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Dugandzic R, Konstantelos N, Yu Y, Lavigne E, Srugo S, Lang JJ, Larsen K, Pollock T, Villeneuve P, Thomson EM, MacPherson M, Dales R, Cakmak S. Associations between paediatric obesity, chemical mixtures and environmental factors, in a national cross-sectional study of Canadian children. Pediatr Obes 2024:e13117. [PMID: 38872449 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst single chemical exposures are suspected to be obesogenic, the combined role of chemical mixtures in paediatric obesity is not well understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the potential associations between chemical mixtures and obesity in a population-based sample of Canadian children. METHODS We ascertained biomonitoring and health data for children aged 3-11 from the cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey from 2007 to 2019. Several chemicals of interest were measured in blood or urine and paediatric obesity was defined based on measured anthropometrics. Using quantile-based G computational analysis, we quantified the effects of three chemical mixtures selected a priori. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and environmental factors identified through a directed acyclic graph. Results are presented through adjusted relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS We included 9147 children. Of these, 24.1% were overweight or obese. Exposure to the mixture of bisphenol A, acrylamide, glycidamide, metals, parabens and arsenic increased the risk of childhood overweight or obesity by 45% (95% CI 1.09, 1.93), obesity by 109% (95% CI 1.27, 3.42) and central obesity by 82% (95% CI 1.30, 2.56). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the role of early childhood chemical exposures in paediatric obesity and the potential combined effects of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Dugandzic
- Office of Environmental Health, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia Konstantelos
- Office of Environmental Health, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yamei Yu
- Office of Environmental Health, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Lavigne
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Srugo
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin J Lang
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristian Larsen
- Office of Environmental Health, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler Pollock
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Villeneuve
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robert Dales
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabit Cakmak
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kranjac AW, Kranjac D, Kain ZN, Ehwerhemuepha L, Jenkins BN. Obesity Heterogeneity by Neighborhood Context in a Largely Latinx Sample. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:980-991. [PMID: 36997832 PMCID: PMC10933170 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood socioeconomic context where Latinx children live may influence body weight status. Los Angeles County and Orange County of Southern California both are on the list of the top ten counties with the largest Latinx population in the USA. This heterogeneity allowed us to estimate differential impacts of neighborhood environment on children's body mass index z-scores by race/ethnicity using novel methods and a rich data source. We geocoded pediatric electronic medical record data from a predominantly Latinx sample and characterized neighborhoods into unique residential contexts using latent profile modeling techniques. We estimated multilevel linear regression models that adjust for comorbid conditions and found that a child's place of residence independently associates with higher body mass index z-scores. Interactions further reveal that Latinx children living in Middle-Class neighborhoods have higher BMI z-scores than Asian and Other Race children residing in the most disadvantaged communities. Our findings underscore the complex relationship between community racial/ethnic composition and neighborhood socioeconomic context on body weight status during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley W Kranjac
- Department of Sociology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
- Center for Stress & Health, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dinko Kranjac
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, USA
| | - Zeev N Kain
- Center for Stress & Health, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Brooke N Jenkins
- Center for Stress & Health, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA.
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3
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Jabeen A, Afzal MS, Pathan SA. A Review of the Role of Built Environment and Temperature in the Development of Childhood Obesity. Cureus 2023; 15:e49657. [PMID: 38161805 PMCID: PMC10756253 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The burden of obesity is rising globally and is studied widely, yet the evidence for the association of environmental factors (both built and natural) with childhood obesity remains inconsistent. A relation with temperature as a proxy for natural environmental factors for obesity has not been reviewed previously. The purpose of this review was to assimilate updated evidence on environmental factors of childhood obesity. Three databases, MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Web of Science, and Cochrane, were searched for articles related to the effect of built environment and temperature on childhood obesity in 6-12-year-olds published in the last five years. Twelve studies were identified: four longitudinal and eight cross-sectional. The studies were appraised using the National Institute of Health Quality (NIH) Assessment Tool. A review of included studies showed that built environmental features like higher residential and population density, higher intersection density, more playgrounds, and all park features like the presence or availability of parks, high number of parks, proximity to parks, and an increased park land area, showed a protective association against childhood obesity while land use mix showed a promoting association for the development of childhood obesity. Inconclusive evidence was observed for other built environmental features. The search strategy did not retrieve any literature published in the past five years studying the association between temperature and the development of childhood obesity. Standardization of definitions of exposure and outcome measures is recommended. Further research studying the relationship between environmental temperature and the development of childhood obesity is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Jabeen
- Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, GBR
- Emergency Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | | | - Sameer A Pathan
- Emergency Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
- Emergency Medicine, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, GBR
- Emergency Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, AUS
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4
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Stone T, Trepal D, Lafreniere D, Sadler RC. Built and social indices for hazards in Children's environments. Health Place 2023; 83:103074. [PMID: 37482035 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging the capabilities of the Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure (HSDI) and composite indices we explore the importance of children's built and social environments on health. We apply contemporary GIS methods to a set of 2000 historical school records contextualized within an existing HSDI to establish seven variables measuring the relative quality of each child's built and social environments. We then combined these variables to create a composite index that assesses acute (short-term) health risks generated by their environments. Our results show that higher acute index values significantly correlated with higher presence of disease in the home. Further, higher income significantly correlated with lower acute index values, indicating that the relative quality of children's environments in our study area were constrained by familial wealth. This work demonstrates the importance of analyzing multiple activity spaces when assessing built and social environments, as well as the importance of spatial microdata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Stone
- Social Sciences Department, Michigan Technological University, USA.
| | - Dan Trepal
- Social Sciences Department, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Don Lafreniere
- Social Sciences Department, Michigan Technological University, USA
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Shan Q. Trend analysis of the association of urinary metals and obesity in children and adolescents. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135617. [PMID: 35820478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study investigated whether the association between urinary trace metals and obesity changes with age. A multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the association between metals and obesity. We built models based on rolling window data with a seven-year time interval to investigate the trend of odd ratios (ORs) in metals. Finally, an application was built to show the trend of the ORs of metals with age. We found that obesity was positively associated with barium but negatively associated with cobalt, cadmium, and lead among children and adolescents. The trend analysis shows that different metals have different trends. Both barium and cobalt showed an age-related trend, and the younger the age, the greater the effect; the former and the latter were positively and negatively correlated with obesity, respectively. Lead showed no trend. The length of the confidence interval of barium's ORs decreased with age, whereas the confidence interval lengths for cobalt's OR values did not show significant changes across age groups. Our results indicate that: 1. The body mass index (BMI) of younger children is more susceptible to certain metals. 2. Barium's effect on young children is highly volatile. 3. The effects of cobalt on children of different ages are less volatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Shan
- Department of Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China.
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6
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Xu H, Jia Y, Sun Z, Su J, Liu QS, Zhou Q, Jiang G. Environmental pollution, a hidden culprit for health issues. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2022; 1:31-45. [PMID: 38078200 PMCID: PMC10702928 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and health impacts from the massive discharge of chemicals and subsequent pollution have been gaining increasing public concern. The unintended exposure to different pollutants, such as heavy metals, air pollutants and organic chemicals, may cause diverse deleterious effects on human bodies, resulting in the incidence and progression of different diseases. The article reviewed the outbreak of environmental pollution-related public health emergencies, the epidemiological evidence on certain pollution-correlated health effects, and the pathological studies on specific pollutant exposure. By recalling the notable historical life-threatening disasters incurred by local chemical pollution, the damning evidence was presented to criminate certain pollutants as the main culprit for the given health issues. The epidemiological data on the prevalence of some common diseases revealed a variety of environmental pollutants to blame, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), fine particulate matters (PMs) and heavy metals. The retrospection of toxicological studies provided illustrative clues for evaluating ambient pollutant-induced health risks. Overall, environmental pollution, as the hidden culprit, should answer for the increasing public health burden, and more efforts are highly encouraged to strive to explore the cause-and-effect relationships through extensive epidemiological and pathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yang Jia
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jiahui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian S. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Bouali H, Boujtat K, Ezzerrouqui A, Lazreg Y, Rouf S, Abda N, Latrech H. Prevalence of Childhood Short Stature, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity Among Primary School Children. Cureus 2021; 13:e19651. [PMID: 34956770 PMCID: PMC8675597 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study, the first of its kind in Morocco, was conducted to compare the prevalence of growth disorders among children enrolled in public, private, urban, and rural schools in Oujda-Angad Province. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among primary schools in Oujda-Angad Province from November 2017 to April 2018, with a stratified random cluster sampling of public, private, urban, and rural primary schools. Results A representative sample of 1582 students aged from five to 15 years old was selected. The sample included 779 females (49.2%) and 803 males (50.8%), with an average age of 9.3 ± 1.96 years. The average weight of the students was 29.3 ± 9.6 kg (range: 12-130 kg), the average height was 133.7 ± 12.16 cm (range: 104.5-175.5 cm), and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 16.05 ± 3.31 kg/m2 (range: 8.33-76.9 kg/m2). Overall, short stature (SS) and underweight were significantly more prevalent in the public and rural schools, while obesity was highest in the urban private schools that ranked as the schools with the highest socioeconomic status (SES) students (p < 0.01). Female students were more likely to be overweight and obese, while male students were more likely to be underweight. Conclusion Our study provides an estimate of the prevalence of excess weight, underweight, and short stature in a primary school population. Our results reflect the importance of the problem, the need to monitor the nutritional status at both the individual and the community level, and the need to put in place preventive, diagnostic, and early management strategies before the problem worsens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bouali
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Medical School, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Khadija Boujtat
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Medical School, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Amine Ezzerrouqui
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Medical School, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Youssef Lazreg
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Medical School, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Siham Rouf
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Medical School, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Naima Abda
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Public Health, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
| | - Hanane Latrech
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Medical School, Mohamed the First University, Oujda, MAR
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Shamsipour M, Pirjani R, Jeddi MZ, Effatpanah M, Rastkari N, Kashani H, Shirazi M, Hassanvand MS, Shariat M, Javadi FS, Shariatpanahi G, Hassanpour G, Peykarporsan Z, Jamal A, Ardestani ME, Hoseini FS, Dalili H, Nayeri FS, Mesdaghinia A, Naddafi K, Shahtaheri SJ, Nasseri S, Yunesian F, Rezaeizadeh G, Amini H, Yokoyama K, Vigeh M, Yunesian M. Tehran environmental and neurodevelopmental disorders (TEND) cohort study: Phase I, feasibility assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:733-742. [PMID: 33312598 PMCID: PMC7721759 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To advance knowledge about childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and study their environmental determinants, we conducted a study in Tehran, Iran to assess the feasibility of prospective birth cohort study. METHODS We evaluated participation of pregnant women, feasibility of sampling biological material, and health care services availability in Tehran in four steps: (1) first trimester of pregnancy; (2) third trimester of pregnancy; (3) at delivery; and (4) two to three months after delivery. We collected related data through questionnaires, also various biological samples were obtained from mothers (blood, urine, milk and nails-hands and feet) and newborns (umbilical cord blood, meconium, and urine samples) from February 2016 to October 2017. RESULTS overall 838 eligible pregnant women were approached. The participation rate was 206(25%) in our study and about 185(90%) of subjects were recruited in hospitals. Out of 206 participants in the first trimester, blood, urine, hand nail, and foot nail samples were collected from 206(100%),193(93%), 205(99%), and 205(99%), respectively. These values dropped to 65(54%), 83(69%), 84(70%), and 84(70%) for the remaining participants 120(58%) in the third trimester, respectively. Also, we gathered milk samples from 125(60%) of mothers at two to three months after delivery. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that hospitals were better places for recruitment of subjects in a birth cohort in Tehran. We further concluded that birth cohort study recruitment can be improved by choosing appropriate gestational ages. Obtaining the newborn's urine, meconium, and umbilical cord blood were challenging procedures and require good collaboration between hospital staff and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Pirjani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Arash women’s hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 E Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Effatpanah
- School of Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Kashani
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Shirazi
- Maternal, fetal and neonatal research center, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mamak Shariat
- Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospitals Complexes, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazal Shariatpanahi
- Pediatric department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanpour
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Peykarporsan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Jamal
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ebad Ardestani
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Dalili
- Breastfeeding Research Center, Family Health Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospitals Complexes, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Nayeri
- Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospitals Complexes, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Yunesian
- Environmental Engineer, Data Management Unit in Trial Contract Research Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Rezaeizadeh
- Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospitals Complexes, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heresh Amini
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Mohsen Vigeh
- Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospitals Complexes, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Vrijheid M, Fossati S, Maitre L, Márquez S, Roumeliotaki T, Agier L, Andrusaityte S, Cadiou S, Casas M, de Castro M, Dedele A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Grazuleviciene R, Haug LS, McEachan R, Meltzer HM, Papadopouplou E, Robinson O, Sakhi AK, Siroux V, Sunyer J, Schwarze PE, Tamayo-Uria I, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Valentin A, Warembourg C, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Thomsen C, Basagaña X, Slama R, Chatzi L. Early-Life Environmental Exposures and Childhood Obesity: An Exposome-Wide Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:67009. [PMID: 32579081 PMCID: PMC7313401 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical and nonchemical environmental exposures are increasingly suspected to influence the development of obesity, especially during early life, but studies mostly consider single exposure groups. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to systematically assess the association between a wide array of early-life environmental exposures and childhood obesity, using an exposome-wide approach. METHODS The HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) study measured child body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, and body fat mass in 1,301 children from six European birth cohorts age 6-11 y. We estimated 77 prenatal exposures and 96 childhood exposures (cross-sectionally), including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, built environment, green spaces, tobacco smoking, and biomarkers of chemical pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, metals, phthalates, phenols, and pesticides). We used an exposure-wide association study (ExWAS) to screen all exposure-outcome associations independently and used the deletion-substitution-addition (DSA) variable selection algorithm to build a final multiexposure model. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined was 28.8%. Maternal smoking was the only prenatal exposure variable associated with higher child BMI (z-score increase of 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.48, for active vs. no smoking). For childhood exposures, the multiexposure model identified particulate and nitrogen dioxide air pollution inside the home, urine cotinine levels indicative of secondhand smoke exposure, and residence in more densely populated areas and in areas with fewer facilities to be associated with increased child BMI. Child blood levels of copper and cesium were associated with higher BMI, and levels of organochlorine pollutants, cobalt, and molybdenum were associated with lower BMI. Similar results were found for the other adiposity outcomes. DISCUSSION This first comprehensive and systematic analysis of many suspected environmental obesogens strengthens evidence for an association of smoking, air pollution exposure, and characteristics of the built environment with childhood obesity risk. Cross-sectional biomarker results may suffer from reverse causality bias, whereby obesity status influenced the biomarker concentration. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Serena Fossati
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Solène Cadiou
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosemary McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | - Oliver Robinson
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Valerie Siroux
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonia Valentin
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Charline Warembourg
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Trasande L, Ghassabian A, Kahn LG, Jacobson MH, Afanasyeva Y, Liu M, Chen Y, Naidu M, Alcedo G, Gilbert J, Koshy TT. The NYU Children's Health and Environment Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 35:305-320. [PMID: 32212050 PMCID: PMC7154015 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the NYU Children's Health and Environment Study (CHES) are to evaluate influences of prenatal non-persistent chemical exposures on fetal and postnatal growth and pool our data with the US National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program to answer collaborative research questions on the impact of the preconceptual, prenatal, and postnatal environment on childhood obesity, neurodevelopment, pre/peri/postnatal outcomes, upper and lower airway outcomes, and positive health. Eligible women were ≥ 18 years old, < 18 weeks pregnant, had a pregnancy that is not medically threatened, and planned to deliver at NYU Langone Hospital-Manhattan, Bellevue Hospital, or NYU Langone Hospital-Brooklyn. Between March 22, 2016 and April 15, 2019, we recruited 2469 pregnant women, from whom 2193 completed an initial questionnaire and continued into NYU CHES. Of the 2193, 88 miscarried, 28 terminated, and 20 experienced stillbirth, while 57 were lost to follow up. We report here demographic and other characteristics of the 2000 live deliveries (2037 children), from whom 1624 (80%) consented to postnatal follow-up. Data collection in pregnancy was nested in clinical care, with questionnaire and specimen collection conducted during routine prenatal visits at < 18, 18-25, and > 25 weeks gestation. These have been followed by questionnaire and specimen collection at birth and regular postpartum intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA. .,NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda G Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie H Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yelena Afanasyeva
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mrudula Naidu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Garry Alcedo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tony T Koshy
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Tylavsky FA, Ferrara A, Catellier DJ, Oken E, Li X, Law A, Dabelea D, Rundle A, Gilbert-Diamond D, Hivert MF, Breton CV, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Mueller NT, Hunt KJ, Arteaga SS, Lombo T, Mahabir S, Ruden D, Sauder K, Hedderson MM, Zhu Y, Polk S, Mihalopoulos NL, Vos M, Pyles L, Roary M, Aschner J, Karagas MR, Trasande L. Understanding childhood obesity in the US: the NIH environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO) program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:617-627. [PMID: 31649277 PMCID: PMC7060502 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few resources exist for prospective, longitudinal analysis of the relationships between early life environment and later obesity in large diverse samples of children in the United States (US). In 2016, the National Institutes of Health launched the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program to investigate influences of environmental exposures on child health and development. We describe demographics and overweight and obesity prevalence in ECHO, and ECHO's potential as a resource for understanding how early life environmental factors affect obesity risk. METHODS In this cross-sectional study of 70 extant US and Puerto Rico cohorts, 2003-2017, we examined age, race/ethnicity, and sex in children with body mass index (BMI) data, including 28,507 full-term post-birth to <2 years and 38,332 aged 2-18 years. Main outcomes included high BMI for age <2 years, and at 2-18 years overweight (BMI 85th to <95th percentile), obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile), and severe obesity (BMI ≥ 120% of 95th percentile). RESULTS The study population had diverse race/ethnicity and maternal demographics. Each outcome was more common with increasing age and varied with race/ethnicity. High BMI prevalence (95% CI) was 4.7% (3.5, 6.0) <1 year, and 10.6% (7.4, 13.7) for 1 to <2 years; overweight prevalence increased from 13.9% (12.4, 15.9) at 2-3 years to 19.9% (11.7, 28.2) at 12 to <18 years. ECHO has the statistical power to detect relative risks for 'high' BMI ranging from 1.2 to 2.2 for a wide range of exposure prevalences (1-50%) within each age group. CONCLUSIONS ECHO is a powerful resource for understanding influences of chemical, biological, social, natural, and built environments on onset and trajectories of obesity in US children. The large sample size of ECHO cohorts adopting a standardized protocol for new data collection of varied exposures along with longitudinal assessments will allow refined analyses to identify drivers of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Law
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Noel T Mueller
- Welch Center for Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly J Hunt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S Sonia Arteaga
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tania Lombo
- NIH Office of the Director, ECHO Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Somdat Mahabir
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Doug Ruden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Sauder
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Monique M Hedderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Polk
- Department of Pediatrics and Centro SOL, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Miriam Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mary Roary
- National Institute of Nursing Research and Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Judy Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine and Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Anthamatten P, Thomas DSK, Williford D, Barrow JC, Bol KA, Davidson AJ, Deakyne Davies SJ, Kraus EM, Tabano DC, Daley MF. Geospatial Monitoring of Body Mass Index: Use of Electronic Health Record Data Across Health Care Systems. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:211-219. [PMID: 32053469 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920904078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Colorado BMI Monitoring System was developed to assess geographic (ie, census tract) patterns of obesity prevalence rates among children and adults in the Denver-metropolitan region. This project also sought to assess the feasibility of a surveillance system that integrates data across multiple health care and governmental organizations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We extracted data on height and weight measures, obtained through routine clinical care, from electronic health records (EHRs) at multiple health care sites. We selected sites from 5 Denver health care systems and collected data from visits that occurred between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015. We produced shaded maps showing observed obesity prevalence rates by census tract for various geographic regions across the Denver-metropolitan region. RESULTS We identified clearly distinguishable areas by higher rates of obesity among children than among adults, with several pockets of lower body mass index. Patterns for adults were similar to patterns for children: the highest obesity prevalence rates were concentrated around the central part of the metropolitan region. Obesity prevalence rates were moderately higher along the western and northern areas than in other parts of the study region. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The Colorado BMI Monitoring System demonstrates the feasibility of combining EHRs across multiple systems for public health and research. Challenges include ensuring de-duplication across organizations and ensuring that geocoding is performed in a consistent way that does not pose a risk for patient privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anthamatten
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Deborah S K Thomas
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Devon Williford
- Center for Health and Environment Data, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer C Barrow
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kirk A Bol
- Center for Health and Environment Data, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Sara J Deakyne Davies
- Research Informatics, Analytics Resource Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - David C Tabano
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Matthew F Daley
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Nakayama SF, Espina C, Kamijima M, Magnus P, Charles MA, Zhang J, Wolz B, Conrad A, Murawski A, Iwai-Shimada M, Zaros C, Caspersen IH, Kolossa-Gehring M, Meltzer HM, Olsen SF, Etzel RA, Schüz J. Benefits of cooperation among large-scale cohort studies and human biomonitoring projects in environmental health research: An exercise in blood lead analysis of the Environment and Child Health International Birth Cohort Group. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1059-1067. [PMID: 31327570 PMCID: PMC6732228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of prospective cohort studies are ongoing worldwide to investigate the impact of foetal and neonatal exposures to chemical substances on child health. To assess multiple exposure (mixture) effects and low prevalence health outcomes it is useful to pool data from several studies and conduct mega-data-analysis. To discuss a path towards data harmonization, representatives from several large-scale birth cohort studies and a biomonitoring programme formed a collaborative group, the Environment and Child Health International Birth Cohort Group (ECHIBCG). In this study, an intra-laboratory trial was performed to harmonize existing blood lead measurements within the groups' studies. Then, decentralized analyses were conducted in individual countries' laboratories to evaluate blood lead levels (BLL) in each study. The measurements of pooled BLL samples in French, German and three Japanese laboratories resulted in an overall mean blood lead concentration of 8.66 μg l-1 (95% confidence interval: 8.59-8.72 μg l-1) with 3.0% relative standard deviation. Except for China's samples, BLL from each study were comparable with mean concentrations below or close to 10 μg l-1. The decentralized multivariate analyses revealed that all models had coefficients of determination below 0.1. Determinants of BLL were current smoking, age >35 years and overweight or obese status. The three variables were associated with an increase in BLL in each of the five studies, most strongly in France by almost 80% and the weakest effect being in Norway with only 15%; for Japan, with the far largest sample (~18,000), the difference was 36%. This study successfully demonstrated that the laboratory analytical methods were sufficiently similar to allow direct comparison of data and showed that it is possible to harmonize the epidemiological data for joint analysis. This exercise showed the challenges in decentralized data analyses and reinforces the need for data harmonization among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji F Nakayama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Birgit Wolz
- Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, Germany
| | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency, Section Toxicology, Health Related Monitoring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Murawski
- German Environment Agency, Section Toxicology, Health Related Monitoring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miyuki Iwai-Shimada
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cécile Zaros
- Ined, Inserm, EFS, Elfe Joint Unit, Paris, France
| | - Ida Henriette Caspersen
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency, Section Toxicology, Health Related Monitoring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruth A Etzel
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
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14
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Mansouri V, Ebrahimpour K, Poursafa P, Riahi R, Shoshtari-Yeganeh B, Hystad P, Kelishadi R. Exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A is associated with higher risk of cardiometabolic impairment in normal weight children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18604-18614. [PMID: 31055746 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some obese individuals have normal metabolic profile, and some normal-weight persons have impaired metabolic status. Our hypothesis was that one of the potential underlying factors for such differences in cardiometabolic profiles might be the exposure to some environmental chemicals. This study aimed to investigate the association of serum bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate metabolites with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents independent of their weight status. This case-control study was conducted on a subsample of 320 participants of a national school-based surveillance program in Iran. We measured serum BPA and phthalate metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry. We compared them in children and adolescents with and without excess weight and those with and without cardiometabolic risk factors (80 in each group). We categorized the concentrations of chemicals to tertiles and then we applied logistic regression models after adjustment for potential confounding factors. The concentrations of BPA and some metabolites of phthalates were significantly different in the four groups studied. MEHP concentration was associated with higher odds ratio of cardiometabolic risk factors in participants with normal weight (OR, 95% CI 2.82, 1.001-7.91) and those with excess weight (OR, 95% CI 3.15, 1.27-7.83). MBP concentration increased the odds ratio of cardiometabolic risk factors only in normal weight children and adolescents (OR, 95% CI 6.59, 2.33-18.59, P < 0.001). In participants without cardiometabolic risk factor, MMP and MEHHP were significantly associated with increased risk of excess weight (OR, 95% CI 5.90, 1.21-28.75 and 7.82, 1.5-41.8, respectively). This study showed that the association of BPA and phthalate with cardiometabolic risk factors is independent of the weight status. Our findings suggest that the metabolic impairment in some normal weight children and normal metabolic profile of some obese children can be, in part, related to exposure to these environmental chemicals. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mansouri
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Environment Health Engineering Department, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parinaz Poursafa
- Environment Health Engineering Department, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Riahi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahareh Shoshtari-Yeganeh
- Environment Health Engineering Department, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
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15
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East P, Delker E, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Home and Family Environment Related to Development of Obesity: A 21-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Obes 2019; 15:156-166. [PMID: 30676769 PMCID: PMC6442262 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life conditions are important for the development of obesity. We hypothesized that home and family characteristics reflective of less supportive environments during childhood will be associated with higher adult BMI and faster BMI growth between ages 5 and 21 years. We also examined the timing and acceleration of BMI increase by adult weight status (normal weight, overweight, obese, and extremely obese) to discern how BMI increase differs across group and across time. METHODS BMI was assessed in 1000 Chilean youth (52% female) at ages 5, 10, 15, and 21 years. Latent growth curve analysis modeled BMI trajectories from 5 to 21 years. Observer and maternal ratings assessed children's home and family environments and parenting at 1 and 10 years. RESULTS The four weight groups differed in acceleration of BMI increase starting at age 5, with bigger children getting bigger faster. Higher 21-year BMI related to family stress, father absence, maternal depression, frequent child confinement (in playpen), an unclean home environment at 1 year, and low provision for active stimulation and few stimulating experiences at 10 years. Accelerated BMI increase related to lower learning stimulation in the home at 1 year and less parental warmth and acceptance at child age 10. CONCLUSIONS Home and family characteristics that reflect an absence of support for children's development were associated with overweight/obesity in young adulthood and accelerated BMI growth. Findings identify several home and family characteristics that can serve as preventive or intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia East
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Address correspondence to: Patricia East, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927
| | - Erin Delker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center of Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center of Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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16
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Lichtveld K, Thomas K, Tulve NS. Chemical and non-chemical stressors affecting childhood obesity: a systematic scoping review. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:1-12. [PMID: 28952603 PMCID: PMC6097845 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity in the United States has doubled over the last three decades and currently affects 17% of children and adolescents. While much research has focused on individual behaviors impacting obesity, little research has emphasized the complex interactions of numerous chemical and non-chemical stressors found in a child's environment and how these interactions affect a child's health and well-being. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to (1) identify potential chemical stressors in the context of non-chemical stressors that impact childhood obesity; and, (2) summarize our observations for chemical and non-chemical stressors in regards to child-specific environments within a community setting. A review was conducted to identify chemical and non-chemical stressors related to childhood obesity for the childhood life stages ranging from prenatal to adolescence. Stressors were identified and grouped into domains: individual behaviors, family/household behaviors, community stressors, and chemical exposures. Stressors were related to the child and the child's everyday environments and used to characterize child health and well-being. This review suggests that the interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors are important for understanding a child's overall health and well-being. By considering these relationships, the exposure science research community can better design and implement strategies to reduce childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lichtveld
- ORISE Post-Doctoral Participant, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Current Affiliation: Assistant Professor, The University of Findlay, Department of Environmental, Safety and Occupational Health, Findlay, OH
| | - Kent Thomas
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicolle S. Tulve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Milošević N, Milić N, Živanović Bosić D, Bajkin I, Perčić I, Abenavoli L, Medić Stojanoska M. Potential influence of the phthalates on normal liver function and cardiometabolic risk in males. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 190:17. [PMID: 29234897 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, massively used in industry as plasticizers and additives in cosmetics, which may impair the human endocrine system inducing fertility problems, respiratory diseases, obesity, and neuropsychological disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the liver function and cardiometabolic risk factors in males. In this research, 102 male participants (51 normal weight and 51 overweight/obese) were enrolled and examined for phthalate metabolites exposure in urine samples after 12 h of fasting. MEP was found in 28.43% (29/102) volunteers, while MEHP was detected among 20.59% (21/102) participants. Statistically significant increment in transaminase serum levels was observed in MEP-positive normal weight subgroup. Linear correlation was obtained between MEP concentration in urine samples and triglyceride (TG) serum levels (r 2 = 0.33; p < 0.01), visceral adiposity index (VAI) (r 2 = 0.41; p < 0.01), lipid accumulation product (LAP) (r 2 = 0.32; p < 0.01), and TG to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (r 2 = 0.40, p < 0.01) among the obese. The MEHP-positive normal weight volunteers had statistically significant increment of body mass index (p = 0.03) compared to MEHP-negative participants. Urine MEHP concentrations were negatively correlated with HDL serum levels (r 2 = 0.31; p < 0.05) in the normal weight subgroup. The phthalates exposure may be related to statistically significant ALT and AST serum levels increment as well as with increased BMI, while the phthalate levels in the urine may be correlated with increased TG and decreased HDL cholesterol serum levels and associated with indicators of cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance as LAP and VAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milošević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | - Ivana Bajkin
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Perčić
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Haematology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Milica Medić Stojanoska
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Association of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Bisphenol A and Phthalates, with Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jpr.11894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bisphenol A and Metabolic Diseases: Challenges for Occupational Medicine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090959. [PMID: 28841159 PMCID: PMC5615496 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases has markedly increased worldwide during the last few decades. Lifestyle factors (physical activity, energy-dense diets), together with a genetic predisposition, are well known factors in the pathophysiology of health problems. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound used for polycarbonate plastics, food containers, epoxy resins coating metallic cans for food and beverage conservation. The ability of BPA to act as an endocrine disruptor-xenoestrogen in particular-is largely documented in literature, with numerous publications of in vivo and in vitro studies as well as epidemiological data on humans. Recently, different researchers studied the involvement of BPA in the development of insulin resistance; evidences in this way showed a potential role in etiology of metabolic disease, both for children and for adults. We review the epidemiological literature in the relation between BPA exposure and the risk of metabolic diseases in adults, with a focus on occupational exposure. Considering published data and the role of occupational physicians in promoting Workers' Health, specific situations of exposure to BPA in workplace are described, and proposals for action to be taken are suggested. The comparison of the studies showed that exposure levels were higher in workers than in the general population, even if, sometimes, the measurement units used did not permit rapid comprehension. Nevertheless, occupational medicine focus on reproductive effects and not metabolic ones.
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Si X, Zhou Z, Strappe P, Blanchard C. A comparison of RS4-type resistant starch to RS2-type resistant starch in suppressing oxidative stress in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats. Food Funct 2017; 8:232-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The anti-obesity effects of two types of resistant starch (RS) in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Si
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Padraig Strappe
- ARC Functional Grains Centre
- Charles Sturt University
- Wagga Wagga
- Australia
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Functional Grains Centre
- Charles Sturt University
- Wagga Wagga
- Australia
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Won JC, Hong JW, Noh JH, Kim DJ. Association Between Age at Menarche and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Korean Women: The 2010 to 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3580. [PMID: 27149485 PMCID: PMC4863802 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early menarche is strongly associated with adulthood obesity; however, the relationship between age at menarche and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Korean women remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the association between early menarche and risk factors for developing CVD during adulthood using a nationwide population database.In total, 12,336 women (weighted n = 17,483,406; weighted age, 45.7 years) who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 to 2013 were included in this study. Participants were scored using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome. Risk of CVD was estimated using the 10-year Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Point Scale (10-year FRS).Early menarche (≤11 years) was reported in 5.2% (weighted n = 917,493) of subjects. The weighted prevalences of metabolic syndrome and ≥20% 10-year FRS were 23.6% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 22.7-24.6] and 7.7% (7.1-8.3), respectively. Women with early menarche reported a significantly higher body mass index and waist circumference, along with a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome than those with later menarche (≥13 years). Furthermore, the prevalence of women with a ≥10% or ≥20% 10-year FRS was higher in those with early menarche than in other groups after adjusting for age, smoking, education level, and menstruation. Logistic regression analyses controlling for these and other confounding factors revealed odds ratios of 2.29 (95% CI = 1.25-4.19) and 1.78 (0.96-3.30) for ≥10% and ≥20% 10-year FRS in women with early menarche, respectively, compared with those in the latest menarche group (≥17 years).Taken together, this nationwide study revealed that women with early menarche are at increased risks of metabolic syndrome and CVD. Early menarche may therefore represent an important marker for early preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Chul Won
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (JCW), Sanggye Paik Hospital, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, and Department of Internal Medicine (JWH, JHN, D-JK), Ilsan-Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Koyang, Republic of Korea
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Robinson O, Basagaña X, Agier L, de Castro M, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Gonzalez JR, Grimalt JO, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Sunyer J, Slama R, Vrijheid M. The Pregnancy Exposome: Multiple Environmental Exposures in the INMA-Sabadell Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10632-41. [PMID: 26168307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is defined as "the totality of human environmental exposures from conception onward, complementing the genome" and its holistic approach may advance understanding of disease etiology. We aimed to describe the correlation structure of the exposome during pregnancy to better understand the relationships between and within families of exposure and to develop analytical tools appropriate to exposome data. Estimates on 81 environmental exposures of current health concern were obtained for 728 women enrolled in The INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) birth cohort, in Sabadell, Spain, using biomonitoring, geospatial modeling, remote sensors, and questionnaires. Pair-wise Pearson's and polychoric correlations were calculated and principal components were derived. The median absolute correlation across all exposures was 0.06 (5th-95th centiles, 0.01-0.54). There were strong levels of correlation within families of exposure (median = 0.45, 5th-95th centiles, 0.07-0.85). Nine exposures (11%) had a correlation higher than 0.5 with at least one exposure outside their exposure family. Effectively all the variance in the data set (99.5%) was explained by 40 principal components. Future exposome studies should interpret exposure effects in light of their correlations to other exposures. The weak to moderate correlation observed between exposure families will permit adjustment for confounding in future exposome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Robinson
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm and Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, U823 (IAB) Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm and Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, U823 (IAB) Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Lobato JCP, Kale PL, Velarde LGC, Szklo M, Costa AJL. Correlation between mean body mass index in the population and prevalence of obesity in Brazilian capitals: empirical evidence for a population-based approach of obesity. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:322. [PMID: 25885330 PMCID: PMC4392482 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between mean body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity in adult populations living in Brazilian State capitals. Methods An ecological study was conducted, using data from the National Household Budget Survey conducted in July 2002 through June 2003, including a representative sample of 48.470 households. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression coefficients were estimated in order to define the relationships of mean BMI and sex-specific, age standardized obesity prevalence (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) in adults aged 20 to 59 years. Results Stronger correlations between BMI and prevalence of obesity were observed in women (r = 0.9; p < 0.001) than in men (r = 0.6; p = 0.001) in all analyzes. A reduction of one unit in mean BMI predicted a decline in the prevalence of obesity of about 4.0% (95% CI: 1.7 - 6.3) in men, and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.6 – 4.3) in women. Conclusion We found a correlation between BMI and prevalence of obesity, particularly among women, suggesting that population-based strategies would be effective to reduce the prevalence of obesity in adult populations living in Brazilian state capitals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Lorena Kale
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Institute of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Moyses Szklo
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
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Legler J, Fletcher T, Govarts E, Porta M, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ, Trasande L. Obesity, diabetes, and associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:1278-88. [PMID: 25742518 PMCID: PMC4399302 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity and diabetes are epidemic in the European Union (EU). Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is increasingly recognized as a contributor, independent of diet and physical activity. OBJECTIVE The objective was to estimate obesity, diabetes, and associated costs that can be reasonably attributed to EDC exposures in the EU. DESIGN An expert panel evaluated evidence for probability of causation using weight-of-evidence characterization adapted from that applied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Exposure-response relationships and reference levels were evaluated for relevant EDCs, and biomarker data were organized from peer-reviewed studies to represent European exposure and burden of disease. Cost estimation as of 2010 utilized published cost estimates for childhood obesity, adult obesity, and adult diabetes. Setting, Patients and Participants, and Intervention: Cost estimation was performed from the societal perspective. RESULTS The panel identified a 40% to 69% probability of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene causing 1555 cases of overweight at age 10 (sensitivity analysis: 1555-5463) in 2010 with associated costs of €24.6 million (sensitivity analysis: €24.6-86.4 million). A 20% to 39% probability was identified for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene causing 28 200 cases of adult diabetes (sensitivity analysis: 28 200-56 400) with associated costs of €835 million (sensitivity analysis: €835 million-16.6 billion). The panel also identified a 40% to 69% probability of phthalate exposure causing 53 900 cases of obesity in older women and €15.6 billion in associated costs. Phthalate exposure was also found to have a 40% to 69% probability of causing 20 500 new-onset cases of diabetes in older women with €607 million in associated costs. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure was identified to have a 20% to 69% probability of causing 42 400 cases of childhood obesity, with associated lifetime costs of €1.54 billion. CONCLUSIONS EDC exposures in the EU contribute substantially to obesity and diabetes, with a moderate probability of >€18 billion costs per year. This is a conservative estimate; the results emphasize the need to control EDC exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Legler
- Department of Chemistry and Biology (J.L.), Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; London School of Tropical Hygiene (T.F.), London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Environmental Risk and Health (E.G.), Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium; School of Medicine (M.P.), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (M.P.), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology (B.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (J.J.H.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; New York University (NYU) School of Medicine (L.T.), New York, New York 10016; NYU Wagner School of Public Service (L.T.), New York, New York 10012; NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development (L.T.), Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, New York, New York 10003; and NYU Global Institute of Public Health (L.T.), New York, New York 10003
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Legler J, Fletcher T, Govarts E, Porta M, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ, Trasande L. Obesity, diabetes, and associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:1278-1288. [PMID: 25742518 PMCID: PMC4399302 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4326#sthash.tw9g4zig.dpuf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity and diabetes are epidemic in the European Union (EU). Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is increasingly recognized as a contributor, independent of diet and physical activity. OBJECTIVE The objective was to estimate obesity, diabetes, and associated costs that can be reasonably attributed to EDC exposures in the EU. DESIGN An expert panel evaluated evidence for probability of causation using weight-of-evidence characterization adapted from that applied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Exposure-response relationships and reference levels were evaluated for relevant EDCs, and biomarker data were organized from peer-reviewed studies to represent European exposure and burden of disease. Cost estimation as of 2010 utilized published cost estimates for childhood obesity, adult obesity, and adult diabetes. Setting, Patients and Participants, and Intervention: Cost estimation was performed from the societal perspective. RESULTS The panel identified a 40% to 69% probability of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene causing 1555 cases of overweight at age 10 (sensitivity analysis: 1555-5463) in 2010 with associated costs of €24.6 million (sensitivity analysis: €24.6-86.4 million). A 20% to 39% probability was identified for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene causing 28 200 cases of adult diabetes (sensitivity analysis: 28 200-56 400) with associated costs of €835 million (sensitivity analysis: €835 million-16.6 billion). The panel also identified a 40% to 69% probability of phthalate exposure causing 53 900 cases of obesity in older women and €15.6 billion in associated costs. Phthalate exposure was also found to have a 40% to 69% probability of causing 20 500 new-onset cases of diabetes in older women with €607 million in associated costs. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure was identified to have a 20% to 69% probability of causing 42 400 cases of childhood obesity, with associated lifetime costs of €1.54 billion. CONCLUSIONS EDC exposures in the EU contribute substantially to obesity and diabetes, with a moderate probability of >€18 billion costs per year. This is a conservative estimate; the results emphasize the need to control EDC exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Legler
- Department of Chemistry and Biology (J.L.), Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; London School of Tropical Hygiene (T.F.), London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Environmental Risk and Health (E.G.), Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium; School of Medicine (M.P.), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (M.P.), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology (B.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (J.J.H.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; New York University (NYU) School of Medicine (L.T.), New York, New York 10016; NYU Wagner School of Public Service (L.T.), New York, New York 10012; NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development (L.T.), Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, New York, New York 10003; and NYU Global Institute of Public Health (L.T.), New York, New York 10003
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Abstract
Overview: South Asian countries have experienced a remarkable economic growth during last two decades along with subsequent transformation in social, economic and food systems. Rising disposable income levels continue to drive the nutrition transition characterized by a shift from a traditional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets towards diets with a lower carbohydrate and higher proportion of saturated fat, sugar and salt. Steered by various transitions in demographic, economic and nutritional terms, South Asian population are experiencing a rapidly changing disease profile. While the healthcare systems have long been striving to disentangle from the vicious cycle of poverty and undernutrition, South Asian countries are now confronted with an emerging epidemic of obesity and a constellation of other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This dual burden is bringing about a serious health and economic conundrum and is generating enormous pressure on the already overstretched healthcare system of South Asian countries. Objectives: The Nutrition transition has been a very popular topic in the field of human nutrition during last few decades and many countries and broad geographic regions have been studied. However there is no review on this topic in the context of South Asia as yet. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the factors accounting for the onset of nutrition transition and its subsequent impact on epidemiological transition in five major South Asian countries including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Special emphasis was given on India and Bangladesh as they together account for 94% of the regional population and about half world’s malnourished population. Methods: This study is literature based. Main data sources were published research articles obtained through an electronic medical databases search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghose Bishwajit
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Current Address: School of Social Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Nahhas M, Bhopal R, Anandan C, Elton R, Sheikh A. Investigating the association between obesity and asthma in 6- to 8-year-old Saudi children: a matched case-control study. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2014; 24:14004. [PMID: 24899344 PMCID: PMC4373259 DOI: 10.1038/npjpcrm.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated an association between obesity and asthma, but there remains considerable uncertainty about whether this reflects an underlying causal relationship. AIMS To investigate the association between obesity and asthma in pre-pubertal children and to investigate the roles of airway obstruction and atopy as possible causal mechanisms. METHODS We conducted an age- and sex-matched case-control study of 1,264 6- to 8-year-old schoolchildren with and without asthma recruited from 37 randomly selected schools in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skin fold thickness of the 632 children with asthma were compared with those of the 632 control children without asthma. Associations between obesity and asthma, adjusted for other potential risk factors, were assessed separately in boys and girls using conditional logistic regression analysis. The possible mediating roles of atopy and airway obstruction were studied by investigating the impact of incorporating data on sensitisation to common aeroallergens and measurements of lung function. RESULTS BMI was associated with asthma in boys (odds ratio (OR)=1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.20; adjusted OR=1.11, 95% CI, 1.03-1.19) and girls (OR=1.37, 95% CI, 1.26-1.50; adjusted OR=1.38, 95% CI, 1.23-1.56). Adjusting for forced expiratory volume in 1 s had a negligible impact on these associations, but these were attenuated following adjustment for allergic sensitisation, particularly in girls (girls: OR=1.25; 95% CI, 0.96-1.60; boys: OR=1.09, 95% CI, 0.99-1.19). CONCLUSIONS BMI is associated with asthma in pre-pubertal Saudi boys and girls; this effect does not appear to be mediated through respiratory obstruction, but in girls this may at least partially be mediated through increased risk of allergic sensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Nahhas
- Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Bruce and John Usher Professor of Public Health, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chantelle Anandan
- Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rob Elton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- 1] Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK [2] Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Vrijheid M, Slama R, Robinson O, Chatzi L, Coen M, van den Hazel P, Thomsen C, Wright J, Athersuch TJ, Avellana N, Basagaña X, Brochot C, Bucchini L, Bustamante M, Carracedo A, Casas M, Estivill X, Fairley L, van Gent D, Gonzalez JR, Granum B, Gražulevičienė R, Gutzkow KB, Julvez J, Keun HC, Kogevinas M, McEachan RRC, Meltzer HM, Sabidó E, Schwarze PE, Siroux V, Sunyer J, Want EJ, Zeman F, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:535-44. [PMID: 24610234 PMCID: PMC4048258 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental periods in early life may be particularly vulnerable to impacts of environmental exposures. Human research on this topic has generally focused on single exposure-health effect relationships. The "exposome" concept encompasses the totality of exposures from conception onward, complementing the genome. OBJECTIVES The Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX) project is a new collaborative research project that aims to implement novel exposure assessment and biomarker methods to characterize early-life exposure to multiple environmental factors and associate these with omics biomarkers and child health outcomes, thus characterizing the "early-life exposome." Here we describe the general design of the project. METHODS In six existing birth cohort studies in Europe, HELIX will estimate prenatal and postnatal exposure to a broad range of chemical and physical exposures. Exposure models will be developed for the full cohorts totaling 32,000 mother-child pairs, and biomarkers will be measured in a subset of 1,200 mother-child pairs. Nested repeat-sampling panel studies (n = 150) will collect data on biomarker variability, use smartphones to assess mobility and physical activity, and perform personal exposure monitoring. Omics techniques will determine molecular profiles (metabolome, proteome, transcriptome, epigenome) associated with exposures. Statistical methods for multiple exposures will provide exposure-response estimates for fetal and child growth, obesity, neurodevelopment, and respiratory outcomes. A health impact assessment exercise will evaluate risks and benefits of combined exposures. CONCLUSIONS HELIX is one of the first attempts to describe the early-life exposome of European populations and unravel its relation to omics markers and health in childhood. As proof of concept, it will form an important first step toward the life-course exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Vrijheid
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
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Lovasi GS, Schwartz-Soicher O, Neckerman KM, Konty K, Kerker B, Quinn J, Rundle A. Aesthetic amenities and safety hazards associated with walking and bicycling for transportation in New York City. Ann Behav Med 2014; 45 Suppl 1:S76-85. [PMID: 23011913 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-012-9416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One strategy to address health problems related to insufficient physical activity is to examine modifiable neighborhood characteristics associated with active transportation. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate whether neighborhoods with more aesthetic amenities (sidewalk cafés, street trees, and clean sidewalks) and fewer safety hazards (pedestrian-auto fatalities and homicides) are associated with active transportation. METHODS The 2003 Community Health Survey in New York City, which asked about active transportation (walking or bicycling >10 blocks) in the past 30 days, was linked to ZIP-code population census and built environment characteristics. Adjusted associations were estimated for dichotomous (any active transportation versus none) and continuous (trip frequency) active transportation outcomes. RESULTS Among 8,034 adults, those living near sidewalk cafés were 10 % more likely to report active transportation (p = 0.01). Homicide rate was associated with less frequent active transportation among those reporting any active transportation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Investments in aesthetic amenities or homicide prevention may help to promote active transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina S Lovasi
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
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Goodman M, LaKind JS, Mattison DR. Do phthalates act as obesogens in humans? A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:151-75. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.860076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kirby J, Levin KA, Inchley J. Socio-environmental influences on physical activity among young people: a qualitative study. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2013; 28:954-969. [PMID: 23969630 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyt085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This multi-methods qualitative study aimed to identify environmental factors that influence physical activity participation among young people in Edinburgh, Scotland. School pupils (aged 11-13 years) took part using photography, computer blogs, maps and focus group discussions (FGDs). Eleven computer sessions (n = 131) and 14 FGDs (n = 63) took place. Factors influencing physical activity behaviour included proximity and access to local facilities, family and peers and the school physical activity environment. A variety of facilitators and barriers to participation were also reported. Most notable was the importance of cost and value for money when choosing physical activities which, although more evident among pupils attending schools in areas of low socio-economic status (SES), was relevant across all SES groups. Reporting easy access to sports facilities was more common among pupils attending schools from high/medium SES. Use of greenspace for physical activity was reported among pupils from all schools, but was more common among those from low SES schools. Pupils were, in general, satisfied with the facilities available at school, but felt time for physical education could be increased. Findings may help inform interventions, aimed at promoting physical activity at local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kirby
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK, Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit (CAHRU), School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TF, UK and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Health Promotion Research, Vienna, Austria
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Rotenone induces reductive stress and triacylglycerol deposition in C2C12 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2749-55. [PMID: 24104397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental rotenone is associated with Parkinson's disease due to its inhibitory property to the complex I of mitochondrial respiration chain. Although environmental pollution has been postulated as a causal factor for the increasing prevalence of obesity, the role of rotenone in the pathogenesis of obesity has not been studied. We employed muscle-derived cell C2C12 as a model and shotgun lipidomics as a tool for lipid analysis and found that treatment with rotenone led to the profound deposition of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. The TAG deposition resulted from complex I inhibition. Further studies revealed that rotenone induced mitochondrial stress as shown by decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, increased NADH/NAD+ ratio (i.e., reductive stress) and mitochondrial metabolites. We demonstrated that rotenone activated fatty acid de novo synthesis and TAG synthesis and ultimately resulted in intracellular TAG deposition. These studies suggested that increased mitochondrial stresses might be an underlying mechanism responsible for TAG accumulation manifest in obesity.
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Riesch SK, Ngui EM, Ehlert C, Miller MK, Cronk CA, Leuthner S, Strehlow M, Hewitt JB, Durkin MS. Community outreach and engagement strategies from the Wisconsin Study Center of the National Children's Study. Public Health Nurs 2013; 30:254-65. [PMID: 23586770 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this methods article was to describe and evaluate outreach and engagement strategies designed to initially build county-wide awareness and support for the National Children's Study (NCS or the study) and subsequently to target the segment communities where recruitment for the study occurred. Selected principles from community outreach, social marketing, and health care system and personal referral formed the foundation for the strategies. The strategies included a celebration event, community advisory board, community needs assessment, building relationships with health care providers and systems, eliciting a network of study supporters, newsletters, appearances at local young family-oriented events (health fairs, parades), presentations to local community leaders, community forums, "branding" with assistance from a women-owned local marketing firm, and mailings including an oversized, second-touch postcard. Six months after study launch, approximately 4,600 study-eligible women were asked in a door-to-door survey if and how they became aware of the study. On average, 40% of eligible women reported being aware of the study. The most frequently cited strategy to cultivate their awareness was study-specific mailings. Awareness of the NCS increased by 7.5% among those receiving a second-touch postcard relative to controls (95% CIs [4.9, 10.7] z = 5.347, p < 0.0000, d = 0.16). Community outreach and engagement strategies, in particular the oversized postcard as a second-touch effort, may be used effectively by researchers for participant recruitment and by public health nurses for delivery of important population-focused messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Riesch
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
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van Gelder MMHJ, Bretveld RW, Roukema J, Steenhoek M, Drongelen J, Spaanderman MEA, van Rumpt D, Zielhuis GA, Verhaak CM, Roeleveld N. Rationale and design of the PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment (PRIDE) Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2013; 27:34-43. [PMID: 23215710 PMCID: PMC3549557 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To optimise the health of pregnant women and their children by evidence-based primary and secondary prevention, more scientific knowledge is needed. To overcome the methodological limitations of many studies on pregnancy and child health, which often use a retrospective design, we established the PRIDE (PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment) Study. METHODS AND RESULTS The PRIDE Study is a large prospective cohort study that aims at including 150 000-200 000 women in early pregnancy to study a broad range of research questions pertaining to pregnancy complications, maternal and child health, and adverse developmental effects in offspring. Women are invited to participate by their prenatal care provider before or at their first prenatal care visit and are asked to fill out web-based questionnaires in gestational weeks 8-10, 17, and 34, as well as biannually throughout childhood. In addition, a food frequency questionnaire and a paternal questionnaire are administered and medical records are consulted. Multiple validation studies will be conducted and paper-and-pencil questionnaires are available for women who cannot or do not want to participate through the Internet. For subgroups of participants, blood and saliva samples for genetic and biochemical analyses are being collected. The pilot phase, which started in July 2011, showed a response rate of 47%. Recruitment will eventually cover all of the Netherlands. CONCLUSIONS We expect that this study, which will be the largest birth cohort in the world so far, will provide new insights in the aetiology of disorders and diseases that originate in pregnancy. The PRIDE Study is open for collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M H J van Gelder
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Reini W Bretveld
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cancer Registry and Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center the NetherlandsUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolt Roukema
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joris Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc E A Spaanderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital MaastrichtMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Rumpt
- SHO Centers for Medical DiagnosticsVelp, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard A Zielhuis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris M Verhaak
- Department of and Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In the United States there is a prevalence of obesity among ethnic groups, especially African American girls. The author in this column examines through an ecological lens selected American federal, state, and city policies and program interventions aimed at reducing obesity. Specifically, the eating behavior of African American girls is discussed as a population subset for which significant gaps are present in current obesity policy and implementation. Policy recommendations should include parents as research has shown a significant relationship in the eating behaviors of African American girls and their parents. Opportunities for nurses in practice and research to test the effectiveness of family and community level policy and program initiatives that address the ecological perspectives of the adolescent environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Reed
- Assistant Professor, Rush University College of Nursing
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de Castro JM, King GA, Duarte-Gardea M, Gonzalez-Ayala S, Kooshian CH. Overweight and obese humans overeat away from home. Appetite 2012; 59:204-11. [PMID: 22565154 PMCID: PMC3428490 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The built environment has been implicated in the development of the epidemic of obesity. We investigated the differences in the meal patterns of normal weight vs. overweight/obese individuals occurring at home vs. other locations. The location of meals and their size in free-living participants were continuously recorded for 7 consecutive days. Study 1: 81 males and 84 females recorded their intake in 7-day diet diaries and wore a belt that contained a GPS Logger to record their location continuously for 7 consecutive days. Study 2: 388 males and 621 females recorded their intake in diet diaries for 7 consecutive days. In both studies, compared to eating at home, overweight/obese participants ate larger meals away from home in both restaurants and other locations than normal weight participants. Overweight/obese individuals appear to be more responsive to environmental cues for eating away from home. This suggests that the influence of the built environment on the intake of overweight/obese individuals may contribute to the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M de Castro
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.
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Dattilo AM, Birch L, Krebs NF, Lake A, Taveras EM, Saavedra JM. Need for early interventions in the prevention of pediatric overweight: a review and upcoming directions. J Obes 2012; 2012:123023. [PMID: 22675610 PMCID: PMC3362946 DOI: 10.1155/2012/123023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is currently one of the most prevailing and challenging public health issues among industrialized countries and of international priority. The global prevalence of obesity poses such a serious concern that the World Health Organization (WHO) has described it as a "global epidemic." Recent literature suggests that the genesis of the problem occurs in the first years of life as feeding patterns, dietary habits, and parental feeding practices are established. Obesity prevention evidence points to specific dietary factors, such as the promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate introduction of nutritious complementary foods, but also calls for attention to parental feeding practices, awareness of appropriate responses to infant hunger and satiety cues, physical activity/inactivity behaviors, infant sleep duration, and family meals. Interventions that begin at birth, targeting multiple factors related to healthy growth, have not been adequately studied. Due to the overwhelming importance and global significance of excess weight within pediatric populations, this narrative review was undertaken to summarize factors associated with overweight and obesity among infants and toddlers, with focus on potentially modifiable risk factors beginning at birth, and to address the need for early intervention prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Dattilo
- Nestlé Nutrition, 12 Vreeland Road, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA
| | - Leann Birch
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, S-211 Henderson South Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Colorado Denver, Research Complex 2, Room 5025, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Box C225, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alan Lake
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elsie M. Taveras
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School, 133 Brookline Avenue, 6th floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jose M. Saavedra
- Nestlé Nutrition, 12 Vreeland Road, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Trasande L, Elbel B. The economic burden placed on healthcare systems by childhood obesity. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2012; 12:39-45. [PMID: 22280195 DOI: 10.1586/erp.11.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has transformed children's healthcare, such that diabetes, hypertension and the metabolic syndrome are phrases more commonly used by child health providers than ever before. This article reviews the economic consequences of this epidemic for healthcare delivery systems, both in the short term when obesity has been associated with increased utilization, and in the long term where increased likelihood of adult obesity and cardiovascular disease is well documented. Large investments through research and prevention are needed and are likely to provide strong returns in cost savings, and would optimally emerge through a cooperative effort between private and government payers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University, 227 East 30th Street, Room 711, NY 10016, USA.
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Early origins of child obesity: bridging disciplines and phases of development -- September 30--October 1, 2010. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:1227-62. [PMID: 23443002 PMCID: PMC3366610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9041227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes a conference: “Early Origins of Child Obesity: Bridging Disciplines and Phases of Development”, held in Chicago on September 30–October 1, 2010. The conference was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health and the Williams Heart Foundation, to achieve the conference objective: forging a next-step research agenda related to the early origins of childhood obesity. This research agenda was to include working with an array of factors (from genetic determinants to societal ones) along a continuum from prenatal life to age 7, with an emphasis on how the developing child deals with the challenges presented by his/her environment (prenatal, parental, nutritional, etc.). The conference offered a unique opportunity to facilitate communication and planning of future work among a variety of researchers whose work separately addresses different periods in early life. Over the span of two days, speakers addressed existing, critical research topics within each of the most-studied age ranges. On the final day, workshops fostered the discussion needed to identify the highest priority research topics related to linking varied early factor domains. These are presented for use in planning future research and research funding.
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Predicting Caregiver Behaviors Toward Restaurants Providing Healthful Children's Menus With Nutrition Information. TOP CLIN NUTR 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0b013e318254219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang Z, Jia C, Hu Y, Sun L, Jiao J, Zhao L, Zhu D, Li J, Tian Y, Bai H, Li R, Hu J. The estrogenic potential of salicylate esters and their possible risks in foods and cosmetics. Toxicol Lett 2012; 209:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vrijheid M, Casas M, Bergström A, Carmichael A, Cordier S, Eggesbø M, Eller E, Fantini MP, Fernández MF, Fernández-Somoano A, Gehring U, Grazuleviciene R, Hohmann C, Karvonen AM, Keil T, Kogevinas M, Koppen G, Krämer U, Kuehni CE, Magnus P, Majewska R, Andersen AMN, Patelarou E, Petersen MS, Pierik FH, Polanska K, Porta D, Richiardi L, Santos AC, Slama R, Sram RJ, Thijs C, Tischer C, Toft G, Trnovec T, Vandentorren S, Vrijkotte TGM, Wilhelm M, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen M. European birth cohorts for environmental health research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:29-37. [PMID: 21878421 PMCID: PMC3261945 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pregnancy and birth cohort studies investigate the health effects of early-life environmental contaminant exposure. An overview of existing studies and their data is needed to improve collaboration, harmonization, and future project planning. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to create a comprehensive overview of European birth cohorts with environmental exposure data. METHODS Birth cohort studies were included if they a) collected data on at least one environmental exposure, b) started enrollment during pregnancy or at birth, c) included at least one follow-up point after birth, d) included at least 200 mother-child pairs, and e) were based in a European country. A questionnaire collected information on basic protocol details and exposure and health outcome assessments, including specific contaminants, methods and samples, timing, and number of subjects. A full inventory can be searched on www.birthcohortsenrieco.net. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 37 cohort studies of > 350,000 mother-child pairs in 19 European countries. Only three cohorts did not participate. All cohorts collected biological specimens of children or parents. Many cohorts collected information on passive smoking (n = 36), maternal occupation (n = 33), outdoor air pollution (n = 27), and allergens/biological organisms (n = 27). Fewer cohorts (n = 12-19) collected information on water contamination, ionizing or nonionizing radiation exposures, noise, metals, persistent organic pollutants, or other pollutants. All cohorts have information on birth outcomes; nearly all on asthma, allergies, childhood growth and obesity; and 26 collected information on child neurodevelopment. CONCLUSION Combining forces in this field will yield more efficient and conclusive studies and ultimately improve causal inference. This impressive resource of existing birth cohort data could form the basis for longer-term and worldwide coordination of research on environment and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Vrijheid
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zhao L, Li J, Bai H, Zhu D, Hu J. Estrogen agonist/antagonist properties of dibenzyl phthalate (DBzP) based on in vitro and in vivo assays. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Muncke J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: an updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:118-27. [PMID: 21073950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCM) are an underestimated source of chemical food contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantifying the exposure of the general population to substances from FCM relies on estimates of food consumption and leaching into food. Recent studies using polycarbonate plastics show that food simulants do not always predict worst-case leaching of bisphenol A, a common FCM substance. Also, exposure of children to FCM substances is not always realistically predicted using the common conventions and thus possibly misjudged. Further, the exposure of the whole population to substances leaching into dry foods is underestimated. Consumers are exposed to low levels of substances from FCM across their entire lives. Effects of these compounds currently are assessed with a focus on mutagenicity and genotoxicity. This approach however neglects integrating recent new toxicological findings, like endocrine disruption, mixture toxicity, and developmental toxicity. According to these new toxicology paradigms women of childbearing age and during pregnancy are a new sensitive population group requiring more attention. Furthermore, in overweight and obese persons a change in the metabolism of xenobiotics is observed, possibly implying that this group of consumers is insufficiently protected by current risk assessment practice. Innovations in FCM risk assessment should therefore include routine testing for EDCs and an assessment of the whole migrate toxicity of a food packaging, taking into account all sensitive population groups. In this article I focus on recent issues of interest concerning either exposure to or effects of FCM-related substances. Further, I review the use of benzophenones and organotins, two groups of known or suspected EDCs, in FCM authorized in the US and EU.
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Choh AC, Curran JE, Odegaard AO, Nahhas RW, Czerwinski SA, Blangero J, Towne B, Demerath EW. Differences in the heritability of growth and growth velocity during infancy and associations with FTO variants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1847-54. [PMID: 21720422 PMCID: PMC4013792 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While the associations of common variants in the FTO gene with obesity have been widely replicated in adults, there is conflicting evidence regarding their effects in infancy. We hypothesize that the genetic influences on growth traits vary during infancy, and that conflicting results may stem from variation in the ages at which FTO associations have been examined. Using longitudinal weight and length data at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months in 917 (444 females, 473 males) family members from the Fels Longitudinal Study, we used a variance components-based approach (SOLAR) to: (i) examine differences in heritability (gene-by-age interaction) in weight, length, relative weight (BMI and ponderal index (PI)) and instantaneous weight and length velocities over the course of infancy, and (ii) test whether a common FTO variant (rs9939609) was associated with infant growth at three ages (maximum trait heritability, birth and 36 months). All heritabilities at birth (of 39-74%) were significant (P < 3.9 × 10(-10)), but changed with age (gene-by-age interaction, P < 0.05). Weight, relative weight, and weight velocity reached maximum heritabilities (of 76-89%) at 6-9 months, while length and length velocity reached maximum heritabilities (of 96-99%) at 18-30 months. We found no association of rs9939609 with growth status or velocity measured at any age (P > 0.11). This study for the first time demonstrates the fluctuation of genetic influences on infant growth, but further work is required to determine which gene variants explain the strong additive genetic effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Choh
- Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
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Trasande L. How much should we invest in preventing childhood obesity? Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 29:372-8. [PMID: 20194975 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Policy makers generally agree that childhood obesity is a national problem. However, it is not always clear whether enough is being spent to combat it. This paper presents nine scenarios that assume three different degrees of reduction in obesity/overweight rates among children in three age groups. A mathematical model was then used to project lifetime health and economic gains. Spending $2 billion a year would be cost-effective if it reduced obesity among twelve-year-olds by one percentage point. The analysis also found that childhood obesity has more profound economic consequences than previously documented. Large investments to reduce this major contributor to adult disability may thus be cost-effective by widely accepted criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.
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Trasande L, Liu Y. Reducing the staggering costs of environmental disease in children, estimated at $76.6 billion in 2008. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 30:863-70. [PMID: 21543421 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 2002 analysis documented $54.9 billion in annual costs of environmentally mediated diseases in US children. However, few important changes in federal policy have been implemented to prevent exposures to toxic chemicals. We therefore updated and expanded the previous analysis and found that the costs of lead poisoning, prenatal methylmercury exposure, childhood cancer, asthma, intellectual disability, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were $76.6 billion in 2008. To prevent further increases in these costs, efforts are needed to institute premarket testing of new chemicals; conduct toxicity testing on chemicals already in use; reduce lead-based paint hazards; and curb mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants.
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Anthamatten P, Brink L, Lampe S, Greenwood E, Kingston B, Nigg C. An assessment of schoolyard renovation strategies to encourage children's physical activity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011; 8:27. [PMID: 21477325 PMCID: PMC3094264 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in poor and minority neighborhoods often lack adequate environmental support for healthy physical development and community interventions designed to improve physical activity resources serve as an important approach to addressing obesity. In Denver, the Learning Landscapes (LL) program has constructed over 98 culturally-tailored schoolyard play spaces at elementary schools with the goal to encourage utilization of play spaces and physical activity. In spite of enthusiasm about such projects to improve urban environments, little work has evaluated their impact or success in achieving their stated objectives. This study evaluates the impacts of LL construction and recency of renovation on schoolyard utilization and the physical activity rates of children, both during and outside of school, using an observational study design. METHODS This study employs a quantitative method for evaluating levels of physical activity of individuals and associated environmental characteristics in play and leisure environments. Schools were selected on the basis of their participation in the LL program, the recency of schoolyard renovation, the size of the school, and the social and demographic characteristics of the school population. Activity in the schoolyards was measured using the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity (SOPLAY), a validated quantitative method for evaluating levels of physical activity of individuals in play and leisure environments. Trained observers collected measurements before school, during school recess, after school, and on weekends. Overall utilization (the total number of children observed on the grounds) and the rate of activity (the percentage of children observed who were physically active) were analyzed. Observations were compared using t-tests and the data were stratified by gender for further analysis. In order to assess the impacts of LL renovation, recently-constructed LL schoolyards were compared to LL schoolyards with older construction, as well as un-renovated schoolyards. RESULTS Overall utilization was significantly higher at LL schools than at un-renovated schools for most observation periods. Notably, LL renovation had no impact on girl's utilization on the weekends, although differences were observed for all other periods. There were no differences in rates of activity for any comparison. With the exception of the number of boys observed, there was no statistically significant difference in activity when recently-constructed LL schools are compared to LL schools with older construction dates and there was no difference observed in comparisons of older LL with unrenovated sites. CONCLUSIONS While we observed greater utilization and physical activity in schools with LL, the impact of specific features of LL renovation is not clear. However, schoolyard renovation and programs to encourage schoolyard use before and after school may offer a means to encourage greater physical activity among children, and girls in particular. Additional study of schoolyard renovation may shed light on the specific reasons for these findings or suggest effective policies to improve the physical activity resources of poor and minority neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anthamatten
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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Qazi HA. Childhood obesity and parks and playgrounds: A review of issues of equality, gender and social support. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2011; 16:553-8. [PMID: 22091273 PMCID: PMC3214362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The childhood obesity has been a growing concern over the last decade all over the world. Built environmental characteristics such as parks and playgrounds serves as a reference point for physical activity in children. The equality issues related to ethnicity, Social Economic Status (SES), gender and social support have been related with both physical activity and presence and quality of parks and playgrounds. However, only limited studies have addressed these issues in children. The current paper is a general enumerative review that would discusses the above issues with respect to obesity in all age groups, giving particular emphasis to childhood obesity. The importance of this review is to further explore the importance and highlight the findings related to these issues, so that future original studies could be planned keeping these associations in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ali Qazi
- University of Western Ontario, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health and Rehab Sciences, London, Ontario, Canada. E-mail:
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Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Developmental neurotoxicity targeting hepatic and cardiac sympathetic innervation: effects of organophosphates are distinct from those of glucocorticoids. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:225-30. [PMID: 21453761 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Early-life exposure to organophosphate pesticides leads to subsequent hyperresponsiveness of β-adrenergic receptor-mediated cell signaling that regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, culminating in metabolic abnormalities resembling prediabetes. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of chlorpyrifos or parathion on presynaptic sympathetic innervation to determine whether the postsynaptic signaling effects are accompanied by defects in neuronal input. We administered either chlorpyrifos or parathion to newborn rats using exposure paradigms known to elicit the later metabolic changes but found no alterations in either hepatic or cardiac norepinephrine levels in adolescence or adulthood. However, shifting chlorpyrifos exposure to the prenatal period did evoke changes: exposure early in gestation produced subsequent elevations in norepinephrine, whereas later gestational exposure produced significant deficits. We also distinguished the organophosphate effects from those of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, a known endocrine disruptor that leads to later-life metabolic and cardiovascular disruption. Postnatal exposure to dexamethasone elicited deficits in peripheral norepinephrine levels but prenatal exposure did not. Our results indicate that early-life exposure to organophosphates leads to subsequent abnormalities of peripheral sympathetic innervation through mechanisms entirely distinct from those of glucocorticoids, ruling out the possibility that the organophosphate effects are secondary to stress or disruption of the HPA axis. Further, the effects on innervation were separable from those on postsynaptic signaling, differing in critical period as well as tissue- and sex-selectivity. Organophosphate targeting of both presynaptic and postsynaptic β-adrenergic sites, each with different critical periods of vulnerability, thus sets the stage for compounding of hepatic and cardiac functional abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Box 3813 DUMC, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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