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Hanamoto S, Fujimoto Y, Sugiura K, Haga T. Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Livestock in Japan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2025; 6:3. [PMID: 39982255 PMCID: PMC11844002 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 01/01/2025] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important health issue that is estimated to have caused 130,000 deaths worldwide in 2021. As more instances of cross-species transmission of MRSA have been reported, concerns have been raised regarding the spread of livestock-associated MRSA to humans. The prevalence of MRSA in livestock varies globally. This study systematically reviews the prevalence of MRSA at the farm and animal levels in Japan. Methods: Relevant studies published in English or Japanese between 2000 and 2023 were retrieved from four databases. Pooled prevalences at the farm and animal levels in Japanese farms were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were also performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. Results: The 13 studies included in this meta-analysis yielded an MRSA prevalence of 3.54% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-8.30%) at the individual pig level, 13.07% (95% CI 5.42-23.04%) at the pig farm level, 0.0% (95% CI 0.00-0.04%) at the individual cattle level, and 0% (95% CI 0.00-0.44%) at the individual chicken level. A significant increase in MRSA prevalence over time was evident at the individual pig level by both subgroup analysis (p = 0.020) and meta-regression (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Our results indicated that the proportion of pigs that can be a source of MRSA infection in humans has been steadily increasing in Japan. Despite some limitations, our findings strongly imply a need for more attention to pig-to-human MRSA transmission in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Hanamoto
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Yuri Fujimoto
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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2
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Silva V, Silva A, Barbero R, Romero M, del Campo R, Caniça M, Cordeiro R, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Resistome, Virulome, and Clonal Variation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthy Swine Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:532. [PMID: 38790161 PMCID: PMC11121583 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigates the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): its prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics in healthy swine populations in central Portugal. A total of 213 samples were collected from pigs on twelve farms, and MRSA prevalence was assessed using selective agar plates and confirmed via molecular methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to characterize resistance profiles and genetic determinants. Among the 107 MRSA-positive samples (83.1% prevalence), fattening pigs and breeding sows exhibited notably high carriage rates. The genome of 20 isolates revealed the predominance of the ST398 clonal complex, with diverse spa types identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, including penicillin, cefoxitin, and tetracycline. WGS analysis identified a diverse array of resistance genes, highlighting the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, virulence gene profiling revealed the presence of genes associated with pathogenicity. These findings underscore the significant prevalence of MRSA in swine populations and emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures to mitigate zoonotic transmission risks. Implementation of prudent antimicrobial use practices and targeted intervention strategies is essential to reducing MRSA prevalence and safeguarding public health. Continued research efforts are warranted to elucidate transmission dynamics and virulence potential, ultimately ensuring food safety and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adriana Silva
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raquel Barbero
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (M.R.); (R.d.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Romero
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (M.R.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (M.R.); (R.d.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Cordeiro
- Intergados, SA, Av. de Olivença, S/N, 2870-108 Montijo, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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3
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Suzuki Y, Ishitsuka T, Takagi M, Sasaki Y, Kakuda T, Kobayashi K, Kubota H, Ono HK, Kabeya H, Irie T, Andoh M, Asakura H, Takai S. Isolation and genetic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from wild animal feces and game meats. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:347-360. [PMID: 37405631 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The populations of Japanese deer and boar have increased dramatically and have a serious impact on farming and mountain villages. Although the Japanese government promotes the use of captured wild animals, game meat is not subject to sanitary control considering that it is not subject to meat inspection or quality control. Here, we have attempted to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, a typical foodborne pathogen, as a part of an investigation of contamination in the meats of wild animals and their processing stages. We examined 390 samples of deer feces, 117 samples of wild boar feces, and 75 samples of disemboweled deer meat for isolation of S. aureus; ultimately, 30 (positive rate: 7.7%), 2 (1.7%), and 21 (28.0%) strains were isolated, respectively, from the samples. The genome sequences of these isolates were analyzed and were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. We identified 12 new sequence types (STs) and a dominant population of S. aureus with a characteristic genetic background in wild animals, namely, the ST groups derived from CC121 (number of strains = 39). These strains did not harbor the enterotoxin gene or only harbored egc-related enterotoxin, which is of low involvement in Staphylococcal food poisoning. However, one ST2449 strain, which produces causative enterotoxins, was isolated from a deer's feces. Since there are several common STs isolated from feces and dismembered meat and because fecal contamination during dismemberment is suspected, continuous monitoring and guidance for improving sanitary management conditions during processing and handling of the meat are highly warranted with immediate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Toko Ishitsuka
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Miu Takagi
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yukako Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kakuda
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kai Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hisaya K Ono
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kabeya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masako Andoh
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
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Kawanishi M, Matsuda M, Abo H, Ozawa M, Hosoi Y, Hiraoka Y, Harada S, Kumakawa M, Sekiguchi H. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pigs in Japan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:155. [PMID: 38391541 PMCID: PMC10885860 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pig slaughterhouses from 2018 to 2022 in Japan and the isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics by whole-genome analysis. Although the positive LA-MRSA rates on farms (29.6%) and samples (9.9%) in 2022 in Japan remained lower than those observed in European countries exhibiting extremely high rates of confirmed human LA-MRSA infections, these rates showed a gradually increasing trend over five years. The ST398/t034 strain was predominant, followed by ST5/t002, and differences were identified between ST398 and ST5 in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility and the resistance genes carried. Notably, LA-MRSA possessed resistance genes toward many antimicrobial classes, with 91.4% of the ST398 strains harboring zinc resistance genes. These findings indicate that the co-selection pressure associated with multidrug and zinc resistance may have contributed markedly to LA-MRSA persistence. SNP analysis revealed that ST398 and ST5 of swine origin were classified into a different cluster of MRSA from humans, showing the same ST in Japan and lacking the immune evasion genes (scn, sak, or chp). Although swine-origin LA-MRSA is currently unlikely to spread to humans and become a problem in current clinical practice, preventing its dissemination requires using antimicrobials prudently, limiting zinc utilization to the minimum required nutrient, and practicing fundamental hygiene measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kawanishi
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mari Matsuda
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abo
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Manao Ozawa
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yuta Hosoi
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yukari Hiraoka
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Saki Harada
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mio Kumakawa
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Hideto Sekiguchi
- Veterinary AMR Center, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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5
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Kobayashi S, Tamamura-Andoh Y, Yamane I, Kusumoto M, Katsuda K. The association between farm-level antimicrobial usage and resistance of Staphylococcus spp., as the major genus isolated from aerosol samples, in Japanese piggeries. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1127819. [PMID: 37565078 PMCID: PMC10411535 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are the dominant particulate matter in livestock houses and can threaten animal and public health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a crucial concern worldwide, and nationwide measures established based on the One Health approach are being implemented in many countries. This requires multidisciplinary perspectives and collaboration among the human, animal, and environmental sectors. However, information on the AMR risk in livestock house aerosol is limited, especially its association with antimicrobial usage (AMU). Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the AMR profile of Staphylococcus, the major bacterial genus in the aerosol of the piggeries of Japanese farms, and the association between farm-level AMU and AMR. The investigation at 10 farrow-to-finish pig farms revealed that regardless of the sampling season and the piggery group, the resistance rate of isolated staphylococci for oxacillin, erythromycin, and lincomycin was more than 40% of the median and tended to be higher than that for other antimicrobials. The AMU adjusted by the defined daily dose (DDD-adjusted AMU) in the fattening piggery group was significantly higher than that in the sow piggery group (p < 0.05). Finally, for the fattening piggery group, the generalized linear mixed model revealed that the AMR rate for oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was positively associated with the corresponding class-based DDD-adjusted AMU of penicillins (odds ratio (OR) = 2.63, p = 0.03), macrolides (OR = 6.89, p = 0.0001), tetracyclines (OR = 2.48, p = 0.04), and amphenicols (OR = 3.22, p = 0.03), respectively. These significant positive associations observed in this study imply that the resistance rate for these antimicrobials may decrease by reducing the corresponding antimicrobials' use. In addition, the resistance rates for erythromycin and chloramphenicol also displayed a positive association with the AMU of antimicrobial classes other than macrolides and amphenicols, respectively. The mechanism underlying these phenomena is unclear; therefore, further evaluation will be needed. As limited studies have reported staphylococci in piggery aerosol and its AMR with quantitative AMU, these results based on on-farm investigations are expected to aid in establishing countermeasures for AMR of aerosol bacteria in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kobayashi
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura-Andoh
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Itsuro Yamane
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Enteric Pathogen Group, Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken Katsuda
- Division of Hygiene Management Research, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Effendi MH, Sudjarwo SA, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Rehman S. A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms. Vet World 2023; 16:46-58. [PMID: 36855358 PMCID: PMC9967705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.46-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Mustofa Helmi Effendi, e-mail: Co-authors: ARK: , SCK: , SAS: , SCR: , AW: , KHPR: , OSMS: , SR:
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Saifur Rehman
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
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7
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Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Gelolodo MA, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Kurniawati DA. Review of pork and pork products as a source for transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.167-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that can cause infection in animals and humans. Recently, MRSA from food-producing or farm animals has been identified as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). The spread of LA-MRSA is particularly found in pork and pork products because LA-MRSA has been widely known to infect pigs. The most common type of LA-MRSA identified in pork and pork products is the clonal complex LA-MRSA 398 (LA-MRSA CC398). The MRSA strains on the surface of pork carcasses can be spread during the handling and processing of pork and pork products through human hands, cutting tools, and any surface that comes into direct contact with pork. Food infection is the main risk of MRSA in pork and pork products consumed by humans. Antibiotics to treat food infection cases due to MRSA infection include vancomycin and tigecycline. The spread of MRSA in pork and pork products is preventable by appropriately cooking and cooling the pork and pork products at temperatures above 60°C and below 5°C, respectively. It is also necessary to take other preventive measures, such as having a clean meat processing area and disinfecting the equipment used for processing pork and pork products. This review aimed to explain epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, public health consequences, treatment of food poisoning, and preventing the spread of MRSA in pork and pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sancaka Cashyer Ramandinianto
- Master Program in Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Master Program in Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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8
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Sasaki Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tamura Y, Asai T. First isolation of ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IVd from pig ears in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1211-1215. [PMID: 35811131 PMCID: PMC9523295 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and increasing prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) are a global concern. To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of sequence type 398 (ST398) MRSA in pig ears, 102 pig's ears were collected from 102 animals shipped from 51 farms at an abattoir. Eight ST398 MRSA isolates were isolated from the ears of eight pigs shipped from seven farms. Of the eight ST398 isolates, seven had the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVd and these were obtained from seven pigs shipped from six farms. Single nucleotide polymorphisms ranging from 13 to 26 were observed in the core-genome regions in the seven SCCmec type IVd isolates. We believe that this is the first report on the isolation of ST398 MRSA SCCmec type IVd in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences.,Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH)
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9
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Sasaki Y, Sakurada H, Yamanaka M, Nara K, Tanaka S, Uema M, Ishii Y, Tamura Y, Asai T. Effectiveness of ear skin swabs for monitoring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pigs at abattoirs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:112-115. [PMID: 33431727 PMCID: PMC7870411 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pigs could be useful for managing transmission risk to humans. To optimize sampling for LA-MRSA monitoring, we compared the sensitivity of MRSA isolation from skin swabs taken behind the ear and nasal swabs collected from 276 pigs and investigated the prevalence of MRSA in their carcasses. MRSA was isolated from 40 behind the ear skin swabs (14.5%), which was statistically higher than the number isolated from nasal swabs (23 samples, 8.3%). MRSA prevalence in the carcasses was 0.4%. All MRSA isolates were sequence type 398 lineage. Sampling of both the skin behind the ear and nasal mucosa in a pig is recommended to investigate the prevalence of LA-MRSA in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.,Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Haruko Sakurada
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sanbongi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamanaka
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sanbongi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nara
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sanbongi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Shigeko Tanaka
- Towada Meat Inspection Center of Aomori Prefecture, 1-13 Nozaki, Sanbongi, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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