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Arangath A, Duffy N, Alexandrov S, James S, Neuhaus K, Murphy M, Leahy M. Nanosensitive optical coherence tomography for detecting structural changes in stem cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1411-1427. [PMID: 37078060 PMCID: PMC10110307 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that have been widely investigated for their potential to regenerate damaged and diseased tissues. Multiple pre-clinical studies and clinical trials have demonstrated a therapeutic response following treatment with MSCs for various pathologies, including cardiovascular, neurological and orthopaedic diseases. The ability to functionally track cells following administration in vivo is pivotal to further elucidating the mechanism of action and safety profile of these cells. Effective monitoring of MSCs and MSC-derived microvesicles requires an imaging modality capable of providing both quantitative and qualitative readouts. Nanosensitive optical coherence tomography (nsOCT) is a recently developed technique that detects nanoscale structural changes within samples. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time, the capability of nsOCT to image MSC pellets following labelling with different concentrations of dual plasmonic gold nanostars. We show that the mean spatial period of MSC pellets increases following the labelling with increasing concentrations of nanostars. Additionally, with the help of extra time points and a more comprehensive analysis, we further improved the understanding of the MSC pellet chondrogenesis model. Despite the limited penetration depth (similar to conventional OCT), the nsOCT is highly sensitive in detecting structural alterations at the nanoscale, which may provide crucial functional information about cell therapies and their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Arangath
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh Duffy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sergey Alexandrov
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Soorya James
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kai Neuhaus
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mary Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Leahy
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Dey R, Alexandrov S, Owens P, Kelly J, Phelan S, Leahy M. Skin cancer margin detection using nanosensitive optical coherence tomography and a comparative study with confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5654-5666. [PMID: 36733740 PMCID: PMC9872867 DOI: 10.1364/boe.474334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Excision biopsy and histology represent the gold standard for morphological investigation of the skin, in particular for cancer diagnostics. Nevertheless, a biopsy may alter the original morphology, usually requires several weeks for results, is non-repeatable on the same site and always requires an iatrogenic trauma. Hence, diagnosis and clinical management of diseases may be substantially improved by new non-invasive imaging techniques. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive depth-resolved optical imaging modality based on low coherence interferometry that enables high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging in biological tissues and it can be used to obtain both structural and functional information. Beyond the resolution limit, it is not possible to detect structural and functional information using conventional OCT. In this paper, we present a recently developed technique, nanosensitive OCT (nsOCT), improved using broadband supercontinuum laser, and demonstrate nanoscale sensitivity to structural changes within ex vivo human skin tissue. The extended spectral bandwidth permitted access to a wider distribution of spatial frequencies and improved the dynamic range of the nsOCT. Firstly, we demonstrate numerical and experimental detection of a few nanometers structural difference using the nsOCT method from single B-scan images of phantoms with sub-micron periodic structures, acting like Bragg gratings, along the depth. Secondly, our study shows that nsOCT can distinguish nanoscale structural changes at the skin cancer margin from the healthy region in en face images at clinically relevant depths. Finally, we compare the nsOCT en face image with a high-resolution confocal microscopy image to confirm the structural differences between the healthy and lesional/cancerous regions, allowing the detection of the skin cancer margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Dey
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging (TOMI) Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sergey Alexandrov
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging (TOMI) Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Owens
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jack Kelly
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sine Phelan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Galway University Hospital and Department of Pathology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Leahy
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging (TOMI) Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Ding B, Jinyuan T, Tao K, Ding Z, Yang S. A pilot and ex-vivo study of examination of endometrium tissue by catheter based optical coherence tomography. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:162. [PMID: 36088282 PMCID: PMC9464373 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to distinguish ex-vivo normal and abnormal endometrium tissue samples histologically by catheter based optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods A total of 72 ex-vivo endometrium specimens were obtained from June 2018 to March 2021 and were imaged fresh after hysterectomy. The scanned region of endometrium was excised for histological examination and endometrium OCT images were precisely compared to corresponding histological images. Meanwhile endometrium OCT images were analyzed quantitatively with intensity of backscattered light in region of interest (ROI) and maximum penetration depth of the OCT signal. Blinded qualitative analysis on endometrium OCT images was performed by 2 assessors to determine accuracy rate and inter-rating reliability on the histopathological diagnosis. Results OCT images were performed successfully in 72 endometrium specimens. Five endometrium specimens developed OCT interpretation criteria and the rest 67 endometrium specimens validated qualitatively and analyzed quantitatively. We defined an OCT criteria to distinguish normal endometrium and five different abnormal endometrium phases including proliferative endometrium, secretory phase endometrium, atrophic endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia with atypia and endometrial carcinoma based on OCT imaging features. The overall diagnosis accuracy achieved by the two assessors was 72.4% based on the OCT criteria. The inter-rater reliability between assessors on overall OCT images was substantial (Kendall τb of 0.720, p < 0.05). The changes in ROI minimum intensity, ROI maximum intensity, ROI average intensity and OCT signal maximum penetration depth of five different abnormal endometrium phases were significantly different (all p < 0.001). These parameters of endometrium carcinomas were significantly different from the other four endometrium phases (all p < 0.001). Conclusion OCT has the advantage of noninvasive and rapid diagnosis, which can contribute to the diagnosis of endometrial cancer and will be an indispensable complement to traditional biopsy. Future studies in vivo with larger samples are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Song W, Zhang S, Kim YM, Sadlak N, Fiorello MG, Desai M, Yi J. Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Reflectivity in Glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 36166221 PMCID: PMC9526364 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the clinical utility of visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) and to test whether VIS-OCT reflectivity and spectroscopy of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) are correlated with severity of glaucoma, compared with standard-of-care OCT thickness measurements. Methods In total 54 eyes (20 normal, 17 suspect/preperimetric glaucoma [GS/PPG], 17 perimetric glaucoma [PG]) were successfully imaged with complete datasets. All the eyes were scanned by a custom-designed dual-channel device that simultaneously acquired VIS-OCT and near-infrared OCT (NIR-OCT) images. A 5 × 5 mm2 scan was taken of the pRNFL. The pRNFL reflectivity was calculated for both channels and the spectroscopic marker was quantified by pVN, defined as the ratio of VIS-OCT to NIR-OCT pRNFL reflectivity. The results were compared with ophthalmic examinations and Zeiss Cirrus OCT. Results VIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity significantly, sequentially decreased from normal to GS/PPG to PG, as did NIR-OCT pRNFL reflectivity. The pVN had the same decreasing trend among three groups. Normal and GS/PPG eyes were significantly different in VIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity (P = 0.002) and pVN (P < 0.001), but were not in NIR-OCT pRNFL reflectivity (P = 0.14), circumpapillary RNFL thickness (P = 0.17), or macular ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer thickness (P = 0.07) in a mixed linear regression model. Conclusions VIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity and pVN better distinguished GS/PPG from normal eyes than Cirrus OCT thickness measurements. Translational Relevance VIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity and pVN could be useful metrics in the early detection of glaucoma upon further longitudinal validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yumi Mun Kim
- Department of Philosophy & Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Natalie Sadlak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Manishi Desai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Das A, Raposo GCC, Lopes DS, da Silva EJ, Carneiro VSM, Mota CCBDO, Amaral MM, Zezell DM, Barbosa-Silva R, Gomes ASL. Exploiting Nanomaterials for Optical Coherence Tomography and Photoacoustic Imaging in Nanodentistry. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030506. [PMID: 35159853 PMCID: PMC8838952 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is already a societal awareness of the growing impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with nanomaterials (with at least one dimension less than 100 nm) now incorporated in items as diverse as mobile phones, clothes or dentifrices. In the healthcare area, nanoparticles of biocompatible materials have already been used for cancer treatment or bioimaging enhancement. Nanotechnology in dentistry, or nanodentistry, has already found some developments in dental nanomaterials for caries management, restorative dentistry and orthodontic adhesives. In this review, we present state-of-the-art scientific development in nanodentistry with an emphasis on two imaging techniques exploiting nanomaterials: optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Examples will be given using OCT with nanomaterials to enhance the acquired imaging, acting as optical clearing agents for OCT. A novel application of gold nanoparticles and nanorods for imaging enhancement of incipient occlusal caries using OCT will be described. Additionally, we will highlight how the OCT technique can be properly managed to provide imaging with spatial resolution down to 10's-100's nm resolution. For PAI, we will describe how new nanoparticles, namely TiN, prepared by femtosecond laser ablation, can be used in nanodentistry and will show photoacoustic microscopy and tomography images for such exogenous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Das
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (R.B.-S.); (A.S.L.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gisele Cruz Camboim Raposo
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (G.C.C.R.); (E.J.d.S.)
| | - Daniela Siqueira Lopes
- Faculty of Dentistry, Campus Arcoverde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Arcoverde 56503-146, PE, Brazil;
| | - Evair Josino da Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (G.C.C.R.); (E.J.d.S.)
| | | | | | - Marcello Magri Amaral
- Scientific and Technological Institute, Universidade Brasil, Fernandópolis 15600-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Denise Maria Zezell
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN—CNEN, São Paulo 05411-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Renato Barbosa-Silva
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (R.B.-S.); (A.S.L.G.)
| | - Anderson Stevens Leonidas Gomes
- Physics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (R.B.-S.); (A.S.L.G.)
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (G.C.C.R.); (E.J.d.S.)
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Eid A, Winkelmann JA, Eshein A, Taflove A, Backman V. Origins of subdiffractional contrast in optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3630-3642. [PMID: 34221684 PMCID: PMC8221934 DOI: 10.1364/boe.416572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that OCT images quantify subdiffractional tissue structure. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures stratified tissue morphology with spatial resolution limited by the temporal coherence length. Spectroscopic OCT processing, on the other hand, has enabled nanoscale sensitive analysis, presenting an unexplored question: how does subdiffractional information get folded into the OCT image and how does one best analyze to allow for unambiguous quantification of ultrastructure? We first develop an FDTD simulation to model spectral domain OCT with nanometer resolution. Using this, we validate an analytical relationship between the sample statistics through the power spectral density (PSD) of refractive index fluctuations and three measurable quantities (image mean, image variance, and spectral slope), and have found that each probes different aspects of the PSD (amplitude, integral and slope, respectively). Finally, we found that only the spectral slope, quantifying mass scaling, is monotonic with the sample autocorrelation shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Eid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - James A. Winkelmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Allen Taflove
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Das N, Alexandrov S, Gilligan KE, Dwyer RM, Saager RB, Ghosh N, Leahy M. Characterization of nanosensitive multifractality in submicron scale tissue morphology and its alteration in tumor progression. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200223R. [PMID: 33432788 PMCID: PMC7797786 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.1.016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Assessment of disease using optical coherence tomography is an actively investigated problem, owing to many unresolved challenges in early disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment response monitoring. The early manifestation of disease or precancer is typically associated with subtle alterations in the tissue dielectric and ultrastructural morphology. In addition, biological tissue is known to have ultrastructural multifractality. AIM Detection and characterization of nanosensitive structural morphology and multifractality in the tissue submicron structure. Quantification of nanosensitive multifractality and its alteration in progression of tumor. APPROACH We have developed a label free nanosensitive multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis(nsMFDFA) technique in combination with multifractal analysis and nanosensitive optical coherence tomography (nsOCT). The proposed method deployed for extraction and quantification of nanosensitive multifractal parameters in mammary fat pad (MFP). RESULTS Initially, the nsOCT approach is numerically validated on synthetic submicron axial structures. The nsOCT technique was applied to pathologically characterized MFP of murine breast tissue to extract depth-resolved nanosensitive submicron structures. Subsequently, two-dimensional MFDFA were deployed on submicron structural en face images to extract nanosensitive tissue multifractality. We found that nanosensitive multifractality increases in transition from healthy to tumor. CONCLUSIONS This method for extraction of nanosensitive tissue multifractality promises to provide a noninvasive diagnostic tool for early disease detection and monitoring treatment response. The novel ability to delineate the dominant submicron scale nanosensitive multifractal properties may also prove useful for characterizing a wide variety of complex scattering media of non-biological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Das
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging, Galway, Ireland
- Linköping University, Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy, Clinical Instrument Translation, Linköping, Sweden
- Address all correspondence to Nandan Das,
| | - Sergey Alexandrov
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katie E. Gilligan
- National University of Ireland Galway, Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, Galway, Ireland
| | - Róisín M. Dwyer
- National University of Ireland Galway, Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy, Clinical Instrument Translation, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nirmalya Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Bio-Optics and Nano-Photonics, Kolkata, India
| | - Martin Leahy
- National University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
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Rubinoff I, Kuranov RV, Zhang HF. Intrinsic spectrally-dependent background in spectroscopic visible-light optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:110-124. [PMID: 33520380 PMCID: PMC7818955 DOI: 10.1364/boe.410011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) has enabled new spectroscopic applications, such as retinal oximetry, as a result of increased optical absorption and scattering contacts in biological tissue and improved axial resolution. Besides extracting tissue properties from back-scattered light, spectroscopic analyses must consider spectral alterations induced by image reconstruction itself. We investigated an intrinsic spectral bias in the background noise floor, which is hereby referred to as the spectrally-dependent background (SDBG). We developed an analytical model to predict the SDBG-induced bias and validated this model using numerically simulated and experimentally acquired data. We found that SDBG systemically altered the measured spectra of blood in human retinal vessels in vis-OCT, as compared to literature data. We provided solutions to quantify and compensate for SDBG in retinal oximetry. This work is particularly significant for clinical applications of vis-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rubinoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Roman V. Kuranov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Opticent Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Cheng S, Fu S, Kim YM, Song W, Li Y, Xue Y, Yi J, Tian L. Single-cell cytometry via multiplexed fluorescence prediction by label-free reflectance microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0431. [PMID: 33523908 PMCID: PMC7810377 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional imaging cytometry uses fluorescence markers to identify specific structures but is limited in throughput by the labeling process. We develop a label-free technique that alleviates the physical staining and provides multiplexed readouts via a deep learning-augmented digital labeling method. We leverage the rich structural information and superior sensitivity in reflectance microscopy and show that digital labeling predicts accurate subcellular features after training on immunofluorescence images. We demonstrate up to three times improvement in the prediction accuracy over the state of the art. Beyond fluorescence prediction, we demonstrate that single cell-level structural phenotypes of cell cycles are correctly reproduced by the digital multiplexed images, including Golgi twins, Golgi haze during mitosis, and DNA synthesis. We further show that the multiplexed readouts enable accurate multiparametric single-cell profiling across a large cell population. Our method can markedly improve the throughput for imaging cytometry toward applications for phenotyping, pathology, and high-content screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sipei Fu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yumi Mun Kim
- Department of Philosophy & Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yunzhe Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yujia Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Lal C, Alexandrov S, Rani S, Zhou Y, Ritter T, Leahy M. Nanosensitive optical coherence tomography to assess wound healing within the cornea. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3407-3422. [PMID: 33014541 PMCID: PMC7510923 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive depth resolved optical imaging modality, that enables high resolution, cross-sectional imaging in biological tissues and materials at clinically relevant depths. Though OCT offers high resolution imaging, the best ultra-high-resolution OCT systems are limited to imaging structural changes with a resolution of one micron on a single B-scan within very limited depth. Nanosensitive OCT (nsOCT) is a recently developed technique that is capable of providing enhanced sensitivity of OCT to structural changes. Improving the sensitivity of OCT to detect structural changes at the nanoscale level, to a depth typical for conventional OCT, could potentially improve the diagnostic capability of OCT in medical applications. In this paper, we demonstrate the capability of nsOCT to detect structural changes deep in the rat cornea following superficial corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerine Lal
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sergey Alexandrov
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sweta Rani
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yi Zhou
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Leahy
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Multimodal Coherent Imaging of Retinal Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7912. [PMID: 32404941 PMCID: PMC7220911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We acquired depth-resolved light scattering measurements from the retinas of triple transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease (3xTg-AD) mice and wild type (WT) age-matched controls using co-registered angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Angle-resolved light scattering measurements were acquired from the nerve fiber layer, outer plexiform layer, and retinal pigmented epithelium using image guidance and segmented thicknesses provided by co-registered OCT B-scans. Analysis of the OCT images showed a statistically significant thinning of the nerve fiber layer in AD mouse retinas compared to WT controls. The a/LCI scattering measurements provided complementary information that distinguishes AD mice by quantitatively characterizing tissue heterogeneity. The AD mouse retinas demonstrated higher mean and variance in nerve fiber layer light scattering intensity compared to WT controls. Further, the difference in tissue heterogeneity was observed through short-range spatial correlations that show greater slopes at all layers of interest for AD mouse retinas compared to WT controls. A greater slope indicates a faster loss of spatial correlation, suggesting a loss of tissue self-similarity characteristic of heterogeneity consistent with AD pathology. Use of this combined modality introduces unique tissue texture characterization to complement development of future AD biomarker analysis.
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Song W, Matlock A, Fu S, Qin X, Feng H, Gabel CV, Tian L, YI J. LED array reflectance microscopy for scattering-based multi-contrast imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1647-1650. [PMID: 32235964 PMCID: PMC7278208 DOI: 10.1364/ol.387434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
LED array microscopy is an emerging platform for computational imaging with significant utility for biological imaging. Existing LED array systems often exploit transmission imaging geometries of standard brightfield microscopes that leave the rich backscattered field undetected. This backscattered signal contains high-resolution sample information with superb sensitivity to subtle structural features that make it ideal for biological sensing and detection. Here, we develop an LED array reflectance microscope capturing the sample's backscattered signal. In particular, we demonstrate multimodal brightfield, darkfield, and differential phase contrast imaging on fixed and living biological specimens including Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), zebrafish embryos, and live cell cultures. Video-rate multimodal imaging at 20 Hz records real time features of freely moving C. elegans and the fast beating heart of zebrafish embryos. Our new reflectance mode is a valuable addition to the LED array microscopic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Alex Matlock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sipei Fu
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Xiaodan Qin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Christopher V. Gabel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ji YI
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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13
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Bushnell GG, Hong X, Hartfield RM, Zhang Y, Oakes RS, Rao SS, Jeruss JS, Stegemann JP, Deng CX, Shea LD. High Frequency Spectral Ultrasound Imaging to Detect Metastasis in Implanted Biomaterial Scaffolds. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:477-489. [PMID: 31549327 PMCID: PMC6930322 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For most cancers, metastasis is the point at which disease is no longer curable. Earlier detection of metastasis, when it is undetectable by current clinical methods, may enable better outcomes. We have developed a biomaterial implant that recruits metastatic cancer cells in mouse models of breast cancer. Here, we investigate spectral ultrasound imaging (SUSI) as a non-invasive strategy for detecting metastasis to the implanted biomaterial scaffolds. Our results show that SUSI, which detects parameters related to tissue composition and structure, identified changes at an early time point when tumor cells were recruited to scaffolds in orthotopic breast cancer mouse models. These changes were not associated with acellular components in the scaffolds but were reflected in the cellular composition in the scaffold microenvironment, including an increase in CD31 + CD45-endothelial cell number in tumor bearing mice. In addition, we built a classification model based on changes in SUSI parameters from scaffold measurements to stratify tumor free and tumor bearing status. Combination of a linear discriminant analysis and bagged decision trees model resulted in an area under the curve of 0.92 for receiver operating characteristics analysis. With the potential for early non-invasive detection, SUSI could facilitate clinical translation of the scaffolds for monitoring metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaowei Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rachel M Hartfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yining Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert S Oakes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jan P Stegemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cheri X Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2099, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2111 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2099, USA.
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14
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Measuring light scattering and absorption in corals with Inverse Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (ISOCT): a new tool for non-invasive monitoring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14148. [PMID: 31578438 PMCID: PMC6775107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of reef-building corals for >200 million years has been dependent on the mutualistic interaction between the coral host and its photosynthetic endosymbiont dinoflagellates (family Symbiodiniaceae) that supply the coral host with nutrients and energy for growth and calcification. While multiple light scattering in coral tissue and skeleton significantly enhance the light microenvironment for Symbiodiniaceae, the mechanisms of light propagation in tissue and skeleton remain largely unknown due to a lack of technologies to measure the intrinsic optical properties of both compartments in live corals. Here we introduce ISOCT (inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography), a non-invasive approach to measure optical properties and three-dimensional morphology of living corals at micron- and nano-length scales, respectively, which are involved in the control of light propagation. ISOCT enables measurements of optical properties in the visible range and thus allows for characterization of the density of light harvesting pigments in coral. We used ISOCT to characterize the optical scattering coefficient (μs) of the coral skeleton and chlorophyll a concentration of live coral tissue. ISOCT further characterized the overall micro- and nano-morphology of live tissue by measuring differences in the sub-micron spatial mass density distribution (D) that vary throughout the tissue and skeleton and give rise to light scattering, and this enabled estimates of the spatial directionality of light scattering, i.e., the anisotropy coefficient, g. Thus, ISOCT enables imaging of coral nanoscale structures and allows for quantifying light scattering and pigment absorption in live corals. ISOCT could thus be developed into an important tool for rapid, non-invasive monitoring of coral health, growth and photophysiology with unprecedented spatial resolution.
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15
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Song W, Fu S, Song S, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ness S, Desai M, Yi J. Longitudinal detection of retinal alterations by visible and near-infrared optical coherence tomography in a dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension mouse model. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:041103. [PMID: 31312670 PMCID: PMC6614697 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system, has distinct anatomical and structural properties for its visual function. Light scattering spectroscopy, while widely used for tissue structural characterization and disease diagnosis, has been relatively unexplored in the living retina. Recently, we have developed a fiber-based visible and near-infrared optical coherence tomography system (vnOCT) for in vivo retinal imaging, to uniquely measure a spectroscopic marker (VN ratio) sensitive to nanoscale pathological changes. In the present study, we applied vnOCT in an animal model of glaucoma (dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension mouse) and tested the capabilities of four optical markers, VN ratio, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, total retinal blood flow, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation ( sO 2 ), for the detection of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in association with ocular hypertension. We found that RNFL-RGC VN ratio and arteriovenous (A-V) sO 2 are capable of detecting early retinal alteration in ocular hypertensive eyes, preceding measurable change of RNFL thickness. This study suggests a potential clinical application of vnOCT in early detection of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Song
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sipei Fu
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shangshang Song
- Boston University Sargent School of Rehabilitation, Department of Health Science, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sui Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Steven Ness
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Manishi Desai
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ji Yi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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16
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Ge X, Tang H, Wang X, Liu X, Chen S, Wang N, Ni G, Yu X, Chen S, Liang H, Bo E, Wang L, Braganza CS, Xu C, Rowe SM, Tearney GJ, Liu L. Geometry-Dependent Spectroscopic Contrast in Deep Tissues. iScience 2019; 19:965-975. [PMID: 31522119 PMCID: PMC6745491 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-structures of biological systems can produce diverse spectroscopic effects through interactions with broadband light. Although structured coloration at the surface has been extensively studied, natural spectroscopic contrasts in deep tissues are poorly understood, which may carry valuable information for evaluating the anatomy and function of biological systems. Here we investigated the spectroscopic characteristics of an important geometry in deep tissues at the nanometer scale: packed nano-cylinders, in the near-infrared window, numerically predicted and experimentally proved that transversely oriented and regularly arranged nano-cylinders could selectively backscatter light of the long wavelengths. Notably, we found that the spectroscopic contrast of nanoscale fibrous structures was sensitive to the pressure load, possibly owing to the changes in the orientation, the degree of alignment, and the spacing. To explore the underlying physical basis, we further developed an analytical model based on the radial distribution function in terms of their radius, refractive index, and spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongying Tang
- College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xianghong Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Si Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshuo Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Guangming Ni
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haitao Liang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - En Bo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cilwyn Shalitha Braganza
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Linbo Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore.
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17
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Wang Y, Bai L. Accurate Monte Carlo simulation of frequency-domain optical coherence tomography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 35:e3177. [PMID: 30690893 PMCID: PMC6492136 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) relies on optical interferometry to provide noninvasive imaging of living tissues. In addition to its 3D imaging capacity for medical diagnosis, its potential use for recovering optical parameters of biological tissues for biological and pathological analyses has also been explored by researchers, as pathological changes in tissue alter the microstructure of the tissue and therefore its optical properties. We aim to develop a new approach to OCT data analysis by estimating optical properties of tissues from OCT scans, which are invisible in the scans. This is an inverse problem. Solving an inverse problem involves a forward modeling step to simulate OCT scans of the tissues with hypothesized optical parameter values and an inverse step to estimate the real optical par1meters values by matching the simulated scans to real scans. In this paper, we present a Monte Carlo (MC)-based approach for simulating the frequency-domain OCT. We incorporated a focusing Gaussian light beam rather than an infinitesimally thin light beam for accurate simulations. A new and more accurate photon detection scheme is also implemented. We compare our MC model to an analytical OCT model based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle (EHF) to demonstrate the consistency between the two models. We show that the two models are in good agreement for tissues with high scattering and high anisotropy factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Computer ScienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG8 1BBUK
| | - Li Bai
- School of Computer ScienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG8 1BBUK
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18
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Liu R, Song W, Backman V, Yi J. Quantitative quality-control metrics for in vivo oximetry in small vessels by visible light optical coherence tomography angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:465-486. [PMID: 30800493 PMCID: PMC6377897 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological functions rely on local microvasculature to deliver oxygen and nutrients and carry away metabolic waste. Alterations to local oxygenation levels are manifested in diseases including cancer, diabetes mellitus, etc. The ability to quantify oxygen saturation (sO2) within microvasculature in vivo to assess local tissue oxygenation and metabolic function is highly sought after. Visible light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) angiography has shown promise in reaching this goal. However, achieving reliable measurements in small vessels can be challenging due to the reduced contrast and requires data averaging to improve the spectral data quality. Therefore, a method for quality-control of the vis-OCT data from small vessels becomes essential to reject unreliable readings. In this work, we present a quantitative metrics to evaluate the spectral data for a reliable measurement of sO2, including angiography signal to noise ratio (SNR), spectral anomaly detection and discard, and theory-experiment correlation analysis. The thresholds for each quantity can be flexibly adjusted according to different applications and system performance. We used these metrics to measure sO2 of C57BL/6J mouse lower extremity microvasculature and validated it by introducing hyperoxia for expected sO2 changes. After validation, we applied this protocol on C57BL/6J mouse ear microvasculature to conduct in vivo small blood vessel OCT oximetry. This work seeks to standardize the data processing method for in vivo oximetry in small vessels by vis-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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19
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Song W, Zhou L, Zhang S, Ness S, Desai M, Yi J. Fiber-based visible and near infrared optical coherence tomography (vnOCT) enables quantitative elastic light scattering spectroscopy in human retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3464-3480. [PMID: 29984110 PMCID: PMC6033571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elastic light scattering spectroscopy (ELSS) has been proven a powerful method in measuring tissue structures with exquisite nanoscale sensitivity. However, ELSS contrast in the living human retina has been relatively underexplored, primarily due to the lack of imaging tools with a large spectral bandwidth. Here, we report a simple all fiber-based setup to implement dual-channel visible and near infrared (NIR) optical coherence tomography (vnOCT) for human retinal imaging, bridging over a 300nm spectral gap. Remarkably, the fiber components in our vnOCT system support single-mode propagation for both visible and NIR light, both of which maintain excellent interference efficiencies with fringe visibility of 97% and 90%, respectively. The longitudinal chromatic aberration from the eye is corrected by a custom-designed achromatizing lens. The elegant fiber-based design enables simultaneous imaging for both channels and allows comprehensive ELSS analysis on several important anatomical layers, including nerve fiber layer, outer segment of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. This vnOCT platform and method of ELSS analysis open new opportunities in understanding structure-function relationship in the human retina and in exploring new biomarkers for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Libo Zhou
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Sui Zhang
- Danna-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Manishi Desai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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20
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Eshein A, Radosevich AJ, Gould B, Wu W, Konda V, Yang LW, Koons A, Feder S, Valuckaite V, Roy HK, Backman V, Nguyen TQ. Fully automated fiber-based optical spectroscopy system for use in a clinical setting. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 29981224 PMCID: PMC8357326 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.075003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While there are a plethora of in vivo fiber-optic spectroscopic techniques that have demonstrated the ability to detect a number of diseases in research trials with highly trained personnel familiar with the operation of experimental optical technologies, very few techniques show the same level of success in large multicenter trials. To meet the stringent requirements for a viable optical spectroscopy system to be used in a clinical setting, we developed components including an automated calibration tool, optical contact sensor for signal acquisition, and a methodology for real-time in vivo probe calibration correction. The end result is a state-of-the-art medical device that can be realistically used by a physician with spectroscopic fiber-optic probes. We show how the features of this system allow it to have excellent stability measuring two scattering phantoms in a clinical setting by clinical staff with ∼0.5 % standard deviation over 25 unique measurements on different days. In addition, we show the systems' ability to overcome many technical obstacles that spectroscopy applications often face such as speckle noise and user variability. While this system has been designed and optimized for our specific application, the system and design concepts are applicable to most in vivo fiber-optic-based spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Eshein
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Bradley Gould
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Wenli Wu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Vani Konda
- University of Chicago Medicine, Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Leslie W. Yang
- University of Chicago Medicine, Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ann Koons
- University of Chicago Medicine, Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Seth Feder
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Vesta Valuckaite
- University of Chicago Medicine, Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: The-Quyen Nguyen, E-mail:
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21
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Niemeier RC, Etoz S, Gil DA, Skala MC, Brace CL, Rogers JD. Quantifying optical properties with visible and near-infrared optical coherence tomography to visualize esophageal microwave ablation zones. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1648-1663. [PMID: 29675308 PMCID: PMC5905912 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave ablation is a minimally invasive image guided thermal therapy for cancer that can be adapted to endoscope use in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Microwave ablation in the GI tract requires precise control over the ablation zone that could be guided by high resolution imaging with quantitative contrast. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides ideal imaging resolution and allows for the quantification of tissue scattering properties to characterize ablated tissue. Visible and near-infrared OCT image analysis demonstrated increased scattering coefficients (μs ) in ablated versus normal tissues (Vis: 347.8%, NIR: 415.0%) and shows the potential for both wavelength ranges to provide quantitative contrast. These data suggest OCT could provide quantitative image guidance and valuable information about antenna performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Niemeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sevde Etoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher L. Brace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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WINKELMANN JAMESA, EID AYA, NGUYEN THEQUYEN, BUI THANG, YI JI, BACKMAN VADIM. In vivo broadband visible light optical coherence tomography probe enables inverse spectroscopic analysis. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:619-622. [PMID: 29400855 PMCID: PMC9680981 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and characterization of a 6 mm outer diameter pull-back circumferential scanning visible optical coherence tomography probe. The probe's large visible bandwidth (500-695 nm) allowed for inverse spectroscopic analysis and an axial resolution of ∼1.1 μm in tissue. We verify spectral imaging capabilities by measuring microsphere backscattering spectra and demonstrate in vivo spatial nanoscale characterization of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- JAMES A. WINKELMANN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - AYA EID
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - THE-QUYEN NGUYEN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - THANG BUI
- Research Shop, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - JI YI
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 650 Albany St., Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - VADIM BACKMAN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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23
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Liu R, Winkelmann JA, Spicer G, Zhu Y, Eid A, Ameer GA, Backman V, Yi J. Single capillary oximetry and tissue ultrastructural sensing by dual-band dual-scan inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:57. [PMID: 30839641 PMCID: PMC6113297 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Measuring capillary oxygenation and the surrounding ultrastructure can allow one to monitor a microvascular niche and better understand crucial biological mechanisms. However, capillary oximetry and pericapillary ultrastructure are challenging to measure in vivo. Here we demonstrate a novel optical imaging system, dual-band dual-scan inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (D2-ISOCT), that, for the first time, can simultaneously obtain the following metrics in vivo using endogenous contrast: (1) capillary-level oxygen saturation and arteriolar-level blood flow rates, oxygen delivery rates, and oxygen metabolic rates; (2) spatial characteristics of tissue structures at length scales down to 30 nm; and (3) morphological images up to 2 mm in depth. To illustrate the capabilities of D2-ISOCT, we monitored alterations to capillaries and the surrounding pericapillary tissue (tissue between the capillaries) in the healing response of a mouse ear wound model. The obtained microvascular and ultrastructural metrics corroborated well with each other, showing the promise of D2-ISOCT for becoming a powerful new non-invasive imaging tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - James A. Winkelmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Graham Spicer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Yunxiao Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Aya Eid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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24
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Oblique scanning laser microscopy for simultaneously volumetric structural and molecular imaging using only one raster scan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8591. [PMID: 28819250 PMCID: PMC5561209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-modal three dimensional (3D) optical imaging combining both structural sensitivity and molecular specificity is highly desirable in biomedical research. In this paper, we present a method termed oblique scanning laser microscopy (OSLM) to combine optical coherence tomography (OCT), for simultaneously volumetric structural and molecular imaging with cellular resolution in all three dimensions. Conventional 3D laser scanning fluorescence microscopy requires repeated optical sectioning to create z-stacks in depth. Here, the use of an obliquely scanning laser eliminates the z-stacking process, then allows highly efficient 3D OCT and fluorescence imaging by using only one raster scan. The current setup provides ~3.6 × 4.2 × 6.5 μm resolution in fluorescence imaging, ~7 × 7 × 3.5 μm in OCT in three dimensions, and the current speed of imaging is up to 100 frames per second (fps) over a volume about 0.8 × 1 × 0.5 mm3. We demonstrate several mechanisms for molecular imaging, including intrinsically expressed GFP fluorescence, autofluorescence from Flavin proteins, and exogenous antibody-conjugated dyes. We also demonstrate potential applications in imaging human intestinal organoids (HIOs), colon mucosa, and retina.
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Rao SS, Bushnell GG, Azarin SM, Spicer G, Aguado BA, Stoehr JR, Jiang EJ, Backman V, Shea LD, Jeruss JS. Enhanced Survival with Implantable Scaffolds That Capture Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells In Vivo. Cancer Res 2017; 76:5209-18. [PMID: 27635043 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The onset of distant organ metastasis from primary breast cancer marks the transition to a stage IV diagnosis. Standard imaging modalities often detect distant metastasis when the burden of disease is high, underscoring the need for improved methods of detection to allow for interventions that would impede disease progression. Here, microporous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were developed that capture early metastatic cells and thus serve as a sentinel for early detection. These scaffolds were used to characterize the dynamic immune response to the implant spanning the acute and chronic foreign body response. The immune cell composition had stabilized at the scaffold after approximately 1 month and changed dramatically within days to weeks after tumor inoculation, with CD11b(+)Gr1(hi)Ly6C(-) cells having the greatest increase in abundance. Implanted scaffolds recruited metastatic cancer cells that were inoculated into the mammary fat pad in vivo, which also significantly reduced tumor burden in the liver and brain. Additionally, cancer cells could be detected using a label-free imaging modality termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography, and we tested the hypothesis that subsequent removal of the primary tumor after early detection would enhance survival. Surgical removal of the primary tumor following cancer cell detection in the scaffold significantly improved disease-specific survival. The enhanced disease-specific survival was associated with a systemic reduction in the CD11b(+)Gr1(hi)Ly6C(-) cells as a consequence of the implant, which was further supported by Gr-1 depletion studies. Implementation of the scaffold may provide diagnostic and therapeutic options for cancer patients in both the high-risk and adjuvant treatment settings. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5209-18. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Graham Spicer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jenna R Stoehr
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Eric J Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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26
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Yi J, Puyang Z, Feng L, Duan L, Liang P, Backman V, Liu X, Zhang HF. Optical Detection of Early Damage in Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Mouse Model of Partial Optic Nerve Crush Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5665-5671. [PMID: 27784071 PMCID: PMC5089219 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Elastic light backscattering spectroscopy (ELBS) has exquisite sensitivity to the ultrastructural properties of tissue and thus has been applied to detect various diseases associated with ultrastructural alterations in their early stages. This study aims to test whether ELBS can detect early damage in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods We used a mouse model of partial optic nerve crush (pONC) to induce rapid RGC death. We confirmed RGC loss by axon counting and characterized the changes in retinal morphology by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in retinal function by full-field electroretinogram (ERG), respectively. To quantify the ultrastructural properties, elastic backscattering spectroscopic analysis was implemented in the wavelength-dependent images recorded by reflectance confocal microscopy. Results At 3 days post-pONC injury, no significant change was found in the thickness of the RGC layer or in the mean amplitude of the oscillatory potentials measured by OCT and ERG, respectively; however, we did observe a significantly decreased number of axons compared with the controls. At 3 days post-pONC, we used ELBS to calculate the ultrastructural marker (D), the shape factor quantifying the shape of the local mass density correlation functions. It was significantly reduced in the crushed eyes compared with the controls, indicating the ultrastructural fragmentation in the crushed eyes. Conclusions Elastic light backscattering spectroscopy detected ultrastructural neuronal damage in RGCs following the pONC injury when OCT and ERG tests appeared normal. Our study suggests a potential clinical method for detecting early neuronal damage prior to anatomical alterations in the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Zhen Puyang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 3Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Peiji Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States 4Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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27
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Hu J, Rivero F, Torres RA, Loro Ramírez H, Rodríguez EM, Alfonso F, García Solé J, Jaque D. Dynamic single gold nanoparticle visualization by clinical intracoronary optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:674-682. [PMID: 27273138 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) as contrast agents for clinical intracoronary frequency domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is here explored. The OCT contrast enhancement caused by GNPs of different sizes and morphologies has been systematically investigated and correlated with their optical properties. Among the different GNPs commercially available with plasmon resonances close to the operating wavelength of intracoronary OCT (1.3 µm), Gold Nanoshells (GNSs) have provided the best OCT contrast due to their largest scattering cross section at this wavelength. Clinical intracoronary OCT catheters are here demonstrated to be capable of three dimensional visualization and real-time tracking of individual GNSs. Results here included open an avenue to novel application of intravascular clinical OCT in combination with GNPs, such as real time evaluation of intravascular obstructions or pressure gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivero
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
| | - Rio Aguilar Torres
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
| | - Héctor Loro Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, P.O. Box 31-139, Lima, Perú
| | - Emma Martín Rodríguez
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alfonso
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
| | - José García Solé
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Cherkezyan L, Zhang D, Subramanian H, Capoglu I, Taflove A, Backman V. Review of interferometric spectroscopy of scattered light for the quantification of subdiffractional structure of biomaterials. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:30901. [PMID: 28290596 PMCID: PMC5348632 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is the staple technique in the examination of microscale material structure in basic science and applied research. Of particular importance to biology and medical research is the visualization and analysis of the weakly scattering biological cells and tissues. However, the resolution of optical microscopy is limited to ? 200 ?? nm due to the fundamental diffraction limit of light. We review one distinct form of the spectroscopic microscopy (SM) method, which is founded in the analysis of the second-order spectral statistic of a wavelength-dependent bright-field far-zone reflected-light microscope image. This technique offers clear advantages for biomedical research by alleviating two notorious challenges of the optical evaluation of biomaterials: the diffraction limit of light and the lack of sensitivity to biological, optically transparent structures. Addressing the first issue, it has been shown that the spectroscopic content of a bright-field microscope image quantifies structural composition of samples at arbitrarily small length scales, limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector, without necessarily resolving them. Addressing the second issue, SM utilizes a reference arm, sample arm interference scheme, which allows us to elevate the weak scattering signal from biomaterials above the instrument noise floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusik Cherkezyan
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Di Zhang
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Ilker Capoglu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Allen Taflove
- Northwestern University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, E-mail:
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29
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Kassinopoulos M, Bousi E, Zouvani I, Pitris C. Correlation of the derivative as a robust estimator of scatterer size in optical coherence tomography (OCT). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1598-1606. [PMID: 28663852 PMCID: PMC5480567 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The size-dependent spectral variations, predicted by Mie theory, have already been considered as a contrast enhancement mechanism in optical coherence tomography. In this work, a new spectroscopic metric, the bandwidth of the correlation of the derivative, was developed for estimating scatterer size which is more robust and accurate compared to existing methods. Its feasibility was demonstrated using phantoms containing polystyrene microspheres as well as images of normal and cancerous human colon. The results are very promising, suggesting that the proposed metric could be utilized for measuring nuclear size distribution, a diagnostically valuable marker, in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kassinopoulos
- KIOS Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E. Bousi
- KIOS Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I. Zouvani
- Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - C. Pitris
- KIOS Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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30
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Wu W, Radosevich AJ, Eshein A, Nguyen TQ, Yi J, Cherkezyan L, Roy HK, Szleifer I, Backman V. Using electron microscopy to calculate optical properties of biological samples. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4749-4762. [PMID: 27896013 PMCID: PMC5119613 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic structural origins of optical properties in biological media are still not fully understood. Better understanding these origins can serve to improve the utility of existing techniques and facilitate the discovery of other novel techniques. We propose a novel analysis technique using electron microscopy (EM) to calculate optical properties of specific biological structures. This method is demonstrated with images of human epithelial colon cell nuclei. The spectrum of anisotropy factor g, the phase function and the shape factor D of the nuclei are calculated. The results show strong agreement with an independent study. This method provides a new way to extract the true phase function of biological samples and provides an independent validation for optical property measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wu
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Lusik Cherkezyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center/Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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31
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Yi J, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Blaha CS, Roy HK, Backman V. Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells. Biophys J 2016; 109:2218-26. [PMID: 26636933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin organization has a fundamental impact on the whole spectrum of genomic functions. Quantitative characterization of the chromatin structure, particularly at submicron length scales where chromatin fractal globules are formed, is critical to understanding this structure-function relationship. Such analysis is currently challenging due to the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. We herein present an optical approach termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to characterize the mass density fractality of chromatin, and we apply the technique to observe chromatin decompaction in live cells. The technique makes it possible for the first time, to our knowledge, to sense intracellular morphology with length-scale sensitivity from ∼30 to 450 nm, thus primarily probing the higher-order chromatin structure, without resolving the actual structures. We used chromatin decompaction due to inhibition of histone deacytelases and measured the subsequent changes in the fractal dimension of the intracellular structure. The results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Catherine S Blaha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
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32
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Spicer GLC, Azarin SM, Yi J, Young ST, Ellis R, Bauer GM, Shea LD, Backman V. Detection of extracellular matrix modification in cancer models with inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:6892-6904. [PMID: 27618507 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/19/6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In cancer biology, there has been a recent effort to understand tumor formation in the context of the tissue microenvironment. In particular, recent progress has explored the mechanisms behind how changes in the cell-extracellular matrix ensemble influence progression of the disease. The extensive use of in vitro tissue culture models in simulant matrix has proven effective at studying such interactions, but modalities for non-invasively quantifying aspects of these systems are scant. We present the novel application of an imaging technique, Inverse Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography, for the non-destructive measurement of in vitro biological samples during matrix remodeling. Our findings indicate that the nanoscale-sensitive mass density correlation shape factor D of cancer cells increases in response to a more crosslinked matrix. We present a facile technique for the non-invasive, quantitative study of the micro- and nano-scale structure of the extracellular matrix and its host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham L C Spicer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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33
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Kim S, Heflin S, Kresty LA, Halling M, Perez LN, Ho D, Crose M, Brown W, Farsiu S, Arshavsky V, Wax A. Analyzing spatial correlations in tissue using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry measurements guided by co-located optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1400-14. [PMID: 27446664 PMCID: PMC4929650 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an optical technique used to measure nuclear morphology in situ. However, a/LCI is not an imaging modality and can produce ambiguous results when the measurements are not properly oriented to the tissue architecture. Here we present a 2D a/LCI system which incorporates optical coherence tomography imaging to guide the measurements. System design and characterization are presented, along with example cases which demonstrate the utility of the combined measurements. In addition, future development and applications of this dual modality approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stephanie Heflin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Laura A. Kresty
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226 USA
| | - Meredith Halling
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226 USA
| | - Laura N. Perez
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226 USA
| | - Derek Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael Crose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - William Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Vadim Arshavsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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34
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Azarin SM, Yi J, Gower RM, Aguado BA, Sullivan ME, Goodman AG, Jiang EJ, Rao SS, Ren Y, Tucker SL, Backman V, Jeruss JS, Shea LD. In vivo capture and label-free detection of early metastatic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8094. [PMID: 26348915 PMCID: PMC4563812 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death for women, with mortality resulting from metastasis. Metastases are often detected once tumor cells affect the function of solid organs, with a high disease burden limiting effective treatment. Here we report a method for the early detection of metastasis using an implanted scaffold to recruit and capture metastatic cells in vivo, which achieves high cell densities and reduces the tumor burden within solid organs 10-fold. Recruitment is associated with infiltration of immune cells, which include Gr1hiCD11b+ cells. We identify metastatic cells in the scaffold through a label-free detection system using inverse-spectroscopic optical coherence tomography, which identifies changes to nanoscale tissue architecture associated with the presence of tumor cells. For patients at risk of recurrence, scaffold implantation following completion of primary therapy has the potential to identify metastatic disease at the earliest stage, enabling initiation of therapy while the disease burden is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Robert M Gower
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Megan E Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ashley G Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Eric J Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yinying Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Susan L Tucker
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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35
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Gao W. Fourier spectrum analysis of full-field optical coherence tomography for tissue imaging. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a model of the full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) technique for tissue imaging, in which the fractal model of the spatial correlation function of the refractive index of tissue is employed to approximate tissue structure. The results may be helpful for correctly interpreting en face tomographic images obtained with FFOCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Gao
- Department of Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xao Ling Wei, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
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36
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Chen S, Yi J, Liu W, Backman V, Zhang HF. Monte Carlo Investigation of Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Oximetry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2308-15. [PMID: 25955984 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2424689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) oximetry explores the possibility to measure retinal hemoglobin oxygen saturation level (sO2). We investigated the accuracy of OCT retinal oximetry using Monte Carlo simulation in a commonly used four-layer retinal model. After we determined the appropriate number of simulated photon packets, we studied the effects of blood vessel diameter, signal sampling position, physiological sO2 level, and the blood packing factor on the accuracy of sO2 estimation in OCT retinal oximetry. The simulation results showed that a packing factor between 0.2 and 0.4 yields a reasonably accurate estimation of sO2 within a 5% error tolerance, which is independent of vessel diameter and sampling position, when visible-light illumination is used in OCT. We further explored the optimal optical spectral range for OCT retinal oximetry. The simulation results suggest that visible spectral range around 560 nm is better suited than near-infrared spectral range around 800 nm for OCT oximetry to warrant accurate measurements.
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37
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Alexandrov SA, Subhash HM, Zam A, Leahy M. Nano-sensitive optical coherence tomography. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3545-9. [PMID: 24595392 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Depth resolved label-free detection of structural changes with nanoscale sensitivity is an outstanding problem in the biological and physical sciences and has significant applications in both the fundamental research and healthcare diagnostics arenas. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel label-free depth resolved sensing technique based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect structural changes at the nanoscale. Structural components of the 3D object, spectrally encoded in the remitted light, are transformed from the Fourier domain into each voxel of the 3D OCT image without compromising sensitivity. Spatial distribution of the nanoscale structural changes in the depth direction is visualized in just a single OCT scan. This label free approach provides new possibilities for depth resolved study of pathogenic and physiologically relevant molecules in the body with high sensitivity and specificity. It offers a powerful opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Experimental results show the ability of the approach to differentiate structural changes of 30 nm in nanosphere aggregates, located at different depths, from a single OCT scan, and structural changes less than 30 nm in time from two OCT scans. Application for visualization of the structure of human skin in vivo is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Alexandrov
- NBIPI Tissue Optics & Microcirculation Imaging Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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38
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Yi J, Radosevich AJ, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Mutyal NN, Azarin SM, Horcher E, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Bajaj S, Roy HK, Backman V. Spatially resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis observed by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:36013. [PMID: 24643530 PMCID: PMC4019430 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Field carcinogenesis is the initial stage of cancer progression. Understanding field carcinogenesis is valuable for both cancer biology and clinical medicine. Here, we used inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to study colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PC) field carcinogenesis. Depth-resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of the mucosa were quantified from histologically normal rectal biopsies from patients with and without colon adenomas (n=85) as well as from histologically normal peri-ampullary duodenal biopsies from patients with and without PC (n=22). Changes in the epithelium and stroma in CRC field carcinogenesis were separately quantified. In both compartments, optical and ultra-structural alterations were consistent. Optical alterations included lower backscattering (μb) and reduced scattering (μs') coefficients and higher anisotropy factor g. Ultrastructurally pronounced alterations were observed at length scales up to ∼450 nm, with the shape of the mass density correlation function having a higher shape factor D, thus implying a shift to larger length scales. Similar alterations were found in the PC field carcinogenesis despite the difference in genetic pathways and etiologies. We further verified that the chromatin clumping in epithelial cells and collagen cross-linking caused D to increase in vitro and could be among the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in epithelium and stroma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Yolanda Stypula-Cyrus
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Samira Michelle Azarin
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Elizabeth Horcher
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Laura K. Bianchi
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, E-mail:
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39
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Arifler D, MacAulay C, Follen M, Guillaud M. Numerical investigation of two-dimensional light scattering patterns of cervical cell nuclei to map dysplastic changes at different epithelial depths. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:485-98. [PMID: 24575343 PMCID: PMC3920879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We use an extensive set of quantitative histopathology data to construct realistic three-dimensional models of normal and dysplastic cervical cell nuclei at different epithelial depths. We then employ the finite-difference time-domain method to numerically simulate the light scattering response of these representative models as a function of the polar and azimuthal scattering angles. The results indicate that intensity and shape metrics computed from two-dimensional scattering patterns can be used to distinguish between different diagnostic categories. Our numerical study also suggests that different epithelial layers and angular ranges need to be considered separately to fully exploit the diagnostic potential of two-dimensional light scattering measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizem Arifler
- Division of Cancer Research, Kemal Saracoglu Foundation for Children with Leukemia and Fight Against Cancer, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Calum MacAulay
- Imaging Unit, Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michele Follen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Martial Guillaud
- Imaging Unit, Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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40
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Turzhitsky V, Qiu L, Itzkan I, Novikov AA, Kotelev MS, Getmanskiy M, Vinokurov VA, Muradov AV, Perelman LT. Spectroscopy of scattered light for the characterization of micro and nanoscale objects in biology and medicine. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:133-54. [PMID: 24480270 DOI: 10.1366/13-07395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical uses for the spectroscopy of scattered light by micro and nanoscale objects can broadly be classified into two areas. The first, often called light scattering spectroscopy (LSS), deals with light scattered by dielectric particles, such as cellular and sub-cellular organelles, and is employed to measure their size or other physical characteristics. Examples include the use of LSS to measure the size distributions of nuclei or mitochondria. The native contrast that is achieved with LSS can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic and scientific tool. The other area for the use of the spectroscopy of scattered light in biology and medicine involves using conducting metal nanoparticles to obtain either contrast or electric field enhancement through the effect of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Gold and silver metal nanoparticles are non-toxic, they do not photobleach, are relatively inexpensive, are wavelength-tunable, and can be labeled with antibodies. This makes them very promising candidates for spectrally encoded molecular imaging. Metal nanoparticles can also serve as electric field enhancers of Raman signals. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful method for detecting and identifying molecules down to single molecule concentrations. In this review, we will concentrate on the common physical principles, which allow one to understand these apparently different areas using similar physical and mathematical approaches. We will also describe the major advancements in each of these areas, as well as some of the exciting recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Turzhitsky
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging fnd Photonics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Usa
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41
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Rogers JD, Radosevich AJ, Yi J, Backman V. Modeling Light Scattering in Tissue as Continuous Random Media Using a Versatile Refractive Index Correlation Function. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2013; 20:7000514. [PMID: 25587211 PMCID: PMC4289622 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2013.2280999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical interactions with biological tissue provide powerful tools for study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. When optical methods are used in applications involving tissue, scattering of light is an important phenomenon. In imaging modalities, scattering provides contrast, but also limits imaging depth, so models help optimize an imaging technique. Scattering can also be used to collect information about the tissue itself providing diagnostic value. Therapies involving focused beams require scattering models to assess dose distribution. In all cases, models of light scattering in tissue are crucial to correctly interpreting the measured signal. Here, we review a versatile model of light scattering that uses the Whittle-Matérn correlation family to describe the refractive index correlation function Bn (rd ). In weakly scattering media such as tissue, Bn (rd ) determines the shape of the power spectral density from which all other scattering characteristics are derived. This model encompasses many forms such as mass fractal and the Henyey-Greenstein function as special cases. We discuss normalization and calculation of optical properties including the scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor. Experimental methods using the model are also described to quantify tissue properties that depend on length scales of only a few tens of nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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42
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Radosevich AJ, Mutyal NN, Yi J, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Rogers JD, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Bajaj S, Roy HK, Backman V. Ultrastructural alterations in field carcinogenesis measured by enhanced backscattering spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:097002. [PMID: 24008865 PMCID: PMC3764252 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical characterization of biological tissue in field carcinogenesis offers a method with which to study the mechanisms behind early cancer development and the potential to perform clinical diagnosis. Previously, low-coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy (LEBS) has demonstrated the ability to discriminate between normal and diseased organs based on measurements of histologically normal-appearing tissue in the field of colorectal (CRC) and pancreatic (PC) cancers. Here, we implement the more comprehensive enhanced backscattering (EBS) spectroscopy to better understand the structural and optical changes which lead to the previous findings. EBS provides high-resolution measurement of the spatial reflectance profile P(rs) between 30 microns and 2.7 mm, where information about nanoscale mass density fluctuations in the mucosa can be quantified. A demonstration of the length-scales at which P(rs) is optimally altered in CRC and PC field carcinogenesis is given and subsequently these changes are related to the tissue's structural composition. Three main conclusions are made. First, the most significant changes in P(rs) occur at short length-scales corresponding to the superficial mucosal layer. Second, these changes are predominantly attributable to a reduction in the presence of subdiffractional structures. Third, similar trends are seen for both cancer types, suggesting a common progression of structural alterations in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Ji Yi
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Yolanda Stypula-Cyrus
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- NorthShore University Healthsystems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Laura K. Bianchi
- NorthShore University Healthsystems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- NorthShore University Healthsystems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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43
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Jaedicke V, Agcaer S, Robles FE, Steinert M, Jones D, Goebel S, Gerhardt NC, Welp H, Hofmann MR. Comparison of different metrics for analysis and visualization in spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2945-61. [PMID: 24409393 PMCID: PMC3862158 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (S-OCT) extracts depth resolved spectra that are inherently available from OCT signals. The back scattered spectra contain useful functional information regarding the sample, since the light is altered by wavelength dependent absorption and scattering caused by chromophores and structures of the sample. Two aspects dominate the performance of S-OCT: (1) the spectral analysis processing method used to obtain the spatially-resolved spectroscopic information and (2) the metrics used to visualize and interpret relevant sample features. In this work, we focus on the second aspect, where we will compare established and novel metrics for S-OCT. These concepts include the adaptation of methods known from multispectral imaging and modern signal processing approaches such as pattern recognition. To compare the performance of the metrics in a quantitative manner, we use phantoms with microsphere scatterers of different sizes that are below the system's resolution and therefore cannot be differentiated using intensity based OCT images. We show that the analysis of the spectral features can clearly separate areas with different scattering properties in multi-layer phantoms. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of our approach for contrast enhancement in bovine articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Jaedicke
- Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Semih Agcaer
- Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 2303 French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Marian Steinert
- Institute for Experimental Orthopaedics and Biomechanics, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstr. 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - David Jones
- Institute for Experimental Orthopaedics and Biomechanics, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstr. 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Goebel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Science Georg Agricola, Herner Str 45, 44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nils C. Gerhardt
- Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hubert Welp
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Science Georg Agricola, Herner Str 45, 44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin R. Hofmann
- Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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