1
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Goodlad JR, Xiao W, Amador C, Cook JR, Happ L, Thakkar D, Dave S, Dogan A, Duffield A, Nejati R, Ott G, Wasik M, Czader M. Phenotypic and genotypic infidelity in B-lineage neoplasms, including transdifferentiation following targeted therapy: Report from the 2021 SH/EAHP Workshop. Am J Clin Pathol 2023:7135991. [PMID: 37085149 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Session 2 of the 2021 Society for Hematopathology and European Association for Haematopathology Workshop collected examples of lineage infidelity and transdifferentiation in B-lineage neoplasms, including after targeted therapy. METHODS Twenty cases were submitted. Whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide RNA expression analysis were available on a limited subsample. RESULTS A diagnosis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) was rendered on at least 1 biopsy from 13 patients. There was 1 case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); the remaining 6 cases were mature B-cell neoplasms. Targeted therapy was administered in 7 cases of B-ALL and 4 cases of mature B-cell neoplasms. Six cases of B-ALL underwent lineage switch to AML or mixed-phenotype acute leukemia at relapse, 5 of which had rearranged KMT2A. Changes in maturational state without lineage switch were observed in 2 cases. Examples of de novo aberrant T-cell antigen expression (n = 2) were seen among the mature B-cell lymphoma cohort, and their presence correlated with alterations in tumor cell gene expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS This cohort of cases enabled us to illustrate, discuss, and review current concepts of lineage switch and aberrant antigen expression in a variety of B-cell neoplasms and draw attention to the role targeted therapies may have in predisposing neoplasms to transdifferentiation as well as other, less expected changes in maturational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Goodlad
- Department of Pathology, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Catalina Amador
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, US
| | - James R Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, US
| | | | | | - Sandeep Dave
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, US
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Amy Duffield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mariusz Wasik
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Magdalena Czader
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
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2
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Hadžisejdić I, Klarica L, Babarović E, Marijić B, Valković T, Jonjić N. Primary Nodal Unclassifiable CD20 Negative Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma With Dual IgK and TCR Gene Rearrangement: A Diagnostic Challenge. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2023; 16:2632010X221149978. [PMID: 36684058 PMCID: PMC9846588 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x221149978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are most frequently classified based on the lineage marker expression. However, lymphomas with aberrant marker expression as well as monoclonal IgH/IgΚ and TCR gene rearrangements may co-exist which can be misleading and confusing. Primary CD20 negative diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) represent a rare entity, and they account for 1% to 3% of cases. However, some CD20 negative DLBCLs could not be classified into known variants, creating both diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma's. Primary CD20 negative DLBCL are more likely to have a non-germinal centre subtype, a higher proliferation index, more frequent extra-nodal involvement, a poorer response, and poorer prognosis to conventional treatment compared to CD20 positive DLBCL. A 66- year-old postmenopausal lady, presented with palpable, bilateral neck lymphadenopathy and difficulty swallowing. She also had left leg lymphoedema, poor appetited, fatigue and weight loss. Her symptoms lasted approximately 1 month. After histological, immunohistochemical and clonality analysis of the lymph node the patient was diagnosed with primary nodal CD20 and PAX-5 negative DLBCL with dual immunoglobulin light-chain kappa (IgK) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement. This unusual and unique case presented a diagnostic challenge because it was CD20 and PAX-5 negative, had dual IgK and TCR gene rearrangement and, it could not be classified within the known and well established CD20 negative DLBCL variants. Describing such cases emphasises the fact that lymphomas unclassifiable within known variants of CD20 negative DLBCL do exist and that range and heterogeneity of CD20 negative DLBCL continues to evolve, and pathologist should be aware of these uncommon, atypical mature B-cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ita Hadžisejdić
- Clinical Department of Pathology and
Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,Ita Hadžisejdić, Clinical Department of
Pathology and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, Rijeka
51000, Croatia.
| | - Lucia Klarica
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Emina Babarović
- Clinical Department of Pathology and
Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Blažen Marijić
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and
Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Toni Valković
- Department of Haematology, Clinical
Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,Department of Internal Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nives Jonjić
- Clinical Department of Pathology and
Cytology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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3
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Symes E, Wang P, Lager AM, Bishop MR, Aqil B, Venkataraman G. TP53/PLCG2-mutated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma richter transformation (DLBCL-RT) of CLL with unusual CD2 and PD-1 expression. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2735-2738. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2087070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Symes
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela M. Lager
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael R. Bishop
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The David and Etta Jonas Center for Cellular Therapy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barina Aqil
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Prognostic Role of Tumor Microenvironment in DLBCL and Relation to Patients’ Clinical Outcome: A Clinical and Immunohistochemical Study. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2022; 2022:9993496. [PMID: 35083113 PMCID: PMC8786528 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9993496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most common type of lymphoma in Egypt with an unfavorable prognosis. The tumor microenvironment is rich in immune response either T cells or macrophages. The current study is aimed at testing CD4, CD8, CD68, and MMP9 immunohistochemistry of DLBCL activities with the prognosis of the tumor. The results showed no positive relation between T cell and macrophage reaction to the tumor prognosis suggesting that this reaction is part of the tumor process and not a defense mechanism from the surrounding stroma.
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5
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Lee J, Cohen JA, Wrone DA, Gru AA. Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma with aberrant CD8 expression. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 49:403-407. [PMID: 34797569 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL) with aberrant expression of the T-cell marker CD8. The patient is a 48-year-old male with no significant past medical history who presented with red indurated plaques on the abdomen. A punch biopsy showed abnormal lymphoid follicles in the dermis with reduced mantle zones and decreased tingible body macrophages. The epidermis was uninvolved. The follicles expressed CD20, PAX-5, and bcl-6 by immunohistochemistry. CD8, however, was strongly positive, highlighting neoplastic cells, which were negative for any additional T-cell markers. TIA and granzyme B were also negative. The patient underwent further staging workup, without evidence of nodal involvement. His course has been indolent thus far. In summary, we present a case of PCFCL with aberrant expression of the T-cell marker CD8, a finding not previously reported in the literature and a potential diagnostic pitfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - David A Wrone
- Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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6
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Mehta A, Chadha P, Agarwal P, Pasricha S. Aberrant expression of multiple T cell markers on diffuse large B cell lymphoma: a case report. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2021; 33:14. [PMID: 34129157 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-021-00071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant T cell antigen expression has been well documented in diffuse large B cell lymphomas. However, co-expression of multiple T cell antigens including CD3, which has been considered a specific marker for T cells is extremely rare. Awareness about such aberrant expression is important so as not to misdiagnose or wrongly classify a lymphoma. The aim of this article is to report such a case. CASE PRESENTATION A 68-year-old postmenopausal lady, diabetic and hypertensive, presented with an axillary lump of one week's duration. There was no other relevant medical history. Ultrasonography revealed multiple hypoechoic cystic lesions varying in size from 3.9 to 4.2 cm3. Aspiration was suggestive of an infective pathology. Excision biopsy of the mass was diagnosed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma with aberrant T cell antigen expression. She received 4 cycles of chemotherapy after which she was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION The case presented as a diagnostic dilemma for the pathologist. The predicament lies in classifying it as a B cell lymphoma with an aberrant expression of T cell markers versus a T cell lymphoma with an aberrant B cell marker expression which has a significant implication on the treatment offered. This can be solved by looking at the expression of the B cell specific transcription factors. The key to diagnosis lies in the knowledge of their existence and the application of a panel of markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mehta
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Sector 5, Rohini, Delhi, 110085, India.,Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Chadha
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Sector 5, Rohini, Delhi, 110085, India.
| | - Poojan Agarwal
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Sector 5, Rohini, Delhi, 110085, India
| | - Sunil Pasricha
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Sector 5, Rohini, Delhi, 110085, India
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7
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Li DJ, Kan YZ, Xu ZG, Kang H, Dong XM, Kong LF. [Extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma with aberrant expression of CD20: two cases report and literature review]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2020; 41:336-339. [PMID: 32447942 PMCID: PMC7364918 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Li
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Y Z Kan
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Z G Xu
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - H Kang
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - X M Dong
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - L F Kong
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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8
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Hao M, Barlogie B, Tricot G, Liu L, Qiu L, Shaughnessy JD, Zhan F. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Aberrant T-cell Marker Expression on Tumor Cells of Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:201-209. [PMID: 30279229 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE That the malignant clone of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) demonstrates significant intraclonal heterogeneity with respect to plasmacytoid differentiation indicates the mechanistic complexity of tumorigenesis and progression. Identification of WM genes by comparing different stages of B cells may provide novel druggable targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The gene expression signatures of CD19+ B cells (BC) and CD138+ plasma cells (PC) from 19 patients with WM were compared with those of BCs from peripheral blood and tonsil and to those of PCs from the marrow of healthy (N-PC) and multiple myeloma donors (MM-PC), as well as tonsil (T-PC). Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to examine T-cell marker expression on WM tumor cells. RESULTS Consistent with defective differentiation, both BCs and PCs from WM cases expressed abnormal differentiation markers. Sets of 55 and 46 genes were differentially expressed in WM-BC and WM-PC, respectively; and 40 genes uniquely dysregulated in WM samples were identified. Dysregulated genes included cytokines, growth factor receptors, and oncogenes not previously implicated in WM or other plasma cell dyscrasias. Interestingly, strong upregulation of both IL6 and IL6R was confirmed. Supervised cluster analysis of PC revealed that marrow-derived WM-PC was either MM-PC-like or T-PC-like, but not N-PC-like. The aberrant expression of T-cell markers was confirmed at the protein level in WM-BC. CONCLUSIONS We showed that comparative microarray profiles allowed gaining more comprehensive insights into the biology of WM. The data presented here have implications for the development of novel therapies, such as targeting aberrant T-cell markers in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Hao
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Hematology-Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Guido Tricot
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lanting Liu
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lugui Qiu
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - John D Shaughnessy
- Hematology-Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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9
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Pan Z, Chen M, Zhang Q, Wang E, Yin L, Xu Y, Huang Q, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Zheng G, Yuan J. CD3-positive plasmablastic B-cell neoplasms: a diagnostic pitfall. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:718-731. [PMID: 29327711 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rare B-cell neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation may aberrantly express CD3 by immunohistochemical staining, which places a great challenge for diagnosis. We here studied 17 cases of CD3+ plasmablastic B-cell neoplasms, including 12 plasmablastic lymphomas and 5 plasmablastic plasma cell myelomas. All 17 cases occurred in the extranodal sites with a male predominance (13/17). Four cases were initially misinterpreted by outside institutions, among which three were diagnosed as 'peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified' and one was classified as 'poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma'. The plasmablastic cells were present in all 17 cases diffusely or in a subset of tumor cells. CD3 expression was mostly diffuse (12/17) and moderate to strong (11/16) with a cytoplasmic staining pattern (14/16). Other T-cell markers were nearly absent, including CD2 (0/10), CD4 (1/13), CD5 (0/14), CD7 (0/11), and CD8 (0/13). CD138 was positive in all 17 cases and CD79a was variably positive in 8 of 14 cases. Only one case had immunoreactivity to CD20 (1/17) and PAX5 (1/12). CD56 expression and EBV infection were detected in 8/15 and 6/17, respectively. No HHV8 infection was noted in all 11 cases tested. Most cases (11/13) revealed either kappa or lambda light chain restriction. Of the nine cases studied, six had clonal IGH rearrangements but no clonal TRG rearrangements. Our study further emphasizes that the accurate classification of CD3+ plasmablastic neoplasms requires thorough morphologic examination, incorporation of more B-cell and T-cell markers in addition to CD3 and CD20, frequent addition of CD138 staining, and utilization of necessary molecular and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenggang Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qianyun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liqun Yin
- Incyte Diagnostics, Spokane Valley, WA, USA
| | - Youyuan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Woodhull Medical and Mental Health Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Youzhong Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ji Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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10
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Tsuyama N, Ennishi D, Yokoyama M, Baba S, Asaka R, Mishima Y, Terui Y, Hatake K, Takeuchi K. Clinical and prognostic significance of aberrant T-cell marker expression in 225 cases of de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 276 cases of other B-cell lymphomas. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33487-33500. [PMID: 28380441 PMCID: PMC5464884 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of T-cell markers, generally investigated for immunophenotyping of T-cell lymphomas, is also observed in several types of B-cell lymphomas, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We previously reported that CD5 expression in DLBCL is an inferior prognostic factor in the era of rituximab. However, data regarding the frequencies, histological relevance, and prognostic importance of T-cell markers other than CD5 are currently unavailable. In the present study, we comprehensively evaluated the expression of T-cell markers (CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, and CD8) in 501 B-cell lymphomas, including 225 DLBCLs, by flow cytometry and subsequent immunohistochemistry. T-cell markers other than CD5, such as CD2, CD4, CD7, and CD8, were expressed in 27 (5%) patients, and notably, all of these cases were classified as large B-cell lymphoma subtypes: 25 DLBCLs and 2 intravascular large B-cell lymphomas. CD5 and other T-cell markers were expressed in 15% (31/225) and 10% (25/225) of DLBCL cases, respectively. Five of them co-expressed CD5 and other T-cell markers. Retrospectively analyzing the prognostic relevance of T-cell markers in 169 patients with primary DLBCL treated with rituximab-based chemotherapy, we showed that only CD5 was a strong predictor of poor survival. This study provides information about the occurrence of T-cell markers other than CD5 in B-cell lymphomas, their frequent histological subtypes, and their prognostic significance in DLBCL. CD5 was reconfirmed as a negative prognostic marker in DLBCL patients receiving rituximab-inclusive chemotherapy, whereas T-cell markers other than CD5 were found to have no impact on clinicopathological and survival analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsuyama
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ennishi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reimi Asaka
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mishima
- Department of Hematology Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Terui
- Department of Hematology Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Hatake
- Department of Hematology Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Li D, Fu F, Lian L. Primary central nervous system extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma with CD20 expression. Neuropathology 2017; 38:198-204. [PMID: 29063643 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dujuan Li
- Department of Pathology; Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University); Zhengzhou China
| | - Fangfang Fu
- Department of Radiology; Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University); Zhengzhou China
| | - Lifei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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12
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Jain M, Kushwaha R, Verma SP, Singh US, Tripathi AK, Goel MM, Kumar A. CD8 expression in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A case of immuno-phenotypic aberrancy. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:679-682. [PMID: 28557280 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-phenotyping forms an integral part of laboratory work up of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Aberrant antigen expressions are a known phenomenon in leukemic blasts, however cross lineage antigen expression is rarely seen in mature B cell leukemia, the reported percentages varying from 1% to 3% in Europe and North America. CASE DETAILS We report a case of Rai stage 1 CLL showing aberrant expression of CD8 on flow cytometry. The patient had stable disease at a follow up of 9 months with no requirement of initiation of treatment. DISCUSSION CD8 expression in CLL is rare and approximately 120 cases have been reported from Western population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case to be reported from India. The prognostic significance has been variably reported from favorable to poor. At present, our case reflects the phenotypic heterogeneity of leukemia. Long term follow up and evaluation of more cases is required to predict the prognostic role in our patient population. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Jain
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Kushwaha
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Uma Shankar Singh
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Hematology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Ismail A, Mallick JA, Qin D, Hussaini MO. Sentinel case of Richter transformation from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma to CD3+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:575-578. [PMID: 27899414 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the first case of a Richter syndrome where small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) progressed to a CD3+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS Macrodissection of small and large cell lymphomatous components was performed. This was followed by flow cytometric analysis along with molecular B-cell immunoglobulin (heavy and light chains) and T-cell receptor (γ and β chains) gene rearrangement studies to investigate a clonal relationship between the components. RESULTS The immunophenotypic profile was similar between small and large cell components of the lymphoma by flow cytometry. Furthermore, shared clonal peaks were observed between both components based on molecular B-cell and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies, confirming a clonal relationship. CONCLUSIONS Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/SLL may rarely undergo Richter transformation to a DLBCL demonstrating lineage infidelity. This is a potentially important diagnostic pitfall and such cases should not be confused with a de novo T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ismail
- University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pikeville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Dahui Qin
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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CD7 Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Arising in a Background of Follicular Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Hematol 2016; 2016:5415974. [PMID: 27774324 PMCID: PMC5059560 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5415974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a neoplasm of large B-lymphocytes with a diffuse growth pattern. The neoplastic cells express B-cell markers such as CD20 and PAX-5 and there may be coexpression of BCL-2, BCL-6, CD10, and MUM-1. With the exception of CD5, other T-cell markers are not commonly expressed in this neoplasm. Here, we describe the first reported case of a DLBCL with abnormal expression CD7 arising in a background of follicular lymphoma in an 81-year-old male who presented with a nontender left axillary mass. Additionally, no other T-cell antigens were expressed in this B-cell lymphoma. Expression of CD7 in DLBCL is exceptionally rare and its prognostic significance is unknown. Here, we describe this rare case with review of literature of known DLBCLs with expression of T-cell antigens.
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15
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Hussaini MO, Kreisel FH, Hassan A, Nguyen TT, Frater JL. CD4-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A variant with aggressive clinical potential. World J Methodol 2016; 6:181-186. [PMID: 27679780 PMCID: PMC5031925 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 expression is rare in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with 4 previously reported cases. Its significance is uncertain. We report five patients with CD4+ DLBCL and one CD4+ primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Cases were identified by searching the electronic database of the department; each was reviewed. Average age was 56 years. Neoplastic cells expressed CD20 (5/6 tested cases). BCL2/BCL6 expression were seen in 3/3 tested cases, suggesting a germinal center origin. Additionally, expression of T-cell antigens CD2 and CD5 was noted in 2/2 and CD7 in 1/1 tested case. CD3 was negative in all. Lymph nodes were commonly involved (67%). Patients received chemotherapy +/- radiation (6/6) and bone marrow transplant (2/6). Average survival was 44.2 mo. CD4 expression in DLBCL raises questions of lineage commitment. CD4+ DLBCL is rare; care should be exercised not to diagnose these as T-cell lymphomas. A subset behaves aggressively.
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16
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Ma D, Zhong S, Liu X, Mai H, Mai G, Xu C, Zhou F. CD3D and PRKCQ work together to discriminate between B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Comput Biol Med 2016; 77:16-22. [PMID: 27494091 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different therapeutic methods have been developed for the B-cell and T-cell subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The identification of molecular biomarkers that can accurately discriminate between B-cell and T-cell ALLs will facilitate the quick determination of therapeutic plans, as well as reveal the intrinsic mechanisms underlining the two different ALL subtypes. This study computationally screened the high-throughput transcriptome dataset for multiple candidate biomarkers and verified their discrimination abilities in an independent sample set using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Both technologies suggest that the two genes CD3D and PKRCQ together provided a good model for classification of B-cell and T-cell ALLs, whereas the individual genes did not show consistent discrimination between the two ALL subtypes. Supplementary material is available at http://healthinformaticslab.org/supp/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Ma
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China; Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for High-throughput Gene Sequencing of Pathogens, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China.
| | - Shan Zhong
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China; Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for High-throughput Gene Sequencing of Pathogens, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China
| | - Huirong Mai
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518038, China
| | - Guoqin Mai
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhou
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
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17
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Aberrant expression of multiple T antigens: CD4, CD5, and CD8 on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 22:e45-8. [PMID: 24185124 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31829cc54c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Aberrant expression of T antigens (exclusive of CD5) in DLBCL has been described in the literature; however, coexpression of 2 or more T antigens is rare. We report a case with a well-established diagnosis of DLBCL, coexpressing 3 T-cell antigens, CD4, CD5, and CD8. Although the clinical significance of T antigen coexpression in DLBCL is unclear, it is important to be aware of such phenotypic plasticity to ensure accurate diagnoses are made. The expression of multiple T-cell antigens may introduce diagnostic confusion and make subclassification of a lymphoma using World Health Organization criteria difficult.
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Kawauchi K, Ogasawara T, Aiba M, Fujibayashi M, Sanaka T, Sakura H, Shibuya M. Establishment and characterization of a novel VEGF-producing HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma cell line, OGU1. Eur J Haematol 2015; 96:144-51. [PMID: 25846106 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare B-cell lymphoma subtype that is characterized by lymphomatous effusion without the presence of masses, and it typically occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Lymphoma cells are universally positive for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Recently, a cavity-based effusion lymphoma that is similar to PEL without HHV-8 infection, called HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma, has been reported in non-HIV-infected individuals. However, the pathophysiology of this lymphoma is largely undefined. We established a novel B-cell line OGU1 derived from a patient with HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma. Notably, OGU1 cells produced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and expressed VEGF receptor 1, whose inhibitors retarded cell growth. Because VEGF acts as a vascular permeability and growth factor, it could play a role, at least in part, in the pathogenesis of this unique lymphoma. Thus, the OGU1 cell line is useful for the investigation of HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Kawauchi
- Medical Center East, Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Nishiogu Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshie Ogasawara
- Medical Center East, Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Aiba
- Medical Center East, Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujibayashi
- Medical Center East, Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sanaka
- Center of CKD and Lifestyle Related Diseases, Edogawa Hospital, Ichikawa city, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakura
- Medical Center East, Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki, Japan.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Paulus A, Chitta KS, Wallace PK, Advani PP, Akhtar S, Kuranz-Blake M, Ailawadhi S, Chanan-Khan AA. Immunophenotyping of Waldenströms macroglobulinemia cell lines reveals distinct patterns of surface antigen expression: potential biological and therapeutic implications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122338. [PMID: 25853860 PMCID: PMC4390194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Waldenströms macroglobulinemia (WM) is a subtype of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which the tumor cell population is markedly heterogeneous, consisting of immunoglobulin-M secreting B-lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes and plasma cells. Due to rarity of disease and scarcity of reliable preclinical models, many facets of WM molecular and phenotypic architecture remain incompletely understood. Currently, there are 3 human WM cell lines that are routinely used in experimental studies, namely, BCWM.1, MWCL-1 and RPCI-WM1. During establishment of RPCI-WM1, we observed loss of the CD19 and CD20 antigens, which are typically present on WM cells. Intrigued by this observation and in an effort to better define the immunophenotypic makeup of this cell line, we conducted a more comprehensive analysis for the presence or absence of other cell surface antigens that are present on the RPCI-WM1 model, as well as those on the two other WM cell lines, BCWM.1 and MWCL-1. We examined expression of 65 extracellular and 4 intracellular antigens, comprising B-cell, plasma cell, T-cell, NK-cell, myeloid and hematopoietic stem cell surface markers by flow cytometry analysis. RPCI-WM1 cells demonstrated decreased expression of CD19, CD20, and CD23 with enhanced expression of CD28, CD38 and CD184, antigens that were differentially expressed on BCWM.1 and MWCL-1 cells. Due to increased expression of CD184/CXCR4 and CD38, RPCI-WM1 represents a valuable model in which to study the effects anti-CXCR4 or anti-CD38 targeted therapies that are actively being developed for treatment of hematologic cancers. Overall, differences in surface antigen expression across the 3 cell lines may reflect the tumor clone population predominant in the index patients, from whom the cell lines were developed. Our analysis defines the utility of the most commonly employed WM cell lines as based on their immunophenotype profiles, highlighting unique differences that can be further studied for therapeutic exploit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kasyapa S. Chitta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Pooja P. Advani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sharoon Akhtar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maja Kuranz-Blake
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sikander Ailawadhi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Asher A. Chanan-Khan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Shaver AC, Ma L, Vnencak-Jones C, Schwarting RS, Fasig KJ, Kim AS. Transformation of small B-cell lymphoma into large cell CD30⁺, CD4⁺, Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1101-5. [PMID: 25076300 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0089-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report here 2 separate cases in which patients with known low-grade B-cell lymphomas presented with transformed lesions that were CD30⁺, CD4⁺, Epstein-Barr virus negative, and negative or focally weak for a wide range of B-cell, T-cell, and histiocytic/dendritic cell markers. In each case the transformed lymphoma possessed an identical pattern of immunoglobulin heavy chain and/or BCL2 rearrangement to the corresponding original low-grade B-cell lymphoma, confirming their identity as transformed B-cell lymphoma. A review of the relevant literature reveals that, to our knowledge, no transformed B-cell lymphomas with this immunophenotype have been previously reported, which creates the opportunity for potential errors of diagnosis. These cases highlight the importance of correlation with the patient's history and with molecular genetic results in rendering an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Shaver
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Drs Shaver, Vnencak-Jones, Fasig, and Kim); and the Department of Pathology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey (Drs Ma and Schwarting)
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21
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22
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Lee M, Cha HJ, Yoon DH, Suh C, Huh J. EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly with aberrant expression of CD3 and TIA-1. Blood Res 2013; 48:156-60. [PMID: 23826590 PMCID: PMC3698406 DOI: 10.5045/br.2013.48.2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miji Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Banz Y, Krasniqi F, Dirnhofer S, Tzankov A. Relapsed angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with acquired expression of CD20: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:18. [PMID: 23738899 PMCID: PMC3680012 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is one of the most common types of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, usually presenting at an older age with an aggressive clinical course. Its characteristic morphological presentation and follicular helper T-cell phenotype help to distinguish it from other T-cell lymphomas. CASE PRESENTATION We recently encountered the unique case of a 63-year old patient with relapsed tumour-cell rich angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, presenting with a "classical" phenotype and, in addition, an acquired, strong, aberrant expression of CD20."Lineage infidelity" of phenotypic markers is a well-documented phenomenon in lymphomas and leukemias, a circumstance currently still poorly understood and with the potential to bring about erroneous interpretations, causing diagnostic havoc. This case represents one of the few documented angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas with strong CD20 expression. Of interest, CD20 expression was only detected in the recurrent lymphoma and not upon initial diagnosis. The clinical importance of this finding lies in the potential for treatment with an anti-CD20 antibody, for instance Rituximab, in addition to standard chemotherapy protocols for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSION Diagnostic work-up of lymphomas to determine their lineage should therefore consider morphology, pheno- as well as genotypic characteristics, where appropriate, and in particular signs of progression and change in marker profile in relapsed cases e.g. acquisition of "non-lineage" markers such as CD20 in T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Banz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Establishment of a CD4-positive cell line from an AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2013; 97:624-33. [PMID: 23605439 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) presents as a serous lymphomatous effusion without tumor masses exclusively in body cavities and mainly occurs in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. We established a new PEL cell line, designated GTO, from the pericardial effusion of a 39-year-old Japanese patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related PEL. This cell line was infected with human herpesvirus-8, but not with Epstein-Barr virus. Southern blot hybridization demonstrated that GTO cells display monoclonal rearrangement of the IgH gene, suggesting clonal B cell proliferation. GTO cells weakly express or lack T cell-associated markers (CD3, CD5, CD8), the majority of B cell-associated markers (CD19, CD20, CD21, CD79a), the α chains of β 2 integrins (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c), HLA-DR, CD30, and surface immunoglobulin (sIgM, sIgG sIgκ, sIgλ), TCR (α/β, γδ), but express CD45, and post-germinal center B cell/plasma cell-associated antigens (CD38, CD138). They also express a high level of cell-surface CD4 and can be infected by HIV-1. Immunodeficient mice intraperitoneally xenografted with GTO cells developed ascites containing lymphoma cells. The establishment of GTO and a GTO xenograft mouse model may help to provide insights toward a better understanding of the pathogenesis of PEL and the relationship between HIV-1 and HHV-8.
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25
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Demurtas A, Stacchini A, Aliberti S, Chiusa L, Chiarle R, Novero D. Tissue flow cytometry immunophenotyping in the diagnosis and classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: a retrospective evaluation of 1,792 cases. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 84:82-95. [PMID: 23325563 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of 1,792 solid tissues suggestive of lymphoma, submitted over a 12-year period, was carried out and flow cytometry (FC) results were compared with histologic findings. The final histologic diagnosis of cases documented in this report is as follows: 1,270 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL); 17 composite lymphomas; four NHL plus carcinomas; five post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders; 105 Hodgkin's lymphomas (HL); eight acute leukemias; 42 tissue cancers; and 341 non-neoplastic diseases. A strong correlation between morphology and FC data was observed among hematological malignancies (1,268/1,304, 97.2%) with the exception of HL. Among B-NHL, FC detection of clonally restricted B-cell allowed the identification of lymphomas that were not histologically clear and the differential diagnosis between follicular lymphoma and reactive hyperplasia. A high correlation level (r = 0.83; P < 0.0001) was obtained in comparing proliferation results obtained by FC and immunohistochemistry. Among T-NHL, FC detection of an aberrant phenotype direct histologic diagnosis in cases having less than 20% of neoplastic cells. In nine cases, FC suggested the need to evaluate a neoplastic population, not morphologically evident. Results show that FC routinely performed on tissue samples suspected of lymphomas is a fundamental adjunct to morphology in the diagnosis of NHL and may enhance the performance of the histologic evaluation so as to achieve the final diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of a wide series of tissues also studied by FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Demurtas
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Anatomical Pathology Laboratory 2, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
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26
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Barnhard S, Pai A, Chew HK, Song JY. Richter's syndrome with aberrant CD2 and CD4 expression. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:e243-5. [PMID: 22649134 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.40.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Clinicopathologic Features of B-Cell Lineage Neoplasms With Aberrant Expression of CD3. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:1364-70. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31825e63a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Huang PY, Best OG, Belov L, Mulligan SP, Christopherson RI. Surface profiles for subclassification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1046-56. [PMID: 22023531 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.631370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a variable clinical course. Some patients have stable disease while others progress and require treatment. Levels of several cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are known to correlate with prognosis and may be used to stratify patients according to risk. In this review, we summarize current information on surface CD antigens found on CLL, their pathological significance and their detection using CD antibody microarrays. The use of extensive immunophenotypic patterns or surface profiles as disease signatures for CLL subclassification, prognosis and patient management is discussed with a focus on triaging patients with CLL with progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Y Huang
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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29
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with aberrant expression of the T-cell antigens CD2 and CD7. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 19:579-83. [PMID: 21836500 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e318221c672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although, aberrant expression of a single T-cell-associated antigen (exclusive of CD5) on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has occasionally been described in the literature, cases that show coexpression of ≥2 T-cell antigens on a well-documented case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are extremely rare. Here, we describe a well-characterized case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that showed aberrant coexpression of 2 T-cell-associated antigens, CD2 and CD7. Recognition of these types of cases is important to help ensure accurate diagnoses are made.
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30
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Kern W, Bacher U, Haferlach C, Alpermann T, Dicker F, Schnittger S, Haferlach T. Frequency and prognostic impact of the aberrant CD8 expression in 5,523 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:145-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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E2A-positive gastric MALT lymphoma has weaker plasmacytoid infiltrates and stronger expression of the memory B-cell-associated miR-223: possible correlation with stage and treatment response. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1507-17. [PMID: 20802470 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extranodal marginal-zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the stomach (gastric MALT lymphoma) is derived from memory B cells of the marginal zone. Normal memory B cells do not express markers of germinal-center B cells, such as E2A (immunoglobulin enhancer-binding factor E12/E47), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 6 (BCL6), or activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). E2A is a transcription factor that induces somatic hypermutations and blocks plasma cell differentiation. In 50 stage-I(E)/II(E1) gastric MALT lymphomas, we confirmed that all cases were BCL6(-)/AID(-), but a subset (50%, 25/50) was E2A(+). As E2A(-) and E2A(+) gastric MALT lymphomas had similar numbers of somatic hypermutations without intraclonal variations, which implied an origin from memory B cells, the expression of E2A was best regarded as a marker of aberrant follicular differentiation. Although the status of somatic hypermutation was not affected by E2A, E2A(+) gastric MALT lymphoma showed less plasmacytoid infiltrates and higher expressions of miRNA-223, a microRNA associated with memory B cells. Clinically, E2A(+) gastric MALT lymphomas were more likely to spread to perigastric lymph nodes and were less responsive to Helicobacter eradication therapy than were E2A(-) gastric MALT lymphomas. Taken together, aberrant E2A expression is a diagnostic feature of a subtype of gastric MALT lymphoma with weaker plasmacytoid infiltrates and stronger miR-223 expression. A prospective study would be necessary to verify the association between E2A expression and a poor response to Helicobacter eradication therapy.
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Gomyo H, Kajimoto K, Miyata Y, Maeda A, Mizuno I, Yamamoto K, Obayashi C, Hanioka K, Murayama T. CD56-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: possible association with extranodal involvement and bcl-6 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:157-61. [PMID: 20557674 DOI: 10.1179/102453309x12583347113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Among B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, neural cell adhesion molecule/CD56 expression is exceptional. In this study, seven cases of CD56-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are described. The frequency of CD56-positive DLBCL was 7% in our hospital. Four of seven (57.1%) cases expressed both CD10 and bcl-6 suggestive of a germinal center B-cell phenotype. Six of seven (85.7%) cases expressed bcl-6. Two cases expressed aberrant T cell-associated antigens, one each of CD7 and CD8. However, none of these seven cases showed CD5 expression. No significant difference was observed between CD56-positive and CD56-negative DLBCL in terms of the five international prognostic index risk factors. However, all seven cases had at least one extranodal involvement and showed a good response to initial treatment. The predominance of extranodal involvement in our series may be associated with the adhesion-related function of CD56. A high frequency of bcl-6 expression may be associated with a more favorable clinical course and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Gomyo
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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CD4-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma identified by flow cytometry: two case reports. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:198-203. [PMID: 20577835 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), both occurring in the small bowel, which coexpress PAX5, weak or no CD20 and the CD4 antigen. The CD4 was initially identified by flow cytometry and then confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CD4 is a representative marker for helper T-lymphocytes and is present on a subset of thymocytes, peripheral T cells and monocytes or macrophages. Unlike CD2 and CD5, no B cell fractions are known to express CD4. It might be hypothesized that the deregulated control of gene expression in malignant B cells, in particular PAX5, leads to the activation of some silent or repressed genes of T cell differentiation. Although lineage infidelity is described in some B lymphomas, it remains as an uncommon phenomenon; to our knowledge, cases reported here are the first two cases of DLBCL of the gastrointestinal tract coexpressing the CD4 antigen to be described to date.
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Nasr MR, Rosenthal N, Syrbu S. Expression profiling of transcription factors in B- or T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and burkitt lymphoma: usefulness of PAX5 immunostaining as pan-Pre-B-cell marker. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 133:41-8. [PMID: 20023257 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpyp00jnufwccy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal use of transcription factors to determine B-lineage specificity in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) has not been fully investigated. We undertook an extensive immunohistochemical study of a panel of B-cell transcription factors in B- and T-ALL and Burkitt lymphoma to evaluate those with the best specificity and sensitivity. Tissue microarrays were constructed from 34 B-ALL, 19 T-ALL, and 30 Burkitt lymphoma samples. All 34 (100%) cases of B-ALL expressed PAX5; 32 (94%), BOB.1; 33 (97%), PU.1; 29 (85%), CD79a; 27 (79%), CD22; 2 (6%), CD20; 9 (26%), OCT-2; and 3 (9%), MUM1. Burkitt lymphoma cases were positive for PAX5 (30/30 [100%]), BOB.1 (27/30 [90%]), PU.1 (23/30 [77%]), CD79a (29/30 [97%]), CD22 (14/30 [47%]), CD20 (30/30 [100%]), OCT-2 (23/30 [77%]), and MUM1 (5/30 [17%]). T-ALLs were only positive for PU.1 (15/19 [79%]) and BOB.1 (12/19 [63%]). PAX5 demonstrated better specificity for B-lineage determination than BOB.1 and PU.1 and better sensitivity than CD79a, CD22, and CD20. These findings suggest that PAX5 has the greatest diagnostic usefulness and lineage determination in B-ALL, especially in cases with an inadequate specimen for flow cytometric analysis.
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35
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Suzuki Y, Yoshida T, Nakamura N, Kamata H, Kotani S, Ohsaka M, Kajita S, Miyazaki K, Ohtani S, Nakayama M, Horie R, Hayakawa K, Niitsu N, Higashihara M. CD3- and CD4-positive plasmablastic lymphoma: a literature review of Japanese plasmablastic lymphoma cases. Intern Med 2010; 49:1801-5. [PMID: 20720363 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a very rare and recently-described subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. A maxillary tumor in an 84-year-old HIV-negative Japanese-man was referred. The biopsied specimen showed a diffuse proliferation of mature plasma cells, expressing CD3 (+), CD4 (+), CD20 (-), CD138 (+) and EBER (+) by immunohistochemistry. He was diagnosed as a plasmablastic lymphoma; radiation therapy (RT) was started, but the response to the RT was only a partial response. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with PBL expressing CD3 and CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhko Suzuki
- Department of Hematology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.
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36
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Chiu A, Frizzera G, Mathew S, Hyjek EM, Chadburn A, Tam W, Knowles DM, Orazi A. Diffuse blastoid B-cell lymphoma: a histologically aggressive variant of t(14;18)-negative follicular lymphoma. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:1507-17. [PMID: 19633642 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the diffuse lymphomas of B-cell origin, we have encountered one variant displaying blastoid features that morphologically mimic lymphoblastic lymphoma, the blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma, and the so-called blastoid transformation of follicular lymphoma. To better characterize this entity, we studied eight cases morphologically, immunohistochemically, and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for cytogenetic abnormalities commonly associated with follicular lymphoma and B-cell lymphomas exhibiting high-grade histological features. All eight cases were presented as de novo neoplasms, and displayed an entirely diffuse (five cases) or only minimal follicular (three cases) growth pattern. The neoplastic lymphoid cells were of medium size with round nuclei, fine chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and high mitotic rate; they expressed CD10, BCL6, and BCL2-a phenotype consistent with follicle center cell origin. A proportion of cases expressed MUM1. Their lack of TdT and CYCLIN D1 distinguished them from lymphoblastic lymphoma and the blastoid mantle cell lymphoma, respectively. The neoplastic lymphoid cells consistently expressed CD43 (seven of eight cases) and occasionally other T-cell-associated antigens, including CD5, CD7, CD8, and CD57. Although all cases overexpressed BCL2, t(14;18) was not detected in any of the five cases examined by FISH; instead, extra copies of chromosome 18 were found in four of five cases. Finally, other cytogenetic abnormalities, including structural abnormalities of BCL6 (allelic loss/gain, rearrangement), monosomy 7, del(13)(q14), and MYC allelic loss, were frequently detected. The combination of a B-cell CD10+ BCL6+ BCL2+ phenotype in the presence of structural abnormalities of BCL6 is consistent with a follicular center cell derivation for our cases. The lack of t(14;18) seen in our cases, although rare in most cases of follicular lymphoma, has been nevertheless reported in cases of follicular lymphoma with a predominantly diffuse growth pattern. The molecular pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and prognostic significance of these lesions remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Chiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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37
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Schroers R, Pukrop T, Dürig J, Haase D, Dührsen U, Trümper L, Griesinger F. B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Aberrant CD8 Expression: Genetic and Immunophenotypic Analysis of Prognostic Factors. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:1677-81. [PMID: 15370224 DOI: 10.1080/10428190410001683697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is phenotypically characterized by cell surface co-expression of CD19, CD20, CD5, and CD23. However, the concomitant presence of other antigens distinctive of a particular leukocyte subset, e.g. T cells, is an unusual finding in B-CLL. In the present report, a case of B-CLL with aberrant expression of the T-cell-associated antigen CD8 is described. Flow cytometric analysis of the patient's cells demonstrated lack of CD38 expression, and cytogenetic analysis by FISH did not show any abnormalities of chromosomes 17p, 11q, and 12. Furthermore, the B-CLL cells expressed only low levels of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, which was in agreement with the mutated status of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region gene (IgVH). In summary, the determined profile of prognostic markers together with the highly stable and indolent disease in the described patient suggest a good prognosis of B-CLL with aberrant CD8 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/analysis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schroers
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany.
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38
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Carulli G, Stacchini A, Marini A, Ciriello MM, Zucca A, Cannizzo E, Aliberti S, Demurtas A, Novero D, Calcagno L, Callegari T, Petrini M. Aberrant expression of CD8 in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicenter study of 951 bone marrow samples with lymphomatous infiltration. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:186-90; quiz 306. [PMID: 19605812 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpncohs92arwrq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen expression can be observed in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Although CD5 is expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma, the presence of other T-cell antigens is less common. This article reports a retrospective multicenter analysis in which flow cytometry was used to evaluate aberrant CD8 expression on the pathologic B cells of 951 bone marrow samples from patients with various types of B-NHL. In a total of 18 patients, CD8 was coexpressed: 10 had B-CLL; 1, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL); 1, marginal zone lymphoma; 1, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma; 2, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; and 3, follicular lymphoma. There was a 1.89% overall frequency of CD8 coexpression in which B-CLL/SLL had a higher frequency (3.03%) than did the other B-cell neoplasms (1.18%). Most cases were characterized by a favorable outcome.
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39
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Beltran B, Castillo J, Salas R, Quiñones P, Morales D, Hurtado F, Riva L, Winer E. ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of four cases and review of the literature. J Hematol Oncol 2009; 2:11. [PMID: 19250532 PMCID: PMC2651189 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ALK-DLBCL) is a rare lymphoma with several clinicopathological differences from ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The latest WHO classification of lymphomas recognizes ALK-DLBCL as a separate entity. Methods A comprehensive comparison was made between the clinical and pathological features of the 4 cases reported and those found in an extensive literature search using MEDLINE through December 2008. Results In our series, three cases were adults and one was pediatric. Two cases had primary extranodal disease (multifocal bone and right nasal fossa). Stages were I (n = 1), II (n = 1), III (n = 1) and IV (n = 1). Two cases had increased LDH levels and three reported B symptoms. IPI scores were 0 (n = 1), 2 (n = 2) and 3 (n = 1). All cases exhibited plasmablastic morphology. By immunohistochemistry, cases were positive for cytoplasmic ALK, MUM1, CD45, and EMA; they marked negative for CD3, CD30 and CD20. Studies for EBV and HHV-8 were negative. The survival for the patients with stage I, II, III and IV were 13, 62, 72 and 11 months, respectively. Conclusion ALK-DLBCL is a distinct variant of DLBCL with plasmacytic differentiation, which is characterized by a bimodal age incidence curve, primarily nodal involvement, plasmablastic morphology, lack of expression of CD20, aggressive behavior and poor response to standard therapies, although some cases can have prolonged survival as the cases reported in this study. ALK-DLBCL does not seem associated to immunosuppression or the presence of EBV or HHV8. Further prospective studies are needed to optimize therapies for this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Beltran
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Hospital, Lima, Peru.
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40
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Tzankov AS, Went PT, Münst S, Papadopoulos T, Jundt G, Dirnhofer SR. Rare expression of BSAP (PAX-5) in mature T-cell lymphomas. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:632-7. [PMID: 17431414 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lineage determination in lymphomas is based on the assessment of lineage-specific markers, such as the B-cell-specific activator protein of the paired box family (BSAP, PAX-5) for the B-cell lineage. BSAP is thought to be expressed exclusively in B cells from the pro-B- to the mature B-cell stage and then silenced in plasma cells. BSAP has oncogenic potential and experimental evidence shows that the T-cell lineage is prone to this effect. Herein, we report on a BSAP-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma with monoclonal T-cell receptor gamma-gene rearrangement. To assess the relative frequency of BSAP expression in mature T-cell lymphomas, we constructed and examined a tissue microarray consisting of 43 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas and peripheral T-cell lymphomas and detected no additional BSAP-positive cases. To conclude, BSAP can probably contribute to T-cell lymphomagenesis not only in vitro, but also in vivo. It is rarely expressed in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, thus its detection on lymphoid malignancies cannot be considered definitively lineage specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandar S Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology and Bone Tumor Reference Center, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Jani P, Qi XY, Chang H. Aberrant expression of T-cell-associated markers CD4 and CD7 on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2007; 82:73-6. [PMID: 17019687 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By multiparameter flow cytometry, the T-cell-associated markers CD4 and CD7 were aberrantly coexpressed on a case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The CLL had an immunophenotype: CD19+, CD20+, CD79b+, CD5+, CD23+, FMC7+, kappa+, CD4+, and CD7+. Molecular analysis confirmed clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobin heavy chain genes and a germline configuration of the T-cell receptor genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed trisomy 12 anomaly. There was no evidence of deletion 17p (p53), 11q23 (ATM), or 13q14 or translocation t(11:14). The patent was clinically stable without treatment. Although the pathogenesis of such aberrant immunophenotype remains to be determined, the current case illustrates the phenotypic heterogeneity of CLL, and emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach including clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular cytogenetic studies.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD7/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD7/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jani
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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42
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Kaleem Z. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphomas: current status and usefulness. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130:1850-8. [PMID: 17149963 DOI: 10.5858/2006-130-1850-fcaolc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Immunophenotyping has become a routine practice in the diagnosis and classification of most cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and flow cytometry is often the method of choice in many laboratories. The role that flow cytometry plays, however, extends beyond just diagnosis and classification. OBJECTIVE To review and evaluate the current roles of flow cytometry in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, to compare it with immunohistochemistry, and to discuss its potential future applications in the molecular diagnostic era. DATA SOURCES The information contained herein is derived from peer-reviewed articles on the subject published in the English-language medical literature during the years 1980 to 2005 that were identified using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi, 1980-2005) search, various books and other sources on flow cytometry, and the author's personal experience of more than 10 years with flow cytometric analysis of lymphomas and leukemia using Becton-Dickinson (San Jose, Calif) and Beckman-Coulter (Miami, Fla) flow cytometers. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected based on adequate material and methods, statistically significant results, and adequate clinical follow-up. DATA EXTRACTION The data from various sources were compared when the methods used were the same or similar and appropriate controls were included. Most of the studies employed 2-color, 3-color, or 4-color flow cytometers with antibodies from Becton-Dickinson, Beckman-Coulter, or DakoCytomation (Carpinteria, Calif). Results were evaluated from studies utilizing the same or similar techniques and flow cytometers. Only objective data analyses from relevant and useful publications were included for reporting and discussion. DATA SYNTHESIS Flow cytometry serves a variety of roles in the field of lymphoma/leukemia including rapid diagnosis, proper classification, staging, minimal residual disease detection, central nervous system lymphoma detection, evaluation of prognostic markers, detection of target molecules for therapies, ploidy analysis of lymphoma cell DNA, and evaluation of multidrug-resistance markers. It offers many advantages in comparison to immunohistochemistry for the same roles and provides uses that are either not possible or not preferable by immunohistochemistry such as multiparameter evaluation of single cells and detection of clonality in T cells. CONCLUSIONS By virtue of its ability to evaluate not only surface but also cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens, flow cytometry continues to enjoy widespread use in various capacities in lymphoma evaluation and treatment. Additional roles for flow cytometry are likely to be invented in the future and should provide distinctive uses in the molecular era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Kaleem
- Pathology & Laboratory Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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43
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Aguilera NSI, Chen J, Bijwaard KE, Director-Myska AE, Barekman CL, Millward C, Lichy J, Abbondanzo SL. Gene rearrangement and comparative genomic hybridization studies of classic Hodgkin lymphoma expressing T-cell antigens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130:1772-9. [PMID: 17149949 DOI: 10.5858/2006-130-1772-gracgh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma are enigmatic and difficult to study because they are so sparse. Tissue microdissection allows for the isolation of single Reed-Sternberg cells. Isolated Reed-Sternberg cells show clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement indicating a B-cell origin. Rarely, Reed-Sternberg cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma express T-cell antigens, suggesting a possible T-cell origin. OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a difference in genotype between classic Hodgkin lymphoma and classic Hodgkin lymphoma expressing T-cell antigens and to document T-cell clonality. DESIGN We studied 4 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma with a characteristic phenotype and immunoreactivity for CD2 and CD3. Single CD30+ Reed-Sternberg cells from each case were isolated by laser capture microdissection for immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor-gamma genes by polymerase chain reaction studies. Comparative genomic hybridization was performed in all cases. RESULTS Two of 4 cases showed clonal rearrangement of the T-cell receptor-gamma; none showed immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement. Two control cases were negative for T cell receptor-gamma but 1 showed immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed significant overlap in genomic alteration in Hodgkin lymphoma cases regardless of genotype or phenotype and several regions of imbalance specific to CD3+ Hodgkin lymphoma cases. All patients are alive with no evidence of disease from 10 to 44 months. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a T-cell phenotype classic Hodgkin lymphoma can be supported by genotypic studies and that there may be cytogenetic differences between classic Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma expressing T-cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine S I Aguilera
- Department of Hematopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th St, NW, Bldg 54, Room 2051, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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44
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Reddy VVB. Selected case studies in hematopathology: application of current ancillary techniques in diagnosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 563:112-24. [PMID: 16433127 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32025-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu V B Reddy
- Hematopathology and Hematology Lab, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
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45
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Parisi-Duchêne E, Mazurier I, Moskovtchenko P. Aberrant CD8 expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of five cases. Acta Haematol 2006; 115:74-7. [PMID: 16424654 DOI: 10.1159/000089470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of T cell-associated antigens on B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare. We describe 5 cases of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) with aberrant expression of CD8 on B cells. These B-CLL presented a typical immunophenotype CD19+, CD23+, FMC7- and CD5+ (except for 1 case) with a monotypic expression of surface immunoglobulin light chain kappa. The CD8 expression was confirmed on B-CLL cells by two-color flow cytometry staining. We could not find coexpression of CD3 or CD4 on B-CLL cells. The clinical implications, the sensitivity to therapy and the prognostic outcome of this aberrant expression remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Parisi-Duchêne
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie-Hémostase, Hôpital Pasteur, Colmar, France.
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46
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Tzankov A, Bourgau C, Kaiser A, Zimpfer A, Maurer R, Pileri SA, Went P, Dirnhofer S. Rare expression of T-cell markers in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:1542-9. [PMID: 16056244 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma are primarily of B-cell origin, although there are instances of T-cell antigen expression suggesting T-cell origin. We comprehensively analyzed expression of various T-cell antigens in 259 classical Hodgkin's lymphoma cases using the tissue microarray technique. Expression of the T-cell antigens CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7 and CD8 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells of T-cell marker-positive cases were microdissected and analyzed by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain- and T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements. In all, 12 cases (5%) expressed at least one T-cell marker in the following order: CD2 in 11 cases, CD4 in five, CD3 in two, and CD5 and CD8 in one case each; there were no CD7-positive cases, and five cases (2%) expressed more than one T-cell antigen. In positive cases, a mean fraction of 40% of the Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells (range 20-100%) expressed the analyzed T-cell markers. Two cases (<1%) evidenced clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. Phenotypic expression of T-cell antigens in Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is rare (5%), while genotypically, less than 1% of classical Hodgkin's lymphomas are of possible T-cell origin. Therefore, T-cell antigen expression on Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells is aberrant in the majority of cases and only infrequently classical Hodgkin's lymphomas are of T-cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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47
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Schroers R, Hildebrandt Y, Steffens R, Becker S, Ohms G, von Bonin F, Haase D, Bertsch HP, Trümper L, Griesinger F. Immunophenotypic and genetic characterization of a CD8 positive Mantle Cell Lymphoma in a patient with concomitant Mycosis Fungoides. Eur J Haematol 2005; 75:78-84. [PMID: 15946316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is immunophenotypically characterized by cell surface co-expression of CD19, CD20, CD5, IgM and FMC7. However, the concomitant presence of other antigens distinctive of a particular leukocyte subset, e.g. T-lymphocytes, is an exceptional finding in MCL. Here, the first case of a blastic MCL in leukaemic phase with aberrant expression of the T-cell associated antigen CD8 occurring in a patient with concomitant Mycosis fungoides is described. Comprehensive immunophenotypic analysis showed that the MCL cells expressed the typical B-lymphocytic markers, were CD5 and CD8 positive, but did not express other T-cell proteins, such as CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, TCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta. The MCL cells expressed both CD8alpha and CD8beta chains indicating cell surface presence of CD8alphabeta heterodimers. Intriguingly, expression of the cytotoxic enzymes perforin and granzyme A was detected by RT-PCR. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of the lymphoma cells confirmed cyclin D1 overexpression secondary to the t(11;14)(q13;32) chromosomal translocation. Furthermore, trisomy 11, trisomy 14 and extra copies of t(11;14) translocated chromosomes were detected in sub clones of the analyzed MCL cells. Clinically, an aggressive course of disease including cerebral lymphoma involvement was noted in the reported patient. Hence, systematic studies addressing the incidence, biology and clinical behavior of this form of MCL seem to be justified in future.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Granzymes
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/complications
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Middle Aged
- Mycosis Fungoides/blood
- Mycosis Fungoides/complications
- Mycosis Fungoides/genetics
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Serine Endopeptidases/blood
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trisomy/genetics
- Trisomy/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schroers
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Otsuka M, Yakushijin Y, Hamada M, Hato T, Yasukawa M, Fujita S. Role of CD21 antigen in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its clinical significance. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:416-24. [PMID: 15521918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in immunological and molecular technology have prompted proposals to change tumour classification and treatment strategies. Cell surface antigens are now easy to access, and tumour origins and clinical characteristics are now readily identifiable. However, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), one of the heterogeneous forms of haematological malignancy, the clinical significance of tumour surface antigens has not been well documented. We analysed the tumour surface antigens of 50 tumours from newly diagnosed DLBCL patients by flow cytometry in accordance with their clinical characteristics and followed the patients for a median 3.7 years. Statistical analysis showed that CD21 expression was significantly negatively associated with mortality in DLBCL (CD21 negative versus positive; relative risk = 2.36, P < 0.05). As a result of these clinical observations, we generated CD21-overexpressed (CD21(+)) lymphoma cell lines after gene transfection and analysed tumour cell growth in vivo in immunocompromised mice. Mice challenged with vector-only transfectants and parental cells as controls died within 50 d. In contrast, mice injected with CD21(+) transfectants exhibited significantly reduced tumour growth and 83% survived long term (versus control groups; P < 0.05). Interestingly, all established CD21(+) transfectants (six clones from different bulks) showed homotypic aggregation during in vitro cell culture, and anti-CD21 antibodies did not block this aggregation. Expression of CD21 is strongly associated with increased survival in DLBCL in vivo. CD21 expression may be indirectly concerned with the expression of additional cell adhesion molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phenotype
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Otsuka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Caligaris-Cappio F, Ghia P. The nature and origin of the B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell: a tentative model. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004; 18:849-62, viii. [PMID: 15325702 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells have the profile of antigen (Ag) activated memory B cells but also show a constellation of T-cell-associated properties. We suggest that the early transforming events may occur in an early lymphoid progenitor. This precursor differentiates into a mature B cell that, though retaining T-cell features, has a functional B-cell receptor that may allow Ag intervention to trigger clonal expansion. This model has to cope with the existence of at least two subsets of the disease as defined by their IgVH genes mutational status. Mutated cases have a lower capacity to interact with Ag and are reminiscent of anergic cells. This explains their less harmful behavior as compared with unmutated case, which have a more aggressive potential likely because they had the opportunity to acquire additional chromosomal aberrations after repeated rounds of Ag stimulation and replication.
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50
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Amin HM, McDonnell TJ, Medeiros LJ, Rassidakis GZ, Leventaki V, O'Connor SL, Keating MJ, Lai R. Characterization of 4 mantle cell lymphoma cell lines. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:424-31. [PMID: 12683869 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-0424-comclc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by t(11;14)(q13;q32) and cyclin D1 overexpression. The pathogenesis of MCL has not been comprehensively studied, which can be attributed in part to the paucity of well-characterized MCL cell lines. OBJECTIVES We collected 4 previously developed MCL cell lines and performed extensive characterization, including the susceptibly of these cell lines to transduction by adenovirus vectors. Our aim was to facilitate the establishment of an in vitro model that can be reliably used to study the pathogenesis of MCL. METHODS Standard techniques were used to compare the morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic features of the 4 cell lines. In addition, Western blotting was used to investigate the presence of several cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins. TP53 DNA sequencing was also performed on the cell lines. The adenoviral transduction efficiency was assessed using an adenoviral vector carrying the gene encoding for the green fluorescence protein (Ad-GFP). RESULTS All cell lines demonstrated evidence of t(11;14)(q13;q32) and overexpression of cyclin D1. Cyclin D2 was not detectable in all cell lines, whereas cyclin D3 was weakly expressed in JeKo-1 and SP-53. Other abnormalities of the cell cycle G1 phase regulatory pathway were detected, including loss of expression of p53 (JeKo-1) and p16(INK4a) (SP-53 and Granta 519), as well as TP53 mutation (Mino). All cell lines express high levels of cyclin E, c-Myc, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-x(L), and Mcl-1. Retinoblastoma protein is hyperphosphorylated in all cell lines. With the exception of Mino, MCL cell lines are highly transducible with adenoviral vectors. CONCLUSION These cell lines are representative of MCL and can be used as an in vitro model to further explore the pathogenesis of this disease. The susceptibility of these cell lines to gene transfer provides opportunities to evaluate the importance of various oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that may have an impact on developing effective therapeutic regimens for MCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Cytogenetic Analysis/methods
- DNA Mutational Analysis/methods
- G1 Phase/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Immunophenotyping/methods
- Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/virology
- Mutation/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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