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Thompson Z, Fonseca IAT, Acosta W, Idarraga L, Garland T. Effects of food restriction on voluntary wheel-running behavior and body mass in selectively bred High Runner lines of mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 282:114582. [PMID: 38750805 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Food restriction can have profound effects on various aspects of behavior, physiology, and morphology. Such effects might be amplified in animals that are highly active, given that physical activity can represent a substantial fraction of the total daily energy budget. More specifically, some effects of food restriction could be associated with intrinsic, genetically based differences in the propensity or ability to perform physical activity. To address this possibility, we studied the effects of food restriction in four replicate lines of High Runner (HR) mice that have been selectively bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running. We hypothesized that HR mice would respond differently than mice from four non-selected Control (C) lines. Healthy adult females from generation 65 were housed individually with wheels and provided access to food and water ad libitum for experimental days 1-19 (Phase 1), which allowed mice to attain a plateau in daily running distances. Ad libitum food intake of each mouse was measured on days 20-22 (Phase 2). After this, each mouse experienced a 20 % food restriction for 7 days (days 24-30; Phase 3), and then a 40 % food restriction for 7 additional days (days 31-37; Phase 4). Mice were weighed on experimental days 1, 8, 9, 15, 20, and 23-37 and wheel-running activity was recorded continuously, in 1-minute bins, during the entire experiment. Repeated-measures ANOVA of daily wheel-running distance during Phases 2-4 indicated that HR mice always ran much more than C, with values being 3.29-fold higher during the ad libitum feeding trial, 3.58-fold higher with -20 % food, and 3.06-fold higher with -40 % food. Seven days of food restriction at -20 % did not significantly reduce wheel-running distance of either HR (-5.8 %, P = 0.0773) or C mice (-13.3 %, P = 0.2122). With 40 % restriction, HR mice showed a further decrease in daily wheel-running distance (P = 0.0797 vs. values at 20 % restriction), whereas C mice did not (P = 0.4068 vs. values at 20 % restriction) and recovered to levels similar to those on ad libitum food (P = 0.3634). For HR mice, daily running distances averaged 11.4 % lower at -40 % food versus baseline values (P = 0.0086), whereas for C mice no statistical difference existed (-4.8 %, P = 0.7004). Repeated-measures ANOVA of body mass during Phases 2-4 indicated a highly significant effect of food restriction (P = 0.0001), but no significant effect of linetype (P = 0.1764) and no interaction (P = 0.8524). Both HR and C mice had a significant reduction in body mass only when food rations were reduced by 40 % relative to ad libitum feeding, and even then the reductions averaged only -0.60 g for HR mice (-2.6 %) and -0.49 g (-2.0 %) for C mice. Overall, our results indicate a surprising insensitivity of body mass to food restriction in both high-activity (HR) and ordinary (C) mice, and also insensitivity of wheel running in the C lines of mice, thus calling for studies of compensatory mechanisms that allow this insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Thompson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Present Address: Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, USA
| | - Ivana A T Fonseca
- Department of Physical Education, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Wendy Acosta
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Laidy Idarraga
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Létocart AJ, Svensson RB, Mabesoone F, Charleux F, Marin F, Dermigny Q, Magnusson SP, Couppé C, Grosset JF. Structure and function of Achilles and patellar tendons following moderate slow resistance training in young and old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05461-y. [PMID: 38649478 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging and resistance training with a moderate load on the size and mechanical properties of the patellar (PT) and Achilles tendon (AT) and their associated aponeuroses; medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL). Young (Y55; 24.8 ± 3.8 yrs, n = 11) and old men (O55; 70.0 ± 4.6 yrs, n = 13) were assigned to undergo a training program (12 weeks; 3 times/week) of moderate slow resistance training [55% of one repetition maximum (RM)] of the triceps surae and quadriceps muscles. Tendon dimensions were assessed using 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging before and after 12 weeks. AT and PT cross sectional area (CSA) were determined every 10% of tendon length. Mechanical properties of the free AT, MG aponeurosis, PT, and VL aponeurosis were assessed using ultrasonography (deformation) and tendon force measurements. CSA of the AT but not PT was greater in O55 compared with Y55. At baseline, mechanical properties were generally lower in O55 than Y55 for AT, MG aponeurosis and VL aponeurosis (Young's modulus) but not for PT. CSA of the AT and PT increased equally in both groups following training. Further, for a given force, stiffness and Young's modulus also increased equally for VL aponeurosis and AT, for boths groups. The present study highlights that except for the PT, older men have lower tendon (AT, MG aponeurosis, and VL aponeurosis) mechanical properties than young men and 12-weeks of moderate slow resistance training appears sufficient to improve tendon size and mechanical adaptations in both young and older men. New and Noteworthy: These novel findings suggest that short-term moderate slow resistance training induces equal improvements in tendon size and mechanics regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien J Létocart
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - René B Svensson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Quentin Dermigny
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Grosset
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Blasimann A, Busch A, Henle P, Bruhn S, Vissers D, Baur H. Bilateral neuromuscular control in patients one year after unilateral ACL rupture or reconstruction. A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24364. [PMID: 38268828 PMCID: PMC10803901 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare bilateral neuromuscular control in patients one year after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) or conservative treatment (ACL-C) to healthy controls (ACL-I). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Electromyography of vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) was recorded during stair descent and anterior tibial translation. Each step of stair descent was divided into pre-activity, weight-acceptance and push-off phase. Pre-activation, short, medium (MLR) and long latency responses (LLR) were defined for reflex activity. Participants N = 38 patients one year after ACL reconstruction (ACL-R), N = 26 participants with conservative treatment one year after ACL rupture (ACL-C), N = 38 healthy controls with an intact ACL (ACL-I). Main outcome measures Normalized root mean squares per muscle and phase (α = 0.05). Results During stair descent, within-group leg differences were found for the quadriceps in ACL-R during all phases and for the BF in ACL-C during weight-acceptance. Between-group leg differences were found for BF in both patient groups compared to ACL-I during push-off.Between-group differences in pre-activation for VM between ACL-R and ACL-C, and between ACL-C and ACL-I were found, and as LLR between patients and ACL-R versus ACL-I. Pre-activation of BF and MLR of ST differed for each patient group compared to ACL-I. Conclusions Bilateral neuromuscular alterations are still present one year after ACL rupture or reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Blasimann
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Aglaja Busch
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Potsdam, University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Henle
- Lindenhof Group AG, Sonnenhof Orthopaedic Center, 3006, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bruhn
- University of Rostock, Institute of Sports Science, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Vissers
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Heiner Baur
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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Darragh IAJ, McNamee N, Daly R, Pacheco SM, O'Driscoll L, Egan B. The separation and identification of circulating small extracellular vesicles from endurance-trained, strength-trained and recreationally active men. J Physiol 2023; 601:5075-5091. [PMID: 37725436 DOI: 10.1113/jp285170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane-encapsulated particles that carry bioactive cargoes, are released by all cell types and are present in all human biofluids. Changes in EV profiles and abundance occur in response to acute exercise, but this study investigated whether individuals with divergent histories of exercise training (recreationally active controls - CON; endurance-trained - END; strength-trained - STR) presented with varied abundances of small EVs in resting samples and whether the abundance of small EVs differed within each group across two measurement days. Participants (n = 38, all male; CON n = 12, END n = 13, STR n = 13) arrived at the lab on two separate occasions in a rested, overnight fasted state, with standardisation of time of day of sampling, recent dietary intake, time since last meal and time since last exercise training session (∼40 h). Whole blood samples were collected and separated into plasma from which small EVs were separated using size exclusion chromatography and identified in accordance with the Minimal Information For Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines. No differences in the abundance of small EVs were observed within or between groups across multiple methods of small EV identification (nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, immunoblot of specific EV markers). Targeted metabolomics of the small EV preparations identified 96 metabolites that were associated with the structure and function of small EVs, with no statistically significant differences in concentrations observed across groups. The results of the current study suggest that the abundance and metabolomic profile of small EVs derived from men with divergent histories of exercise training are similar to those in resting blood samples. KEY POINTS: Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane-encapsulated particles that are present in circulation and carry bioactive materials as 'cargo'. The abundance and profile of small EVs are responsive to acute exercise, but little is known about the relationship between small EVs and exercise training. This study examined the abundance, and a targeted metabolomic profile, of small EVs separated from the blood of endurance athletes, strength athletes and recreationally active controls at rest (∼40 h after the most recent exercise session) on two separate but identical lab visits. No differences were observed in the abundance or metabolomic profile of small EV preparations between the groups or between the lab visits within each group. Further research should determine whether the bioactive cargoes (e.g. RNA, protein and additional metabolites) carried within EVs are altered in individuals with divergent histories of exercise training or in response to exercise training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A J Darragh
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh McNamee
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Róisín Daly
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarai Martinez Pacheco
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
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Pinto AJ, Bergouignan A, Dempsey PC, Roschel H, Owen N, Gualano B, Dunstan DW. Physiology of sedentary behavior. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2561-2622. [PMID: 37326297 PMCID: PMC10625842 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived from studies employing several experimental models: bed rest, immobilization, reduced step count, and reducing/interrupting prolonged SB. We examine the relevant physiological evidence relating to body weight and energy balance, intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and immunity and inflammatory responses. Excessive and prolonged SB can lead to insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, shift in substrate use toward carbohydrate oxidation, shift in muscle fiber from oxidative to glycolytic type, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass, and increased total body fat mass and visceral fat depot, blood lipid concentrations, and inflammation. Despite marked differences across individual studies, longer term interventions aimed at reducing/interrupting SB have resulted in small, albeit marginally clinically meaningful, benefits on body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and vascular function in adults and older adults. There is more limited evidence for other health-related outcomes and physiological systems and for children and adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning adaptations to increasing and reducing/interrupting SB and the necessary changes in SB and physical activity to impact physiological systems and overall health in diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Pinto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Blasimann A, Busch A, Henle P, Bruhn S, Vissers D, Baur H. Neuromuscular control in males and females 1 year after an anterior cruciate ligament rupture or reconstruction during stair descent and artificial tibial translation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15316. [PMID: 37714980 PMCID: PMC10504317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular alterations are reported in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) and conservative treatment (copers with ACL deficiency, ACL-C). However, it is unclear whether sex influences neuromuscular control. The objective was to investigate differences in neuromuscular control regarding sex and treatment type one year after ACL rupture in comparison to a group with an intact ACL (ACL-I). Electromyography of vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis, biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) was recorded in ACL-R (N = 38), ACL-C (N = 26), and ACL-I (N = 38) during stair descent and reflex activity by anterior tibial translation while standing. The movements of stair descent were divided into pre-activity, weight-acceptance and push-off phases, reflex activity in pre-activation, short, medium (MLR), and long latency responses (LLR). Normalized root mean squares for each muscle of involved and matched control limb per phase were calculated and analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). During stair descent, neuromuscular differences of BF were significant during push-off only (p = 0.001). Males of ACL-R and ACL-C had higher BF activity compared to ACL-I (p = 0.009, 0.007 respectively). During reflex activity, VM and BF were significantly different between treatment groups for pre-activation (p = 0.013, 0.035 respectively). VM pre-activation of females was higher in ACL-R compared to ACL-C (p = 0.018), and lower in ACL-C compared to ACL-I (p = 0.034). Males of ACL-R showed higher VM and less BF pre-activation (p = 0.025, p = 0.003 respectively) compared to ACL-I. Males of ACL-C had less BF pre-activation compared to ACL-I (p = 0.019). During MLR, intra-group differences in ST were found for treatment (p = 0.011) and females of ACL-R compared to ACL-I (p = 0.015). During LLR, overall intra-group differences in VM were present for treatment (p = 0.034) and in females (ACL-R versus ACL-C (p = 0.015), ACL-I (p = 0.049), respectively). One year after an ACL rupture, neuromuscular alterations persist regardless of treatment and sex. Standard rehabilitation protocols may not be able to restore neuromuscular control. Future research should include long-term follow up and focus on exercises targeting neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Blasimann
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Aglaja Busch
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Henle
- Sonnenhof Orthopaedic Center, Lindenhof Group AG, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bruhn
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Vissers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Heiner Baur
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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Reliability of the active knee joint position sense test and influence of limb dominance and sex. Sci Rep 2023; 13:152. [PMID: 36599861 PMCID: PMC9813362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The output of a sensorimotor performance can be measured with the joint position sense (JPS) test. However, investigations of leg dominance, sex and quality measures on this test are limited. Therefore, these potential influencing factors as well as reliability and consistency measures were evaluated for angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity during the active knee JPS test in healthy participants. Twenty healthy participants (10 males; 10 females; age 29 ± 8 years; height 165 ± 39 cm; body mass 69 ± 13 kg) performed a seated knee JPS test with a target angle of 50°. Measurements were conducted in two sessions separated by two weeks and consisted of two blocks of continuous angular reproduction (three minutes each block). The difference between reproduced and target angle was identified as angular error measured by an electrogoniometer. During reproduction, the neuromuscular activity of the quadriceps muscle was assessed by surface electromyography. Neuromuscular activity was normalized to submaximal voluntary contraction (subMVC) and displayed per muscle and movement phase. Differences between leg dominance and sex were calculated using Friedman-test (α = 0.05). Reliability measures including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis (bias ± limits of agreement (LoA)) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were analysed. No significant differences between leg dominance and sex were found in angular error and neuromuscular activity. Angular error demonstrated inter-session ICC scores of 0.424 with a bias of 2.4° (± 2.4° LoA) as well as MDC of 6.8° and moderate intra-session ICC (0.723) with a bias of 1.4° (± 1.65° LoA) as well as MDC of 4.7°. Neuromuscular activity for all muscles and movement phases illustrated inter-session ICC ranging from 0.432 to 0.809 with biases between - 2.5 and 13.6% subMVC and MDC from 13.4 to 63.9% subMVC. Intra-session ICC ranged from 0.705 to 0.987 with biases of - 7.7 to 2.4% subMVC and MDC of 2.7 to 46.5% subMVC. Leg dominance and sex seem not to influence angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity. Poor to excellent relative reliability paired with an acceptable consistency confirm findings of previous studies. Comparisons to pathological populations should be conducted with caution.
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EEG-based sensory testing reveals altered nociceptive processing in elite endurance athletes. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:341-354. [PMID: 36520191 PMCID: PMC9894977 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased exercise loads, as observed in elite athletes, seem to modulate the subjective pain perception in healthy subjects. The combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and standardized noxious stimulation can contribute to an objective assessment of the somatosensory stimulus processing. We assessed the subjective pain ratings and the electroencephalogram (EEG)-based response after standardized noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli as well as during conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in 26 elite endurance athletes and compared them to 26 recreationally active controls. Elite endurance athletes had consistently stronger somatosensory responses in the EEG to both mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli than the control group. We observed no significant group differences in the subjective pain ratings, which may have been influenced by our statistics and choice of stimuli. The CPM testing revealed that our conditioning stimulus modulated the subjective pain perception only in the control group, whereas the EEG indicated a modulatory effect of the conditioning stimulus on the spectral response only in the athletes group. We conclude that a higher activation in the cortical regions that process nociceptive information may either be an indicator for central sensitization or an altered stimulus salience in the elite endurance athletes' group. Our findings from our CPM testing were limited by our methodology. Further longitudinal studies are needed to examine if exercise-induced changes in the somatosensory system might have a critical impact on the long-term health of athletes.
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Blasimann A, Busch A, Henle P, Bruhn S, Vissers D, Baur H. Neuromuscular Control During Stair Descent and Artificial Tibial Translation After Acute ACL Rupture. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221123299. [PMID: 36263309 PMCID: PMC9575465 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221123299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture has direct effect on passive and
active knee stability and, specifically, stretch-reflex excitability. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate neuromuscular activity in
patients with an acute ACL deficit (ACL-D group) compared with a matched
control group with an intact ACL (ACL-I group) during stair descent and
artificially induced anterior tibial translation. It was hypothesized that
neuromuscular control would be impaired in the ACL-D group. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus
lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles was
recorded bilaterally in 15 patients with ACL-D (mean, 13.8 days [range, 7-21
days] since injury) and 15 controls with ACL-I during stair descent and
artificially induced anterior tibial translation. The movements of stair
descent were divided into preactivity, weight acceptance, and push-off
phases. Reflex activity during anterior tibial translation was split into
preactivity and short, medium, and late latency responses. Walking on a
treadmill was used for submaximal EMG normalization. Kruskal-Wallis test and
post hoc analyses with Dunn-Bonferroni correction were used to compare
normalized root mean square values for each muscle, limb, movement, and
reflex phase between the ACL-D and ACL-I groups. Results: During the preactivity phase of stair descent, the hamstrings of the involved
leg of the ACL-D group showed 33% to 51% less activity compared with the
matched leg and contralateral leg of the ACL-I group (P
< .05). During the weight acceptance and push-off phases, the VL revealed
a significant reduction (approximately 40%) in the involved leg of the ACL-D
group compared with the ACL-I group. At short latency, the BF and ST of the
involved leg of the ACL-D group showed a significant increase in EMG
activity compared with the uninvolved leg of the ACL-I group, by a factor of
2.2 to 4.6. Conclusion: In the acute phase after an ACL rupture, neuromuscular alterations were found
mainly in the hamstrings of both limbs during stair descent and reflex
activity. The potential role of prehabilitation needs to be further
studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Blasimann
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern
University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Angela Blasimann, MSc, Department of Health Professions, Bern
University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
()
| | - Aglaja Busch
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern
University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.,University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports
Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philipp Henle
- Sonnenhof Orthopaedic Center, Lindenhof Group AG, Bern,
Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital,
Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bruhn
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Rostock, Rostock,
Germany
| | - Dirk Vissers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Heiner Baur
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern
University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Illéš R, Chochol J, Džubera A, Chocholová A, Zemková E. COVID-19 Worsens Chronic Lumbosacral Radicular Pain—Case Series Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116410. [PMID: 35681993 PMCID: PMC9180125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the COVID-19 symptomatology has increased since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The symptoms of nervous system involvement have been observed across the spectrum of COVID-19 severity. Reports describing difficulties of nerve roots are rare; the affection of brain and spinal cord by SARS-CoV-2 is of leading interest. Our aim therefore is to describe the radicular pain deterioration in the group of nine chronic lumbosacral radicular syndrome sufferers in acute COVID-19. The intensity of radicular pain was evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The VAS score in acute infection increased from 5.6 ± 1.1 to 8.0 ± 1.3 (Cohen’s d = 1.99) over the course of COVID-19, indicating dramatic aggravation of pain intensity. However, the VAS score decreased spontaneously to pre-infection levels after 4 weeks of COVID-19 recovery (5.8 ± 1.1). The acute SARS-CoV-2 infection worsened the pre-existing neural root irritation symptomatology, which may be ascribed to SARS-CoV-2 radiculitis of neural roots already compressed by the previous disc herniation. These findings based on clinical observations indicate that the neurotropism of novel coronavirus infection can play an important role in the neural root irritation symptomatology deterioration in patients with chronic pre-existing lumbosacral radicular syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Illéš
- Department of Neurosurgery, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital—St. Michael’s Hospital, Satinského 1, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.I.); (A.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Chochol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital—St. Michael’s Hospital, Satinského 1, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.I.); (A.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-3261-2305
| | - Andrej Džubera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital—St. Michael’s Hospital, Satinského 1, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.I.); (A.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alica Chocholová
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Limbova 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Nábrežie Armádneho Generála Ludvíka Svobodu 9, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Rázusova 14, 921 01 Trnava, Slovakia
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11
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Pettit-Mee RJ, Power G, Cabral-Amador FJ, Ramirez-Perez FI, Nogueira Soares R, Sharma N, Liu Y, Christou DD, Kanaley JA, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique-Acevedo CM, Padilla J. Endothelial HSP72 is not reduced in type 2 diabetes nor is it a key determinant of endothelial insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R43-R58. [PMID: 35470695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired endothelial insulin signaling and consequent blunting of insulin-induced vasodilation is a feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) that contributes to vascular disease and glycemic dysregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial insulin resistance remain poorly known. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial insulin resistance in T2D is attributed to reduced expression of heat shock protein 72(HSP72). HSP72 is a cytoprotective chaperone protein that can be upregulated with heating and is reported to promote insulin sensitivity in metabolically active tissues, in part via inhibition of JNK activity. Accordingly, we further hypothesized that, in T2D individuals, seven days of passive heat treatment via hot water immersion to waist-level would improve leg blood flow responses to an oral glucose load (i.e., endogenous insulin stimulation) via induction of endothelial HSP72. In contrast, we found that: 1) endothelial insulin resistance in T2D mice and humans was not associated with reduced HSP72 in aortas and venous endothelial cells, respectively; 2) after passive heat treatment, improved leg blood flow responses to an oral glucose load did not parallel with increased endothelial HSP72; 3) downregulation of HSP72 (via small-interfering RNA) or upregulation of HSP72 (via heating) in cultured endothelial cells did not impair or enhance insulin signaling, respectively, nor was JNK activity altered. Collectively, these findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced HSP72 is a key driver of endothelial insulin resistance in T2D but provide novel evidence that lower-body heating may be an effective strategy for improving leg blood flow responses to glucose ingestion-induced hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gavin Power
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | - Neekun Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Demetra D Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Camila M Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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12
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The Limited Impact of Low-Volume Recreational Dance on Three-Compartment Body Composition and Apparent Bone Mineral Density in Young Girls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030391. [PMID: 35327763 PMCID: PMC8947180 DOI: 10.3390/children9030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recreational dance is practiced worldwide as a multidimensional physical activity with a potential for prevention of a sedentary lifestyle and overweight/obesity. This study explored in young (7−15 year; n = 21) girls the effect of long-term (>1 year) exposure to recreational (2 h/w) dancing on three-compartment body composition. Recreational dancers (RD) were compared with recreational (≤4 h/w) artistic gymnasts (RG, n = 22) and physically active young girls not involved in structured extracurricular physical activity (control; C, n = 22), adjusting for confounding variables (age, body mass, menarche). We hypothesized for RD an intermediate body composition between RG and C. The three groups had similar age and body mass index. Body composition indices in RD were intermediate between that of C and RG, but RD values were not statistically significantly different vs. C. This agreed with the not statistically significant higher energy expenditure (MET-min/w) in RD vs. C (1357.7 ± 805.32 and 1090.9 ± 596.63, p = 0.172). In conclusion, long-term recreational dance exposure at low volume had limited positive effect on body composition of young girls vs. unstructured extracurricular physical activity. Future work will explore the potential of recreational dance at higher volume (3−4 h/w) to improve body composition in young girls.
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13
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Basset FA, Kelly LP, Hohl R, Kaushal N. Type of self-talk matters: Its effects on perceived exertion, cardiorespiratory, and cortisol responses during an iso-metabolic endurance exercise. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13980. [PMID: 34837395 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-talk is an effective mental training technique that has been shown to facilitate or debilitate an athlete's performance, depending on its valence. Although the effects of self-talk have been supported by observing change in sport performance, little is known about how self-talk can induce physiological changes. Specifically, it is important to understand if the type of self-talk (positive, neutral, or negative) and can influence stress-related parameters, such as perceived exertion, cardiorespiratory, and cortisol responses. The study's objective was therefore to investigate the top-down effect of positive and negative self-talk compared to a dissociative activity during an iso-metabolic running exercise on autonomic regulation of cardiorespiratory function. Twenty-nine well-trained male runners [38 ± 13 years, 177 ± 7 cm and 73 ± 7 kg] volunteered to participate in a randomized-group design study that included a negative self-talk (NST), a positive self-talk, and a dissociative group (DG). First, participants underwent an incremental running test on a treadmill to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max ). Next, participants received a mental training session on self-talk and created three positive and three negative self-talk statements. Finally, participants underwent a 60-min steady-state running exercise on a treadmill at 70% of V̇O2max , during which they were cued at 20-, 35-, and 50-min with their personal self-created positive or negative self-talk statements while the DG listened to a documentary. Cardiorespiratory parameters and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the 60-min endurance exercise. In addition, salivary cortisol samples were obtained at waking and after treatment. Although oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, RPE, and heart rate significantly changed overtime during the 60-min steady-state running exercise, no significant main treatment effect was found. However, RPE scores, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, and salivary cortisol were significantly higher in the NST group compared to the two other groups. These data suggest that NST [emotion-induced stress, as reflected by elevated cortisol] altered the breathing frequency response. In conclusion, manipulating self-talk alters hormonal response patterns, modulates cardiorespiratory function, and influences perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien A Basset
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Liam P Kelly
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Navin Kaushal
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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14
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Džubera A, Chochol J, Illéš R, Chocholová A, Zemková E. Vertebral Algic Syndrome Treatment in Long COVID-Cases Reports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11457. [PMID: 34769973 PMCID: PMC8582844 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Though pain is a frequent symptom of long COVID-19, little attention has been paid to vertebral algic syndrome. Therefore, we present the cases reports of two precisely selected physically active patients where vertebral algic syndrome and radiculopathy dramatically worsened in acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. The vertebral pain with radicular irritation was resistant to conservative treatment in chronic post-COVID syndrome. The neurological difficulties corresponded to the radiologic imaging presented on MRI scans. Due to the absence of standard therapeutic guidelines in literature sources, it was decided to provide routine therapeutic procedures. Spinal surgery with radicular decompression was performed within 6 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This led to the improvement of their neurological status and was in corroboration with decreases of VAS (from 9 to 0 in Patient 1 and from 7 to 1 in Patient 2). Our experience indicates that these patients benefited from the standard neurosurgical radicular decompression, and sufficient pain relief was achieved; nevertheless, the initial trigger of neurological worsening was acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Džubera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine of Slovak Medical University, University Hospital—St. Michal’s Hospital, Satinského 1, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.); (R.I.)
| | - Juraj Chochol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine of Slovak Medical University, University Hospital—St. Michal’s Hospital, Satinského 1, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.); (R.I.)
| | - Róbert Illéš
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine of Slovak Medical University, University Hospital—St. Michal’s Hospital, Satinského 1, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.); (R.I.)
| | - Alica Chocholová
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Comenius University, Limbova 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Nábrežie Armádneho Generála Ludvíka Svobodu 9, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Sports Technology Institute, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Zemková E, Cepková A, Muyor JM. The association of reactive balance control and spinal curvature under lumbar muscle fatigue. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11969. [PMID: 34434668 PMCID: PMC8362667 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although low back fatigue is an important intervening factor for physical functioning among sedentary people, little is known about its possible significance in relation to the spinal posture and compensatory postural responses to unpredictable stimuli. This study investigates the effect of lumbar muscle fatigue on spinal curvature and reactive balance control in response to externally induced perturbations. Methods A group of 38 young sedentary individuals underwent a perturbation-based balance test by applying a 2 kg load release. Sagittal spinal curvature and pelvic tilt was measured in both a normal and Matthiass standing posture both with and without a hand-held 2 kg load, and before and after the Sørensen fatigue test. Results Both the peak anterior and peak posterior center of pressure (CoP) displacements and the corresponding time to peak anterior and peak posterior CoP displacements significantly increased after the Sørensen fatigue test (all at p < 0.001). A lumbar muscle fatigue led to a decrease of the lumbar lordosis in the Matthiass posture while holding a 2 kg load in front of the body when compared to pre-fatigue conditions both without a load (p = 0.011, d = 0.35) and with a 2 kg load (p = 0.000, d = 0.51). Also the sacral inclination in the Matthiass posture with a 2 kg additional load significantly decreased under fatigue when compared to all postures in pre-fatigue conditions (p = 0.01, d = 0.48). Contrary to pre-fatigue conditions, variables of the perturbation-based balance test were closely associated with those of lumbar curvature while standing in the Matthiass posture with a 2 kg additional load after the Sørensen fatigue test (r values in range from −0.520 to −0.631, all at p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings indicate that lumbar muscle fatigue causes changes in the lumbar spinal curvature and this is functionally relevant in explaining the impaired ability to maintain balance after externally induced perturbations. This emphasizes the importance for assessing both spinal posture and reactive balance control under fatigue in order to reveal their interrelations in young sedentary adults and predict any significant deterioration in later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Cepková
- Centre of Languages and Sports, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - José M Muyor
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Pain is one of the most common complaints among patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. While headache and chest pain are reported widely among COVID-19 presentations, there are only scarce reports about vertebral pain. This study aims to describe cases of four healthy and physically active adults, in whom the new onset of back pain was the early or only sign of COVID-19 and the reason for seeking medical outpatient care. The vertebral pain showed great variability and changed dramatically during the course of disease. Pseudoradicular symptoms were present inconstantly and variably; in some patients they varied through the day from left to right side and irradiated from various sensory root segments. Clinical symptoms did not correspond with minor morphological changes presented on MRI scans. Our experience indicates that new onset of vertebral algic syndrome should be considered as an initial indicator of novel coronavirus infection in healthy and physically active adults. There is a pressing need for attention to be paid in the examination of patients with new vertebral pain onset in the coronavirus pandemic.
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17
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Sannino G, De Falco I, De Pietro G, Stranges S. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognition: How Heart Rate Variability Can Predict Cognitive Performances. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:312. [PMID: 33110405 PMCID: PMC7488955 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Investigate and identify the relationship between physical exercise and cognitive performance measured by using different cognitive tests taken from Cambridge Brain Science (CBS). Methods: Thirty subjects, divided into two groups (aerobic and effort), undergo twelve cognitive tests from CBS. A comparison between the pre- and post-exercise results in terms of cognitive performance differences is carried out. Regression analysis between Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features and CBS tests results is performed. Results: In most CBS tests, there is an improvement, or at least a confirmation, of the subject's cognitive ability, for both groups. Reasoning (80–100%), concentration (80–87%), and planning tests (93–100%) seem to undergo critical positive changes. The regression analysis, performed by using a set of different algorithms, has demonstrated that it is possible, by monitoring the HRV during the exercise, to predict to some extent the cognitive performance, i.e., the CBS tests results. The best performing regression algorithms are Simple Linear (Quade Test—aerobic group: 2.098, effort group: 3.350, both groups: 2.747) and REPTree (Quade Test—aerobic group: 2.955, effort group: 3.315, both groups: 3.121). The statistical analysis has proved that physical activity is statistically useful for the subjects in improving their cognitive performance. Conclusions: This study has numerically appraised the improvement, the conservation, or the worsening on different aspects of cognition. The found mathematical relationship between physical exercise and cognitive performance suggests that it is possible to predict the beneficial effect of various exercises on executive and attentive control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saverio Stranges
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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18
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Cavedon V, Milanese C, Marchi A, Zancanaro C. Different amount of training affects body composition and performance in High-Intensity Functional Training participants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237887. [PMID: 32817652 PMCID: PMC7440620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on body composition and the relationship of the latter with performance are not well defined. In this work we investigated, by means of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry, the relative proportions of fat-, lean soft tissue-, and mineral mass in CrossFit® (CF, a popular mode of HIFT) participants (n = 24; age, 28.2 ± 3.39 y; BMI, 25.3 ± 2.04 kg/m2) with at least 1 year of CF training experience and weekly amount of training > 10 h/w (n = 13; Higher Training, HT) or < 10 h/w (n = 11; Lower Training, LT) as well as age- matched and BMI-matched physically active controls (CHT, CLT). Performance was assessed in the “Fran” workout. Data were analyzed by one-way or repeated measures ANOVA where needed. Association between variables was assessed with the Pearson’s correlation coefficient r. Partial correlation was used where needed. Results showed that HT performed better than LT in the “Fran” (P < 0.001) and they had higher whole-body bone mineral density (P = 0.026) and higher lean soft mass (P = 0.002), and borderline lower percent fat mass (P = 0.050). The main difference between CF participants (HT, LT) and their respective controls (CHT, CLT) was a lower adiposity in the former. In CF participants, performance positively correlated with appendicular lean soft tissue mass (P = 0.030). It can be concluded that, in CF participants, a higher amount of weekly training improves most notably lean body mass and increases performance in association with increased skeletal muscle mass. CF participation is especially effective in reducing fat mass vs. age- and BMI-matched physically active controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cavedon
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessandro Marchi
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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19
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Park LK, Parks EJ, Pettit-Mee RJ, Woodford ML, Ghiarone T, Smith JA, Sales ARK, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J. Skeletal muscle microvascular insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is not improved by eight weeks of regular walking. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:283-296. [PMID: 32614687 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine whether individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibit suppressed leg vascular conductance and skeletal muscle capillary perfusion in response to a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and to test whether these two variables are positively correlated. Subsequently, we examined whether T2D-associated skeletal muscle microvascular insulin resistance, as well as overall vascular dysfunction, would be ameliorated by an 8-wk walking intervention (45 min at 60% of heart rate reserve, 5 sessions/week). We report that, relative to healthy subjects, overweight and obese individuals with T2D exhibit depressed insulin-stimulated increases in leg vascular conductance, skeletal muscle capillary perfusion, and Akt phosphorylation. Notably, we found that within individuals with T2D, those with lesser increases in leg vascular conductance in response to insulin exhibited the lowest increases in muscle capillary perfusion, suggesting that limited muscle capillary perfusion may be, in part, linked to the impaired ability of the upstream resistance vessels to dilate in response to insulin. Furthermore, we show that the 8-wk walking intervention, which did not evoke weight loss, was insufficient to ameliorate skeletal muscle microvascular insulin resistance in previously sedentary, overweight/obese subjects with T2D, despite high adherence and tolerance. However, the walking intervention did improve (P < 0.05) popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (+4.52%) and reduced HbA1c (-0.75%). It is possible that physical activity interventions that are longer in duration, engage large muscle groups with recruitment of the maximum number of muscle fibers, and lead to a robust reduction in metabolic risk factors may be required to overhaul microvascular insulin resistance in T2D.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report provides evidence that in sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes diminished insulin-stimulated increases in leg vascular conductance and ensuing blunted capillary perfusion in skeletal muscle are not restorable by increased walking alone. More innovative physical activity interventions that ultimately result in a robust mitigation of metabolic risk factors may be vital for reestablishing skeletal muscle microvascular insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Allan R K Sales
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Rashidy-Pour A, Bavarsad K, Miladi-Gorji H, Seraj Z, Vafaei AA. Voluntary exercise and estradiol reverse ovariectomy-induced spatial learning and memory deficits and reduction in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172819. [PMID: 31697961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidences have demonstrated the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive functions such as learning and memory. It is well established that female sex hormones have an important role in regulating learning and memory. This study was designed to investigate the effects of voluntary exercise and estrogen replacement on learning and memory deficits and reduction in hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels induced by ovariectomy. Ovariectomized rats were given daily vehicle or 17 β-estradiol (20 μg/kg) and allowed to freely exercise in a running wheel over the course of 2 weeks. After this period, they were trained and tested on a water-maze spatial task for 5 consecutive days, followed by a probe test one day later. At the end of the behavioral tests, all animals were decapitated and their hippocampal levels of BDNF were measured. Ovariectomy impaired spatial learning and memory and reduced hippocampal BDNF levels. Exercise significantly improved performance during both training and the retention of the water-maze task and increased hippocampal BDNF. Exercise, 17 β-estradiol and their combination recovered the impairing effects of ovariectomy on learning and memory performance. The combined treatment did not produce stronger effect than either exercise or 17 β-estradiol alone. Our findings provide an important evidence about positive influences of regular exercise and estrogen treatment against cognitive and BDNF deficits induced in ovariectomized rats, an experimental model of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kowsar Bavarsad
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Miladi-Gorji
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zahra Seraj
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Hillman CH, Logan NE, Shigeta TT. A Review of Acute Physical Activity Effects on Brain and Cognition in Children. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bellissimo CA, Perry CGR. Sex differences in the regulation of hepatic mitochondrial turnover following physical activity: do males need more quality control than females? J Physiol 2018; 596:6125-6126. [PMID: 30284737 DOI: 10.1113/jp276896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Bellissimo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
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Abstract
Exercise is an evolutionary conserved survival function that nowadays has beneficial health effects. The increased metabolic activity of contracting skeletal muscle affects the biology of many organs involved in regulating muscle functions. The discovery of hormones and cytokines secreted by bone and skeletal muscle during exercise, has recently added experimental credence to the notion that a crosstalk exists between these organs. Bone through the hormone osteocalcin, promotes exercise capacity in the mouse. After binding to a G-coupled protein receptor, Gprc6a, osteocalcin increases nutrients uptake and catabolism in myofibers during exercise. The catabolic aspect of osteocalcin distinguishes it from insulin signaling. In addition, osteocalcin regulates the endocrine function of skeletal muscle because it enhances the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 is produced and secreted by contracting skeletal muscle and exerts autocrine, paracrine and systemic effects. One of the systemic functions of IL-6 is to drive the generation of bioactive osteocalcin. Altogether, these studies have revealed a feed-forward loop between bone and skeletal muscle that are necessary and sufficient for optimum exercise capacity. This endocrine regulation of exercise biology, suggest novel and adapted strategies for the prevention or treatment of age related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Pollock RD, O'Brien KA, Daniels LJ, Nielsen KB, Rowlerson A, Duggal NA, Lazarus NR, Lord JM, Philp A, Harridge SDR. Properties of the vastus lateralis muscle in relation to age and physiological function in master cyclists aged 55-79 years. Aging Cell 2018. [PMID: 29517834 PMCID: PMC5847860 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, results are reported from the analyses of vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples obtained from a subset (n = 90) of 125 previously phenotyped, highly active male and female cyclists aged 55–79 years in regard to age. We then subsequently attempted to uncover associations between the findings in muscle and in vivo physiological functions. Muscle fibre type and composition (ATPase histochemistry), size (morphometry), capillary density (immunohistochemistry) and mitochondrial protein content (Western blot) in relation to age were determined in the biopsy specimens. Aside from an age‐related change in capillary density in males (r = −.299; p = .02), no other parameter measured in the muscle samples showed an association with age. However, in males type I fibres and capillarity (p < .05) were significantly associated with training volume, maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake kinetics and ventilatory threshold. In females, the only association observed was between capillarity and training volume (p < .05). In males, both type II fibre proportion and area (p < .05) were associated with peak power during sprint cycling and with maximal rate of torque development during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Mitochondrial protein content was not associated with any cardiorespiratory parameter in either males or females (p > .05). We conclude in this highly active cohort, selected to mitigate most of the effects of inactivity, that there is little evidence of age‐related changes in the properties of VL muscle across the age range studied. By contrast, some of these muscle characteristics were correlated with in vivo physiological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Pollock
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Lorna J. Daniels
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Kathrine B. Nielsen
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Anthea Rowlerson
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Niharika A. Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Norman R. Lazarus
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst Australia
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Pollock RD, Duggal NA, Lazarus NR, Lord JM, Harridge SDR. Cardiorespiratory fitness not sedentary time or physical activity is associated with cardiometabolic risk in active older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1653-1660. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Pollock
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - N. A. Duggal
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - N. R. Lazarus
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - J. M. Lord
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - S. D. R. Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
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Mueller PJ, Clifford PS, Crandall CG, Smith SA, Fadel PJ. Integration of Central and Peripheral Regulation of the Circulation during Exercise: Acute and Chronic Adaptations. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:103-151. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Magnani S, Roberto S, Sainas G, Milia R, Palazzolo G, Cugusi L, Pinna V, Doneddu A, Kakhak SAH, Tocco F, Mercuro G, Crisafulli A. Metaboreflex-mediated hemodynamic abnormalities in individuals with coronary artery disease without overt signs or symptoms of heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H452-H463. [PMID: 29127237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00436.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was devised to investigate the effect of coronary artery disease (CAD) without overt signs of heart failure on the cardiovascular responses to muscle metaboreflex activation. We hypothesized that any CAD-induced preclinical systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction could impair hemodynamic response to the metaboreflex test. Twelve men diagnosed with CAD without any sign or symptoms of heart failure and 11 age-matched healthy control (CTL) subjects participated in the study. Subjects performed a postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) test to activate the metaboreflex. They also performed a control exercise recovery test to compare data from the PEMI test. The main results were that the CAD group reached a similar mean arterial blood pressure response as the CTL group during PEMI. However, the mechanism by which this response was achieved was different between groups. In particular, CAD achieved the target mean arterial blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance (+383.8 ± 256.6 vs. +91.2 ± 293.5 dyn·s-1·cm-5 for the CAD and CTL groups, respectively), the CTL group by increasing cardiac preload (-0.92 ± 8.53 vs. 5.34 ± 4.29 ml in end-diastolic volume for the CAD and CTL groups, respectively), which led to an enhanced stroke volume and cardiac output. Furthermore, the ventricular filling rate response was higher in the CTL group than in the CAD group during PEMI ( P < 0.05 for all comparisons). This study confirms that diastolic function is pivotal for normal hemodynamics during the metaboreflex. Moreover, it provides evidence that early signs of diastolic impairment attributable to CAD can be detected by the metaboreflex test. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Individuals suffering from coronary artery disease without overt signs of heart failure may show early signs of diastolic dysfunction, which can be detected by the metaboreflex test. During the metaboreflex, these subjects show impaired preload and stroke volume responses and exaggerated vasoconstriction compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Magnani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Silvana Roberto
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Gianmarco Sainas
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Raffaele Milia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Girolamo Palazzolo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Lucia Cugusi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Virginia Pinna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Azzurra Doneddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | | | - Filippo Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mercuro
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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Zemková E, Jeleň M, Schickhofer P, Hamar D. Jumping From a Chair is a More Sensitive Measure of Power Performance In Older Adults Than Chair Rising. Exp Aging Res 2017; 42:418-430. [PMID: 27749205 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2016.1224665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/Study Context: The study estimates the reliability of peak velocity and peak power during chair rising and chair jumping tests and their ability to discriminate between different age and physical activity level groups. METHODS Physically active and sedentary individuals (N = 262) of different ages (young: 22.9 ± 2.0 years, range: 21-25 years; older: 63.1 ± 1.8 years, range: 61-65 years) performed, in random order, chair rising and chair jumping tests on a force plate. Randomly selected young subjects performed both tests repeatedly on two different occasions separated by 1 week. From the sitting position with the arms crossed on the chest, they either stand up completely (chair rising test), or jump as high as possible (chair jumping test). RESULTS The test-retest reliability of peak power and peak velocity during chair rising as well as chair jumping was excellent, with high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; .90-.98) and low standard error of measurement (SEM; 7.0-9.1%). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in peak power and peak velocity between the sedentary and physically active young and older subjects. However, greater coefficients of variation for both parameters were found for chair jumping than chair rising (21.1-40.2% vs. 11.0-15.2%). Additionaly, there were moderate correlations of peak power and peak velocity between chair rising and chair jumping (r = .42-.49). There were greater within- and between-group differences in peak force and peak power and a steeper increase in their values during the initial phase of chair jumping than chair rising. CONCLUSION Both chair rising and chair jumping tests provide reliable data and are valid indicators of lower body power in young and older adults. However, jumping from a chair is a more sensitive measure of strength and power performance than chair rising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- a Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Slovakia.,b Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology , Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Michal Jeleň
- b Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology , Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Schickhofer
- a Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Dušan Hamar
- a Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports , Comenius University in Bratislava , Slovakia
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Couppé C, Dall CH, Svensson RB, Olsen RH, Karlsen A, Praet S, Prescott E, Magnusson SP. Skin autofluorescence is associated with arterial stiffness and insulin level in endurance runners and healthy controls - Effects of aging and endurance exercise. Exp Gerontol 2017; 91:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wohlwend M, Olsen A, Håberg AK, Palmer HS. Exercise Intensity-Dependent Effects on Cognitive Control Function during and after Acute Treadmill Running in Young Healthy Adults. Front Psychol 2017; 8:406. [PMID: 28377735 PMCID: PMC5359239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that physical activity differentially impacts upon performance of various cognitive tasks has recently gained increased interest. However, our current knowledge about how cognition is altered by acute physical activity is incomplete. To measure how different intensity levels of physical activity affect cognition during and after 1 bout of physical activity, 30 healthy, young participants were randomized to perform a not-X continuous performance test (CPT) during low (LI)- and moderate intensity (MI) running. The same participants were subsequently randomized to perform the not-X CPT post LI, MI, and high intensity (HI) running. In addition, exercise related mood changes were assessed through a self-report measure pre and post running at LI, MI, and HI. Results showed worsening of performance accuracy on the not-X CPT during one bout of moderate compared to low intensity running. Post running, there was a linear decrease in reaction time with increasing running intensity and no change in accuracy or mood. The decreased reaction times post HI running recovered back to baseline within 20 min. We conclude that accuracy is acutely deteriorated during the most straining physical activity while a transient intensity-dependent enhancement of cognitive control function is present following physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wohlwend
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University HospitalTrondheim, Norway
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helen S Palmer
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
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Zemková E, Jeleň M, Kováčiková Z, Miklovič P, Svoboda Z, Janura M. Balance Performance During Perturbed Standing Is Not Associated With Muscle Strength and Power in Young Adults. J Mot Behav 2016; 49:514-523. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1241751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Jeleň
- Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kováčiková
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Miklovič
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdeněk Svoboda
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janura
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Garland T, Cadney MD, Waterland RA. Early-Life Effects on Adult Physical Activity: Concepts, Relevance, and Experimental Approaches. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 90:1-14. [PMID: 28051947 PMCID: PMC6397655 DOI: 10.1086/689775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion is a defining characteristic of animal life and plays a crucial role in most behaviors. Locomotion involves physical activity, which can have far-reaching effects on physiology and neurobiology, both acutely and chronically. In human populations and in laboratory rodents, higher levels of physical activity are generally associated with positive health outcomes, although excessive exercise can have adverse consequences. Whether and how such relationships occur in wild animals is unknown. Behavioral variation among individuals arises from genetic and environmental factors and their interactions as well as from developmental programming (persistent effects of early-life environment). Although tremendous progress has been made in identifying genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in behavior, early-life effects are not well understood. Early-life effects can in some cases persist across multiple generations following a single exposure and, in principle, may constrain or facilitate the rate of evolution at multiple levels of biological organization. Understanding the mechanisms of such transgenerational effects (e.g., exposure to stress hormones in utero, inherited epigenetic alterations) may prove crucial to explaining unexpected and/or sex-specific responses to selection as well as limits to adaptation. One area receiving increased attention is early-life effects on adult physical activity. Correlational data from epidemiological studies suggest that early-life nutritional stress can (adversely) affect adult human activity levels and associated physiological traits (e.g., body composition, metabolic health). The few existing studies of laboratory rodents demonstrate that both maternal and early-life exercise can affect adult levels of physical activity and related phenotypes. Going forward, rodents offer many opportunities for experimental studies of (multigenerational) early-life effects, including studies that use maternal exposures and cross-fostering designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Marcell D. Cadney
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Robert A. Waterland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Santos GL, Alcântara CC, Silva-Couto MA, García-Salazar LF, Russo TL. Decreased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Serum Concentrations in Chronic Post-Stroke Subjects. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2968-2974. [PMID: 27593096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in sensorimotor recovery after a stroke. However, few studies have assessed the circulating BDNF levels in post-stroke humans to understand its changes. This study was conducted to measure BDNF serum concentrations in subjects with chronic hemiparesis, as well as to correlate serum concentrations with age, post-stroke time, total score of Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL), mobility subscale score, and motor function of SS-QOL. METHODS Seventeen chronic post-stroke subjects matched by age and gender with healthy controls took part in the study. Personal data (age, hemiparesis side, and post-stroke time) were collected, and a physical examination (weight, height, body mass index) and SS-QOL assessment were carried out. On the same day, after the initial evaluation, venous blood samples were collected from the chronic post-stroke subjects and the healthy subjects. The BDNF serum concentrations were measured blindly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Subjects with chronic hemiparesis presented a decrease in BDNF serum compared with healthy subjects (P < .01). There was no correlation between BDNF serum levels with post-stroke time, age or quality of life, mobility, and the upper extremity motor function (P > .05). BDNF concentrations are related to structural and functional recovery after stroke; thus, this reduction is important to understand the rehabilitation process more clearly. However, more studies are needed considering the genetic variations and other tools to assess motor impairment and functional independence. CONCLUSION Chronic post-stroke subjects presented a decrease in BDNF serum concentrations, without a correlation with post-stroke time, age, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lopes Santos
- Laboratory of Neurological Physical Therapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Carmona Alcântara
- Laboratory of Neurological Physical Therapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Abreu Silva-Couto
- Laboratory of Neurological Physical Therapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Fernanda García-Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurological Physical Therapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luiz Russo
- Laboratory of Neurological Physical Therapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Santos GL, García-Salazar LF, Souza MB, Oliveira AB, Camargo PR, Russo TL. Torque steadiness and muscle activation are bilaterally impaired during shoulder abduction and flexion in chronic post-stroke subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 30:151-60. [PMID: 27451360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize sensorimotor control and muscle activation in the shoulder of chronic hemiparetic during abduction and flexion in maximal and submaximal isometric contractions. Furthermore, to correlate submaximal sensorimotor control with motor impairment and degree of shoulder subluxation. METHODS Thirteen chronic hemiparetic post-stroke age-gender matched with healthy were included. Isometric torques were assessed using a dynamometer. Electromyographic activity of the anterior and middle deltoid, upper trapezius, pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles were collected. Variables were calculated for torque: peak, time to target, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and standard error (RMSE); for muscle activity: maximum and minimum values, range and coefficient of activation. Motor impairment was determined by Fugl-Meyer and shoulder subluxation was measured with a caliper. RESULTS Paretic and non-paretic limbs reduced peak and muscle activation during maximal isometric contraction. Paretic limb generated lower force when compared with non-paretic and control. Paretic and non-paretic presented higher values of SD, CV, RMSE, and CV for prime mover muscles and minimum values for all muscles during steadiness. No correlation was found between sensorimotor control, motor impairment and shoulder subluxation. CONCLUSION Chronic hemiparetic presented bilateral deficits in sensorimotor and muscle control during maximal and submaximal shoulder abduction and flexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lopes Santos
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luisa Fernanda García-Salazar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of Rosario, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Matheus Bragança Souza
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Oliveira
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Rezende Camargo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luiz Russo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Petersen SR, Anderson GS, Tipton MJ, Docherty D, Graham TE, Sharkey BJ, Taylor NA. Towards best practice in physical and physiological employment standards. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:S47-62. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While the scope of the term physical employment standards is wide, the principal focus of this paper is on standards related to physiological evaluation of readiness for work. Common applications of such employment standards for work are in public safety and emergency response occupations (e.g., police, firefighting, military), and there is an ever-present need to maximize the scientific quality of this research. Historically, most of these occupations are male-dominated, which leads to potential sex bias during physical demands analysis and determining performance thresholds. It is often assumed that older workers advance to positions with lower physical demand. However, this is not always true, which raises concerns about the long-term maintenance of physiological readiness. Traditionally, little attention has been paid to the inevitable margin of uncertainty that exists around cut-scores. Establishing confidence intervals around the cut-score can reduce for this uncertainty. It may also be necessary to consider the effects of practise and biological variability on test scores. Most tests of readiness for work are conducted under near perfect conditions, while many emergency responses take place under far more demanding and unpredictable conditions. The potential impact of protective clothing, respiratory protection, load carriage, environmental conditions, nutrition, fatigue, sensory deprivation, and stress should also be considered when evaluating readiness for work. In this paper, we seek to establish uniformity in terminology in this field, identify key areas of concern, provide recommendations to improve both scientific and professional practice, and identify priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart R. Petersen
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | | | - Michael J. Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hants, PO1 2ER, UK
| | - David Docherty
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Terry E. Graham
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian J. Sharkey
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Nigel A.S. Taylor
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Zemková E, Štefániková G, Muyor JM. Load release balance test under unstable conditions effectively discriminates between physically active and sedentary young adults. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 48:142-52. [PMID: 27203382 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates test-retest reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the load release balance test under four varied conditions. Young, early and late middle-aged physically active and sedentary subjects performed the test over 2 testing sessions spaced 1week apart while standing on either (1) a stable or (2) an unstable surface with (3) eyes open (EO) and (4) eyes closed (EC), respectively. Results identified that test-retest reliability of parameters of the load release balance test was good to excellent, with high values of ICC (0.78-0.92) and low SEM (7.1%-10.7%). The peak and the time to peak posterior center of pressure (CoP) displacement were significantly lower in physically active as compared to sedentary young adults (21.6% and 21.0%) and early middle-aged adults (22.0% and 20.9%) while standing on a foam surface with EO, and in late middle-aged adults on both unstable (25.6% and 24.5%) and stable support surfaces with EO (20.4% and 20.0%). The area under the ROC curve >0.80 for these variables indicates good discriminatory accuracy. Thus, these variables of the load release balance test measured under unstable conditions have the ability to differentiate between groups of physically active and sedentary adults as early as from 19years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zemková
- Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - G Štefániková
- Department of Sports Educology and Sports Humanistic, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - J M Muyor
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics, Faculty of Education Sciences, Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Almería, Spain
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Kim TW, Kim CS, Kim JY, Kim CJ, Seo JH. Combined exercise ameliorates ovariectomy-induced cognitive impairment by enhancing cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. Menopause 2016; 23:18-26. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sweatt SK, Roy J, Chandler-Laney P, Fisher G, Brock D, Hunter G. Ethnic differences in the consistency and accuracy of perceived exertion. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:398-404. [PMID: 26515780 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effect of weight loss and weight regain on accuracy of perceived exertion (APE) in previously overweight African American (AA) and European American (EA) women. METHODS Formerly overweight women (n = 102, age 20-44 years) completed a weight loss program to achieve BMI < 25 kg/m(2) . Physiological variable of exertion and rating of perceived exertion (RPE, Borg's 6-20 Scale) were recorded during submaximal aerobic exercise prior to, immediately following, and approximately 1 year after weight loss. APE was defined as the composite score of physiological variables (heart rate, ventilation rate, and respiratory exchange ratio) minus RPE. RESULTS APE was significantly different from the composite score of physiological variables at baseline and at 1-year follow-up for EA women (0.347 ± 0.88 P < 0.05 and 0.53 ± 0.92, P < 0.01, respectively) and at 1-year follow-up for AA (-0.37 ± 1.1, P < 0.01). EA women had lower physiological effort at baseline and 1-year follow-up states (-0.24 ± 0.66 P < 0.05; and, -0.27 ± 0.84 P < 0.05, respectively). AA women had higher physiological effort, at 1-year follow-up state (0.21 ± 0.61, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Physiologic effort and perceived exertion contributed independently to the racial differences in APE, and APE may be an important trait to evaluate before planning an exercise intervention. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:398-404, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Katherine Sweatt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Jane Roy
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Paula Chandler-Laney
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - David Brock
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405
| | - Gary Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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Pontifex MB, Kamijo K, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Khan NA, Hemrick B, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Frank KA, Hillman CH. V. The differential association of adiposity and fitness with cognitive control in preadolescent children. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2015; 79:72-92. [PMID: 25387416 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of sedentary behaviors during childhood, a greater understanding of the extent to which excess adiposity and aerobic fitness relate to cognitive health is of increasing importance. To date, however, the vast majority of research in this area has focused on adiposity or fitness, rather than the possible inter-relationship, as it relates to cognition. Accordingly, this study examined the differential associations between body composition, aerobic fitness, and cognitive control in a sample of 204 (96 female) preadolescent children. Participants completed a modified flanker task (i.e., inhibition) and a switch task (i.e., cognitive flexibility) to assess two aspects of cognitive control. Findings from this study indicate that fitness and adiposity appear to be separable factors as they relate to cognitive control, given that the interaction of fitness and adiposity was observed to be nonsignificant for both the flanker and switch tasks. Fitness exhibited an independent association with both inhibition and cognitive flexibility whereas adiposity exhibited an independent association only with cognitive flexibility. These results suggest that while childhood obesity and fitness appear to both be related to cognitive control, they may be differentially associated with its component processes.
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Pollock RD, Lazarus NR, Lord JM, Harridge SDR. Reply from Ross D. Pollock, Norman R. Lazarus, Janet M. Lord and Stephen D. R. Harridge. J Physiol 2015; 593:3221-2. [PMID: 26173829 DOI: 10.1113/jp270642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Pollock
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, Shepherds House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Norman R Lazarus
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, Shepherds House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, Shepherds House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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Mischel NA, Subramanian M, Dombrowski MD, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Mueller PJ. (In)activity-related neuroplasticity in brainstem control of sympathetic outflow: unraveling underlying molecular, cellular, and anatomical mechanisms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H235-43. [PMID: 25957223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00929.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More people die as a result of physical inactivity than any other preventable risk factor including smoking, high cholesterol, and obesity. Cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of death in the United States, tops the list of inactivity-related diseases. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Americans continue to make lifestyle choices that are creating a rapidly growing burden of epidemic size and impact on the United States healthcare system. It is imperative that we improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which physical inactivity increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease and how exercise can prevent or rescue the inactivity phenotype. The current review summarizes research on changes in the brain that contribute to inactivity-related cardiovascular disease. Specifically, we focus on changes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a critical brain region for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity. The RVLM is implicated in elevated sympathetic outflow associated with several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure. We hypothesize that changes in the RVLM contribute to chronic cardiovascular disease related to physical inactivity. Data obtained from our translational rodent models of chronic, voluntary exercise and inactivity suggest that functional, anatomical, and molecular neuroplasticity enhances glutamatergic neurotransmission in the RVLM of sedentary animals. Collectively, the evidence presented here suggests that changes in the RVLM resulting from sedentary conditions are deleterious and contribute to cardiovascular diseases that have an increased prevalence in sedentary individuals. The mechanisms by which these changes occur over time and their impact are important areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mischel
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Maryetta D Dombrowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and Cardiovascular Medicine, Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick J Mueller
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
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Abstract
Exercise represents a major challenge to whole-body homeostasis provoking widespread perturbations in numerous cells, tissues, and organs that are caused by or are a response to the increased metabolic activity of contracting skeletal muscles. To meet this challenge, multiple integrated and often redundant responses operate to blunt the homeostatic threats generated by exercise-induced increases in muscle energy and oxygen demand. The application of molecular techniques to exercise biology has provided greater understanding of the multiplicity and complexity of cellular networks involved in exercise responses, and recent discoveries offer perspectives on the mechanisms by which muscle "communicates" with other organs and mediates the beneficial effects of exercise on health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hawley
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Group, School of Exercise Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UA, UK.
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 4a, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dos Santos GL, Salazar LFG, Lazarin AC, de Russo TL. Joint position sense is bilaterally reduced for shoulder abduction and flexion in chronic hemiparetic individuals. Top Stroke Rehabil 2015; 22:271-80. [PMID: 26258452 DOI: 10.1179/1074935714z.0000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the world. One of the main complaints of individuals post-stroke refers to the loss of function of the upper limb, as evidenced during the performance of activities of daily living. This difficulty may be related to an important component of sensorimotor control, joint position sense, a submodality of proprioception. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the proprioception of both shoulders of chronic hemiparetic patients is altered during abduction and flexion. METHODS Thirteen subjects with chronic hemiparesis due to ischemic stroke and 13 healthy subjects matched for gender and age was included. The joint sense position was assessed using a dynamometer. Absolute error for shoulder abduction and flexion at the 30 and 60° was calculated. RESULTS No difference was found between the paretic and non-paretic limbs in movements at both 30 and 60°. Higher values of absolute error for both paretic and non-paretic limbs compared to the control were observed during abduction at 30 and at 60°. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ischemic post-stroke patients have bilateral proprioceptive deficits in the shoulder during abduction and flexion. But these deficits are dependent on the movement performed and the angle tested. The results demonstrate the need to include bilateral exercises and/or visual feedback in the rehabilitation program.
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Pollock RD, Carter S, Velloso CP, Duggal NA, Lord JM, Lazarus NR, Harridge SDR. An investigation into the relationship between age and physiological function in highly active older adults. J Physiol 2015; 593:657-80; discussion 680. [PMID: 25565071 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The relationship between age and physiological function remains poorly defined and there are no physiological markers that can be used to reliably predict the age of an individual. This could be due to a variety of confounding genetic and lifestyle factors, and in particular to ill-defined and low levels of physical activity. This study assessed the relationship between age and a diverse range of physiological functions in a cohort of highly active older individuals (cyclists) aged 55-79 years in whom the effects of lifestyle factors would be ameliorated. Significant associations between age and function were observed for many functions. V̇O2max was most closely associated with age, but even here the variance in age for any given level was high, precluding the clear identification of the age of any individual. The data suggest that the relationship between human ageing and physiological function is highly individualistic and modified by inactivity. ABSTRACT Despite extensive research, the relationship between age and physiological function remains poorly characterised and there are currently no reliable markers of human ageing. This is probably due to a number of confounding factors, particularly in studies of a cross-sectional nature. These include inter-subject genetic variation, as well as inter-generational differences in nutrition, healthcare and insufficient levels of physical activity as well as other environmental factors. We have studied a cohort of highly and homogeneously active older male (n = 84) and female (n = 41) cyclists aged 55-79 years who it is proposed represent a model for the study of human ageing free from the majority of confounding factors, especially inactivity. The aim of the study was to identify physiological markers of ageing by assessing the relationship between function and age across a wide range of indices. Each participant underwent a detailed physiological profiling which included measures of cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, metabolic, endocrine and cognitive functions, bone strength, and health and well-being. Significant associations between age and function were observed for many functions. The maximal rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) showed the closest association with age (r = -0.443 to -0.664; P < 0.001), but even here the variance in age for any given level was high, precluding the clear identification of the age of any individual. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that even when many confounding variables are removed the relationship between function and healthy ageing is complex and likely to be highly individualistic and that physical activity levels must be taken into account in ageing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Pollock
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Chaput JP, Carson V, Gray CE, Tremblay MS. Importance of all movement behaviors in a 24 hour period for overall health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:12575-81. [PMID: 25485978 PMCID: PMC4276632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111212575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity and childhood obesity are well-recognized public health concerns that are associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. Historically, the benefits of physical activity (e.g., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity-MVPA) to overall health have dominated discussions and emerging evidence indicates that a broader, more integrated approach is needed to better understand and address current public health crises. Existing guidelines for children and youth around the world only focus on MVPA, and recently sedentary behavior, despite an accumulating body of evidence showing that light-intensity physical activity (LPA) such as walking can provide important health benefits. Furthermore, there is accumulating support for the importance of adequate sleep and that these behaviors moderate the health impact of each other. Ignoring the other components of the movement continuum (i.e., sleep, sedentary time, LPA) while focusing efforts exclusively on MVPA (accounting for <5% of the time in a 24 h period) limits the potential to optimize the health benefits of movement behaviors. In order to address this limitation, experts in Canada are currently developing the world's first Integrated 24 Hour Movement Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Youth to help advance an integrated healthy active living agenda that has the potential to significantly improve the overall health and well-being of children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, W1-34 Van Vliet Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL T6G 2H9, Canada.
| | - Casey E Gray
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Hillman CH. I. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RELATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO COGNITIVE AND BRAIN HEALTH, AND SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2014; 79:1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/mono.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Markofski MM, Carrillo AE, Timmerman KL, Jennings K, Coen PM, Pence BD, Flynn MG. Exercise training modifies ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations and is related to inflammation in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:675-81. [PMID: 24013674 PMCID: PMC4111637 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe exercise training-induced effects on adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin. Twenty-nine older, healthy participants were classified as physically active (comparison group: N = 15, 70.9 ± 1.2 years) or physically inactive (exercise group: N = 14, 70.5 ± 1.4 years). Exercise group participants completed 12 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training, whereas comparison group participants maintained their current level of exercise and served as a physically active comparison group. Monocyte phenotype, as well as serum ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II were analyzed prior to and following the 12-week period. Ghrelin and adiponectin increased 47% and 55%, respectively, in exercise group participants following exercise training. Percent change in ghrelin (post and pre) was negatively correlated with the percent change in CD14+CD16+ monocytes (post and pre) in exercise group participants. Despite no changes in body mass, these data contribute to evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Paul M Coen
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brandt D Pence
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Michael G Flynn
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, South Carolina
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Flaherty JM, Smoliga JM, Zavorsky GS. The effect of increased physical activity on pulmonary diffusing capacity in unfit women. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:562-70. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.076406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James M. Smoliga
- Department of Physical Therapy; High Point University; High Point NC USA
| | - Gerald S. Zavorsky
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences; University of Louisville; Louisville KY USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; University of Louisville; Louisville KY USA
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50
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Tucci HT, Martins J, Sposito GDC, Camarini PMF, de Oliveira AS. Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES test): a reliability study in persons with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:1. [PMID: 24387196 PMCID: PMC3890535 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Close Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUES test) is a low cost shoulder functional test that could be considered as a complementary and objective clinical outcome for shoulder performance evaluation. However, its reliability was tested only in recreational athletes’ males and there are no studies comparing scores between sedentary and active samples. The purpose was to examine inter and intrasession reliability of CKCUES Test for samples of sedentary male and female with (SIS), for samples of sedentary healthy male and female, and for male and female samples of healthy upper extremity sport specific recreational athletes. Other purpose was to compare scores within sedentary and within recreational athletes samples of same gender. Methods A sample of 108 subjects with and without SIS was recruited. Subjects were tested twice, seven days apart. Each subject performed four test repetitions, with 45 seconds of rest between them. The last three repetitions were averaged and used to statistical analysis. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ICC2,1 was used to assess intrasession reliability of number of touches score and ICC2,3 was used to assess intersession reliability of number of touches, normalized score, and power score. Test scores within groups of same gender also were compared. Measurement error was determined by calculating the Standard Error of the Measurement (SEM) and Minimum detectable change (MDC) for all scores. Results The CKCUES Test showed excellent intersession reliability for scores in all samples. Results also showed excellent intrasession reliability of number of touches for all samples. Scores were greater in active compared to sedentary, with exception of power score. All scores were greater in active compared to sedentary and SIS males and females. SEM ranged from 1.45 to 2.76 touches (based on a 95% CI) and MDC ranged from 2.05 to 3.91(based on a 95% CI) in subjects with and without SIS. At least three touches are needed to be considered a real improvement on CKCUES Test scores. Conclusion Results suggest CKCUES Test is a reliable tool to evaluate upper extremity functional performance for sedentary, for upper extremity sport specific recreational, and for sedentary males and females with SIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Tatiana Tucci
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.
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