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Chen J, He Z, Yu S, Cai X, Zhu D, Lin Y. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory kinetics and mechanism of ellagic acid: In vitro, in silico and in vivo studies. IET Nanobiotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37153957 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA), which is widely distributed in many foods, has been found to possess inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (XO). However, there is ongoing debate about the difference in XO inhibitory activity between EA and allopurinol. Additionally, the inhibitory kinetics and mechanism of EA on XO are still unclear. Herein, the authors systematically studied the inhibitory effects of EA on XO. The authors' findings showed that EA is a reversible inhibitor with mixed-type inhibition, and its inhibitory activity is weaker than allopurinol. Fluorescence quenching experiments suggested that the generation of EA-XO complex was exothermic and spontaneous. In silico analysis further confirmed that EA entered the XO catalytic centre. Furthermore, the authors verified the anti-hyperuricemia effect of EA in vivo. This study elucidates the inhibition kinetics and mechanism of EA on XO, and lays a theoretical foundation for the further development of drugs and functional foods containing EA for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), Fujian Province University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Zemin He
- School of Pharmacy, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Sijin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaozhen Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Danhong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Yanhua Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
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Charlton NC, Mastyugin M, Török B, Török M. Structural Features of Small Molecule Antioxidants and Strategic Modifications to Improve Potential Bioactivity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031057. [PMID: 36770724 PMCID: PMC9920158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the major structural features in various groups of small molecules that are considered to be antioxidants, including natural and synthetic compounds alike. Recent advances in the strategic modification of known small molecule antioxidants are also described. The highlight is placed on changing major physicochemical parameters, including log p, bond dissociation energy, ionization potential, and others which result in improved antioxidant activity.
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Antiacne and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phenolic Compounds from Quercus acutissima Carruth. Leaves. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9078475. [PMID: 36624865 PMCID: PMC9825228 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9078475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quercus plants are widely distributed in Korea and have been used for their antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties to treat dermatitis. The phenolic compounds of Quercus acutissima Carruth (QA) are estimated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, based on the results of previous studies with Quercus mongilica, Quercus stenophylla, Quercus gilva Blame., and Quercus acuta Thunb. We yield QA extract and the isolated phenolic compounds (hyperoside (1), astragalin (2), kaempferol 3-O-(6″- galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (KGG) (3), quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (QGG) (4), pedunculagin (5), and casuarinin (6)) and were identified using NMR. Among them, KGG (3) and QGG (4) were isolated for the first time from QA. QA extract and the isolated phenolic compounds demonstrated antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiacne activities in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells in vitro. 3-6 demonstrated strong inhibitory activities in the DPPH scavenging and NO production assay and anti-inflammatory and antiacne activities through western blotting (NLRP3, IL-1β, and 5α-reductase). The most outstanding activity in all experiments was casuarinin (6). The study findings suggest potential therapeutic candidates for acne.
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Mu K, Kitts DD. Application of a HyPer-3 sensor to monitor intracellular H 2O 2 generation induced by phenolic acids in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Anal Biochem 2022; 659:114934. [PMID: 36206845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are an important point of contact between dietary food components consumed and subsequent whole-body utilization for body maintenance and growth. Selective bioactive phenolic acids, widely present in fruits, vegetables and beverages can generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and contribute to the cellular redox balance, hence influencing well-known cellular antioxidant and pro-oxidant mechanisms. Our findings have showed that increasing extracellular H2O2 resulted in associated changes in intracellular H2O2 levels in Caco-2 cells (p < 0.05) which was facilitated by activity of a family of water channel membrane proteins, termed aquaporins (AQPs). To demonstrate this, a HyPer-3 genetically encoded fluorescent H2O2 sensitive indicator was used to enable fluorescent real-time imaging of intracellular H2O2 levels as a measure of changes occurring in extracellular H2O2 in differentiated Caco-2 cells exposed to different phenolic acids. The use of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively, captured visualization and quantification of H2O2 uptake in differentiated Caco-2 cells. DFP00173, an aquaporin 3 (AQP3) inhibitor was effective at inhibiting the intracellular uptake of H2O2 and was sensitive to varied levels of H2O2 generated when different phenolic acids were added to the culture media. In summary, HyPer-3 was shown to be an effective technique to demonstrate relative capabilities of structurally different dietary phenolic acids that have potential to alter intestinal redox balance by changing intracellular H2O2, and either antioxidant or pro-oxidant activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Mu
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - David D Kitts
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Bakr AA, Ali M, Ibrahim K. Garlic and allopurinol alleviate the apoptotic pathway in rats' brain following exposure to fipronil insecticide. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2022; 37:e2022037-0. [PMID: 36916050 PMCID: PMC10014746 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fipronil can cause oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis. Our goal is to evaluate the antiapoptotic impact of garlic or allopurinol against fipronil neurotoxicity. Thirty-six mature male albino rats were separated into control, garlic aqueous extract (500 mg/kg), allopurinol (150 mg/L in their drinking water), fipronil (13.277 mg/kg), garlic+fipronil, and allopurinol+fipronil. Our results revealed that fipronil induced a significant increase in brain malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl levels as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and xanthine oxidase), but glutathione-S-transferase recorded a significant decrease as compared to the control. In addition, fipronil significantly up-regulated the brain pro-apoptotic (Bax) and caspase -3 mRNA gene expression and induced DNA fragmentation but caused down-regulation in anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) mRNA genes expression. Interestingly, co-administration with garlic or allopurinol improved the lipid peroxidation, antioxidant disturbance, and apoptosis induced by fipronil in the brain tissues. In conclusion, garlic or allopurinol reduced fipronil-induced apoptosis and reduced oxidative tissue damage, most likely through enhancing the tissue antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abo Bakr
- Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Khairy Ibrahim
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
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Roy JR, Janaki CS, Jayaraman S, Periyasamy V, Balaji T, Vijayamalathi M, Veeraraghavan VP. Carica papaya Reduces Muscle Insulin Resistance via IR/GLUT4 Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in High Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102081. [PMID: 36290804 PMCID: PMC9598374 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the management of type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic drugs have several side effects, which in turn have led the pharmaceutical industry to search for good therapeutic, non-toxic and reliable drugs. Carica papaya (C. papaya) is one of several plants in nature that have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties. Despite studies being focused on the antidiabetic activity of C. papaya, the molecular mechanism against high fat diet induced insulin resistance is yet to be identified. The role of C. papaya was evaluated on insulin signaling molecules, such as the insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in high fat, diet-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats, and analyzed the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IR and GLUT4 via molecular docking and dynamics. The ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaves (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily to male wistar rats for 45 days and we observed the various biochemical parameters, gene expression analysis and histopathology of skeletal muscle. Molecular docking and dynamics were undertaken to understand the bioactive compounds with the greatest hit rate. C. papaya treatment was able to control blood glucose levels, the lipid profile and serum insulin, but it facilitated tissue antioxidant enzymes and IR and GLUT4 levels. The in-silico study showed that kaempferol, quercitin and transferulic acid were the top three ligands with the greatest hit rate against the protein targets. Our preliminary findings, for the first time, showed that C. papaya reinstates the glycemic effect in the diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IR and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Rebecca Roy
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (J.R.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Coimbatore Sadagopan Janaki
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (J.R.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Vijayalakshmi Periyasamy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College, Trichy 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thotakura Balaji
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai 603 103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhavan Vijayamalathi
- Department of Physiology, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
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He HF. Recognition of Gallotannins and the Physiological Activities: From Chemical View. Front Nutr 2022; 9:888892. [PMID: 35719149 PMCID: PMC9198600 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallotannins, characterized with the glycosidic core and galloyl unit, are seemed as vital components of hydrolyzable tannins. Benefit from the more and more discoveries of their bioactivities and edibility, application of gallotannins in food industry, pharmacy industry, and other fields is increasing. Inheriting previous study achievements, chemical structure of gallotannins was illustrated and degradation as well as synthetic routes to gallotannins were summarized. On this basis, distribution in the nature also including the distinction of gallotannins was discussed. More than that, activities involving in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitions, protein binding, and so on, as well as applications in the field of food industry, biopharmaceutical science, agricultural production, etc., were combed. Finally, improvement of bioavailability, chemical modification of the structure, and accurate determination of new gallotannins were pointed out to be the orientation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Feng He
- College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Loh KE, Chin YS, Safinar Ismail I, Tan HY. Rapid characterisation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Using metabolomics approach. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:12-22. [PMID: 34000756 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperuricemia is the key risk factor for gout, in which the elevated uric acid is attributed to the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid by xanthine oxidase (XO). Adverse effects of the current treatments lead to an urgent need for safer and more effective alternative from natural resources. OBJECTIVE To compare the metabolite profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium flower fraction with that of its detannified fraction in relation to XO inhibitory activity using a rapid and effective metabolomics approach. METHODS Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR)-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis was utilised to characterise the XO inhibitors related to the antioxidant properties, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents of the C. morifolium dried flowers. RESULTS The highest XO inhibitory activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content with strong positive correlation between them were observed in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Detannified EtOAc showed higher XO inhibitory activity than non-detannified EtOAc fraction. A total of 17 metabolites were tentatively identified, of which three namely kaempferol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and apigenin, could be suggested to be responsible for the strong XO inhibitory activity. Additive interaction between 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and apigenin (or kaempferol) in XO inhibition was demonstrated in the interaction assay conducted. CONCLUSION Chrysanthemum morifolium dried flower-part could be further explored as a natural XO inhibitor for its anti-hyperuricemic potential. Metabolomics approach served as an effective classification of plant metabolites responsible for XO inhibitory activity, and demonstrated that multiple active compounds can work additively in giving combined inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khye Er Loh
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sin Chin
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Yin Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Vaccinium virgatum Aiton Leaves Extract Suppressed Lipid Accumulation and Uric Acid Production in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122638. [PMID: 34961109 PMCID: PMC8705443 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton; Kinisato 35 Gou) leaves have recently attracted increasing attention as a useful material for the prevention of lifestyle diseases. Here, we examined the effects of the hot water extract of blueberry leaves (BLEx) on lipogenesis and uric acid production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that BLEx suppressed lipid accumulation and the mRNA expression of differentiation markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A fractionation study showed that the highly polymerized proanthocyanidin-rich fraction was responsible for this effect. Upon maturation to adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells produced uric acid and tumor necrosis factor-α, and hypoxia stimulated the production of uric acid and xanthine oxidoreductase activity. BLEx suppressed the production of uric acid under these conditions. Although BLEx inhibited the enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidase, this activity was observed in several fractions containing catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and low molecular weight proanthocyanidins. Taken together, these results indicate that BLEx contains various compounds with the ability to suppress lipid accumulation and uric acid production in adipocytes.
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Alam S, Rashid MA, Sarker MMR, Emon NU, Arman M, Mohamed IN, Haque MR. Antidiarrheal, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of methanol extract of Colocasia gigantea Hook. f. leaves: evidenced from in vivo and in vitro studies along with computer-aided approaches. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:119. [PMID: 33845836 PMCID: PMC8042880 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colocasia gigantea, locally named as kochu is well-known due to its various healing power. This research is to investigate the antidiarrheal, antimicrobial and antioxidant possibilities of the methanol soluble extract of Colocasia gigantea. METHODS The antidiarrheal investigation was performed by using in vivo castor oil-induced diarrheal method whereas in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant investigation have been implemented by disc diffusion and DPPH scavenging method respectively. Moreover, in silico studies were followed by molecular docking analysis of several secondary metabolites that were appraised with Schrödinger-Maestro v11.1 and Biovia Discovery Studio. RESULTS The induction of plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, b.w, p.o) has minimized the castor oil mediated diarrhea by 16.96% (p < 0.01) and 38.89% (p < 0.001) respectively compared to control group. The methanol extract of C. gigantea showed mild sensitivity against almost all the tested strains but it shows high consistency of phenolic content and yielded 67.68 μg/mL of IC50 value in the DPPH test. In the PASS prediction, selected isolated compounds have demonstrated significant antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity following the Lipinski drug rules which have ascertained efficacy with the compounds in molecular docking study. CONCLUSION The results of this scientific research reflects that the methanol soluble extract of C. gigantea is safe and may provide possibilities of alleviation of diarrhea along with being a potential wellspring of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents which can be considered as an alternate source for exploration of new medicinal products in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Public Health, School of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Dhaka, 1705 Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Arman
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318 Bangladesh
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Rashedul Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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Gainche M, Ogeron C, Ripoche I, Senejoux F, Cholet J, Decombat C, Delort L, Berthon JY, Saunier E, Caldefie Chezet F, Chalard P. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. and Their Efficient Detections by HPTLC and HPLC Analyses. Molecules 2021; 26:1939. [PMID: 33808360 PMCID: PMC8038090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Filipendula ulmaria is a plant commonly used for the treatment of several pathologies, such as diarrhoea, ulcers, pain, stomach aches, fevers, and gout. Our study focused on the use of F. ulmaria for the treatment of gout disease. We first studied the chemical composition of a methanolic extract of the aerial parts and demonstrated its xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. Then, we performed a fractionation and evaluated the most XO inhibitory active fractions by UV measurement. Purification of some fractions allowed the determination of the inhibitory activity of pure compounds. We demonstrated that spiraeoside, a glycosylated flavonoid, possesses an activity around 25 times higher than allopurinol, used as a reference in the treatment of gout disease. In order to easily and quickly identify potent inhibitors in complex matrix, we developed a complementary strategy based on an HPLC method and an Effect Directed Assay (EDA) method combining HPTLC and biochemical assays. The HPLC method, capable of determining compounds exhibiting interactions with the enzyme, could be an efficient strategy for evaluating potent enzyme inhibitors in a complex mixture. This strategy could be applied for quantitative assays using LC/MS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Gainche
- Clermont Auvergne INP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (I.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Clémence Ogeron
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.O.); (F.S.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (L.D.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Isabelle Ripoche
- Clermont Auvergne INP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (I.R.); (P.C.)
| | - François Senejoux
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.O.); (F.S.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (L.D.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Juliette Cholet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.O.); (F.S.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (L.D.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Caroline Decombat
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.O.); (F.S.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (L.D.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Laetitia Delort
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.O.); (F.S.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (L.D.); (F.C.C.)
| | | | - Etienne Saunier
- Dômes Pharma, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France;
| | - Florence Caldefie Chezet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.O.); (F.S.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (L.D.); (F.C.C.)
| | - Pierre Chalard
- Clermont Auvergne INP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (I.R.); (P.C.)
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1470380. [PMID: 33854690 PMCID: PMC8019370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1470380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors.
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Yagiz G, Noma SAA, Altundas A, Al-Khafaji K, Taskin-Tok T, Ates B. Synthesis, inhibition properties against xanthine oxidase and molecular docking studies of dimethyl N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate and (N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104654. [PMID: 33493930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on synthesis various dimethyl N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate and (N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol derivatives under the conditions of green chemistry without the use of solvent and catalysts. Their inhibition properties were also investigated on xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. All dimethanol and dicarboxylate derivatives exhibited significant inhibition activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.71 to 2.25 μM. Especially, (1-(3-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol (5c) and dimethyl 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (6 g) compounds were found to be the most promising derivatives on the XO enzyme inhibition with IC50 values 0.71 and 0.73 μM, respectively. Moreover, the double docking procedure was to evaluate compound modes of inhibition and their interactions with the protein (XO) at atomic level. Surprisingly, the docking results showed a good correlation with IC50 [correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.7455)]. Also, the docking results exhibited that the 5c, 6f and 6 g have lowest docking scores -4.790, -4.755, and -4.730, respectively. These data were in agreement with the IC50 values. These results give promising beginning stages to assist in the improvement of novel and powerful inhibitor against XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Yagiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aliye Altundas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Khattab Al-Khafaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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14
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Li X, Liu J, Chen B, Chen Y, Dai W, Li Y, Zhu M. Covalent Bridging of Corilagin Improves Antiferroptosis Activity: Comparison with 1,3,6-Tri- O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2232-2237. [PMID: 33214834 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ellagitannin corilagin and its analogue 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose (TGG) were found to protect bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) against erastin-induced ferroptosis by cellular assays. However, the antiferroptosis bioactivity of corilagin was higher than that of TGG. Corilagin also exhibited higher antioxidant and Fe2+-chelation levels than TGG. Treated with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, corilagin and TGG yielded a corilagin- and a TGG-DPPH adduct, respectively. The corilagin-DPPH adduct retained the covalent bridge throughout the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. The strength of the covalent bridge is attributable to enhancement of its partial π-π conjugation. Thus, the bridge has sufficient strength to twist the chair conformation of the glucopyranosyl ring and to assemble two large aromatic rings, thereby improving the antioxidant (including Fe2+-chelation) reactivities. The bridge can also stabilize the product intermediate via partial π-π conjugation. Hence, corilagin is a superior ferroptosis inhibitor and antioxidant compared to TGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education
Mega Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, 510006
| | - Jie Liu
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China, 518101
| | - Ban Chen
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education
Mega Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, 510006
| | - Yingci Chen
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education
Mega Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, 510006
| | - Wanjian Dai
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education
Mega Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, 510006
| | - Yuling Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No. 232, Guangzhou Higher Education
Mega Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, 510006
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China, 518101
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15
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Bioactivity of Selected Phenolic Acids and Hexane Extracts from Bougainvilla spectabilis and Citharexylum spinosum on the Growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum and Dickeya solani Bacteria: An Opportunity to Save the Environment. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acids and natural extracts, as ecofriendly environmental agents, can be used as bio bactericides against the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, isolation trails from infected potato tubers and stems that showed soft rot symptoms in fields revealed two soft rot bacterial isolates and were initially identified through morphological, physiological, and pathogenicity tests. The molecular characterization of these isolates via PCR, based on the 16S rRNA region, was carried out by an analysis of the DNA sequence via BLAST and Genbank, and showed that the soft rot bacterial isolates belong to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (PCC1) and Dickeya solani (Ds1). The in vitro results of the tested phenolic acids against the cultured bacterial isolates proved that concentrations of 800, 1600, and 3200 μg/mL were the most effective. Ferulic acid was the potent suppressive phenolic acid tested against the Ds1 isolate, with an inhibition zone ranging from 6.00 to 25.75 mm at different concentrations (25–3200 μg/mL), but had no effect until reaching a concentration of 100 μg/mL in the PCC1 isolate, followed by tannic acid, which ranged from 7.00 to 25.50 mm. On the other hand, tannic acid resulted in a significant decrease in the growth rate of the PCC1 isolate with a mean of 9.11 mm. Chlorogenic acid was not as effective as the rest of the phenolic acids compared with the control. The n-hexane oily extract (HeOE) from Bougainvillea spectabilis bark showed the highest activity against PCC1 and Ds1, with inhibition zone values of 12 and 12.33 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 4000 μg/mL; while the HeOE from Citharexylum spinosum wood showed less activity. In the GC/MS analysis, nonanal, an oily liquid compound, was found ata percentage of 38.28%, followed by cis-2-nonenal (9.75%), which are the main compounds in B. spectabilis bark HeOE, and 2-undecenal (22.39%), trans-2-decenal (18.74%), and oleic acid (10.85%) were found, which are the main compounds in C. spinosum wood HeOE. In conclusion, the phenolic acids and plant HeOEs seem to raise the resistance of potato plants, improving their defense mechanisms against soft rot bacterial pathogens.
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16
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Wahyu Pribadi F, Widiartini C. The Effect Of Kelor Leaves (Moringa oleifera) Ethanol Extract On Serum Uric Acid And Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Of Hyperuricemic White Rats (Rattus norvegicus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/406/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Molecular Mechanisms That Define Redox Balance Function in Pathogen-Host Interactions-Is There a Role for Dietary Bioactive Polyphenols? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246222. [PMID: 31835548 PMCID: PMC6940965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure a functional immune system, the mammalian host must detect and respond to the presence of pathogenic bacteria during infection. This is accomplished in part by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that target invading bacteria; a process that is facilitated by NADPH oxidase upregulation. Thus, bacterial pathogens must overcome the oxidative burst produced by the host innate immune cells in order to survive and proliferate. In this way, pathogenic bacteria develop virulence, which is related to the affinity to secrete effector proteins against host ROS in order to facilitate microbial survival in the host cell. These effectors scavenge the host generated ROS directly, or alternatively, manipulate host cell signaling mechanisms designed to benefit pathogen survival. The redox-balance of the host is important for the regulation of cell signaling activities that include mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p21-activated kinase (PAK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. An understanding of the function of pathogenic effectors to divert host cell signaling is important to ascertain the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and the eventual host–pathogen relationship. Herein, we examine the effectors produced by the microbial secretion system, placing emphasis on how they target molecular signaling mechanisms involved in a host immune response. Moreover, we discuss the potential impact of bioactive polyphenols in modulating these molecular interactions that will ultimately influence pathogen virulence.
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18
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Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman AU, Munir M, Raza A, Nadeem M, Iqbal W, Wang C. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:387-418. [PMID: 30403440 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA), a disease due to an elevation of body uric acid level and responsible for various diseases such as gout, cardiovascular disorders, and renal failure, is a major ground debate for the medical science these days. Considering the risk factors linked with allopathic drugs for the treatment of this disease, the debate has now become a special issue. Previously, we critically discussed the role of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of HUA. Besides dietary food plants, many researchers figure out the tremendous effects of medicinal plants-derived phytochemicals against HUA. Keeping in mind all these aspects, we reviewed all possible managerial studies related to HUA through medicinal plants (isolated compounds). In the current review article, we comprehensively discussed various bioactive compounds, chemical structures, and structure-activity relationship with responsible key enzyme xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Bushra Safdar
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ashfaq-Ur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Masooma Munir
- Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Iqbal
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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19
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Honda S, Ishida R, Hidaka K, Masuda T. Stability of Polyphenols under Alkaline Conditions and the Formation of a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Gallic Acid in a Solution at pH 7.4. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.25.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Honda
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
| | - Rika Ishida
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
| | - Kayo Hidaka
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
| | - Toshiya Masuda
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
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20
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Masuoka N, Kubo I. Characterization of the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of alk(en)yl phenols and related compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:100-106. [PMID: 30096514 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) is a combination of uric acid formation inhibition and superoxide anion (O2-) generation suppression. The inhibition of uric acid formation by XO is useful for the screening of natural compounds that prevent gout, while the suppression of O2- generation is useful for treating oxidative stress. Many edible plants contain abundant phenolic compounds and alk(en)yl phenols, and some of these compounds display XO inhibitory activity. This review focuses on XO inhibitory activity since this activity is used to characterize natural products. Recently, it was demonstrated that the inhibitory activity could be characterized using assays for XO inhibition, the suppression of O2- generation, DPPH radical scavenging and O2- radical scavenging. The inhibitory activity was divided three reaction types. The first is XO inhibition, the second O2- generation suppression by modification of enzyme molecules and the third two forms of O2- scavenging. It was demonstrated that these three activities are related to both the hydroxy group arrangement in the phenol portion and the alk(en)yl chains. This characterization is useful for pursuing XO inhibitors and antioxidants in natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Masuoka
- CDW Life Science Lab, Okayama Research Park Incubation Center, 5303 Haga, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan; Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Japan.
| | - Isao Kubo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
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21
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Search of Neuroprotective Polyphenols Using the "Overlay" Isolation Method. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081840. [PMID: 30042342 PMCID: PMC6222604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of the neuroprotective activity of polyphenols have used ununiform culture systems, making it difficult to compare their neuroprotective potency. We have established a new and simple method for preparing differentiated PC12 cells by removing the toxic coating step. Cells were induced to differentiate with the nerve growth factor (NGF) in a serum-free medium, without a medium change, but with a one-time overlay supplementation of NGF. The optimal inoculation density of the cells was 6–12 × 103 cells/cm2, and the presence of serum inhibited the differentiation. Neuroprotective activity could be quantified by the specific index (SI) value, that is, the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic concentration to the 50% effective concentration. Alkaline extract from the leaves of Sasa senanensis Rehder (SE), having had hormetic growth stimulation, showed the highest SI value, followed by epigallocatechin gallate. The SI value of curcumin and resveratrol was much lower. This simple overly method, that can prepare massive differentiated neuronal cells, may be applicable for the study of the differentiation-associated changes in intracellular metabolites, and the interaction between neuronal cells and physiological factors.
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22
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Sá S, Chaul LT, Alves VF, Fiuza TS, Tresvenzol LM, Vaz BG, Ferri PH, Borges LL, Paula JR. Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Sharma R, Rana V. Effect of carboxymethylation on rheological and drug release characteristics of Terminalia catappa gum. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:728-738. [PMID: 28917923 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The carboxymethylation of galactomannans, arabinogalactans, arbinoxylan, etc is known to modify solubility, swelling index, rheological behaviour, powder characteristics, etc. Therefore, an attempt had been made to study the effect of carboxymethylation on Terminalia catappa (TC) gum. For this, modified Williamson synthesis reaction was utilized employing Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Grafting of carboxymethyl group on Terminalia catappa was confirmed by ATR-FTIR, H1NMR and DSC analyses. The rheological attributes revealed that the carboxymethylation of TC lowers the viscosity, enhance thermal stability (high activation energy), disentanglement was near to re-entanglement, and weak gelling characteristic. However, the soluble fluconazole loaded gel formulation of CMTC showed diffusion based kinetic model indicating good reservoir for effective application on skin/tissue surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Sharma
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Vikas Rana
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
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24
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Youn SH, Kwon JH, Yin J, Tam LT, Ahn HS, Myung SC, Lee MW. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Urolithiasis Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Quercus gilva Blume. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071121. [PMID: 28678204 PMCID: PMC6152187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercus gilva Bume (QGB, family Fagaceae) is a tall evergreen oak species tree that grows in warm temperate regions in Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan. Quercus plants have long been the basis of traditional medicines. Their clinical benefits according to traditional medicine include relief of urolithiasis, tremors and inflammation. In the present study, the anti-urolithiasis activity including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, of some phenolic compounds isolated from QGB were described. Seven compounds were isolated and identified as picraquassioside D (1), quercussioside (2), (+)-lyoniresinol-9′α-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (3), (+)-catechin (4), (−)-epicatechin (5), procyanidin B-3 (6), and procyanidin B-4 (7). Compounds 5–7 showed potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. These compounds were further tested for their inhibition of the gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines. The three compounds 5–7 showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on gene expression of COX-2 and IL-1β. In vivo, urolithiasis was induced more effectively in an animal model of acute urolithiasis by the administration of QGB extract. These results indicate the potential of compounds from QGB in the treatment of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hye Youn
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Joo Hee Kwon
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jun Yin
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Le Thi Tam
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Hye Shin Ahn
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Soon Chul Myung
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Min Won Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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25
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Kaur N, Kaur B, Sirhindi G. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus niruri L.: A Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:980-1004. [PMID: 28512988 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus niruri, a typical member of family Euphorbiaceae, is a small annual herb found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus Phyllanthus has been used in traditional medicine for its wide range of pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antiplasmodial, antiviral, diuretic and hepatoprotective. This review summarizes the information about morphological, biochemical, ethanobotanical, pharmacological, biological and toxicological activities with special emphasis on mechanism of anticancer activity of P. niruri. Gaps in previous studies such as taxonomic inconsistency of P. niruri, novel phytochemicals and their therapeutic properties, especially mechanisms of anticancerous activity and market products available, have been looked into and addressed. Scientific information related to 83 phytochemicals (including many novel compounds detected recently by the authors) has been provided in a very comprehensive manner. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
| | - Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
| | - Geetika Sirhindi
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147 002, Punjab, India
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26
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Nguyen TL, Rusten A, Bugge MS, Malterud KE, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, Wangensteen H. Flavonoids, gallotannins and ellagitannins in Syzygium guineense and the traditional use among Malian healers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:450-458. [PMID: 27647014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Syzygium guineense has been traditionally used in Mali in West Africa for the treatment of different diseases such as stomach problems, wounds, inflammations and various female disorders. AIMS OF THE STUDY (1) To perform an ethnopharmacological survey on the traditional use of S. guineense among Malian healers. (2) To isolate and identify chemical constituents from S. guineense leaves and to study their radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In four different districts in Mali, 44 healers were interviewed about their medicinal use of S. guineense. A methanol extract of the leaves of this tree was prepared and further fractionated using different chromatographic methods. Isolated compounds were identified by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Extracts and isolated compounds were investigated as DPPH radical scavengers and as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and 15-lipoxygenase, and the methanol extract was tested for toxicity towards Artemia salina nauplii. RESULTS Major uses by Malian healers were against dermatosis, pain, malaria/fever and for wound healing. There was little consensus about the use in the different districts. Leaves were most commonly used. From the methanol leaf extract, the flavonoids gallocatechin (1), myricetin (2), myricetin-3-O-glucoside (3), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (4), myricetin-3-O-glucuronide (5) and myricetin-3-O-β-D-(6″-galloyl)galactoside (6), the gallotannins 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (7) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (8), and the ellagitannins casuarictin (9) and casuarinin (10) were isolated. These ten polyphenols are all new for the species. The crude methanol extract was active as a radical scavenger and as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and 15-lipoxygenase. Among the isolated compounds, pentagalloylglucose was the best enzyme inhibitor (IC50 25±4μM for 15-lipoxygenase, 8±1μM for xanthine oxidase), while casuarictin (IC50 3.9±0.1μM), casuarinin (IC50 4.5±0.3μM) and pentagalloylglucose (IC50 5±1μM) showed the highest radical scavenging activity. The methanol extract was non-toxic to Artemia salina nauplii. CONCLUSION S. guineense leaves are commonly used among Malian healers, however the traditional practice varies a lot between different regions. The leaves of S. guineense are rich in polyphenols; several are galloylated, either as galloylated flavonoids, gallotannins or ellagitannins. The high content of biologically active polyphenols might be important for medicinal effects of this plant and might give a rationale for the widespread usage of S. guineense in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Lan Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Section Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Rusten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Section Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Skogsrud Bugge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Section Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Egil Malterud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Section Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Drissa Diallo
- Department of Traditional Medicine, BP 1746 Bamako, Mali
| | - Berit Smestad Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Section Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Section Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Zhang C, Zhang G, Pan J, Gong D. Galangin competitively inhibits xanthine oxidase by a ping-pong mechanism. Food Res Int 2016; 89:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang S, Du P, Zhang N, Liu J, Tang X, Zhao Q, Yang Y. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins protect against HK-2 cell injury induced by oxalate and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. Urolithiasis 2015; 44:203-10. [PMID: 26446157 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-015-0826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to test whether the antioxidants oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) could provide protection against oxalate and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (COM) toxicity in HK-2 cells. Four groups were chosen for the study: negative control group, positive control group (COM + oxalate), OPCs group (OPCs + COM + oxalate), Vit E group (Vit E + COM + oxalate). HK-2 cells were exposed for 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. The activity of HK-2 cell was assessed by MTT. Cellular injury was assessed by activity of Na(+)/K(+) ATP enzyme. Peroxidation level was assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content in medium and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Morphological changes of HK-2 cell after exposed for 4 and 12 h in each group were observed under Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The effects of OPCs and VitE on oxalate- and COM-exposed cells were tested. After exposed to oxalate and COM crystals, activity of cells, Na(+)/K(+) ATP enzyme and SOD enzyme showed a significant reduction, and MDA content in medium was significantly increased. OPCs group: the addition of OPCs significantly increased activity of cell, SOD and Na(+)/K(+) ATP enzyme while MDA content was significantly decreased compared with the positive control group. VitE group: compared with the positive control group, activity of HK-2 cell, Na(+)/K(+) ATP enzyme was not significantly changed while SOD activity was restored, and MDA content was significantly decreased after the addition of Vit E. Morphological structure of HK-2 cell was extremely changed as observed under TEM after exposure to high level of COM crystals and oxalate. After the addition of OPCs or Vit E, amounts of cells with vacuoles formed in cytoplasms, karyotheca dissolved and nucleolus disappeared were less than in positive control group. The morphological structure changing in OPCs group was slighter than that in Vit E group. OPCs and vitamin E administration may prevent oxalate- and COM-mediated peroxidative injury, restoring intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity. The protection rendered by OPCs was greater than that of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xingxing Tang
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Urology, Bejing Cancer Hospital, 52# FuChengLu, Beijing, 100142, China
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Tanaka R, Miyata Y, Minakuchi N, Murakami A, Sakazaki F. [The Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Hypouricemic Effects of Crude Drugs Obtained from the Silkworm in Mice]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:1169-76. [PMID: 26423873 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of crude drugs obtained from the silkworm in mice with oxonic acid-induced hyperuricemia using xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and plasma uric acid levels. The plasma uric acid level was analyzed using an improved HPLC with UV detection (HPLC-UV) method, which enabled high-sensitivity analysis of a microliter of plasma. Using this method, we evaluated natural products administered orally to the hypouricemic mice. The plasma uric acid level of mice administered a water-soluble extract from silkworm larvae with botrytis (used in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce wind, lower blood pressure, and change platelet coagulation) was significantly lower than in the control group 1, 2, and 3 h after treatment. In addition, water soluble extracts from a fungus (NBRC 31161) metabolite and silkworm pupae and larvae reduced the plasma uric acid levels in mice compared with the control group.
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The synthesis and antitumor activity of twelve galloyl glucosides. Molecules 2015; 20:2034-60. [PMID: 25633333 PMCID: PMC6272398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve galloyl glucosides 1-12, showing diverse substitution patterns with two or three galloyl groups, were synthesized using commercially available, low-cost D-glucose and gallic acid as starting materials. Among them, three compounds, methyl 3,6-di-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (9), ethyl 2,3-di-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (11) and ethyl 2,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), are new compounds and other six, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (2), 1,2-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3), 1,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (4), 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranose (6) and methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (10), were synthesized for the first time in the present study. In in vitro MTT assay, 1-12 inhibited human cancer K562, HL-60 and HeLa cells with inhibition rates ranging from 64.2% to 92.9% at 100 μg/mL, and their IC50 values were determined to be varied in 17.2-124.7 μM on the tested three human cancer cell lines. In addition, compounds 1-12 inhibited murine sarcoma S180 cells with inhibition rates ranging from 38.7% to 52.8% at 100 μg/mL in the in vitro MTT assay, and in vivo antitumor activity of 1 and 2 was also detected in murine sarcoma S180 tumor-bearing Kunming mice using taxol as positive control.
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Masuoka N, Nihei KI, Maeta A, Yamagiwa Y, Kubo I. Inhibitory effects of cardols and related compounds on superoxide anion generation by xanthine oxidase. Food Chem 2015; 166:270-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang X, Zhao M, Su G, Cai M, Zhou C, Huang J, Lin L. The antioxidant activities and the xanthine oxidase inhibition effects of walnut (Juglans regiaL.) fruit, stem and leaf. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Pulp & Paper Engineering State Key Laboratory; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Guowan Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Mengsen Cai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Chunming Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lianzhu Lin
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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Kim JE, Kim MA, Kim JS, Park DC, Lee SP. Enhancing the organoleptic and functional properties of jujube by a quick aging process. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 18:50-9. [PMID: 24471110 PMCID: PMC3867154 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2013.18.1.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black jujube was made by aging dried jujube and its physiochemical characteristics, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. The moisture and sugar contents were increased depending on the period of aging times and the pH was reduced thereby increasing acidity. The color of black jujube extract was changed from red to black resulting in decreases of Hunter color values L, a and b. As the aging progressed, sucrose was decomposed by increasing glucose and fructose, indicating higher contents of the total reducing sugars. Among the six different types of organic acids extracted from dried jujube, the levels of oxalic acid and citric acid were increased as the aging progressed. The total polyphenol contents in ethanol and water extracts of dried jujube were 7.74 and 8.12 mg/g, respectively. The water extract of black jujube aged for 48 hr contained the highest polyphenol contents at 16.82 mg/g. The 5’-hydroxymethylfurfural (5’-HMF) contents of black jujube extract significantly increased by longer aging times, and contained higher contents in the ethanol extract than water extract. The ethanol extract of black jujube showed the highest 5’-HMF content with 338.89 mg% after aging for 3 days. Also, IC50 values of black jujube aged for 72 hr evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical assays were 0.54 and 0.59 mg/mL, respectively. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of black jujube at the concentration of 3.33 mg/mL (ethanol extract) increased from 65 to 80 % after aging for 72 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Min-Ah Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Park
- Department of Hotel Cuisine and Food Service Management, Gimcheon University, Gyeongbuk 740-704, Korea
| | - Sam-Pin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea ; The Center for Traditional Microorganism Resource (TMR), Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
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Li DZ, Tang C, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Ke CQ, Yao S, Ye Y. ent-Labdane diterpenes from the stems of Mallotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1580-1585. [PMID: 23987741 DOI: 10.1021/np400241p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight new ent-labdane diterpenoids, mallonicusins A-H (1-8), were isolated from the stems of Mallotus japonicus. Their structures, including the absolute configurations, were determined by extensive analyses of spectroscopic data and the ECD spectra of the Pr(FOD)₃ complex of substrates in CCl₄. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & SIMM-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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36
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Meka VS, Nali SR, Songa AS, Kolapalli VRM. Characterization and in vitro drug release studies of a natural polysaccharide Terminalia catappa gum (Badam gum). AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1451-64. [PMID: 23090110 PMCID: PMC3513443 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present study is the physicochemical characterization of naturally available Terminalia catappa gum (Badam gum [BG]) as a novel pharmaceutical excipient and its suitability in the development of gastroretentive floating drug delivery systems (GRFDDS) to retard the drug for 12 h when the dosage form is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids in the gastric environment. As BG was being explored for the first time for its pharmaceutical application, physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, and stability studies were carried out on this gum. In the present investigation, the physicochemical properties, such as micromeritic, rheological, melting point, moisture content, pH, swelling index, water absorption, and volatile acidity, were evaluated. The gum was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction studies (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gastroretentive floating tablets of BG were prepared with the model drug propranolol HCl by direct compression methods. The prepared tablets were evaluated for all their physicochemical properties, in vitro buoyancy, in vitro drug release, and rate order kinetics. PBG 04 was selected as an optimized formulation based on its 12-h drug release and good buoyancy characteristics. The optimized formulation was characterized with FTIR, DSC, and PXRD studies, and no interaction between the drug and BG was found. Thus, the study confirmed that BG might be used in the gastroretentive drug delivery system as a release-retarding polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Srikanth Meka
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia.
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37
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Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F. Antiproliferative potential and DNA scission inhibitory activity of phenolics from whole millet grains. J Funct Foods 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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38
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Sugiyama A, Kimura H, Ogawa S, Yokota K, Takeuchi T. Effects of polyphenols from seed shells of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata BLUME) on methotrexate-induced intestinal injury in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:673-8. [PMID: 21173553 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of polyphenols from seed shells of Japanese horse chestnut (JHP) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal injury in rats. MTX application caused intestinal morphological injury and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, decrease in levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in small intestine. However, oral administration of JHP ameliorated MTX-induced intestinal injury and inhibited the increase in MDA and the decrease in GSH and GSH-Px activity in small intestine. In conclusion, our results indicated that oral administration of JHP alleviated MTX-induced intestinal injury through its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sugiyama
- Course of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 MinamiKoyama-cho, Tottori 680–8553, Japan.
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Boim MA, Heilberg IP, Schor N. Phyllanthus niruri as a promising alternative treatment for nephrolithiasis. Int Braz J Urol 2010; 36:657-64; discussion 664. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382010000600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Berboucha M, Ayouni K, Atmani D, Atmani D, Benboubetra M. Kinetic Study on the Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase by Extracts from Two Selected Algerian Plants Traditionally Used for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Food 2010; 13:896-904. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Berboucha
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Karima Ayouni
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Dina Atmani
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Djebbar Atmani
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Benboubetra
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Setif, Setif, Algeria
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41
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Pfundstein B, El Desouky SK, Hull WE, Haubner R, Erben G, Owen RW. Polyphenolic compounds in the fruits of Egyptian medicinal plants (Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1132-1148. [PMID: 20451939 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-four polyphenolic substances in methanol extracts of the fruits of Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida, three plants used in Egyptian folk medicine, were initially identified by HPLC-ESI-MS and quantitated by analytical HPLC after column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. After purification by semi-preparative HPLC the compounds were identified by their mass and fragmentation patterns using ESI-MS-MS. For several compounds detailed 1H/13C NMR analysis at 600 MHz was performed. Two polyphenolics, namely 4-O-(4''-O-galloyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid and 4-O-(3'',4''-di-O-galloyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid were identified by NMR. Antioxidant capacities of the raw fruit extracts and the major isolated substances were determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in vitro assays and indicated that chebulic ellagitannins have high activity which may correlate with high potential as cancer chemopreventive agents. Therefore, further studies (metabolism, bioavailability and toxicity) of the polyphenolics in Terminalia species using preclinical models and in vivo human intervention trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Pfundstein
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)/National Tumor Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wu N, Zu Y, Fu Y, Kong Y, Zhao J, Li X, Li J, Wink M, Efferth T. Antioxidant activities and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of extracts and main polyphenolic compounds obtained from Geranium sibiricum L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4737-4743. [PMID: 20205393 DOI: 10.1021/jf904593n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant capacity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of extracts and main polyphenolic compounds of Geranium sibiricum were studied in the present work. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, and reducing power assays. Among the extracts and four fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest phenolic content (425.36 +/- 9.70 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g extracts) and the best antioxidant activity. The IC(50) values of the ethyl acetate fraction were 0.93, 3.32, 2.06, 2.66, and 1.64 microg/mL in the DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, and reducing power assays, respectively. Of the polyphenolic compounds separated from the ethyl acetate fraction, geraniin showed a higher activity than corilagin and gallic acid. The IC(50) values ranged from 0.87 to 2.53 microM, which were even lower than the positive control (except for allopurinol). All test samples except for the petroleum ether fraction showed xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects. We conclude that G. sibiricum represents a valuable natural antioxidant source and is potentially applicable in the healthy food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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43
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Murugaiyah V, Chan KL. Mechanisms of antihyperuricemic effect of Phyllanthus niruri and its lignan constituents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:233-239. [PMID: 19397979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is used as folk medicine in South America to treat excess uric acid. Our initial study showed that the methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri and its lignans were able to reverse the plasma uric acid of hyperuricemic animals. AIM OF THE STUDY The study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of antihyperuricemic effect of Phyllanthus niruri and its lignan constituents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mechanisms were investigated using xanthine oxidase assay and uricosuric studies in potassium oxonate- and uric acid-induced hyperuricemic rats. RESULTS Phyllanthus niruri methanol extract exhibited in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition with an IC50 of 39.39 microg/mL and a moderate in vivo xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. However, the lignans display poor xanthine oxidase inhibition in vitro and a relatively weak in vivo inhibitory activity at 10mg/kg. On the other hand, intraperitoneal treatment with Phyllanthus niruri methanol extract showed 1.69 folds increase in urinary uric acid excretion when compared to the hyperuricemic control animals. Likewise, the lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and phyltetralin exhibited up to 2.51 and 11.0 folds higher in urinary uric acid excretion and clearance, respectively. The co-administration of pyrazinamide with phyllanthin exhibited a significant suppression of phyllanthin's uricosuric activity resembling that of pyrazinamide with benzbromarone. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that the antihyperuricemic effect of Phyllanthus niruri methanol extract may be mainly due to its uricosuric action and partly through xanthine oxidase inhibition, whereas the antihyperuricemic effect of the lignans was attributed to their uricosuric action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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44
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Udompataikul M, Sripiroj P, Palungwachira P. An oral nutraceutical containing antioxidants, minerals and glycosaminoglycans improves skin roughness and fine wrinkles. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 31:427-35. [PMID: 19570098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various nutraceuticals (dietary supplements) are claimed to have cutaneous antiageing properties, however, there are a limited number of research studies supporting these claims. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of an oral nutraceutical containing antioxidants, minerals and glycosaminoglycans on cutaneous ageing. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 women aged 35-60 years were randomized to receive oral dietary supplement (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30), once daily for 12 weeks. The depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles were measured using surface evaluation of skin parameters for living skin (Visioscan) at baseline, and at the 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Surface evaluation using a replica film (Visiometer) at baseline and at the 12th week of treatment was also carried out. Statistical differences in objective skin improvement were assessed by the independent t-test. The volunteers' satisfaction was tested using the chi-squared test. The baseline depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles in the treatment group and the placebo group were 100.5 and 100 mum, respectively. At the end of the study, the depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles in the treatment group showed a 21.2% improvement, whereas improvement in the control group was 1.7%. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). With regard to the volunteers' satisfaction, there was no statistically significant decrease in the homogenization of skin colour, however, a statistically significant reduction in pore size and depth of skin roughness and fine wrinkles were observed (P < 0.05). No side effects were noted throughout the study. The oral dietary supplement containing antioxidants, minerals and glycosaminoglycans improved skin roughness and fine wrinkles but did not affect skin colour change in female volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Udompataikul
- Skin Center, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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45
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Palu A, Deng S, West B, Jensen J. Xanthine oxidase inhibiting effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia
) fruit juice. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1790-1. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ahmad NS, Farman M, Najmi MH, Mian KB, Hasan A. Pharmacological basis for use of Pistacia integerrima leaves in hyperuricemia and gout. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:478-482. [PMID: 18420362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pistacia integerrima Stew ex. Brandis is an important component of commonly dispensed traditional dosage forms. We wished to determine whether polyphenolic constituents of this plant could be useful in oxidative stress and have potential to counter hyperuricemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Radical scavenging activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity assay in vitro. Fructose (FRS) induced hyperuricemic animal model was used to asses the serum uric acid (UA) lowering effect by plant products. RESULTS Ethyl acetate and n-BuOH fractions had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) was 6 and 7.6 microg/ml respectively. It was less than quercetin (IC(50) 0.95 microg/ml) and ascorbic acid (IC(50) 1.76 microg/ml). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was comparable between n-BuOH and EtOAc (IC(50) 19 and 20 microg/ml) extracts but less than quercetin (IC(50) 0.65 microg/ml) and allopurinol (IC(50) 0.10 microg/ml). The antioxidant activity as well as the inhibitory activity towards the enzyme XO by quercetin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-(6''-O-syringyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferol-3-O-(4''-O-galloyl)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (8), rutin (4) together with aglycons, quercetin (1), kaempferol (2) and apigenin (3) was promising to continue in vivo hypouricemic studies. Ethyl acetate extract had dose dependent UA lowering effect in hyperuricemic mice. This effect was comparable with quercetin but less than allopurinol. CONCLUSIONS These findings are encouraging to plan clinical studies in hyperuricemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Saud Ahmad
- College of Medical Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan.
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Kajita M, Hikosaka K, Iitsuka M, Kanayama A, Toshima N, Miyamoto Y. Platinum nanoparticle is a useful scavenger of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:615-26. [PMID: 17516233 DOI: 10.1080/10715760601169679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles consisting of gold and platinum were prepared by a citrate reduction method and complementarily stabilized with pectin (CP-Au/Pt). The percent mole ratio of platinum was varied from 0 to 100%. The CP-Au/Pt were alloy-structured. They were well dispersed in water. The average diameter of platinum nanoparticles (CP-Pt) was 4.7 +/- 1.5 nm. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was quenched by CP-Au/Pt consisting of more than 50% platinum whereas superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) was quenched by any CP-Au/Pt. The CP-Au/Pt quenched these two reactive oxygen species in dose-dependent manners. The CP-Pt is the strongest quencher. The CP-Pt decomposed H(2)O(2) and consequently generated O(2) like catalase. The CP-Pt actually quenched O(2)(-) which was verified by a superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kit. This quenching activity against O(2)(-) persisted like SOD. Taken together, CP-Pt may be a SOD/catalase mimetic which is useful for medical treatment of oxidative stress diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kajita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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Zajácz A, Gyémánt G, Vittori N, Kandra L. Aleppo tannin: structural analysis and salivary amylase inhibition. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:717-23. [PMID: 17217934 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness and specificity of a tannin inhibition on human salivary amylase (HSA) catalyzed hydrolysis was studied using 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-maltoside (GalG(2)-CNP) and amylose substrates. Aleppo tannin was isolated from the gall nut of Aleppo oak. This tannin is a gallotannin, in which glucose is esterified with gallic acids. This is the first kinetic report, which details the inhibitory effects of this compound on HSA. A mixed non-competitive type inhibition has been observed on both substrates. The extent of inhibition is markedly dependent on the substrate-type. Kinetic constants were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk secondary plots for GalG(2)-CNP (K(EI) 0.82 microg mL(-1), K(ESI) 3.3 microg mL(-1)). This indicates a 1:1 binding ratio of inhibitor-enzyme and/or inhibitor-enzyme-substrate complex. When amylose was the substrate the binding ratio of inhibitor to enzyme-substrate complex was found to be 2:1, with the binding constants of K(EI) 17.4 microg mL(-1), K(ESI) 14.9 microg mL(-1), K(ESI(2)) 9.6 microg mL(-1). Presumably, the tannin inhibitor can bind not only to HSA, but to the amylose substrate, as well. Kinetic data suggest that Aleppo tannin is a more efficient amylase inhibitor than the recently studied other tannin with quinic acid core (GalG(2)-CNP: K(EI) 9.0 microg mL(-1), K(ESI) 47.9 microg mL(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Zajácz
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 55, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Shibusawa Y, Yanagida A, Shindo H, Ito Y. Separation of Apple Catechin Oligomers by CCC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120021270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Shibusawa
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science , 1432‐1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo , 192‐0392 , Japan
| | - Akio Yanagida
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science , 1432‐1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo , 192‐0392 , Japan
| | - Heisaburo Shindo
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science , 1432‐1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo , 192‐0392 , Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- b Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
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Abstract
A series (C1-C12) of alkyl gallates was examined for their effects on the activity of xanthine oxidase. Octyl (C8), decyl (C10), and dodecyl (C12) gallates competitively inhibited uric acid formation generated by xanthine oxidase, and the inhibition increased upon increasing the alkyl chain length. Interestingly, neither menthyl nor bornyl gallates inhibited uric acid formation. These data indicate that the hydrophobic alkyl portion is associated with the xanthine-binding site in the Mo-binding domain. It is likely that the linear alkyl portion interacts with the hydrophobic domain close to the binding site, and the hydrophobic interaction is crucial to inhibit the xanthine oxidase reaction. On the other hand, all of gallic acid and its esters equally suppress superoxide anion generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase at low concentration. The suppression is not due to scavenging activity of these gallates but due to reduction of xanthine oxidase by these gallates. The reduced enzyme catalyzes the reaction to generate hydrogen peroxide and uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Masuoka
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho, Okayama, Japan.
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