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Olsson AC, Vermeulen R, Schüz J, Kromhout H, Pesch B, Peters S, Behrens T, Portengen L, Mirabelli D, Gustavsson P, Kendzia B, Almansa J, Luzon V, Vlaanderen J, Stücker I, Guida F, Consonni D, Caporaso N, Landi MT, Field J, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME, Richiardi L, Merletti F, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Plato N, Tardón A, Zaridze D, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Stanescu Dumitru R, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Forastiere F, Brüning T, Straif K. Exposure-Response Analyses of Asbestos and Lung Cancer Subtypes in a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Epidemiology 2017; 28:288-299. [PMID: 28141674 PMCID: PMC5287435 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited regarding risk and the shape of the exposure-response curve at low asbestos exposure levels. We estimated the exposure-response for occupational asbestos exposure and assessed the joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking by sex and lung cancer subtype in general population studies. METHODS We pooled 14 case-control studies conducted in 1985-2010 in Europe and Canada, including 17,705 lung cancer cases and 21,813 controls with detailed information on tobacco habits and lifetime occupations. We developed a quantitative job-exposure-matrix to estimate job-, time period-, and region-specific exposure levels. Fiber-years (ff/ml-years) were calculated for each subject by linking the matrix with individual occupational histories. We fit unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and trends. RESULTS The fully adjusted OR for ever-exposure to asbestos was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18, 1.31) in men and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.95, 1.31) in women. In men, increasing lung cancer risk was observed with increasing exposure in all smoking categories and for all three major lung cancer subtypes. In women, lung cancer risk for all subtypes was increased in current smokers (ORs ~two-fold). The joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking did not deviate from multiplicativity among men, and was more than additive among women. CONCLUSIONS Our results in men showed an excess risk of lung cancer and its subtypes at low cumulative exposure levels, with a steeper exposure-response slope in this exposure range than at higher, previously studied levels. (See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B161.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C. Olsson
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Joachim Schüz
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Hans Kromhout
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Beate Pesch
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Susan Peters
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Behrens
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Lützen Portengen
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Per Gustavsson
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Josue Almansa
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronique Luzon
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Florence Guida
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Neil Caporaso
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - John Field
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Brüske
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Merletti
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Nils Plato
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Adonina Tardón
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - David Zaridze
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - John McLaughlin
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Demers
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Rudnai
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodica Stanescu Dumitru
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Lenka Foretova
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Janout
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Brüning
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Kurt Straif
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
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