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Ali AE, Ademuyiwa AO, Lakhoo K, Kefas J, Houmenou E, Abdulsalam M, Leopold A, Bankole R, Gbenou S, Covi P. A Prospective Epidemiological Survey of Paediatric Trauma in Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2024; 21:6-11. [PMID: 38259013 PMCID: PMC10903722 DOI: 10.4103/ajps.ajps_80_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. There is a need for development and provision of efficient paediatric trauma services based on adequate information and funding which are lacking in low- and middle-income countries. AIMS This study was carried out to assess the scale of the problem, identify the most common causes of trauma in Pan African Paediatric Surgical Association (PAPSA) zone and to define the limiting factors for provision of the necessary services required to reduce the potential mortality and disability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected through an electronic form sent out in PAPSA platform. Members were requested to provide prospective data on all paediatric major trauma admitted to or seen at their health facilities between the beginning of April 2019 and the end of June 2020. Hospital location, child's age, gender, type of injury, mechanism of injury, severity, initial management, method of transport, time to arrive to hospital, availability of surgical specialities, length of hospital stay and injury outcome were analysed. RESULTS There were 531 entries. The mean age was 3.53 years and median age 1.34 years. Male-to-female ratio was 2:1. The leading causes for injuries were falls 194 (36.53%) and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) 176 (33.15%) followed by obstetrical 42 (7.9%), thermal 27 (5.1%) and domestic injuries 22 (4.1%). The most common injuries were limb fractures 181 (34.1%) and traumatic brain injury 111 (20.9%). Public and private transport were used in 313 (58.9%), while ambulance service was used in only 54 (10.1%). Distances to a health facility varied between 1 and 157 km. 70.2% of cases did not receive any primary care, while definitive care was received in 95.5% of the cases. Outcome was full recovery in 90.6% of patients, morbidity in 8.1% and a mortality rate of 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS Most of the injuries were in the under 5-year age group. The two main causes of trauma in children in this study were the falls from height and MVCs. Long distance travels to reach health-care facilities were noticeable in this study, together with substantial lack of adequate ambulance facilities and shortage in necessary subspecialty services such as neurosurgical, orthopaedics and rehabilitation. Implementing proposed recommendations can reduce the burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adesoji O Ademuyiwa
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Honorary Consultant and Chief Paediatric Surgery Unit, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kokila Lakhoo
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England
| | - John Kefas
- Department of Surgery, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Esperance Houmenou
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Services Paediatric Du Chd/Zc, Abomey, Benin
| | - Moruf Abdulsalam
- Department of Surgery, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Azakpa Leopold
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Saint Jean De Dieu, Tanguieta, Benin
| | - Rouma Bankole
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Teaching Hospital Treichvile, Abidjan, Côte D'ivoire
| | - Seraphin Gbenou
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Mother and Child Lagoon, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pautin Covi
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, National University Teaching Hospital HKM, Cotonou, Benin
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Al-Hajj S, Moustafa M, El Hechi M, Chahrour MA, Nasrallah AA, Kaafarani H. Physical injuries and burns among refugees in Lebanon: implications for programs and policies. Confl Health 2023; 17:42. [PMID: 37749592 PMCID: PMC10518957 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-023-00539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugees are prone to higher risks of injury due to often austere living conditions, social and economic disadvantages, and limited access to health care services in host countries. This study aims to systematically quantify the prevalence of physical injuries and burns among the refugee community in Western Lebanon and to examine injury characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. METHODS We conducted a cluster-based population survey across 21 camps in the Beqaa region of Lebanon from February to April 2019. A modified version of the 'Surgeons Overseas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS)' tool (Version 3.0) was administered to the head of the refugee households and documented all injuries sustained by family members over the last 12 months. Descriptive and univariate regression analyses were performed to understand the association between variables. RESULTS 750 heads of households were surveyed. 112 (14.9%) households sustained injuries in the past 12 months, 39 of which (34.9%) reported disabling injuries that affected their work and daily living. Injuries primarily occurred inside the tent (29.9%). Burns were sustained by at least one household member in 136 (18.1%) households in total. The majority (63.7%) of burns affected children under 5 years and were mainly due to boiling liquid (50%). Significantly more burns were reported in households where caregivers cannot lock children outside the kitchen while cooking (25.6% vs 14.9%, p-value = 0.001). Similarly, households with unemployed heads had significantly more reported burns (19.7% vs. 13.3%, p value = 0.05). Nearly 16.1% of the injured refugees were unable to seek health care due to the lack of health insurance coverage and financial liability. CONCLUSIONS Refugees severely suffer from injuries and burns, causing substantial human and economic repercussions on the affected individuals, their families, and the host healthcare system. Resources should be allocated toward designing safe camps as well as implementing educational awareness campaigns specifically focusing on teaching about heating and cooking safety practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Al-Hajj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Van Dyck Hall, Riad El-Solh, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | | | - Majed El Hechi
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohamad A Chahrour
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali A Nasrallah
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Haytham Kaafarani
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bhatta S, Mytton J, Deave T. Home environmental change for child injury prevention in Nepal: A qualitative study. J Child Health Care 2023; 27:323-335. [PMID: 34839755 PMCID: PMC10472719 DOI: 10.1177/13674935211052156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Nepal, unintentional home injury is a leading reason for death and disability among pre-school children. However, there is a lack of evidence to inform culturally appropriate interventions to reduce home injuries. This study explored the potential for home environmental change at a community level to prevent unintentional home injury in children and identified the barriers to, and facilitators of, such changes. Focus groups were conducted in the Nepali language with mothers, fathers, teachers, school students and community health volunteers in rural areas of Makwanpur district in Nepal. The discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated into English and analysed thematically. NVivo software was used to support coding and identification of themes. Five focus groups, involving forty-seven participants, were completed leading to the development of four themes. Overall, the findings highlight that community people perceive injuries to be a normal part of childhood and, therefore, few prevention measures were considered. Parents were, however, able to identify ways to change their environment that made it safer. Changes included removing hazards or adding safety equipment, adapting the home or restricting access to potential hazards. Barriers to implementation included limited awareness about injury hazards and risk management, poor quality housing and financial constraint. Facilitators included raising community awareness, acquiring resources and financial support and involving the family and community. Development of interventions to prevent injuries at home in pre-school children should reflect local context and culture; this is best achieved through engagement with parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Bhatta
- Research Associate, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Mytton
- Professor of Child Health, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Toity Deave
- Associate Professor for Family & Child Health, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Ben Abderrahim S, Belhaj A, Bellali M, Hmandi O, Gharbaoui M, Harzallah H, Naceur Y, Ben Khelil M, Allouche M. Patterns of Unnatural Deaths Among Children and Adolescents: Autopsy Study (2011-2018). Pediatr Dev Pathol 2022; 25:635-644. [PMID: 36503303 DOI: 10.1177/10935266221132884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The problem of unnatural death in children is still relevant because of their vulnerability. This work aimed to describe the epidemiological profile and patterns of these medicolegal deaths in children and adolescents in northern Tunisia. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study from January 2011 to December 2018, within the Forensic Department of Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis. All children who died of unnatural causes were included (767 cases). RESULTS An overall male predominance was observed (sex ratio = 2.4). Accidental deaths represent the most common manner of death (81.4%) involving most frequently domestic accidents occurring in children aged between 1 and 4 years. In cases of suicide, the highest risk profile was a female child aged between 15 and 18 years. The suicide occurred most often in the victim's home with hanging representing the common means of suicide. For the criminal form, the most common means in those cases were stabbing and blunt injuries. CONCLUSION Our study delivered a broad picture of unnatural deaths among children in Tunisia. These deaths, largely absent from child survival initiatives presently on the global agenda, can be prevented if they are addressed strategically, as their injury prevention strategies differ from adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Ben Abderrahim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Azza Belhaj
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bellali
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ons Hmandi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Gharbaoui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hana Harzallah
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Habib Bougatfa University Hospital, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Yomn Naceur
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.,Regional Hospital Béja, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Ben Khelil
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Allouche
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
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Keating EM, Sakita F, Mmbaga BT, Amiri I, Nkini G, Rent S, Fino N, Young B, Staton CA, Watt MH. Three delays model applied to pediatric injury care seeking in Northern Tanzania: A mixed methods study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000657. [PMID: 36962759 PMCID: PMC10021368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low-and middle-income countries. Timely presentation to care is key for favorable outcomes. The goal of this study was to identify and examine delays that children experience between injury and receiving definitive care at a zonal referral hospital in Northern Tanzania. Between November 2020 and October 2021, we enrolled 348 pediatric trauma patients, collecting quantitative data on referral and timing information. In-depth interviews (IDIs) to explain and explore delays to care were completed with a sub-set of 30 family members. Data were analyzed according to the Three Delays Model. 81.0% (n = 290) of pediatric injury patients sought care at an intermediary facility before reaching the referral hospital. Time from injury to presentation at the referral hospital was 10.2 hours [IQR 4.8, 26.5] if patients presented first to clinics, 8.0 hours [IQR 3.9, 40.0] if patients presented first to district/regional hospitals, and 1.4 hours [IQR 0.7, 3.5] if patients presented directly to the referral hospital. In-hospital mortality was 8.2% (n = 30); 86.7% (n = 26) of these children sought care at an intermediary facility prior to reaching the referral hospital. IDIs revealed themes related to each delay. For decision to seek care (Delay 1), delays included emergency recognition, applying first aid, and anticipated challenges. For reaching definitive care (Delay 2), delays included caregiver rationale for using intermediary facilities, the complex referral system, logistical challenges, and intermediary facility delays. For receiving definitive care (Delay 3), wait time and delays due to treatment cost existed at the referral hospital. Factors throughout the healthcare system contribute to delays in receipt of definitive care for pediatric injuries. To minimize delays and improve patient outcomes, interventions are needed to improve caregiver and healthcare worker education, streamline the current trauma healthcare system, and improve quality of care in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Keating
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Francis Sakita
- Emergency Medical Department, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke-KCMC Collaboration, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Ismail Amiri
- Duke-KCMC Collaboration, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Getrude Nkini
- Duke-KCMC Collaboration, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sharla Rent
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nora Fino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bryan Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Staton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melissa H. Watt
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Oppong Asante K, Onyeaka HK, Kugbey N, Quarshie ENB. Self-reported injuries and correlates among school-going adolescents in three countries in Western sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:899. [PMID: 35513863 PMCID: PMC9074264 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unintentional injuries among adolescents constitute a significant public health problem globally. Injured adolescents may face negative outcomes ranging from poor academic performance to short- and long-term physical and psychosocial health struggles, and even death. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and describe the correlates and most frequent causes of injuries among school-going adolescents in three West African countries – Benin, Ghana, and Liberia. Methods We analysed self-reported data provided by 8,912 school-going adolescents who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey in Ghana (2012), Benin (2016), and Liberia (2017). Students responded to questions on sociodemographic factors, family involvement factors, mental health factors, school environment factors and injury behaviours. Results The overall 12-month prevalence estimate of serious injuries in adolescents was 40.9% (Benin = 27.3%; Ghana = 46.1%; Liberia = 49.2%). The most frequently reported injury type was a broken bone or dislocated joint (33% in Benin), cuts or stab wounds (31.7% in Ghana), and non-specified injuries (35.2% in Liberia). Prevalence of serious injuries was higher among males and increased with age. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, interpersonal aggression outside the family context (bullying victimisation, engaging in physical fights, and having been physically attacked) emerged as key correlates of increased odds of serious injuries. Conclusion The relatively higher prevalence estimates of serious injury reported in this study underscore the need for the included countries to develop interventions aimed at reducing and preventing physical injuries among adolescents. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13315-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Oppong Asante
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 84, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Henry K Onyeaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Mclean, Boston, USA
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Nii-Boye Quarshie
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 84, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Aboagye RG, Mireku DO, Nsiah JJ, Ahinkorah BO, Frimpong JB, Hagan JE, Abodey E, Seidu AA. Prevalence and psychosocial factors associated with serious injuries among in-school adolescents in eight sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:853. [PMID: 35484506 PMCID: PMC9047327 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injury is one of the major causes of death and illness among children and adolescents worldwide. We sought to investigate the prevalence of serious injury and its associated factors among in-school adolescents in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods A sample of 14,967 in-school adolescents was drawn from the Global School-based Student Health Surveys conducted from 2012 to 2017 in eight sub-Saharan African countries. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires. The prevalence of serious injuries was calculated using proportions while multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the factors associated with serious injuries. Results Approximately 45% of in-school adolescents had experienced serious injuries during the past 12 months to the survey in the eight sub-Saharan African countries, with variations from 32.3% in Mauritius to 68.2% in Liberia. Adolescents who experienced bullying [aOR = 2.37, CI = 2.10, 2.68], those who engaged in physical fight [aOR = 2.14, CI = [1.87, 2.44], those who experienced an attack [aOR = 1.96, CI = [1.73, 2.22], those who felt anxious [aOR = 1.47, CI = 1.22,1.77], those who attempted suicide [aOR = 1.38, CI = 1.14, 1.65], truants [aOR = 1.33, CI = [1.17,1.51], current tobacco users [aOR = 1.42, CI = [1.01, 2.01] and current marijuana users [aOR = 1.78, CI = 1.08, 2.93] had higher odds of experiencing serious injuries. However, those whose parents or guardians respected their privacy had lower odds of experiencing serious injuries [aOR =0.78, CI = [0.68, 0.88] compared to those whose parents or guardians did not respect their privacy. Conclusion A relatively high prevalence of serious injuries among in-school adolescents was identified in the eight sub-Saharan African countries studied. Programs and interventions that target the reduction of injuries in educational institutions should take a keen interest in the factors identified in this study. To deal with injury victims, first aid services should be provided in school settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13198-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gyan Aboagye
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.
| | - Dickson Okoree Mireku
- Directorate of Academic Planning and Quality Assurance, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - John Jackson Nsiah
- Department of Real Estate Management, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Boadu Frimpong
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eric Abodey
- Department of Education and Psychology Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abdul- Aziz Seidu
- Department of Real Estate Management, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana.,Centre for Gender and Advocacy, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Aboagye RG, Seidu AA, Bosoka SA, Hagan JE, Ahinkorah BO. Prevalence and Correlates of Unintentional Injuries among In-School Adolescents in Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136800. [PMID: 34202752 PMCID: PMC8297100 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Injuries among adolescents pose significant public health problems. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of adolescents’ mortality and disability with the largest burden in low-and middle-income countries. Yet, there is paucity of data in Ghana on adolescent injuries. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of unintentional injuries among in-school adolescents in Ghana using data from the Global School-Based Health Survey. Cross-sectional data on 2058 adolescents in junior and senior high schools who randomly participated in the 2012 Global School-Based Health Survey were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were performed to determine the prevalence of unintentional injuriesacross the background characteristics of in-school adolescents. Binary logistic regression was employed to determine the factors associated with unintentional injuries. The results were presented as crude and adjusted odds ratios at a 95% confidence interval. The prevalence of one or more serious injuries in the past 12 months was 57.0%. The most commonly reported type and cause of injuries were “I had a cut or stab wound” (15.2%) and “I fell” (13.1%), respectively. In the adjusted regression, in-school adolescents aged 14–16 (aOR = 1.60, CI = 1.12–2.28) were more likely to report one or more serious injuries compared to their counterparts aged 13 or younger. In-school adolescents who participated in physical education (aOR = 1.27, CI = 1.03–1.58) had higher odds of reporting one or more serious injuries. The odds of being injured was higher among adolescents who were truant at school compared to those who were not truant (aOR = 1.42, CI = 1.14–1.77) In-school adolescents who were bullied were more likely to report being injured one or multiple times compared to their counterparts who were not bullied (aOR = 2.16, CI = 1.75–2.65). In addition, the odds of being injured once or multiple times were higher among adolescents who were physically attacked (aOR = 2.21, CI = 1.78–2.75), those that engaged in physical fighting (aOR = 1.94, CI = 1.54–2.45), and those who reported high psychological distress (aOR = 2.00, CI = 1.52–2.63) compared to their counterparts who were not. Conversely, adolescents in senior high schools were 39% less likely to be injured once or multiple times compared to those in junior high schools (aOR = 0.61, CI = 0.47–0.79). A relatively high prevalence of unintentional injuries was found among in-school adolescents in the study. The numerous factors identified in this study could be integrated into health promotion and injury prevention activities to help reduce the occurrence of injuries among in-school adolescents. Moreover, students who are susceptible to unintended injuries such as older adolescents, victims of bullying, those who participate in physical education, those who are often involved in fights, truants, and those who have psychological distress should be sensitized to take measures that will reduce their level of susceptibility. First aid treatment services should also be made available in schools to treat victims of unintended injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gyan Aboagye
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe PMB 31, Ghana;
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana;
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Department of Estate Management, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi P.O. Box 256, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adolf Bosoka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe PMB 31, Ghana;
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Physical Education and Recreation, Department of Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana
- Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
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Factors Associated with Serious Injuries among Adolescents in Ghana: Findings from 2012 Global School Health Survey. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:6622363. [PMID: 33986635 PMCID: PMC8079207 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6622363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Injuries are of public health concern and the leading cause of residual disability and death among teenagers, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In Ghana, the burden of injury among adolescents is under-reported. Hence, the study sought to determine the prevalence of serious injuries (SI) and the potential factors influencing these injuries among school children in Ghana. Methods This study was conducted in Ghana among Junior High School (JHS) and senior high school students (SHS) using the 2012 Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) data. The GSHS employed two-stage cluster sampling method. Serious injuries (SI) and independent factors were measured via self-administered questionnaires. Pearson chi-square test between each explanatory variable and serious injuries was conducted and the level of statistical significance was set at 5%. The significant variables from the chi-square test were selected for multiple logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The prevalence of SI in the past 12 months was 66% [CI=61.8-70.2] . The most common cause of SI was fall, 36%. The common types of injuries were cut/stab wounds and broken/dislocated bone. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, after controlling for other variables, educational level (AOR = 0.64, CI = 0.44-0.90, p < 0.015), suicidal ideation (AOR = 1.58, CI = 1.00-2.48, p < 0.002), suicidal attempt (AOR = 1.88, CI = 1.29-2.72, p < 0.001), having at least one close friend (AOR = 1.49, CI = 1.17-1.89, p < 0.002), school truancy (AOR = 1.66, CI = 1.31-2.09, p < 0.000), smoking marijuana (AOR = 2.64, CI = 1.22-5.69), and amphetamine use (AOR = 2.95, CI = 1.46-5.69) were independently associated with SI. Conclusion The findings of the study established a high prevalence of SI among adolescents in Ghana, with cut/stab wound and broken/dislocated bone being the most reported type of injuries. This study also revealed that factors such as educational level, suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt, at least one close friend, school truancy, smoking marijuana, and amphetamine use are associated with SI among the adolescents. Therefore, pragmatic interventional programs should be targeted at these factors to curb the rate of SI among junior and senior school students.
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Coker M, Folayan MO, Michelow IC, Oladokun RE, Torbunde N, Sam-Agudu NA. Things must not fall apart: the ripple effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children in sub-Saharan Africa. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1078-1086. [PMID: 32971527 PMCID: PMC8119239 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zero to 19 year-old children in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate proportion of the global burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Significant public health gains have been made in the fight against these diseases, however, factors such as underequipped health systems, disease outbreaks, conflict, and political instability continue to challenge prevention and control. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) introduces new challenges to public health programs in sub-Saharan Africa. Of particular concern are programs targeting major conditions among children, such as undernutrition, vaccine-preventable pneumonia and diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and sickle cell disease. This article focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child health in sub-Saharan Africa. We review the epidemiology of major pediatric diseases and, referencing modeling projections, discuss the short- and long-term impact of the pandemic on major disease control. We deliberate on potential complications of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections/co-morbidities and identify critical social and ethical issues. Furthermore, we highlight the paucity of COVID-19 data and clinical trials in this region and the lack of child participants in ongoing studies. Lastly, approaches and interventions to mitigate the pandemic's impact on child health outcomes are discussed. IMPACT: Children in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases globally; this remains true even as the COVID-19 pandemic persists. Amidst the fast-expanding COVID-19 literature, there is little comprehensive coverage of the pandemic's indirect impact on child health in sub-Saharan Africa. This article comprehensively outlines the threat that the pandemic poses to major disease prevention and control for children in sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections/co-morbidities, highlights research gaps, and advocates for data and action to mitigate the ripple effects of the pandemic on this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe Coker
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Plot 252 Herbert Macaulay Way, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Morenike O Folayan
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Regina E Oladokun
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nguavese Torbunde
- Pediatric and Adolescent HIV Unit, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nadia A Sam-Agudu
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Plot 252 Herbert Macaulay Way, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Pediatric and Adolescent HIV Unit, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Stager LM, Swanson M, Hahn E, Schwebel DC. Caregiver worry and injury hazards in the daily lives of Ugandan children. J Inj Violence Res 2021; 13:39-46. [PMID: 33495427 PMCID: PMC8142333 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v13i1.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Over 95% of unintentional injury-related childhood deaths globally occur in low- and middle-income countries, such as Uganda. Risks for injury in settings like rural Uganda are vastly understudied despite differing patterns of child injury risk. The present study investigated the prevalence and type of hazards in children’s environments in rural Uganda, as well as the relationship between hazard exposure and parent attitudes and perceptions regarding unintentional injury. Methods: Our sample included 152 primary caregivers in Eastern Rural Uganda who had children in either 1st or 6th grade. All parents/guardians completed caregiver surveys following verbal instructions. Surveys assessed demographic information, child hazard exposure, and parent beliefs regarding child injury. Results: Almost all parents (98.5%) reported daily exposure for their children to at least one of the hazards assessed. Caregiver's perceived likelihood of child injury was positively related to hazard exposure (r = .21, p less than .05). This relationship remained significant when controlling for family demographics, child grade level, and child injury history (F (7, 126) = 2.25, p less than .05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Ugandan parents are aware of the risks of children’s exposure to hazards, but may lack the tools to address it. Development of injury prevention interventions focusing on behavioral change techniques may help reduce childhood injury and injury-related deaths in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Stager
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Marissa Swanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Emma Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Pérez Méndez MA, Kigwangalla HA, Bärnighausen T, Lowery Wilson M. Injuries among children and adolescents in a rapidly growing urban African metropolis: a cross-sectional survey of 1,968 households in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10048. [PMID: 33088616 PMCID: PMC7568856 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the patterns and incidence of child and adolescent injury and explore associations with household deprivation and child characteristics in a low-income urban setting. Study Design Cross-sectional household survey in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods Data collection took place during July 2009. Injuries requiring medical attention were recorded with a one month period of recall. A total of 1,968 households representing 3,927 children and adolescents were visited by health workers. Gender-, age-, and type-specific injury incidence was compiled. Odds ratios were calculated to measure associations with child injury, perceived deprivation, household characteristics and child characteristics. Results One household in five reported injuries. The estimated incidence was 3.2 per 10,000 child-years. The most common identifiable injuries were falls (41%), cuts (22%) and burns (16%). Male and younger children aged 1-4 years were at higher risk (respectively OR = 1.36; p = 0.004; OR = 1.47; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions In Dar e Salaam injuries are common. Future investigations should take into account both subjective and objective measurements of relative household deprivation and a clear criteria for the assessment of injury severity in community-based survey contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alejandra Pérez Méndez
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamisi A Kigwangalla
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Community Safety (CIPCS), PeerCorps Trust Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lowery Wilson
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Community Safety (CIPCS), PeerCorps Trust Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Saunders CJ, Adriaanse R, Simons A, van Niekerk A. Fatal drowning in the Western Cape, South Africa: a 7-year retrospective, epidemiological study. Inj Prev 2019; 25:529-534. [PMID: 30472680 PMCID: PMC6900229 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drowning is a neglected public health threat in low-income and middle-income countries where the greatest drowning burden is observed. There is a paucity of drowning surveillance data from low-resource settings, particularly in Africa. Understanding local epidemiological factors will enable the development of context-specific drowning prevention initiatives and the appropriate allocation of resources. AIM The primary aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of fatal drowning in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHOD This retrospective study describes fatal drowning incidents captured in the Western Cape vital registration system between 2010 and 2016. Data were obtained from the Forensic Pathology Services of the Western Cape Government. One-way analysis of variance was performed to detect a trend in mean drowning mortality rates between 2010 and 2016. χ2 tests for independence were performed to detect differences in the distribution of variables between groups. RESULTS A total of 1391 fatal drownings occurred in the Western Cape between 2010 and 2016, with an age-adjusted drowning mortality rate of 3.2 per 100 000 population. Rates were fourfold higher in men compared with women. Children, particularly young children aged 0-4 years, and young adult men between 20 and 34 years of age were identified to be at high risk of fatal drowning. Drowning occurred predominantly in large, open bodies of water with concentrations in summer and public holidays. CONCLUSIONS The Western Cape drowning prevention strategy should prioritise interventions to reduce drowning in children and young adult men, with a targeted focus on festive periods such as public holidays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn Adriaanse
- Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abigail Simons
- Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ashley van Niekerk
- Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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Epidemiologic Characteristics of Pediatric Trauma Patients Receiving Prehospital Care in Kigali, Rwanda. Pediatr Emerg Care 2019; 35:630-636. [PMID: 28169980 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric trauma is a significant public health problem in resource-constrained settings; however, the epidemiology of injuries is poorly defined in Rwanda. This study describes the characteristics of pediatric trauma patients transported to the emergency department (ED) of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali by emergency medical services in Kigali, Rwanda. METHODS This cohort study was conducted at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali from December 2012 to February 2015. Patients 15 years or younger brought by emergency medical services for injuries to the ED were included. Prehospital and hospital-based data on demographics, injury characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were gathered. RESULTS Data from 119 prehospital patients were accrued, with corresponding hospital data for 64 cases. The median age was 9.5 years, with most patients being male (67.2%). Injured children were most frequently brought from a street setting (69.6%). Road traffic injuries accounted for 69.4% of all mechanisms, with more than two thirds due to pedestrians being struck. Extremity trauma was the most common region of injury (53.1%), followed by craniofacial (46.8%). The most frequent ED interventions were analgesia (66.1%) and intravenous fluids (43.6%). Half of the 16 obtained head computed tomography scans demonstrated acute pathology. Twenty-eight patients (51.9%) were admitted, with 57.1% requiring surgery and having a median in-hospital care duration of 9 days (range, 1-122 days). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of Rwandan pediatric trauma patients, injuries to the extremities and craniofacial regions were most common. Theses traumatic patterns were predominantly due to road traffic injury, suggesting that interventions addressing the prevention of this mechanism, and treatment of the associated injury patterns, may be beneficial in the Rwandan setting.
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Musah Y, Ameade EPK, Attuquayefio DK, Holbech LH. Epidemiology, ecology and human perceptions of snakebites in a savanna community of northern Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007221. [PMID: 31369551 PMCID: PMC6692043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, snakebite envenomations total ~2.7 million reported cases annually with ~100,000 fatalities. Since 2009, snakebite envenomation has intermittently been classified as a very important 'neglected tropical disease' by the World Health Organisation. Despite this emerging awareness, limited efforts have been geared towards addressing the serious public health implications of snakebites, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where baseline epidemiological and ecological data remain incomplete. Due to poverty as well as limited infrastructure and public health facilities, people in rural Africa, including Ghana, often have no other choice than to seek treatment from traditional medical practitioners (TMPs). The African 'snakebite crisis' is highlighted here using regionally representative complementary data from a community-based epidemiological and ecological study in the savanna zone of northern Ghana. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS Our baseline study involved two data collection methods in the Savelugu-Nanton District (in 2019 the district was separated into Savelugu and Nanton districts) in northern Ghana, comprising a cross-sectional study of 1,000 residents and 24 TMPs between December 2008 and May 2009. Semi-structured interviews, as well as collection of retrospective snakebite and concurrent rainfall records from the Savelugu-Nanton District Hospital and Ghana Meteorological Authority respectively over 10-years (1999-2008) were used in the study. Variables tested included demography, human activity patterns, seasonality, snake ecology and clinical reports. Complementary data showed higher snakebite prevalence during the rainy season, and a hump-shaped correlation between rainfall intensity and snakebite incidences. Almost 6% of respondents had experienced a personal snakebite, whereas ~60% of respondents had witnessed a total of 799 snakebite cases. Out of a total of 857 reported snakebite cases, 24 (~2.8%) died. The highest snakebite prevalence was recorded for males in the age group 15-44 years during farming activities, with most bites occurring in the leg/foot region. The highest snakebite rate was within farmlands, most severe bites frequently caused by the Carpet viper (Echis ocellatus). CONCLUSION The relatively high community-based prevalence of ~6%, and case fatality ratio of ~3%, indicate that snakebites represent an important public health risk in northern Ghana. Based on the high number of respondents and long recording period, we believe these data truly reflect the general situation in the rural northern savanna zone of Ghana and West Africa at large. We recommend increased efforts from both local and international health authorities to address the current snakebite health crisis generally compromising livelihoods and productivity of rural farming communities in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya Musah
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evans P. K. Ameade
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Pharmacology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Daniel K. Attuquayefio
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lars H. Holbech
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
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Blankers K, Dankerlui N, van Loey N, Pursad M, Rode H, van Dijk M. Cross-cultural validation of the Itch Man Scale in pediatric burn survivors in a South African setting. Burns 2018; 45:725-731. [PMID: 30527642 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pruritus or itch is a common symptom after burn injuries. The Itch Man Scale has been recommended to assess itch severity in children. The aim of this prospective observational study was to perform a cross-cultural validation of the Itch Man Scale by comparing it with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and the Toronto Pediatric Itch Scale. METHOD At Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, parents of pediatric burn patients assessed their child's itch with the Itch Man Scale, NRS and Toronto Pediatric Itch Scale. Children from the age of 6years also rated the Itch Man Scale and NRS themselves. The Spearman rank order correlation between the different scales was calculated to determine construct validity. RESULTS Over a two-month period, 255 pediatric burn survivors with a median age of 2.3years (IQR 1.4-4.0) were included; 35 of them were aged 6-13years. Parents' Itch Man Scale ratings correlated significantly with parents' NRS ratings (0.82, 95% CI 0.78-0.86) and with the Toronto Pediatric Itch Scale of the parent (0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.84). The correlation between the older children's Itch Man Scale rating and those of their parents was 0.66 (95% CI 0.37-0.83). CONCLUSION We concluded that the Itch Man Scale has promising validity and is a user-friendly tool to use in clinical practice to determine the itch intensity in children younger than 13years in a South African setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Blankers
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Dankerlui
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy van Loey
- Association of Dutch Burn Centers, Department Behavioral Research, Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department Clinical Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mereille Pursad
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heinz Rode
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique van Dijk
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Sharma SL, Reddy N S, Ramanujam K, Jennifer MS, Gunasekaran A, Rose A, John SM, Bose A, Mohan VR. Unintentional injuries among children aged 1-5 years: understanding the burden, risk factors and severity in urban slums of southern India. Inj Epidemiol 2018; 5:41. [PMID: 30393832 PMCID: PMC6215788 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-018-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, 5.82 million deaths occurred among children under the age of five years in 2015 and injury specific mortality rate was 73 per 100,000 population. In India, injury specific mortality rate is around 2.1 per 1000 live births contributing to 4% of the total under 5 mortality rate. This study aims to estimate the burden and understand factors associated with unintentional injuries among children aged 1–5 years residing in urban slums of Vellore, southern India. We also attempted to assess the hazards posed by the living environment of these children and study their association with unintentional injury patterns. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in eight urban slums of Vellore, southern India and primary caregivers of children aged 1–5 years were interviewed with a questionnaire to obtain the details of injuries sustained in the past three months. Environmental hazard risk assessment was conducted at places frequented by these children and their scores calculated. Baseline prevalence and incidence rates of unintentional injuries were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression and poisson regression analysis were performed to examine factors associated with unintentional injuries and repeated injuries respectively. Association between environmental hazard risk and unintentional injuries was estimated. Results Prevalence of unintentional injuries was 39.1% (95% CI 35.4–42.9%) and incidence rate was 16.5 (95% CI 14.7–18.3) per 100 child months (N = 662). Bivariate analysis revealed that children of working mothers (OR 1.48; 1.01–2.18) and children from overcrowded families (OR 1.78; 1.22–2.60) had increased odds of sustaining unintentional injuries. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that children from overcrowded families had increased odds of sustaining unintentional injuries (AOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.14–2.41). Boys (IRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07–1.66) and children from overcrowded families (IRR 1.50; 1.14–1.98) were at increased risk of having repeated injuries. There is an increase in incidence rate of injuries with an increased environmental hazard risk, although not statistically significant. Conclusions The burden of unintentional injuries was very high among study children when compared to studies in other urban slums in India. Environment plays an important role in the epidemiology of unintentional injuries; providing safe play environment and adequate supervision of children is important to reduce its burden. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40621-018-0170-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Lam Sharma
- Department of General Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Samarasimha Reddy N
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Karthikeyan Ramanujam
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Mats Steffi Jennifer
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Annai Gunasekaran
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Anuradha Rose
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Sushil Mathew John
- Low Cost Effective Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632001, India
| | - Anuradha Bose
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Venkata Raghava Mohan
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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Mohamed AS, Sagna A, Fall M, Ndoye NA, Mbaye PA, Fall AL, Diaby A, Ndour O, Ngom G. [Accidents of the everyday life (AcVC) in children in Dakar: about 201 cases]. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:272. [PMID: 29187941 PMCID: PMC5660325 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.27.272.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Les accidents de la vie courante (AcVC) sont fréquents chez l’enfant et peuvent être à l’origine de lésions handicapantes et de décès. L’objectif de notre travail était d’étudier les aspects épidémiologiques et lésionnels des AcVC à Dakar. C’est une étude transversale descriptive menée du 1er Janvier 2013 au 30 juin 2013. Les enfants victimes d’accidents domestiques, d’accidents de sport et de loisirs ou d’accidents scolaires ont été inclus. Nous avons étudié des paramètres généraux et des paramètres ayant trait à chaque type d’AcVC. Deux cent et un enfants ont été inclus, ce qui représentait 27% des consultations aux urgences. Il y avait 148 garçons et 53 filles. Les enfants de moins de 5 ans étaient les plus touchés (37,8%). Le football et le jeu de lutte étaient les grands pourvoyeurs d’AcVC. Les AcVC survenaient principalement à domicile (58,2%) et dans les aires de sport et de loisirs (31,8%). Les fractures prédominaient dans les différents types d’AcVC: 54,9% des accidents domestiques, 68,8% des accidents de sport et de loisirs et 40% des accidents scolaires. Au plan épidémiologique, nos résultats sont superposables à la littérature. Les fractures prédominent à l’opposé de la littérature où les contusions sont prépondérantes. Le jeu de lutte est le plus grand pourvoyeur de ces fractures après le football. La connaissance des aspects épidémiologiques et lésionnels permet de mener des campagnes de prévention des AcVC à Dakar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Salim Mohamed
- Centre de Santé des HLM de Dakar, Sénégal.,Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital d'Enfants Albert Royer de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aloïse Sagna
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital d'Enfants Albert Royer de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mbaye Fall
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ndeye Aby Ndoye
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital d'Enfants Albert Royer de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Papa Alassane Mbaye
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital d'Enfants Albert Royer de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aimé Lakh Fall
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Alou Diaby
- Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Population, Développement et Santé de la Reproduction (IPDSR), UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal Albert Royer de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumar Ndour
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Gabriel Ngom
- Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital d'Enfants Albert Royer de Dakar, Sénégal
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Trends in trauma-related mortality among adolescents: A 6 year snapshot from a teaching hospital's post mortem data. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2017; 8:S1-S5. [PMID: 29339839 PMCID: PMC5761691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim is to explore the trends in trauma mortality in children aged 0-18 years can help to co-ordinate resources toward research and programs to reduce the burden. METHODS This is a retrospective study carried out on adolescents ≤18 years of age autopsied according to the attorney request at Forensic Medicine & Toxicology department of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India in the period from January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2014. RESULTS There were 9160 deaths from all causes in children ≤18 years old, 7747 of which were due to trauma related causes, with a female predominance of 1.3:1. The age distribution revealed that 65.8% of deaths occurred in the 10-18 age group. Road traffic accidents (RTA) was the most prevalent cause (3635 deaths - 46.92%), followed by asphyxia (1128 deaths - 14.56%) and sexual assault (649 deaths - 8.37%). Asphyxia/suffocation was the major cause of injury with 31.96% of deaths within group <1 year; asphyxia (28.66%) and transport-related injuries (32.27%) were more predominant in the 1-4 age group; transport-related deaths were frequent in the 5-9 age group (45.14%), 10-14 age group (55.68%) and in the group 15-18 age group (51.69%). Regarding times of death, 61% occurred at the scene, 5.6% during pre-hospital care, 26.2% occurred at the hospital within the first 24 h after admission, and the remaining 7.6% of deaths occurred after 24 h after admission to the hospital. When we analyzed the deaths according to the intent, homicides occurred in 16% of cases. Unintentional injuries occurred in 69% of deaths and self-inflicted injuries were identified in 15% cases. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that there was a predominance of deaths in children and adolescents males, between 15 and 18 years old, mainly from road traffic accidents. This study highlights the burden of trauma caused mortalities in children, which requires instant action.
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Factors associated with unintentional injury among the paediatric age population in the hospitals of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Afr J Emerg Med 2017; 7:S55-S59. [PMID: 30505674 PMCID: PMC6246876 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood unintentional injuries cause nearly 875,000 deaths each year. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with unintentional injury of children presenting to the hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. METHODS In a hospital-based, cross-sectional study undertaken in one month, from April 1 to 30th 2016, 893 children less than 18 years of age were included. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Training was given to all data collectors and supervisors. Data was entered into EPI info version 7 and then exported to SPSS version 20, for further analysis. RESULTS Unintentional injury caused 62% (554) of all injuries in attending children. Several factors affected the likelihood of injuries, namely the age of the child, age of the parents or guardians, sex of the child, and whether the child lived with the parents. Modifiable factors were the child's behaviour, awareness of danger, the child's level of educational, if the child's parent had received adequate injury counselling, and whether a child was left in the care of another child. The source of light in the house, and house floor material were also significant factors at p < 0.05. CONCLUSION The prevalence of unintentional injury was high. Many of the factors associated with injuries are modifiable and safety issues for children need urgent attention.
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Ssewanyana D, Nyongesa MK, van Baar A, Newton CR, Abubakar A. Health risk behavior among chronically ill adolescents: a systematic review of assessment tools. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 28725261 PMCID: PMC5512752 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-017-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents living with chronic illnesses engage in health risk behaviors (HRB) which pose challenges for optimizing care and management of their ill health. Frequent monitoring of HRB is recommended, however little is known about which are the most useful tools to detect HRB among chronically ill adolescents. AIMS This systematic review was conducted to address important knowledge gaps on the assessment of HRB among chronically ill adolescents. Its specific aims were to: identify HRB assessment tools, the geographical location of the studies, their means of administration, the psychometric properties of the tools and the commonest forms of HRB assessed among adolescents living with chronic illnesses globally. METHODS We searched in four bibliographic databases of PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts for empirical studies published until April 2017 on HRB among chronically ill adolescents aged 10-17 years. RESULTS This review indicates a major dearth of research on HRB among chronically ill adolescents especially in low income settings. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System and Health Behavior in School-aged Children were the commonest HRB assessment tools. Only 21% of the eligible studies reported psychometric properties of the HRB tools or items. Internal consistency was good and varied from 0.73 to 0.98 whereas test-retest reliability varied from unacceptable (0.58) to good (0.85). Numerous methods of tool administration were also identified. Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use and physical inactivity are the commonest forms of HRB assessed. CONCLUSION Evidence on the suitability of the majority of the HRB assessment tools has so far been documented in high income settings where most of them have been developed. The utility of such tools in low resource settings is often hampered by the cultural and contextual variations across regions. The psychometric qualities were good but only reported in a minority of studies from high income settings. This result points to the need for more resources and capacity building for tool adaptation and validation, so as to enhance research on HRB among chronically ill adolescents in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ssewanyana
- 0000 0001 0155 5938grid.33058.3dCentre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya ,0000000120346234grid.5477.1Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Moses Kachama Nyongesa
- 0000 0001 0155 5938grid.33058.3dCentre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anneloes van Baar
- 0000000120346234grid.5477.1Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles R. Newton
- 0000 0001 0155 5938grid.33058.3dCentre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya ,0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.449370.dDepartment of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Amina Abubakar
- 0000 0001 0155 5938grid.33058.3dCentre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya ,0000000120346234grid.5477.1Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.449370.dDepartment of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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Adherence to Referral Criteria at Admission and Patient Management at a Specialized Burns Centre: The Case of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070732. [PMID: 28684713 PMCID: PMC5551170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Referral guidelines for burn care are meant to assist in decision-making as regards patient transfer and admissions to specialized units. Little is known, however, concerning how closely they are followed and whether they are linked to patient care. This is the object of the current study, focused on the paediatric burns centre of the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. All patients admitted to the centre during the winters of 2011–2015 (n = 1165) were included. The patient files were scrutinized to clarify whether the referral criteria in place were identified (seven in total) and to compile data on patient and injury characteristics. A case was defined as adherent to the criteria when at least one criterion was fulfilled and adherence was expressed as a percentage with 95% confidence intervals, for all years aggregated as well as by year and by patient or injury characteristics. The association between adherence to any individual criterion and hospital care (surgery or longer length of stay) was measured using logistic regressions. The overall adherence was 93.4% (100% among children under 2 years of age and 86% among the others) and it did not vary remarkably over time. The two criteria of “injury sustained at a specific anatomical site” (85.2%) and “young age” (51.9%) were those most often identified. Children aged 2 years or older were more likely to undergo surgery or to stay longer than those of young age (although a referral criterion) and so were those with higher injury severity (a referral criterion). In this specialized paediatric burns centre, children are admitted mainly according to the guidelines. However, given the high prevalence of paediatric burns in the region and the limited resources at the burns centre, adherence to the guidelines need to be further studied at all healthcare levels in the province.
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Cox SG, Burahee A, Albertyn R, Makahabane J, Rode H. Parent knowledge on paediatric burn prevention related to the home environment. Burns 2016; 42:1854-1860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kobusingye O, Tumwesigye NM, Magoola J, Atuyambe L, Alonge O. Drowning among the lakeside fishing communities in Uganda: results of a community survey. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2016; 24:363-370. [DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2016.1200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olive Kobusingye
- Department of Disease Control & Environmental Health, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye
- Department of Disease Control & Environmental Health, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Magoola
- Department of Disease Control & Environmental Health, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lynn Atuyambe
- Department of Disease Control & Environmental Health, Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olakunle Alonge
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gyedu A, Stewart B, Mock C, Otupiri E, Nakua E, Donkor P, Ebel BE. Prevalence of preventable household risk factors for childhood burn injury in semi-urban Ghana: A population-based survey. Burns 2016; 42:633-8. [PMID: 26691868 PMCID: PMC4880508 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood burns are a leading cause of injury in low- and middle-income countries; most of which are preventable. We aimed to describe the prevalence of household risk factors for childhood burn injury (CBI) in semi-urban Ghana to inform prevention strategies for this growing population. METHODS We conducted a population-based survey of 200 households in a semi-urban community in Ghana. Households were randomly selected from a list of 6520 households with children aged <18 years. Caregivers were interviewed about CBI within the past 6 months and potentially modifiable household risk factors. RESULTS Of 6520 households, 3856 used charcoal for cooking (59%) and 3267 cooked indoors (50%). In 4544 households (70%), the stove/cooking surface was within reach of children under-five (i.e., <1m). Higher household wealth quintiles (OR 0.95; 95%CI 0.61-1.49) and increasing age (OR 0.82; 95%CI 0.68-0.99) were associated with lower odds of CBI. Living in uncompleted accommodation (OR 11.29; 95%CI 1.48-86.18 vs rented room) and cooking outside the house (OR 1.13; 95%CI 0.60-2.14 vs cooking indoors) were also predictive of CBI. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a high prevalence of CBI risk factors in semi-urban households that may benefit from targeted community-based prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gyedu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Barclay Stewart
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles Mock
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Easmon Otupiri
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Nakua
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Peter Donkor
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Beth E Ebel
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash, USA
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Othieno CJ, Okoth R, Peltzer K, Pengpid S, Malla LO. Traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and health-risk behavior in relation to injury among University of Nairobi students in Kenya. Int J Psychiatry Med 2016; 50:299-316. [PMID: 26561275 DOI: 10.1177/0091217415610310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence and types of injuries in relation to traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and health-risk behaviors among university students in Kenya. METHOD A cross-sectional study collected data on a random sample of university students using a questionnaire to record sociodemographic variables while injuries experiences recorded using the Centers for Disease control criteria and Breslau's seven-item screener was used to identify post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Depressive symptoms were measured using Center for Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale. RESULTS Nine hundred and twenty-three students (525 male and 365 female) were included in the study, mean age 23 years (SD 4.0). Serious injury in the previous 12 months was reported by 29.00% of the students. PTSD was present in 15.67% (men 15.39% and women 16.1%). Out of the total, 41.33% of the students had depressive symptoms (35.71% mild-moderate symptoms and 5.62% severe). In the multivariable logistic regression being poor, binge drinking, tobacco use, ever been diagnosed with HIV, physically abused as a child, high PTSD score, and depression (adjusted odds ratio 5.49, 95% confidence interval 4.32-13.21) were significantly (p value<5%) associated with injury in the last 12 months. CONCLUSION Unintentional injuries and PTSD symptoms are common in this student population and are positively linked to depression and other risky behaviors. Measures aimed at improving the mental health, such as early identification and treatment of depression, may be useful in reducing the prevalence of such injuries among the youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl Peltzer
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Thailand HIV/AIDS/STIs and TB (HAST) Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Supa Pengpid
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Thailand Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Lucas O Malla
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust, Nairobi, Kenya
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Gyedu A, Nakua EK, Otupiri E, Mock C, Donkor P, Ebel B. Incidence, characteristics and risk factors for household and neighbourhood injury among young children in semiurban Ghana: a population-based household survey. Inj Prev 2014; 21:e71-9. [PMID: 24914101 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few population-based studies on household child injury in African countries. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of household and neighbourhood injury among children in semiurban communities in Kumasi, Ghana. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional population-weighted survey of 200 randomly selected caregivers of children under 18, representing 6801 households. Caregivers were interviewed about moderate to severe childhood injuries occurring within the past 6 months, for which the child staying home from school or activity, and/or required medical care. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with injury risk. RESULTS Annual injury incidence was 593.5 injuries per 1000 children. Common causes of injury were falls (315.7 injuries per 1000 children), followed by cuts/lacerations and burns. Most injuries (93.8%) were of moderate severity. Children whose caregivers were hourly workers (AOR=1.97; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.68) had increased odds of sustaining an injury compared to those of unemployed caregivers. Girls had decreased odds of injury (AOR=0.59; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.91). Cooking outdoors (AOR=0.45; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.76) and presence of cabinet/cupboards (AOR=0.41; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.70) in the house were protective. Among children under 5 years of age, living in uncompleted accommodation was associated with higher odds of injury compared with living in a rented single room (AOR=3.67; 95% CI 1.17 to 11.48). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of household and neighbourhood child injury is high in semiurban Kumasi. We identified several novel injury risk factors (hourly work, younger children) and protective factors (cooking outdoors, presence of cabinet/cupboards). These data may identify priorities for household injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gyedu
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - E K Nakua
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - E Otupiri
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - C Mock
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Departments of Surgery, Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - P Donkor
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - B Ebel
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Wilson ML, Lewis ER. Non-fatal gunshot trauma among a sample of adolescents in Djibouti: prevalence and sociodemographic associations. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2014; 29:320-331. [PMID: 24097908 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513505142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Firearm trauma is the second most common cause of serious injury among adolescents in the Republic of Djibouti. The aim of this study was to explore the sociodemographic correlates of serious injury and non-fatal gunshot trauma among adolescents in Djibouti. Using multinomial logistic regression, we compared a sample of adolescents (N = 1,711) who self-reported a non-firearm-related serious injury (n = 587) and those who reported a firearm-related injury (n = 101) with non-injured participants (n = 1,023) during a 12-month recall period. Analyses targeted demographic, behavioral, social, mental health, and family factors. After adjusting for covariates, participants reporting a non-firearm-related serious injury were more likely to report having been involved in physical fights (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 145; confidence interval [CI] = [1.04, 2.02), being bullied (RRR = 2.83; CI = [2.24, 3.56]), feeling lonely (RRR = 1.48; CI = [1.11, 1.96]), having signs of depression (RRR = 1.27; CI = [1.02, 1.58]), and be truant from school (RRR = 1.68; CI = [1.25, 2.28]). Those who reported a gunshot injury recorded being bullied (RRR = 2.83; CI = [1.77, 4.53]) and physically attacked at higher rates (RRR = 1.78; CI = [1.09, 2.89]). Serious injuries, whether firearm related or not, are important threats to adolescent health in Djibouti with potentially serious health-related correlates. More research, particularly multilevel designs, are needed to explain context-relevant factors associated with serious trauma in Djibouti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wilson
- PeerCorps Centre for Injury Prevention and Community Safety, PeerCorps Trust Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Fraga AMA, Bustorff-Silva JM, Fernandez TM, Fraga GP, Reis MC, Baracat ECE, Coimbra R. Children and adolescents deaths from trauma-related causes in a Brazilian City. World J Emerg Surg 2013; 8:52. [PMID: 24305495 PMCID: PMC3867624 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-8-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Injury is the first cause of death worldwide in the population aged 1 to 44. In developed countries, the most common trauma-related injuries resulting in death during childhood are traffic accidents, followed by drowning. Methods This retrospective study based on autopsy examinations describes the epidemiology profile of deaths by trauma-related causes in individuals younger than 18 years from 2001 to 2008 in the city of Campinas. The aim is to identify epidemiology changes throughout the years in order to develop strategies of prevention. Results There were 2,170 deaths from all causes in children < 18 years old, 530 of which were due to trauma-related causes, with a male predominance of 3.4:1. The age distribution revealed that 76% of deaths occurred in the 10-17 age group. The most predominant trauma cause was firearm injury (47%). Other frequent causes were transport-related injuries (138 cases-26%; pedestrians were struck in 57.2% of these cases) and drowning (55 cases-10.4%). Asphyxia/suffocation was the cause of death in 72% of cases in children < 1 year old; drowning (30.8%) was predominant in the 1-4 age group; transport-related deaths were frequent in the 5-9 age group (56%) and the 10-14 age group (40.4%). Gun-related deaths were predominant (68%) in the 14-17 age group. 51% of deaths occurred at the scene. Conclusions There was a predominance of deaths in children and adolescents males, between 15-17 years old, mainly from gun-related homicides, and the frequency has decreased since 2004 after the disarmament statute and the combating of violence.
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Xu T, Gong L, Wang H, Zhang R, Wang X, Kaime-Atterhög W. Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries Among Children Under Six Years Old in Floating and Residential Population in Four Communities in Beijing: A Comparative Study. Matern Child Health J 2013; 18:911-9. [PMID: 23793489 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 3004, No. 400 Xiaonanzhuang, Wanquanhe Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China,
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Roman IM, Lewis ER, Kigwangalla HA, Wilson ML. Child burn injury in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: results from a community survey. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2012; 19:135-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2011.628753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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An invisible epidemic: Preventing unintentional injuries among children and youth – A priority for national Public Health Associations. J Public Health Policy 2012; 33:132-5. [DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2011.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wilson ML, Hasselberg M, Kigwangalla HA, Boursiquot BL, Laflamme L. The association between family health status and child injury in a sample of African children. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2012; 20:91-3. [PMID: 22248090 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2011.648674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wilson
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Community Safety, Peercorps Trust Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Kamala B, Wilson ML, Hasselberg M. Pattern of childhood falls in a low-income setting: a cross-sectional study in Dar es Salaam. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2011; 18:305-11. [PMID: 21660795 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2011.581376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine patterns and circumstances of childhood falls in a low-income setting in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This cross sectional study is based on a household survey conducted in July 2009. A total of 3927 children up to age 18 from 1928 households in 15 sampled wards were surveyed through a structured questionnaire. The current study includes information regarding fall occurrence, socio-demographic and economic factors. Data were analysed using chi-square, t-test and logistic regression. Male children had 42% higher odds of falls compared to females, and rural residents had more than two times higher odds compared to urban residents. Falls occurred three times more among age group 1-4 and two times more among age group 5-9 compared to those between 15 and 18 years. Most falls occurred outdoors (62%) while playing (51%) with boys being over-represented. Females and children aged 1-4 years fell more from stairs whereas most infants fell from furniture. Male gender, younger age groups and rural residence were significant factors for fall injuries. The circumstances in which these falls occur also differ significantly. Intervention efforts should emphasise these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kamala
- Department of Public Health, Division of Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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