production of gene complexes with cell-permeable peptides, such as low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP), was proposed to induce reprogramming without cytotoxicity and genomic mutation. We designed a complex with non-cytotoxic LMWP to prevent the degradation of Oct4 and revealed that the positively charged cell-permeable LMWP helped condense the size of the Oct4-LMWP complexes (1:5 N:P ratio). When the Oct4-LMWP complex was delivered into mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), stemness-related gene expression increased while fibroblast intrinsic properties decreased. We believe that the Oct4-LMWP complex developed in this study can be used to reprogram terminally differentiated somatic cells or convert them into stem cell-like cells without risk of cell death, improving the stemness level and stability of existing direct conversion techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hyeon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (D.H.C.); (K.E.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Kyeong Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (D.H.C.); (K.E.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Jiwon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (D.H.C.); (K.E.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Yoon Jeong Park
- Department of Dental Regenerative Bioengineering and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Central Research Institute, Nano Intelligent Biomedical Engineering Corporation (NIBEC), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Jue-Yeon Lee
- Central Research Institute, Nano Intelligent Biomedical Engineering Corporation (NIBEC), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Yoon Shin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (D.H.C.); (K.E.L.); (J.P.)
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Cancer type-specific alterations in actin genes: Worth a closer look? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 360:133-184. [PMID: 33962749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actins form a strongly conserved family of proteins that are central to the functioning of the actin cytoskeleton partaking in natural processes such as cell division, adhesion, contraction and migration. These processes, however, also occur during the various phases of cancer progression. Yet, surprisingly, alterations in the six human actin genes in cancer studies have received little attention and the focus was mostly on deregulated expression levels of actins and even more so of actin-binding or regulatory proteins. Starting from the early mutation work in the 1980s, we propose based on reviewing literature and data from patient cancer genomes that alterations in actin genes are different in distinct cancer subtypes, suggesting some specificity. These actin gene alterations include (missense) mutations, gene fusions and copy number alterations (deletions and amplifications) and we illustrate their occurrence for a limited number of examples including actin mutations in lymphoid cancers and nonmelanoma skin cancer and actin gene copy number alterations for breast, prostate and liver cancers. A challenge in the future will be to further sort out the specificity per actin gene, alteration type and cancer subtype. Even more challenging is (experimentally) distinguishing between cause and consequence: which alterations are passengers and which are involved in tumor progression of particular cancer subtypes?
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Hua H, Kong Q, Yin J, Zhang J, Jiang Y. Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in tumorigenesis and drug resistance: a challenge for cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:64. [PMID: 32493414 PMCID: PMC7268628 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play important roles in mammalian growth, development, aging, and diseases. Aberrant IGFs signaling may lead to malignant transformation and tumor progression, thus providing the rationale for targeting IGF axis in cancer. However, clinical trials of the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR)-targeted agents have been largely disappointing. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the IGF axis not only promotes tumorigenesis, but also confers resistance to standard treatments. Furthermore, there are diverse pathways leading to the resistance to IGF-IR-targeted therapy. Recent studies characterizing the complex IGFs signaling in cancer have raised hope to refine the strategies for targeting the IGF axis. This review highlights the biological activities of IGF-IR signaling in cancer and the contribution of IGF-IR to cytotoxic, endocrine, and molecular targeted therapies resistance. Moreover, we update the diverse mechanisms underlying resistance to IGF-IR-targeted agents and discuss the strategies for future development of the IGF axis-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingbin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Oncogene, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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