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Tanaka R, Fuse-Hamaoka S, Kuroiwa M, Kurosawa Y, Endo T, Kime R, Yoneshiro T, Hamaoka T. The Effects of 10-Week Strength Training in the Winter on Brown-like Adipose Tissue Vascular Density. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10375. [PMID: 36012011 PMCID: PMC9408462 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is no evidence of the effect of exercise training on human brown-like adipose tissue vascular density (BAT-d). Here, we report whether whole-body strength training (ST) in a cold environment increased BAT-d. The participants were 18 men aged 20-31 years. They were randomly assigned to two groups: one that performed ST twice a week at 75% intensity of one-repetition maximum for 10 weeks during winter (EX; n = 9) and a control group that did not perform ST (CT; n = 9). The total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region determined by time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy was used as a parameter of BAT-d. ST volume (Tvol) was defined as the mean of the weight × repetition × sets of seven training movements. The number of occasions where the room temperature was lower than the median (NRcold) was counted as an index of potential cold exposure during ST. There was no significant between-group difference in BAT-d. Multiple regression analysis using body mass index, body fat percentage, NRcold, and Tvol as independent variables revealed that NRcold and Tvol were determined as predictive of changes in BAT-d. An appropriate combination of ST with cold environments could be an effective strategy for modulating BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Sayuri Fuse-Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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2
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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka‐Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Endo T, Tanaka R, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Impact of brown adipose tissue vascular density on body adiposity in healthy Japanese infants and children. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:190-198. [PMID: 35388351 PMCID: PMC8976546 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The importance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well recognized in healthy infants and children. However, information regarding age‐related changes in BAT vascular density (BAT‐d) and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the normal values of BAT‐d, factors influencing BAT‐d, and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity in healthy infants and children. Methods This study included 240 participants (127 girls and 113 boys) aged 1 month to 5 years. The tissue total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region adjusted according to the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) ([total‐Hb‐Adj]sup) as BAT‐d. SAT in the deltoid and interscapular regions (SATdel+int), the Kaup index (body weight [g]/height or length [cm]/height or length [cm] × 10) as body adiposity, and fertilization season were also measured. Results The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup of boys was higher than that of girls (r = 0.277, p = 0.009). Younger children had a significantly higher Kaup index (r = 0.495, p < 0.001) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001) than older children. Children who had higher [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup had a significantly lower Kaup index (r = 0.495, p = 0.037) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001). Conclusion The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup, as a parameter of BAT‐d, is negatively correlated with body adiposity in children aged 1 month to 5 years, and BAT might affect human obesity to a much greater extent than expected. To prevent or treat obesity in early childhood, the level of BAT‐d should be considered when using a dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka‐Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
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3
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Poon CS, Langri DS, Rinehart B, Rambo TM, Miller AJ, Foreman B, Sunar U. First-in-clinical application of a time-gated diffuse correlation spectroscopy system at 1064 nm using superconducting nanowire single photon detectors in a neuro intensive care unit. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1344-1356. [PMID: 35414986 PMCID: PMC8973196 DOI: 10.1364/boe.448135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently proposed time-gated diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TG-DCS) has significant advantages compared to conventional continuous wave (CW)-DCS, but it is still in an early stage and clinical capability has yet to be established. The main challenge for TG-DCS is the lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when gating for the deeper traveling late photons. Longer wavelengths, such as 1064 nm have a smaller effective attenuation coefficient and a higher power threshold in humans, which significantly increases the SNR. Here, we demonstrate the clinical utility of TG-DCS at 1064 nm in a case study on a patient with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to the neuro-intensive care unit (neuroICU). We showed a significant correlation between TG-DCS early (ρ = 0.67) and late (ρ = 0.76) gated against invasive thermal diffusion flowmetry. We also analyzed TG-DCS at high temporal resolution (50 Hz) to elucidate pulsatile flow data. Overall, this study demonstrates the first clinical translation capability of the TG-DCS system at 1064 nm using a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sing Poon
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Dharminder S. Langri
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Benjamin Rinehart
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | | | | | - Brandon Foreman
- Dept of Neurology & Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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4
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Garvey AA, Pavel AM, Murray DM, Boylan GB, Dempsey EM. Does Early Cerebral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring Predict Outcome in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy? A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. Neonatology 2022; 119:1-9. [PMID: 34818237 DOI: 10.1159/000518687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains one of the top 10 contributors to the global burden of disease. Early objective biomarkers are required. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may provide a valuable insight into cerebral perfusion and metabolism. We aimed to determine whether early NIRS monitoring (<6 h of age) can predict outcome as defined by grade of encephalopathy, brain MRI findings, and/or neurodevelopmental outcome at 1-2 years in infants with HIE. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library databases (July 2019). Studies of infants born ≥36+0 weeks gestation with HIE who had NIRS recording commenced before 6 h of life were included. We planned to provide a narrative of all the studies included, and if similar clinically and methodologically, the results would be pooled in a meta-analysis to determine test accuracy. RESULTS Seven studies were included with a combined total of 161 infants. Only 1 study included infants with mild HIE. A range of different oximeters and probes were utilized with varying outcome measures making comparison difficult. Although some studies showed a trend towards higher cSO2 values before 6 h in infants with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, in the majority, this was not significant until beyond 24 h of life. CONCLUSION Very little data currently exists to assess the use of early NIRS to predict outcome in infants with HIE. Further studies using a standardized approach are required before NIRS can be evaluated as a potential objective assessment tool for early identification of at-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling A Garvey
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland, .,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
| | - Andreea M Pavel
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Geraldine B Boylan
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- INFANT Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Sudakou A, Lange F, Isler H, Lanka P, Wojtkiewicz S, Sawosz P, Ostojic D, Wolf M, Pifferi A, Tachtsidis I, Liebert A, Gerega A. Time-domain NIRS system based on supercontinuum light source and multi-wavelength detection: validation for tissue oxygenation studies. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6629-6650. [PMID: 34745761 PMCID: PMC8548017 DOI: 10.1364/boe.431301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present and validate a multi-wavelength time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) system that avoids switching wavelengths and instead exploits the full capability of a supercontinuum light source by emitting and acquiring signals for the whole chosen range of wavelengths. The system was designed for muscle and brain oxygenation monitoring in a clinical environment. A pulsed supercontinuum laser emits broadband light and each of two detection modules acquires the distributions of times of flight of photons (DTOFs) for 16 spectral channels (used width 12.5 nm / channel), providing a total of 32 DTOFs at up to 3 Hz. Two emitting fibers and two detection fiber bundles allow simultaneous measurements at two positions on the tissue or at two source-detector separations. Three established protocols (BIP, MEDPHOT, and nEUROPt) were used to quantitatively assess the system's performance, including linearity, coupling, accuracy, and depth sensitivity. Measurements were performed on 32 homogeneous phantoms and two inhomogeneous phantoms (solid and liquid). Furthermore, measurements on two blood-lipid phantoms with a varied amount of blood and Intralipid provide the strongest validation for accurate tissue oximetry. The retrieved hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation match well with the reference values that were obtained using a commercially available NIRS system (OxiplexTS) and a blood gas analyzer (ABL90 FLEX), except a discrepancy occurs for the lowest amount of Intralipid. In-vivo measurements on the forearm of three healthy volunteers during arterial (250 mmHg) and venous (60 mmHg) cuff occlusions provide an example of tissue monitoring during the expected hemodynamic changes that follow previously well-described physiologies. All results, including quantitative parameters, can be compared to other systems that report similar tests. Overall, the presented TD-NIRS system has an exemplary performance evaluated with state-of-the-art performance assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleh Sudakou
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frédéric Lange
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helene Isler
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pranav Lanka
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Piotr Sawosz
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Ostojic
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Liebert
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gerega
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka-Fuse S, Sugimoto M, Kurosawa Y, Aita Y, Tomita A, Anjo M, Tanaka R, Endo T, Kime R, Hamaoka T. Correlation of Plasma Amino Acid and Anthropometric Profiles with Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112339. [PMID: 34071816 PMCID: PMC8199240 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, including branched-chain AAs, and brown adipose tissue density (BAT-d). One hundred and seventy-three subjects (69 men, 104 women) aged 22-68 years were recruited during the winter season. AAs were comprehensively quantified using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region ([total-Hb]sup), an indicator of BAT-d, was assessed using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Anthropometric parameters, including age, percentage of body fat, and visceral fat, were evaluated. Factors associated with higher (≥74 µM) or lower (<74 µM) [total-Hb]sup were investigated by multiple logistic regression models that included AA concentrations alone (model 1) or AA concentrations and anthropometric parameters (model 2) as independent variables. When adjusted for the false discovery rate, [total-Hb]sup was positively correlated with glycine and asparagine levels in men and with the serine level in both men and women and was negatively correlated with the branched-chain AA concentration in men. Models 1 and 2 correlated with higher or lower BAT-d for men (r = 0.73, p = 0.015) and women (r = 0.58, p = 0.079) and for men (r = 0.82, p = 0.0070) and women (r = 0.70, p = 0.020), respectively. A combination of anthropometric parameters and plasma AA concentrations could be a reliable biomarker for higher and lower BAT-d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka-Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Yasuko Aita
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Atsumi Tomita
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Mikiko Anjo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Amendola C, Spinelli L, Contini D, Carli AD, Martinelli C, Fumagalli M, Torricelli A. Accuracy of homogeneous models for photon diffusion in estimating neonatal cerebral hemodynamics by TD-NIRS. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1905-1921. [PMID: 33996206 PMCID: PMC8086468 DOI: 10.1364/boe.417357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the accuracy of homogenous (semi-infinite, spherical) photon diffusion models in estimating absolute hemodynamic parameters of the neonatal brain in realistic scenarios (ischemia, hyperoxygenation, and hypoventilation) from 1.5 cm interfiber distance TD NIRS measurements. Time-point-spread-functions in 29- and 44-weeks postmenstrual age head meshes were simulated by the Monte Carlo method, convoluted with a real instrument response function, and then fitted with photon diffusion models. The results show good accuracy in retrieving brain oxygen saturation, and severe underestimation of total cerebral hemoglobin, suggesting the need for more complex models of analysis or of larger interfiber distances to precisely monitor all hemodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese De Carli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Martinelli
- University of Milan - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Fumagalli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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8
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Vesoulis ZA, Whitehead HV, Liao SM, Mathur AM. The hidden consequence of intraventricular hemorrhage: persistent cerebral desaturation after IVH in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:869-877. [PMID: 33038871 PMCID: PMC8035346 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies describe a short-term decrease in cerebral oxygen saturation (StO2) after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants; little is known about long-term implications. METHODS Infants born <30 weeks gestational age (GA) were included. Clinical characteristics, hemoglobin measurements, the highest grade of IVH, and white matter injury (WMI) were noted. NIRS monitoring occurred daily or every other day for 4 weeks; weekly through 36 weeks GA. Recordings were error-corrected before calculation of mean StO2 and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE). Mean StO2 and FTOE were plotted by postnatal age and injury group (IVH/no IVH; WMI/no WMI). Non-linear regression by locally estimated scatterplot smoothing was used to generate the best-fit line and CI. RESULTS A total of 1237 recordings from 185 infants were included; mean length = 6.5 h; mean GA = 26.3 w; mean BW = 951 g; overall/severe IVH incidence was 29/8%, WMI incidence was 16%. IVH was independently associated with an acute drop in StO2, which remained lower for 68 d. Severe IVH was associated with lower StO2 values than mild IVH. WMI was associated with early and persistent elevation of FTOE. CONCLUSION IVH of any grade is associated with a prolonged cerebral desaturation and WMI is associated with prolonged elevation of FTOE. This finding is exacerbated for infants with severe IVH. IMPACT The longitudinal impact of IVH on cerebral oxygenation has not been previously studied. IVH is associated with persistent cerebral desaturation, months in length, and is independent of anemia. More severe IVH is associated with worsened cerebral hypoxia. Infants later diagnosed with white matter injury have an early and persistent elevation of cerebral oxygen extraction (cFTOE). This cerebral desaturation, below previously identified normative ranges, may provide insight into the mechanistic link between IVH and white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Vesoulis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Halana V Whitehead
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steve M Liao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amit M Mathur
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Kovacsova Z, Bale G, Mitra S, Lange F, Tachtsidis I. Absolute quantification of cerebral tissue oxygen saturation with multidistance broadband NIRS in newborn brain. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:907-925. [PMID: 33680549 PMCID: PMC7901317 DOI: 10.1364/boe.412088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue oximetry with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a technique for the measurement of absolute tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). Offering a real-time and non-invasive assessment of brain oxygenation and haemodynamics, StO2 has potential to be used for the assessment of newborn brain injury. Multiple algorithms have been developed to measure StO2, however, issues with low measurement accuracy or extracranial tissue signal contamination remain. In this work, we present a novel algorithm to recover StO2 in the neonate, broadband multidistance oximetry (BRUNO), based on a measurement of the gradient of attenuation against distance measured with broadband NIRS. The performance of the algorithm was compared to two other published algorithms, broadband fitting (BF) and spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS). The median error when recovering StO2 in light transport simulations on a neonatal head mesh was 0.4% with BRUNO, 4.2% with BF and 9.5% with SRS. BRUNO was more sensitive to brain tissue oxygenation changes, shown in layered head model simulations. Comparison of algorithm performance during full oxygenation-deoxygenation cycles in a homogeneous dynamic blood phantom showed significant differences in the dynamic range of the algorithms; BRUNO recovered StO2 over 0-100%, BF over 0-90% and SRS over 39-80%. Recovering StO2 from data collected in a neonate treated at the neonatal intensive care showed different baseline values; mean StO2 was 64.9% with BRUNO, 67.2% with BF and 73.2% with SRS. These findings highlight the effect of StO2 algorithm selection on oxygenation recovery; applying BRUNO in the clinical care setting could reveal further insight into complex haemodynamic processes occurring during neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kovacsova
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gemma Bale
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Subhabrata Mitra
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London and Neonatal Unit, University College London Hospitals Trust, London, NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Frédéric Lange
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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10
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Afara IO, Shaikh R, Nippolainen E, Querido W, Torniainen J, Sarin JK, Kandel S, Pleshko N, Töyräs J. Characterization of connective tissues using near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1297-1329. [PMID: 33462441 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical method for rapid, non-destructive and label-free assessment of biological materials. Compared to mid-infrared spectroscopy, NIR spectroscopy excels in penetration depth, allowing intact biological tissue assessment, albeit at the cost of reduced molecular specificity. Furthermore, it is relatively safe compared to Raman spectroscopy, with no risk of laser-induced photothermal damage. A typical NIR spectroscopy workflow for biological tissue characterization involves sample preparation, spectral acquisition, pre-processing and analysis. The resulting spectrum embeds intrinsic information on the tissue's biomolecular, structural and functional properties. Here we demonstrate the analytical power of NIR spectroscopy for exploratory and diagnostic applications by providing instructions for acquiring NIR spectra, maps and images in biological tissues. By adapting and extending this protocol from the demonstrated application in connective tissues to other biological tissues, we expect that a typical NIR spectroscopic study can be performed by a non-specialist user to characterize biological tissues in basic research or clinical settings. We also describe how to use this protocol for exploratory study on connective tissues, including differentiating among ligament types, non-destructively monitoring changes in matrix formation during engineered cartilage development, mapping articular cartilage proteoglycan content across bovine patella and spectral imaging across the depth-wise zones of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Depending on acquisition mode and experiment objectives, a typical exploratory study can be completed within 6 h, including sample preparation and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Afara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Rubina Shaikh
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jari Torniainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko K Sarin
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shital Kandel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Effects of Capsinoid Intake on Brown Adipose Tissue Vascular Density and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy, Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092676. [PMID: 32887379 PMCID: PMC7551765 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsinoids are some of the most promising ingredients to increase energy expenditure (EE) due to brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. However, there is limited information regarding the effect of prolonged capsinoid ingestion (CI) on BAT activity and resting EE (REE) in healthy, middle-aged, normal to overweight subjects (Subhealthy) with distinct BAT characteristics. We examined the changes in BAT density (BAT-d), using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy, and REE/kg induced by daily CI. Forty Subhealthy [age, 43.8 (mean) years; BMI, 25.4 kg/m2] received either capsinoid (9 mg/day) or a placebo daily for 6 weeks in a double-blind design. Total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region ([total-Hb]sup), an indicator of BAT-d, and REE/kg were measured. The changes in post-intervention [total-Hb]sup were greater in the capsinoid group (CA-G) than in the placebo group (PL-G) [5.8 µM (+12.4%) versus 1.0 µM (+2.1%); p = 0.017]. There was a significant relationship between BAT-d and REE/kg; however, post-supplementation REE/kg was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.228). In the overweight subgroup, changes in REE/kg were greater in the CA-G than in the PL-G [0.6 cal/kg/min (+4.3%) versus -0.3 cal/kg/min (-2.1%); p = 0.021]. CI enhanced [total-Hb]sup, a reflection of BAT-d, showing a good correlation with REE in Subhealthy.
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12
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Carp SA, Tamborini D, Mazumder D, Wu KC(T, Robinson MR, Stephens KA, Shatrovoy O, Lue N, Ozana N, Blackwell MH, Franceschini MA. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy measurements of blood flow using 1064 nm light. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200140RR. [PMID: 32996299 PMCID: PMC7522668 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.9.097003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an established optical modality that enables noninvasive measurements of blood flow in deep tissue by quantifying the temporal light intensity fluctuations generated by dynamic scattering of moving red blood cells. Compared with near-infrared spectroscopy, DCS is hampered by a limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the need to use small detection apertures to preserve speckle contrast. However, DCS is a dynamic light scattering technique and does not rely on hemoglobin contrast; thus, there are significant SNR advantages to using longer wavelengths (>1000 nm) for the DCS measurement due to a variety of biophysical and regulatory factors. AIM We offer a quantitative assessment of the benefits and challenges of operating DCS at 1064 nm versus the typical 765 to 850 nm wavelength through simulations and experimental demonstrations. APPROACH We evaluate the photon budget, depth sensitivity, and SNR for detecting blood flow changes using numerical simulations. We discuss continuous wave (CW) and time-domain (TD) DCS hardware considerations for 1064 nm operation. We report proof-of-concept measurements in tissue-like phantoms and healthy adult volunteers. RESULTS DCS at 1064 nm offers higher intrinsic sensitivity to deep tissue compared with DCS measurements at the typically used wavelength range (765 to 850 nm) due to increased photon counts and a slower autocorrelation decay. These advantages are explored using simulations and are demonstrated using phantom and in vivo measurements. We show the first high-speed (cardiac pulsation-resolved), high-SNR measurements at large source-detector separation (3 cm) for CW-DCS and late temporal gates (1 ns) for TD-DCS. CONCLUSIONS DCS at 1064 nm offers a leap forward in the ability to monitor deep tissue blood flow and could be especially useful in increasing the reliability of cerebral blood flow monitoring in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Stefan A. Carp, E-mail:
| | - Davide Tamborini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dibbyan Mazumder
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kuan-Cheng (Tony) Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mitchell R. Robinson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- MIT, Health Sciences and Technology Program, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Stephens
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Oleg Shatrovoy
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Niyom Lue
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nisan Ozana
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Maria A. Franceschini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
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Wabnitz H, Contini D, Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Liebert A. Depth-selective data analysis for time-domain fNIRS: moments vs. time windows. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4224-4243. [PMID: 32923038 PMCID: PMC7449728 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-domain measurements facilitate the elimination of the influence of extracerebral, systemic effects, a key problem in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of the adult human brain. The analysis of measured time-of-flight distributions of photons often relies on moments or time windows. However, a systematic and quantitative characterization of the performance of these measurands is still lacking. Based on perturbation simulations for small localized absorption changes, we compared spatial sensitivity profiles and depth selectivity for moments (integral, mean time of flight and variance), photon counts in time windows and their ratios for different time windows. The influence of the instrument response function (IRF) was investigated for all measurands and for various source-detector separations. Variance exhibits the highest depth selectivity among the moments. Ratios of photon counts in different late time windows can achieve even higher selectivity. An advantage of moments is their robustness against the shape of the IRF and instrumental drifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adam Liebert
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Mitra S, Bale G, Meek J, Tachtsidis I, Robertson NJ. Cerebral Near Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring in Term Infants With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy-A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11:393. [PMID: 32536901 PMCID: PMC7267214 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cerebral near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can provide cot side continuous information about changes in brain hemodynamics, oxygenation and metabolism in real time. Objective: To perform a systematic review of cerebral NIRS monitoring in term and near-term infants with HIE. Search Methods: A systematic search was performed in Ovid EMBASE and Medline database from inception to November 2019. The search combined three broad categories: measurement (NIRS monitoring), disease condition [hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)] and subject category (newborn infants) using a stepwise approach as per PRISMA guidance. Selection Criteria: Only human studies published in English were included. Data Collection and Analysis: Two authors independently selected, assessed the quality, and extracted data from the studies for this review. Results: Forty-seven studies on term and near-term infants following HIE were identified. Most studies measured multi-distance NIRS based cerebral tissue saturation using monitors that are referred to as cerebral oximeters. Thirty-nine studies were published since 2010; eight studies were published before this. Fifteen studies reviewed the neurodevelopmental outcome in relation to NIRS findings. No randomized study was identified. Conclusion: Commercial NIRS cerebral oximeters can provide important information regarding changes in cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics following HIE and can be particularly helpful when used in combination with other neuromonitoring tools. Optical measurements of brain metabolism using broadband NIRS and cerebral blood flow using diffuse correlation spectroscopy add additional pathophysiological information. Further randomized clinical trials and large observational studies are necessary with proper study design to assess the utility of NIRS in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome and guiding therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Mitra
- Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Bale
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Meek
- Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Tanaka R, Fuse S, Kuroiwa M, Amagasa S, Endo T, Ando A, Kime R, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activities Are Associated with High Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082796. [PMID: 32325644 PMCID: PMC7216014 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a role in adaptive thermogenesis in response to cold environments and dietary intake via sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. It is unclear whether physical activity increases BAT density (BAT-d). Two-hundred ninety-eight participants (age: 41.2 ± 12.1 (mean ± standard deviation), height: 163.6 ± 8.3 cm, weight: 60.2 ± 11.0 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.4 ± 3.0 kg/m2, body fat percentage: 25.4 ± 7.5%) without smoking habits were categorized based on their physical activity levels (a group performing physical activities including walking and moderate physical activity (WM) and a group performing WM + vigorous-intensity physical activities (VWM)). We measured the total hemoglobin concentration ([Total-Hb]) in the supraclavicular region, an index of BAT-d, and anthropometric parameters. [Total-Hb] was significantly higher in VWM than WM for all participant groups presumably owing to SNS activation during vigorous-intensity physical activities, and unrelated to the amount of total physical activity levels. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that BAT-d was related to visceral fat area and VWM in men and related to body fat percentage in women. We conclude that vigorous-intensity physical activities are associated with high BAT-d in humans, especially in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan;
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Akira Ando
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan;
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (R.T.); (S.F.); (M.K.); (T.E.); (R.K.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3351-6141
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16
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Relationships between plasma lipidomic profiles and brown adipose tissue density in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1387-1396. [PMID: 32127643 PMCID: PMC7260127 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives The thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is generally activated in winter and tightly regulated through various metabolic processes. However, the mechanisms mediating these changes have not been elucidated in humans. Here, we investigated the relationships between BAT density (BAT-d) and lipid metabolites in plasma from men and women in the winter and summer. Subjects/methods In total, 92 plasma samples were obtained from 23 men and 23 women, aged 21–55 years, on two different occasions (summer and winter). Lipid metabolites were comprehensively quantified using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. BAT-d was evaluated by measuring total hemoglobin concentrations in the supraclavicular region using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Anthropometric parameters, such as the percentage of whole body fat and visceral fat area (VFA), were evaluated. Factors influencing BAT-d were investigated by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results A variety of metabolite peaks, such as glycerophospholipids (168 peaks), steroids and derivatives (78 peaks), fatty acyls (62 peaks), and glycerolipids (31 peaks), were detected. Univariate regression analysis, corrected by false discovery rate to yield Q values, revealed significant correlations in BAT-d and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE(46:2), r = 0.62, Q = 4.9 × 10−2) in the summer, androgens (r = 0.75, Q = 7.0 × 10−3) in the winter, and diacylglycerol (DG(36:1), r = −0.68, Q = 4.9 × 10−2) in the summer in men, but not in women. Multivariate regression analysis in the winter revealed a significant correlation between BAT-d and plasma androgens (P = 5.3 × 10−5) in men and between BAT-d and VFA (P = 2.2 × 10−3) in women. Conclusions Certain lipids in plasma showed unique correlations with BAT-d depending on sex and season. BAT-d showed a specific correlation with plasma androgens in men in the winter.
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17
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Hamaoka T, Nirengi S, Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Kuroiwa M, Endo T, Sakane N, Matsushita M, Saito M, Yoneshiro T, Kurosawa Y. Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Spectroscopy for Assessing Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32508746 PMCID: PMC7249345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates adaptive thermogenesis upon food intake and cold exposure, thus potentially contributing to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) (18FDG-PET/CT) is a standard method for assessing BAT activity and volume in humans. 18FDG-PET/CT has several limitations, including high device cost and ionizing radiation and acute cold exposure necessary to maximally stimulate BAT activity. In contrast, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used for measuring changes in O2-dependent light absorption in the tissue in a non-invasive manner, without using radiation. Among NIRS, time-resolved NIRS (NIRTRS) can quantify the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb], respectively) by emitting ultrashort (100 ps) light pulses and counts photons, which are scattered and absorbed in the tissue. The basis for assessing BAT density (BAT-d) using NIRTRS is that the vascular density in the supraclavicular region, as estimated using Hb concentration, is higher in BAT than in white adipose tissue. In contrast, relatively low-cost continuous wavelength NIRS (NIRCWS) is employed for measuring relative changes in oxygenation in tissues. In this review, we provide evidence for the validity of NIRTRS and NIRCWS in estimating human BAT characteristics. The indicators (IndNIRS) examined were [oxy-Hb]sup, [deoxy-Hb]sup, total hemoglobin [total-Hb]sup, Hb O2 saturation (StO2sup), and reduced scattering coefficient ( μs sup' ) in the supraclavicular region, as determined by NIRTRS, and relative changes in corresponding parameters, as determined by NIRCWS. The evidence comprises the relationships between the IndNIRS investigated and those determined by 18FDG-PET/CT; the correlation between the IndNIRS and cold-induced thermogenesis; the relationship of the IndNIRS to parameters measured by 18FDG-PET/CT, which responded to seasonal temperature fluctuations; the relationship of the IndNIRS and plasma lipid metabolites; the analogy of the IndNIRS to chronological and anthropometric data; and changes in the IndNIRS following thermogenic food supplementation. The [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup determined by NIRTRS, but not parameters determined by NIRCWS, exhibited significant correlations with cold-induced thermogenesis parameters and plasma androgens in men in winter or analogies to 18FDG-PET. We conclude that NIRTRS can provide useful information for assessing BAT-d in a simple, rapid, non-invasive way, although further validation study is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takafumi Hamaoka
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Saito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Hamaoka T, McCully KK. Review of early development of near-infrared spectroscopy and recent advancement of studies on muscle oxygenation and oxidative metabolism. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:799-811. [PMID: 31359263 PMCID: PMC10717702 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become an increasingly valuable tool to monitor tissue oxygenation (Toxy) in vivo. Observations of changes in the absorption of light with Toxy have been recognized as early as 1876, leading to a milestone NIRS paper by Jöbsis in 1977. Changes in the absorption and scatting of light in the 700-850-nm range has been successfully used to evaluate Toxy. The most practical devices use continuous-wave light providing relative values of Toxy. Phase-modulated or pulsed light can monitor both absorption and scattering providing more accurate signals. NIRS provides excellent time resolution (~ 10 Hz), and multiple source-detector pairs can be used to provide low-resolution imaging. NIRS has been applied to a wide range of populations. Continued development of NIRS devices in terms of lower cost, better detection of both absorption and scattering, and smaller size will lead to a promising future for NIRS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 115 Ramsey Center, 330 River Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Mirbagheri M, Hakimi N, Ebrahimzadeh E, Setarehdan SK. Simulation and in vivo investigation of light-emitting diode, near infrared Gaussian beam profiles. JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0967033519884209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy is an optical imaging technique which offers a non-invasive, portable, and low-cost method for continuously measuring the oxygenation of tissues. In particular, it can provide the brain activation through measuring the blood oxygenation and blood volume in the cortex. Understanding and then improving the spatial and depth sensitivity of near infrared spectroscopy measurements to brain tissue are essential for designing experiments as well as interpreting research findings. In this study, we investigate the effect of applying two common light beam profiles including Uniform and Gaussian on the penetration depth of an LED-based near infrared spectroscopy. In this regard, two Gaussian profiles were produced by adjusting plano-convex and bi-convex lenses and the Uniform profile was provided by applying a flat lens. Two experiments were conducted in this study. First, a simulation experiment was carried out based on scanning the intra space of a liquid phantom by using static and pulsating absorbers to compare the penetration depth of the configurations applied on the LED-based near infrared spectroscopy with that of a laser-based near infrared spectroscopy. Second, to show the feasibility of the best proposed configuration applied, an in vivo experiment of stress assessment has been performed and its results have been compared with that results obtained by laser one. The results showed that the LED-based near infrared spectroscopy equipped with bi-convex lens provides a penetration depth and hence quality measurements of near infrared spectroscopy and its extracted heart rate variability signals as well as laser-based near infrared spectroscopy especially in the application of stress assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Mirbagheri
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Hakimi
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elias Ebrahimzadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Seaman Family MR Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Kamaledin Setarehdan
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Mirbagheri M, Hakimi N, Ebrahimzadeh E, Pourrezaei K, Setarehdan SK. Enhancement of optical penetration depth of LED-based NIRS systems by comparing different beam profiles. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab42d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Hornberger C, Wabnitz H. Approaches for calibration and validation of near-infrared optical methods for oxygenation monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 63:537-546. [PMID: 29425103 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2017-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulse oximetry for arterial oxygenation monitoring and tissue oximetry for monitoring of cerebral oxygenation or muscle oxygenation are based on quantitative in vivo diffuse optical spectroscopy. However, in both cases the information on absolute or relative concentration of human tissue constituents and especially on hemoglobin oxygenation can often not be retrieved by model-based analysis. An in vivo calibration against an accepted reference measurement can be a practical alternative. Pulse oximeters and most of commercial cerebral tissue oximeters rely on empirical calibration based on invasive controlled human desaturation studies. As invasive in vivo tests on healthy subjects are ethically disputable and should be limited to exceptional cases this calibration practice is unsatisfactory. We present the current status and problems of calibration and validation in pulse oximetry and cerebral tissue oximetry including the pros and cons of in vivo as well as in vitro methods. We emphasize various digital and physical phantom approaches and discuss the prospects of their application and possible further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hornberger
- Faculty of Engineering, Wismar University of Applied Sciences, 23966 Wismar, Germany
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Nirengi S, Fuse S, Amagasa S, Homma T, Kime R, Kuroiwa M, Endo T, Sakane N, Matsushita M, Saito M, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Applicability of Supraclavicular Oxygenated and Total Hemoglobin Evaluated by Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Spectroscopy as Indicators of Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092214. [PMID: 31064052 PMCID: PMC6539985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) may potentially be used in strategies for preventing lifestyle-related diseases. We examine evidence that near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) is capable of estimating human BAT density (BAT-d). The parameters examined in this study are total hemoglobin [total-Hb]sup, oxygenated Hb [oxy-Hb]sup, deoxygenated Hb [deoxy-Hb]sup, Hb O2 saturation (StO2sup), and the reduced scattering coefficient in the supraclavicular region (μs’sup), where BAT deposits can be located; corresponding parameters in the control deltoid region are obtained as controls. Among the NIRTRS parameters, [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup show region-specific increases in winter, compared to summer. Further, [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup are correlated with cold-induced thermogenesis in the supraclavicular region. We conclude that NIRTRS-determined [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup are useful parameters for evaluating BAT-d in a simple, rapid, non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nirengi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Homma
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University, Higashimatsuyama-shi, Saitama 355-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
| | - Mami Matsushita
- Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo 065-0013, Japan.
| | | | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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23
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Clinical Brain Monitoring with Time Domain NIRS: A Review and Future Perspectives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical technique that can measure brain tissue oxygenation and haemodynamics in real-time and at the patient bedside allowing medical doctors to access important physiological information. However, despite this, the use of NIRS in a clinical environment is hindered due to limitations, such as poor reproducibility, lack of depth sensitivity and poor brain-specificity. Time domain NIRS (or TD-NIRS) can resolve these issues and offer detailed information of the optical properties of the tissue, allowing better physiological information to be retrieved. This is achieved at the cost of increased instrument complexity, operation complexity and price. In this review, we focus on brain monitoring clinical applications of TD-NIRS. A total of 52 publications were identified, spanning the fields of neonatal imaging, stroke assessment, traumatic brain injury (TBI) assessment, brain death assessment, psychiatry, peroperative care, neuronal disorders assessment and communication with patient with locked-in syndrome. In all the publications, the advantages of the TD-NIRS measurement to (1) extract absolute values of haemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygen saturation, (2) assess the reduced scattering coefficient, and (3) separate between extra-cerebral and cerebral tissues, are highlighted; and emphasize the utility of TD-NIRS in a clinical context. In the last sections of this review, we explore the recent developments of TD-NIRS, in terms of instrumentation and methodologies that might impact and broaden its use in the hospital.
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24
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Comparison of Lipid and Water Contents by Time-domain Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Dual-energy Computed Tomography in Breast Cancer Patients. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously compared time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD-DOS) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using various water/lipid phantoms. However, it is difficult to conduct similar comparisons in the breast, because of measurement differences due to modality-dependent differences in posture. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) examination is performed in the same supine position as a TD-DOS measurement. Therefore, we first verified the accuracy of the measured fat fraction of fibroglandular tissue in the normal breast on DECT by comparing it with MRI in breast cancer patients (n = 28). Then, we compared lipid and water signals obtained in TD-DOS and DECT from normal and tumor-tissue regions (n = 16). The TD-DOS breast measurements were carried out using reflectance geometry with a source–detector separation of 3 cm. A semicircular region of interest (ROI), with a transverse diameter of 3 cm and a depth of 2 cm that included the breast surface, was set on the DECT image. Although the measurement area differed between the modalities, the correlation coefficients of lipid and water signals between TD-DOS and DECT were rs = 0.58 (p < 0.01) and rs = 0.90 (p < 0.01), respectively. These results indicate that TD-DOS captures the characteristics of the lipid and water contents of the breast.
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25
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Giovannella M, Contini D, Pagliazzi M, Pifferi A, Spinelli L, Erdmann R, Donat R, Rocchetti I, Rehberger M, König N, Schmitt R, Torricelli A, Durduran T, Weigel UM. BabyLux device: a diffuse optical system integrating diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy for the neuromonitoring of the premature newborn brain. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:025007. [PMID: 31093515 PMCID: PMC6509945 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.2.025007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The BabyLux device is a hybrid diffuse optical neuromonitor that has been developed and built to be employed in neonatal intensive care unit for the noninvasive, cot-side monitoring of microvascular cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation. It integrates time-resolved near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopies in a user-friendly device as a prototype for a future medical grade device. We present a thorough characterization of the device performance using test measurements in laboratory settings. Tests on solid phantoms report an accuracy of optical property estimation of about 10%, which is expected when using the photon diffusion equation as the model. The measurement of the optical and dynamic properties is stable during several hours of measurements within 3% of the average value. In addition, these measurements are repeatable between different days of measurement, showing a maximal variation of 5% in the optical properties and 8% for the particle diffusion coefficient on a liquid phantom. The variability over test/retest evaluation is < 3 % . The integration of the two modalities is robust and without any cross talk between the two. We also perform in vivo measurements on the adult forearm during arterial cuff occlusion to show that the device can measure a wide range of tissue hemodynamic parameters. We suggest that this platform can form the basis of the next-generation neonatal neuromonitors to be developed for extensive, multicenter clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giovannella
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnio di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliazzi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnio di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roger Donat
- Loop-Competitive Design Network, Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rocchetti
- Loop-Competitive Design Network, Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Niels König
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Schmitt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL), Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnio di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- Address all correspondence to Turgut Durduran, E-mail:
| | - Udo M. Weigel
- HemoPhotonics S.L., Castelldefels (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Capturing spontaneous activity in the medial prefrontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy and its application to schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5283. [PMID: 30918285 PMCID: PMC6437166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optimal imaging modality used to examine spontaneous brain activity because it can quietly measure blood flow changes with less physical restriction during the resting state. Here, NIRS was used at rest to measure spontaneous activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a main locus of default mode network. Consistent with previous fMRI studies, magnitude of the spontaneous activity in this region declined with increasing age in healthy subjects. The magnitude reduced in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, the spontaneous activity did not show any age-related decline; the activity was already low in younger patients. Further analysis using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations confirmed the reduction of spontaneous activity in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, consistent with the findings of fMRI studies. Our findings demonstrate the ability of NIRS to evaluate the spontaneous activity in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, particularly younger patients. Considering the safety and ease of the NIRS measurements, the current NIRS study of the resting-state activity indicates its utility for clinical applications to schizophrenia, which may facilitate chronological assessment of larger cohorts of patients with schizophrenia in further studies.
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27
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Lange F, Dunne L, Hale L, Tachtsidis I. MAESTROS: A Multiwavelength Time-Domain NIRS System to Monitor Changes in Oxygenation and Oxidation State of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2019; 25:7100312. [PMID: 30450021 PMCID: PMC6054019 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2833205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a multiwavelength, multichannel, time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy system named MAESTROS. This instrument can measure absorption and scattering coefficients and can quantify the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin ([HbO2], [HHb]), and oxidation state of cytochrome-c-oxidase ([oxCCO]). This system is composed of a supercontinuum laser source coupled with two acousto-optic tuneable filters. The light is collected by four photomultipliers tubes, connected to a router to redirect the signal to a single time-correlated single-photon counting card. The interface between the system and the tissue is based on optical fibres. This arrangement allows us to resolve up to 16 wavelengths, within the range of 650-900 nm, at a sampling rate compatible with the physiology (from 0.5 to 2 Hz). In this paper, we describe the system and assess its performance based on two specifically designed protocols for photon migration instruments, the basic instrument protocol and nEUROPt protocols, and on a well characterized liquid phantom based on Intralipid and water. Then, the ability to resolve [HbO2 ], [HHb], and [oxCCO] is demonstrated on a homogeneous liquid phantom, based on blood for [HbO2], [HHb], and yeast for [oxCCO]. In the future, the system could be used to monitor brain tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lange
- 1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Luke Dunne
- 1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Lucy Hale
- 2Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
- 3Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 7JEU.K
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- 1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
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28
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Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Müller NG. Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise⁻Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E466. [PMID: 30469482 PMCID: PMC6306799 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise⁻cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise⁻cognition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39118, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
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29
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Selb J, Wu KC, Sutin J, Lin PY(I, Farzam P, Bechek S, Shenoy A, Patel AB, Boas DA, Franceschini MA, Rosenthal ES. Prolonged monitoring of cerebral blood flow and autoregulation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy in neurocritical care patients. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:045005. [PMID: 30450363 PMCID: PMC6233866 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.4.045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and autoregulation are essential components of neurocritical care, but continuous noninvasive methods for CBF monitoring are lacking. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a noninvasive diffuse optical modality that measures a CBF index ( CBF i ) in the cortex microvasculature by monitoring the rapid fluctuations of near-infrared light diffusing through moving red blood cells. We tested the feasibility of monitoring CBF i with DCS in at-risk patients in the Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit. DCS data were acquired continuously for up to 20 h in six patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, as permitted by clinical care. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded synchronously, allowing us to derive autoregulation curves and to compute an autoregulation index. The autoregulation curves suggest disrupted cerebral autoregulation in most patients, with the severity of disruption and the limits of preserved autoregulation varying between subjects. Our findings suggest the potential of the DCS modality for noninvasive, long-term monitoring of cerebral perfusion, and autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Selb
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kuan-Cheng Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jason Sutin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pei-Yi (Ivy) Lin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Parisa Farzam
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sophia Bechek
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Apeksha Shenoy
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aman B. Patel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maria Angela Franceschini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Martinos, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Maria Angela Franceschini, E-mail:
| | - Eric S. Rosenthal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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30
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Fuse S, Nirengi S, Amagasa S, Homma T, Kime R, Endo T, Sakane N, Matsushita M, Saito M, Yoneshiro T, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Brown adipose tissue density measured by near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy in Japanese, across a wide age range. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 29900702 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.6.065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) along with computed tomography (CT) is a standard method for assessing brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. We tested the usefulness of near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) as a simple and noninvasive method for evaluating BAT density (BAT-d) by examining the effects of some factors known to influence BAT activity. The total hemoglobin concentration as a parameter of BAT-d was evaluated using NIRTRS in the supraclavicular region in 413 Japanese individuals. The associations were analyzed between BAT-d and sex, age, the percentages of body fat (%BF), visceral fat (VF), and the seasonal ambient temperature (AmT) fluctuations. Age was associated with decreased BAT-d (P < 0.05). There was no sex difference in the BAT-d, except for those in their twenties. Multivariate analyses revealed that %BF and VF were correlated with BAT-d, and the lower AmT (around 4°C or 5°C) for 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day was associated with an increase in the BAT-d. Our NIRTRS results were analogous to those reported with FDG18-PET / CT, indicating the usefulness of NIRTRS. BAT-d might increase during the 4 and 6 weeks after the AmT decreases to lower than 4°C or 5°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Fuse
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Division of Preven, Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Homma
- Daito Bunka University, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Higashimatsuyama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Division of Preven, Japan
| | - Mami Matsushita
- Tenshi College, Department of Nutrition, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- University of California, UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Kassab A, Le Lan J, Tremblay J, Vannasing P, Dehbozorgi M, Pouliot P, Gallagher A, Lesage F, Sawan M, Nguyen DK. Multichannel wearable fNIRS-EEG system for long-term clinical monitoring. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:7-23. [PMID: 29058341 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous brain imaging techniques can be beneficial for the monitoring of neurological pathologies (such as epilepsy or stroke) and neuroimaging protocols involving movement. Among existing ones, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) have the advantage of being noninvasive, nonobstructive, inexpensive, yield portable solutions, and offer complementary monitoring of electrical and local hemodynamic activities. This article presents a novel system with 128 fNIRS channels and 32 EEG channels with the potential to cover a larger fraction of the adult superficial cortex than earlier works, is integrated with 32 EEG channels, is light and battery-powered to improve portability, and can transmit data wirelessly to an interface for real-time display of electrical and hemodynamic activities. A novel fNIRS-EEG stretchable cap, two analog channels for auxiliary data (e.g., electrocardiogram), eight digital triggers for event-related protocols and an internal accelerometer for movement artifacts removal contribute to improve data acquisition quality. The system can run continuously for 24 h. Following instrumentation validation and reliability on a solid phantom, performance was evaluated on (1) 12 healthy participants during either a visual (checkerboard) task at rest or while pedalling on a stationary bicycle or a cognitive (language) task and (2) 4 patients admitted either to the epilepsy (n = 3) or stroke (n = 1) units. Data analysis confirmed expected hemodynamic variations during validation recordings and useful clinical information during in-hospital testing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a wearable wireless multichannel fNIRS-EEG monitoring system in patients with neurological conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 39:7-23, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kassab
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérôme Le Lan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julie Tremblay
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Phetsamone Vannasing
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Mahya Dehbozorgi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Anne Gallagher
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Neurology, Hôpital Notre-Dame (Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, H2L 4M1, Canada
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32
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Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Thiers A, Hamacher D, Schega L. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in movement science: a systematic review on cortical activity in postural and walking tasks. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041403. [PMID: 28924563 PMCID: PMC5538329 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Safe locomotion is a crucial aspect of human daily living that requires well-functioning motor control processes. The human neuromotor control of daily activities such as walking relies on the complex interaction of subcortical and cortical areas. Technical developments in neuroimaging systems allow the quantification of cortical activation during the execution of motor tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) seems to be a promising tool to monitor motor control processes in cortical areas in freely moving subjects. However, so far, there is no established standardized protocol regarding the application and data processing of fNIRS signals that limits the comparability among studies. Hence, this systematic review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about application and data processing in fNIRS studies dealing with walking or postural tasks. Fifty-six articles of an initial yield of 1420 publications were reviewed and information about methodology, data processing, and findings were extracted. Based on our results, we outline the recommendations with respect to the design and data processing of fNIRS studies. Future perspectives of measuring fNIRS signals in movement science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
- Address all correspondence to: Fabian Herold, E-mail:
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- University of Freiburg, Department of Sport Science, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelina Thiers
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
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Tsai HI, Chung PCH, Lee CW, Yu HP. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in acute care surgery: current and perspective use. Expert Rev Med Devices 2016; 13:865-75. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2016.1219655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Tachtsidis I, Scholkmann F. False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:031405. [PMID: 27054143 PMCID: PMC4791590 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.3.031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We highlight a significant problem that needs to be considered and addressed when performing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies, namely the possibility of inadvertently measuring fNIRS hemodynamic responses that are not due to neurovascular coupling. These can be misinterpreted as brain activity, i.e., "false positives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a detected hemodynamic response to functional brain activity), or mask brain activity, i.e., "false negatives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a not observed hemodynamic response in the presence of functional brain activity). Here, we summarize the possible physiological origins of these issues and suggest ways to avoid and remove them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Address all correspondence to: Felix Scholkmann, E-mail:
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Tachtsidis I, Scholkmann F. False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016. [PMID: 27054143 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.3.030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We highlight a significant problem that needs to be considered and addressed when performing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies, namely the possibility of inadvertently measuring fNIRS hemodynamic responses that are not due to neurovascular coupling. These can be misinterpreted as brain activity, i.e., "false positives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a detected hemodynamic response to functional brain activity), or mask brain activity, i.e., "false negatives" (errors caused by wrongly assigning a not observed hemodynamic response in the presence of functional brain activity). Here, we summarize the possible physiological origins of these issues and suggest ways to avoid and remove them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London , Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Martelli F, Del Bianco S, Spinelli L, Cavalieri S, Di Ninni P, Binzoni T, Jelzow A, Macdonald R, Wabnitz H. Optimal estimation reconstruction of the optical properties of a two-layered tissue phantom from time-resolved single-distance measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:115001. [PMID: 26524677 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have tested the optimal estimation (OE) algorithm for the reconstruction of the optical properties of a two-layered liquid tissue phantom from time-resolved single-distance measurements. The OE allows a priori information, in particular on the range of variation of fit parameters, to be included. The purpose of the present investigations was to compare the performance of OE with the Levenberg–Marquardt method for a geometry and real experimental conditions typically used to reconstruct the optical properties of biological tissues such as muscle and brain. The absorption coefficient of the layers was varied in a range of values typical for biological tissues. The reconstructions performed demonstrate the substantial improvements achievable with the OE provided a priori information is available. We note the extreme reliability, robustness, and accuracy of the retrieved absorption coefficient of the second layer obtained with the OE that was found for up to six fit parameters, with an error in the retrieved values of less than 10%. A priori information on fit parameters and fixed forward model parameters clearly improves robustness and accuracy of the inversion procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Del Bianco
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Di Ninni
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tiziano Binzoni
- University of Geneva, Département de Neurosciences Fondamentales, 1, rue Michel-Servet 1211 Genève 4, SwitzerlandeUniversity Hospital, Département de l'Imagerie et des Sciences de l'Information Médicale, 1, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva 14, S
| | - Alexander Jelzow
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Macdonald
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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