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Malinet C, Montcel B, Dutour A, Fajnorova I, Liebgott H, Muleki-Seya P. Cancer characterization using light backscattering spectroscopy and quantitative ultrasound: an ex vivo study on sarcoma subtypes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16650. [PMID: 37789008 PMCID: PMC10547769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histological analysis is the gold standard method for cancer diagnosis. However, it is prone to subjectivity and sampling bias. In response to these limitations, we introduce a quantitative bimodal approach that aims to provide non-invasive guidance towards suspicious regions. Light backscattering spectroscopy and quantitative ultrasound techniques were combined to characterize two different bone tumor types from animal models: chondrosarcomas and osteosarcomas. Two different cell lines were used to induce osteosarcoma growth. Histological analyses were conducted to serve as references. Three ultrasound parameters and intensities of the light reflectance profiles showed significant differences between chondrosarcomas and osteosarcomas at the 5% level. Likewise, variations in the same biomarkers were reported for the two types of osteosarcoma, despite their similar morphology observed in the histological examinations. These observations show the sensitivity of our techniques in probing fine tissue properties. Secondly, the ultrasound spectral-based technique identified the mean size of chondrosarcoma cells and nuclei with relative errors of about 22% and 9% respectively. The optical equivalent technique correctly extracted scatterer size distributions that encompass nuclei and cells for chondrosarcomas and osteosarcomas ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively). The optical scattering contributions of nuclei were estimated at 52% for the chondrosarcomas and 69% for the osteosarcomas, probably indicating the abundant and the absent extracellular matrix respectively. Thus, the ultrasound and the optical methods brought complementary parameters. They successfully estimated morphological parameters at the cellular and the nuclear scales, making our bimodal technique promising for tumor characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Malinet
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Bruno Montcel
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Dutour
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, Equipe mort cellulaire et cancers pédiatriques, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon , France
| | - Iveta Fajnorova
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, Equipe mort cellulaire et cancers pédiatriques, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon , France
| | - Hervé Liebgott
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Muleki-Seya
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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2
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Hossain S, Hossain S. Mathematical and computational modeling for the determination of optical parameters of breast cancer cell. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:447-458. [PMID: 34323633 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1958339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study enumerates the quantitative measurement of optical parameters used in several diagnostic procedures for malignant tissue. Optical diagnosis is proposed due to its non-invasive and non-destructive nature. This paper recapitulates Fresnel equation (polarization independent) to determine the characteristic critical angle of malignant tissue. The critical angle of malignant tissue is lower than healthier tissue and is therefore an optical parameter of interest for lesion tissue diagnosis. Similarly, a quantitative analysis is derived to commensurate refractive index and absorption and reflective property of tissue and its nuance with healthier counterparts. The second dichotomy of the research concentrates on comparing and validating the mathematical analysis with COMSOL Multiphysics® 5.2 simulation. The magnitude of malignant tissue reflectance is obtained across a range of incident angle ranging from 0° to 90°. The simulation results satiate the quantitative analysis with only 1.3% deviation. This quantitative result provides prospect of collaborating bio-electromagnetism results with Artificial Intelligence technology for active disease progression diagnosis utilizing minimum invasive diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadeeb Hossain
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shamera Hossain
- Department of Cardiology, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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3
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Gant KL, Jambor AN, Li Z, Rentchler EC, Weisman P, Li L, Patankar MS, Campagnola PJ. Evaluation of Collagen Alterations in Early Precursor Lesions of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer by Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy and Mass Spectrometry. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112794. [PMID: 34199725 PMCID: PMC8200041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The collagen architecture in the extracellular matrix (ECM) is highly remodeled in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Many of these tumors begin in the fallopian tubes (FT) before metastasizing to the ovaries and it is important to study ECM alterations in carcinogenesis. Here, we used Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy to classify changes in the collagen fiber morphology in normal FT, and precursor pure p53 signatures and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STICs) in tissues with no HGSOC. Using a machine learning approach based on image features, we were able to discriminate the tissue groups with good classification accuracy. We additionally performed mass spectrometry analysis of normal and HGSOC tissues to associate the differential expression of collagen isoforms with fiber morphology alterations. This work provides new insights into ECM remodeling in early stage HGSOC and suggests the combined use of SHG microscopy and mass spectrometry as a new diagnostic/prognostic approach. Abstract Background: The collagen architecture in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is highly remodeled compared to the normal ovary and the fallopian tubes (FT). We previously used Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy and machine learning to classify the changes in collagen fiber morphology occurring in serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) lesions that are concurrent with HGSOC. We now extend these studies to examine collagen remodeling in pure p53 signatures, STICs and normal regions in tissues that have no concurrent HGSOC. This is an important distinction as high-grade disease can result in distant collagen changes through a field effect mechanism. Methods: We trained a linear discriminant model based on SHG texture and image features as a classifier to discriminate the tissue groups. We additionally performed mass spectrometry analysis of normal and HGSOC tissues to associate the differential expression of collagen isoforms with collagen fiber morphology alterations. Results: We quantified the differences in the collagen architecture between normal tissue and the precursors with good classification accuracy. Through proteomic analysis, we identified the downregulation of single α-chains including those for Col I and III, where these results are consistent with our previous SHG-based supramolecular analyses. Conclusion: This work provides new insights into ECM remodeling in early ovarian cancer and suggests the combined use of SHG microscopy and mass spectrometry as a new diagnostic/prognostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal L. Gant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.N.J.); (E.C.R.)
| | - Alexander N. Jambor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.N.J.); (E.C.R.)
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Eric C. Rentchler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.N.J.); (E.C.R.)
| | - Paul Weisman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (Z.L.); (L.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Manish S. Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (M.S.P.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Paul J. Campagnola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.N.J.); (E.C.R.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (M.S.P.); (P.J.C.)
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Arifler D, Guillaud M. Assessment of internal refractive index profile of stochastically inhomogeneous nuclear models via analysis of two-dimensional optical scattering patterns. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-200345RR. [PMID: 33973424 PMCID: PMC8107832 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical scattering signals obtained from tissue constituents contain a wealth of structural information. Conventional intensity features, however, are mostly dictated by the overall morphology and mean refractive index of these constituents, making it very difficult to exclusively sense internal refractive index fluctuations. AIM We perform a systematic analysis to elucidate how changes in internal refractive index profile of cell nuclei can best be detected via optical scattering. APPROACH We construct stochastically inhomogeneous nuclear models and numerically simulate their azimuth-resolved scattering patterns. We then process these two-dimensional patterns with the goal of identifying features that directly point to subnuclear structure. RESULTS Azimuth-dependent intensity variations over the side scattering range provide significant insights into subnuclear refractive index profile. A particular feature we refer to as contrast ratio is observed to be highly sensitive to the length scale and extent of refractive index fluctuations; further, this feature is not susceptible to changes in the overall size and mean refractive index of nuclei, thereby allowing for selective tracking of subnuclear structure that can be linked to chromatin distribution. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis will potentially pave the way for scattering-based assessment of chromatin reorganization that is considered to be a key hallmark of precancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizem Arifler
- Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Physics Group, Kalkanli, Turkey
| | - Martial Guillaud
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Imaging Unit, Vancouver BC, Canada
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Pinkert MA, Simmons ZJ, Niemeier RC, Dai B, Woods LB, Hall TJ, Campagnola PJ, Rogers JD, Eliceiri KW. Platform for quantitative multiscale imaging of tissue composition. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:1927-1946. [PMID: 32341858 PMCID: PMC7173879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.383248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the multi-level physical structure of biological features going from cellular to tissue level composition is a key factor in many major diseases. However, we are only beginning to understand the role of these structural changes because there are few dedicated multiscale imaging platforms with sensitivity at both the cellular and macrostructural spatial scale. A single platform reduces bias and complications from multiple sample preparation methods and can ease image registration. In order to address these needs, we have developed a multiscale imaging system using a range of imaging modalities sensitive to tissue composition: Ultrasound, Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy, Multiphoton Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Enhanced Backscattering. This paper details the system design, the calibration for each modality, and a demonstration experiment imaging a rabbit eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pinkert
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zachary J Simmons
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan C Niemeier
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bing Dai
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lauren B Woods
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J Hall
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul J Campagnola
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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6
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Zhou X, Gladstein S, Almassalha LM, Li Y, Eshein A, Cherkezyan L, Viswanathan P, Subramanian H, Szleifer I, Backman V. Preservation of cellular nano-architecture by the process of chemical fixation for nanopathology. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219006. [PMID: 31329606 PMCID: PMC6645510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation in chromatin organization is one of the most universal markers of carcinogenesis. Microscale chromatin alterations have been a staple of histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, and nanoscale alterations have emerged as a promising marker for cancer prognostication and the detection of predysplastic changes. While numerous methods have been developed to detect these alterations, most methods for sample preparation remain largely validated via conventional microscopy and have not been examined with nanoscale sensitive imaging techniques. For these nanoscale sensitive techniques to become standard of care screening tools, new histological protocols must be developed that preserve nanoscale information. Partial Wave Spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy has recently emerged as a novel imaging technique sensitive to length scales ranging between 20 and 200 nanometers. As a label-free, high-throughput, and non-invasive imaging technique, PWS microscopy is an ideal tool to quantify structural information during sample preparation. Therefore, in this work we applied PWS microscopy to systematically evaluate the effects of cytological preparation on the nanoscales changes of chromatin using two live cell models: a drug-based model of Hela cells differentially treated with daunorubicin and a cell line comparison model of two cells lines with inherently distinct chromatin organizations. Notably, we show that existing cytological preparation can be modified in order to maintain clinically relevant nanoscopic differences, paving the way for the emerging field of nanopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Scott Gladstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Luay M. Almassalha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Lusik Cherkezyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Parvathi Viswanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Bugter O, Spaander MCW, Bruno MJ, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Optical detection of field cancerization in the buccal mucosa of patients with esophageal cancer. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:152. [PMID: 29712897 PMCID: PMC5928160 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Esophageal cancer is an increasingly common type of neoplasm with a very poor prognosis. This prognosis could improve with more early tumor detection. We have previously shown that we can use an optical spectroscopy to detect field cancerization in the buccal mucosa of patients with laryngeal cancer. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether we could detect field cancerization of buccal mucosa of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods Optical measurements were performed in vivo using a novel optical technique: multidiameter single-fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy. MDSFR spectra were acquired by a handheld probe incorporating three fiber diameters. Multiple absorption and scattering parameters that are related to the physiological and ultrastructural properties of the buccal mucosa were derived from these spectra. A linear discriminant analysis of the parameters was performed to create a combined biomarker σ to discriminate oncologic from non-oncologic patients. Results Twelve ESCC, 12 EAC, and 24 control patients were included in the study. The median value of our biomarker σ was significantly higher in patients with ESCC (2.07 [1.93–2.10]) than control patients (1.86 [1.73–1.95], p = 0.022). After cross-validation σ was able to identify ESCC patients with a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 70.8%. There were no significant differences between the EAC group and the control group. Conclusion Field cancerization in the buccal mucosa can be detected using optical spectroscopy in ESCC patients. This may be the first step towards non-invasive ESCC cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Bugter
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Manon C W Spaander
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Optics, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, Delft, 2628 CK, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Simmons ZJ, Rogers JD. Microscope objective based 4 π spectroscopic tissue scattering goniometry. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:3828-3841. [PMID: 28856053 PMCID: PMC5560844 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of optical scattering as a function of angle, goniometry, can provide a wealth of information about tissue. The goniometry technique described here measures the intensity profile at the pupil planes of two microscope objectives with a scattering sample between them. The maximum observable scattering angle is extended by employing off-axis illumination. This configuration permits several advantages including: i) rapid measurement of scattering into 4π sr to characterize the entire scattering phase function in isotropic tissue, ii) sensitivity to axially asymmetric scattering from anisotropic fibrous tissue, iii) selective interrogation of small regions within spatially inhomogenous tissue, iv) concurrent measurement of scattering coefficient μs , and v) measurement of wavelength dependent scattering properties via spectrally tunable source. The instrument is validated by comparing measurements of microsphere suspensions to the Mie scattering solution. Instrument capabilities are demonstrated with samples of rat brain and mouse eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. J. Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 9433, Madison, WI 53705,
USA
| | - J. D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 9433, Madison, WI 53705,
USA
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Rao SS, Bushnell GG, Azarin SM, Spicer G, Aguado BA, Stoehr JR, Jiang EJ, Backman V, Shea LD, Jeruss JS. Enhanced Survival with Implantable Scaffolds That Capture Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells In Vivo. Cancer Res 2017; 76:5209-18. [PMID: 27635043 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The onset of distant organ metastasis from primary breast cancer marks the transition to a stage IV diagnosis. Standard imaging modalities often detect distant metastasis when the burden of disease is high, underscoring the need for improved methods of detection to allow for interventions that would impede disease progression. Here, microporous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were developed that capture early metastatic cells and thus serve as a sentinel for early detection. These scaffolds were used to characterize the dynamic immune response to the implant spanning the acute and chronic foreign body response. The immune cell composition had stabilized at the scaffold after approximately 1 month and changed dramatically within days to weeks after tumor inoculation, with CD11b(+)Gr1(hi)Ly6C(-) cells having the greatest increase in abundance. Implanted scaffolds recruited metastatic cancer cells that were inoculated into the mammary fat pad in vivo, which also significantly reduced tumor burden in the liver and brain. Additionally, cancer cells could be detected using a label-free imaging modality termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography, and we tested the hypothesis that subsequent removal of the primary tumor after early detection would enhance survival. Surgical removal of the primary tumor following cancer cell detection in the scaffold significantly improved disease-specific survival. The enhanced disease-specific survival was associated with a systemic reduction in the CD11b(+)Gr1(hi)Ly6C(-) cells as a consequence of the implant, which was further supported by Gr-1 depletion studies. Implementation of the scaffold may provide diagnostic and therapeutic options for cancer patients in both the high-risk and adjuvant treatment settings. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5209-18. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Graham Spicer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jenna R Stoehr
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Eric J Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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10
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Wu W, Radosevich AJ, Eshein A, Nguyen TQ, Yi J, Cherkezyan L, Roy HK, Szleifer I, Backman V. Using electron microscopy to calculate optical properties of biological samples. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:4749-4762. [PMID: 27896013 PMCID: PMC5119613 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic structural origins of optical properties in biological media are still not fully understood. Better understanding these origins can serve to improve the utility of existing techniques and facilitate the discovery of other novel techniques. We propose a novel analysis technique using electron microscopy (EM) to calculate optical properties of specific biological structures. This method is demonstrated with images of human epithelial colon cell nuclei. The spectrum of anisotropy factor g, the phase function and the shape factor D of the nuclei are calculated. The results show strong agreement with an independent study. This method provides a new way to extract the true phase function of biological samples and provides an independent validation for optical property measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wu
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Lusik Cherkezyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center/Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Yi J, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Blaha CS, Roy HK, Backman V. Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells. Biophys J 2016; 109:2218-26. [PMID: 26636933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin organization has a fundamental impact on the whole spectrum of genomic functions. Quantitative characterization of the chromatin structure, particularly at submicron length scales where chromatin fractal globules are formed, is critical to understanding this structure-function relationship. Such analysis is currently challenging due to the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. We herein present an optical approach termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to characterize the mass density fractality of chromatin, and we apply the technique to observe chromatin decompaction in live cells. The technique makes it possible for the first time, to our knowledge, to sense intracellular morphology with length-scale sensitivity from ∼30 to 450 nm, thus primarily probing the higher-order chromatin structure, without resolving the actual structures. We used chromatin decompaction due to inhibition of histone deacytelases and measured the subsequent changes in the fractal dimension of the intracellular structure. The results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Catherine S Blaha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
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12
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Abstract
Current simulation methods for light transport in biological media have limited efficiency and realism when applied to three-dimensional microscopic light transport in biological tissues with refractive heterogeneities. We describe here a technique which combines a beam propagation method valid for modeling light transport in media with weak variations in refractive index, with a fractal model of refractive index turbulence. In contrast to standard simulation methods, this fractal propagation method (FPM) is able to accurately and efficiently simulate the diffraction effects of focused beams, as well as the microscopic heterogeneities present in tissue that result in scattering, refractive beam steering, and the aberration of beam foci. We validate the technique and the relationship between the FPM model parameters and conventional optical parameters used to describe tissues, and also demonstrate the method's flexibility and robustness by examining the steering and distortion of Gaussian and Bessel beams in tissue with comparison to experimental data. We show that the FPM has utility for the accurate investigation and optimization of optical microscopy methods such as light-sheet, confocal, and nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan T.C. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Azarin SM, Yi J, Gower RM, Aguado BA, Sullivan ME, Goodman AG, Jiang EJ, Rao SS, Ren Y, Tucker SL, Backman V, Jeruss JS, Shea LD. In vivo capture and label-free detection of early metastatic cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8094. [PMID: 26348915 PMCID: PMC4563812 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death for women, with mortality resulting from metastasis. Metastases are often detected once tumor cells affect the function of solid organs, with a high disease burden limiting effective treatment. Here we report a method for the early detection of metastasis using an implanted scaffold to recruit and capture metastatic cells in vivo, which achieves high cell densities and reduces the tumor burden within solid organs 10-fold. Recruitment is associated with infiltration of immune cells, which include Gr1hiCD11b+ cells. We identify metastatic cells in the scaffold through a label-free detection system using inverse-spectroscopic optical coherence tomography, which identifies changes to nanoscale tissue architecture associated with the presence of tumor cells. For patients at risk of recurrence, scaffold implantation following completion of primary therapy has the potential to identify metastatic disease at the earliest stage, enabling initiation of therapy while the disease burden is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Robert M Gower
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Megan E Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ashley G Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Eric J Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yinying Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Susan L Tucker
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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14
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Mutyal NN, Radosevich AJ, Bajaj S, Konda V, Siddiqui UD, Waxman I, Goldberg MJ, Rogers JD, Gould B, Eshein A, Upadhye S, Koons A, Gonzalez-Haba Ruiz M, Roy HK, Backman V. In vivo risk analysis of pancreatic cancer through optical characterization of duodenal mucosa. Pancreas 2015; 44:735-41. [PMID: 25906443 DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reduce pancreatic cancer mortality, a paradigm shift in cancer screening is needed. Our group pioneered the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to predict the presence of pancreatic cancer by interrogating the duodenal mucosa. A previous ex vivo study (n = 203) demonstrated excellent diagnostic potential: sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 71%; and accuracy, 85%. The objective of the current case-control study was to evaluate this approach in vivo. METHODS We developed a novel endoscope-compatible fiber-optic probe to measure LEBS in the periampullary duodenum of 41 patients undergoing upper endoscopy. This approach enables minimally invasive detection of the ultrastructural consequences of pancreatic field carcinogenesis. RESULTS The LEBS parameters and optical properties were significantly altered in patients harboring adenocarcinomas (including early-stage) throughout the pancreas relative to healthy controls. Test performance characteristics were excellent with sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 85%, and accuracy = 81%. Moreover, the LEBS prediction rule was not confounded by patients' demographics. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo measurement of histologically normal duodenal mucosa to predict the presence of adenocarcinoma throughout the pancreas. This represents the next step in establishing duodenal LEBS analysis as a prescreening technique that identifies clinically asymptomatic patients who are at elevated risk of PC.
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15
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Radosevich AJ, Mutyal NN, Eshein A, Nguyen TQ, Gould B, Rogers JD, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Yen EF, Konda V, Rex DK, Van Dam J, Backman V, Roy HK. Rectal Optical Markers for In Vivo Risk Stratification of Premalignant Colorectal Lesions. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4347-4355. [PMID: 25991816 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States despite being eminently preventable by colonoscopy via removal of premalignant adenomas. In order to more effectively reduce colorectal cancer mortality, improved screening paradigms are needed. Our group pioneered the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to detect the presence of adenomas throughout the colon via optical interrogation of the rectal mucosa. In a previous ex vivo biopsy study of 219 patients, LEBS demonstrated excellent diagnostic potential with 89.5% accuracy for advanced adenomas. The objective of the current cross-sectional study is to assess the viability of rectal LEBS in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Measurements from 619 patients were taken using a minimally invasive 3.4-mm diameter LEBS probe introduced into the rectum via anoscope or direct insertion, requiring approximately 1 minute from probe insertion to withdrawal. The diagnostic LEBS marker was formed as a logistic regression of the optical reduced scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] and mass density distribution factor D. RESULTS The rectal LEBS marker was significantly altered in patients harboring advanced adenomas and multiple non-advanced adenomas throughout the colon. Blinded and cross-validated test performance characteristics showed 88% sensitivity to advanced adenomas, 71% sensitivity to multiple non-advanced adenomas, and 72% specificity in the validation set. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the viability of in vivo LEBS measurement of histologically normal rectal mucosa to predict the presence of clinically relevant adenomas throughout the colon. The current work represents the next step in the development of rectal LEBS as a tool for colorectal cancer risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil N Mutyal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Adam Eshein
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Bradley Gould
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston, Il
| | - Laura K Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston, Il
| | - Eugene F Yen
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystems, Evanston, Il
| | - Vani Konda
- Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jacques Van Dam
- Advanced Digestive Health Center, University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Il
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Sridharan S, Macias V, Tangella K, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Popescu G. Prediction of prostate cancer recurrence using quantitative phase imaging. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9976. [PMID: 25975368 DOI: 10.1038/srep09976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer among individuals who undergo radical prostatectomy for treatment is around 25%. Current clinical methods often fail at successfully predicting recurrence among patients at intermediate risk for recurrence. We used a label-free method, spatial light interference microscopy, to perform localized measurements of light scattering in prostatectomy tissue microarrays. We show, for the first time to our knowledge, that anisotropy of light scattering in the stroma immediately adjoining cancerous glands can be used to identify patients at higher risk for recurrence. The data show that lower value of anisotropy corresponds to a higher risk for recurrence, meaning that the stroma adjoining the glands of recurrent patients is more fractionated than in non-recurrent patients. Our method outperformed the widely accepted clinical tool CAPRA-S in the cases we interrogated irrespective of Gleason grade, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stage. These results suggest that QPI shows promise in assisting pathologists to improve prediction of prostate cancer recurrence.
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17
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Radosevich AJ, Eshein A, Nguyen TQ, Backman V. Subdiffusion reflectance spectroscopy to measure tissue ultrastructure and microvasculature: model and inverse algorithm. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:097002. [PMID: 26414387 PMCID: PMC4963470 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reflectance measurements acquired from within the subdiffusion regime (i.e., lengthscales smaller than a transport mean free path) retain much of the original information about the shape of the scattering phase function. Given this sensitivity, many models of subdiffusion regime light propagation have focused on parametrizing the optical signal through various optical and empirical parameters. We argue, however, that a more useful and universal way to characterize such measurements is to focus instead on the fundamental physical properties, which give rise to the optical signal. This work presents the methodologies that used to model and extract tissue ultrastructural and microvascular properties from spatially resolved subdiffusion reflectance spectroscopy measurements. We demonstrate this approach using ex-vivo rat tissue samples measured by enhanced backscattering spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Andrew J. Radosevich, E-mail:
| | - Adam Eshein
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering, Tech E310, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Radosevich AJ, Mutyal NN, Rogers JD, Gould B, Hensing TA, Ray D, Backman V, Roy HK. Buccal spectral markers for lung cancer risk stratification. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110157. [PMID: 25299667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the US with >150,000 deaths per year. In order to more effectively reduce lung cancer mortality, more sophisticated screening paradigms are needed. Previously, our group demonstrated the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to detect and quantify the micro/nano-architectural correlates of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis. In the lung, the buccal (cheek) mucosa has been suggested as an excellent surrogate site in the “field of injury”. We, therefore, wanted to assess whether LEBS could similarly sense the presence of lung. To this end, we applied a fiber-optic LEBS probe to a dataset of 27 smokers without diagnosed lung cancer (controls) and 46 with lung cancer (cases), which was divided into a training and a blinded validation set (32 and 41 subjects, respectively). LEBS readings of the buccal mucosa were taken from the oral cavity applying gentle contact. The diagnostic LEBS marker was notably altered in patients harboring lung cancer compared to smoking controls. The prediction rule developed on training set data provided excellent diagnostics with 94% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and 95% accuracy. Applying the same threshold to the blinded validation set yielded 79% sensitivity and 83% specificity. These results were not confounded by patient demographics or impacted by cancer type or location. Moreover, the prediction rule was robust across all stages of cancer including stage I. We envision the use of LEBS as the first part of a two-step paradigm shift in lung cancer screening in which patients with high LEBS risk markers are funnelled into more invasive screening for confirmation.
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Yi J, Radosevich AJ, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Mutyal NN, Azarin SM, Horcher E, Goldberg MJ, Bianchi LK, Bajaj S, Roy HK, Backman V. Spatially resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis observed by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:36013. [PMID: 24643530 PMCID: PMC4019430 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Field carcinogenesis is the initial stage of cancer progression. Understanding field carcinogenesis is valuable for both cancer biology and clinical medicine. Here, we used inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to study colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PC) field carcinogenesis. Depth-resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of the mucosa were quantified from histologically normal rectal biopsies from patients with and without colon adenomas (n=85) as well as from histologically normal peri-ampullary duodenal biopsies from patients with and without PC (n=22). Changes in the epithelium and stroma in CRC field carcinogenesis were separately quantified. In both compartments, optical and ultra-structural alterations were consistent. Optical alterations included lower backscattering (μb) and reduced scattering (μs') coefficients and higher anisotropy factor g. Ultrastructurally pronounced alterations were observed at length scales up to ∼450 nm, with the shape of the mass density correlation function having a higher shape factor D, thus implying a shift to larger length scales. Similar alterations were found in the PC field carcinogenesis despite the difference in genetic pathways and etiologies. We further verified that the chromatin clumping in epithelial cells and collagen cross-linking caused D to increase in vitro and could be among the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in epithelium and stroma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yi
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Andrew J. Radosevich
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Yolanda Stypula-Cyrus
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nikhil N. Mutyal
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Samira Michelle Azarin
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Elizabeth Horcher
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Laura K. Bianchi
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Shailesh Bajaj
- NorthShore University Health Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, E-mail:
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