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Park Y, Jin S, Noda I, Jung YM. Continuing progress in the field of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), part I. Yesterday and today. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121573. [PMID: 35870431 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive survey review, as the first of three parts, compiles past developments and early concepts of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) and subsequent evolution, as well as its early applications in various fields for the last 35 years. It covers past review articles, books, proceedings, and numerous research papers published on 2D-COS. 2D-COS continues to evolve and grow with new significant developments and versatile applications in diverse scientific fields. The healthy, vigorous, and diverse progress of 2D-COS studies in many fields confirms that it is well accepted as a powerful analytical technique to provide the in-depth understanding of systems of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Park
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Sila Jin
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Isao Noda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea.
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2
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Kim J, Lee W, Kim H, Ryu DY, Ahn H, Chae B. In-depth probing of thermally-driven phase separation behavior of lamella-forming PS-b-PMMA films by infrared nanoscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 274:121095. [PMID: 35279517 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A non-invasive, image-based analytic method utilizing scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is suggested to evaluate the phase separation behavior of lamella-forming polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer films. Taking advantage of the penetrability of the tip-enhanced IR signal into the films, the spatio-spectral maps of each component are constructed. Subsequently, the effect of a sole and combinatorial applications of the self-assembly procedures, such as solvent vapor annealing (SVA) and/or thermal annealing (TA), on the spatial distribution of PS or PMMA components is quantitatively assessed in terms of the areal portions of the PS domain, PMMA domain, and the mixed zone that is adjacent to the domain border. Additionally, by statistically comparing the local concentration profiles, the chemical contrast between the domains turns out to be dependent upon the annealing procedures (namely, SVA and SVA + TA). This technique can pave the way to an uncomplicated but precise investigation of the polymer nanostructure-based thin film devices whose performances are critically governed by the spatial arrangement of the chemical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Kim
- Industry Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Industry Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Kim
- Industry Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Industry Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Boknam Chae
- Industry Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Cheng J, Zhong Z, Lin Y, Su Z, Zhang C, Zhang X. Miscibility of isotactic poly(1-butene)/isotactic polypropylene blends studied by atomic force Microscopy−Infrared. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Zhang F, Ge W, Wang C, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang X, Xue X, Qing G. Highly Strong and Solvent-Resistant Cellulose Nanocrystal Photonic Films for Optical Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17118-17128. [PMID: 33793208 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are powerful photonic building blocks for the fabrication of biosourced colored films. A combination of the advantages of self-assembled CNCs and multiple templating agents offers access to the development of novel physicochemical sensors, structural coatings, and optic devices. However, due to the inherent brittleness and water instability of CNC-derived materials, their further applications are widely questionable and restrictive. Here, a soft polymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was introduced into the rigid CNC system to balance molecular interactions, whereafter two hard/soft nanocomposites were fastened through a cross-linking reaction of glutaraldehyde (GA), resulting in a highly flexible, water-stable, and chiral nematic CNC composite film through an evaporation-induced self-assembly technique. For a 1.5 wt % GA-cross-linked 70 wt % CNC loading film, its treatment with harsh hydrophilic exposure (soaking in a strong acid, strong base, and seawater) and various organic solvents show exceptional solvent-resistant abilities. Furthermore, the film can even withstand a weight of 167 g cm-2 without failure, which is a highly stiff and durable character. Importantly, the film remains a highly ordered chiral nematic organization, being able to act as a highly transparent substrate for selective reflection of left-handed circularly polarized light, preparing fully covered and patterned full-color coatings on various substrates. Our work paves the way for applications in low-cost, durable, and photonic cellulosic coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenna Ge
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cunli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xintong Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiancheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xingya Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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5
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Kenkel S, Mittal S, Bhargava R. Closed-loop atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopic imaging for nanoscale molecular characterization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3225. [PMID: 32591515 PMCID: PMC7320136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopic imaging offers non-perturbative, molecular contrast for nanoscale characterization. The need to mitigate measurement artifacts and enhance sensitivity, however, requires narrowly-defined and strict sample preparation protocols. This limits reliable and facile characterization; for example, when using common substrates such as Silicon or glass. Here, we demonstrate a closed-loop (CL) piezo controller design for responsivity-corrected AFM-IR imaging. Instead of the usual mode of recording cantilever deflection driven by sample expansion, the principle of our approach is to maintain a zero amplitude harmonic cantilever deflection by CL control of a subsample piezo. We show that the piezo voltage used to maintain a null deflection provides a reliable measure of the local IR absorption with significantly reduced noise. A complete analytical description of the CL operation and characterization of the controller for achieving robust performance are presented. Accurate measurement of IR absorption of nanothin PMMA films on glass and Silicon validates the robust capability of CL AFM-IR in routine mapping of nanoscale molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kenkel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shachi Mittal
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Cancer Center at Illinois and the Departments Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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6
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Kemel K, Deniset-Besseau A, Baillet-Guffroy A, Faivre V, Dazzi A, Laugel C. Nanoscale investigation of human skin and study of skin penetration of Janus nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119193. [PMID: 32135229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Janus nanoparticles (JNP) are innovative nanocarriers with an interesting pharmaceutical and cosmetic potential. They are characterized by the presence of a lipid compartment associated with an aqueous compartment delimited by a phospholipid bilayer containing phospholipids and non-ionic surfactants. The hydrodynamic diameter of JNP varies between 150 and 300 nm. The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: after cutaneous application, are JNP penetrating? If so, how deep? And in which state, intact or degraded? It was essential to understand these phenomena in order to control the rate and kinetics of diffusion of active ingredients, which can be encapsulated in this vehicle for pharmaceutical or cosmetic purposes. An innovative technique called AFM-IR, was used to elucidate the behavior of JNP after cutaneous application. This instrument, coupling atomic force microscopy and IR spectroscopy, allowing to perform chemical analysis at the nanometer scale thanks to local absorption measurements. The identification of organic molecules at the nanoscale is possible without any labelling. Before cutaneous application of JNP, the nano-structure of untreated human skin was investigated with AFM-IR. Then, in vitro human skin penetration of JNP was studied using Franz cells, and AFM-IR allowed us to perform ultra-local information investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilia Kemel
- U-Psud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Lip(Sys)2 Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, EA7357, UFR-Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Ariane Deniset-Besseau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arlette Baillet-Guffroy
- U-Psud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Lip(Sys)2 Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, EA7357, UFR-Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vincent Faivre
- Equipe Physico-chimie des Systèmes Polyphasés, UMR CNRS 8612, Labex LERMIT Université Paris Sud, France
| | - Alexandre Dazzi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Laugel
- U-Psud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Lip(Sys)2 Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, EA7357, UFR-Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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7
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Li C, Wang Z, Liu W, Ji X, Su Z. Copolymer Distribution in Core–Shell Rubber Particles in High-Impact Polypropylene Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy–Infrared. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zeqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiangling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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8
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Liu Z, Rios-Carvajal T, Ceccato M, Hassenkam T. Nanoscale chemical mapping of oxygen functional groups on graphene oxide using atomic force microscopy-coupled infrared spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:458-465. [PMID: 31473536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The unambiguous determination of the chemical functionality over graphene oxide (GO) is important to unleash its potential applications. However, the mapping of oxygen functionalities distribution remains to be unequivocally determined because of highly inhomogeneous non-stoichiometric structures and ultra-thin layers of GO. In this study, we report an experimental observation of the spatial distribution of oxygen functional groups on monolayer and multilayer GO using AFM-IR, atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy. Overcoming conventional IR diffraction limit for several micrometers, the novel AFM-IR reaches high spatial resolution ∼20 nm and could detect IR absorption on ∼1 nm thickness of monolayer GO. With nanoscale chemical mapping, the distribution of different oxygen functional groups is distinguished with AFM-IR over the GO surface. It allows us to observe that these oxygen functional groups prefer to sit on the fold areas, in discrete domains and on the edges of GO, which gave more insights into its chemical nature. The determination of the position of functional groups through precise imaging contributes to our understanding of GO structure-properties relations and paves the way for targeted tethering of polymers, biomaterials, and other nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Liu
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Tatiana Rios-Carvajal
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Ceccato
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue Hassenkam
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Wang CT, Jiang B, Zhou YW, Jiang TW, Liu JH, Zhu GD, Cai WB. Exploiting the Surface-Enhanced IR Absorption Effect in the Photothermally Induced Resonance AFM-IR Technique toward Nanoscale Chemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10541-10548. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Tzu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Wen Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Kochan K, Perez-Guaita D, Pissang J, Jiang JH, Peleg AY, McNaughton D, Heraud P, Wood BR. In vivo atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy of bacteria. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0115. [PMID: 29593091 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new experimental platform for probing nanoscale molecular changes in living bacteria using atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy is demonstrated. This near-field technique is eminently suited to the study of single bacterial cells. Here, we report its application to monitor dynamical changes occurring in the cell wall during cell division in Staphylococcus aureus using AFM to demonstrate the division of the cell and AFM-IR to record spectra showing the thickening of the septum. This work was followed by an investigation into single cells, with particular emphasis on cell-wall signatures, in several bacterial species. Specifically, mainly cell wall components from S. aureus and Escherichia coli containing complex carbohydrate and phosphodiester groups, including peptidoglycans and teichoic acid, could be identified and mapped at nanometre spatial resolution. Principal component analysis of AFM-IR spectra of six living bacterial species enabled the discrimination of Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria based on spectral bands originating mainly from the cell wall components. The ability to monitor in vivo molecular changes during cellular processes in bacteria at the nanoscale opens a new platform to study environmental influences and other factors that affect bacterial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kochan
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Pissang
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia .,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
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Ramer G, Aksyuk VA, Centrone A. Quantitative Chemical Analysis at the Nanoscale Using the Photothermal Induced Resonance Technique. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13524-13531. [PMID: 29165992 PMCID: PMC5841475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), also known as AFM-IR, is a scanning probe technique that provides sample composition information with a lateral resolution down to 20 nm. Interest in PTIR stems from its ability to identify unknown samples at the nanoscale thanks, in first approximation, to the direct comparability of PTIR spectra with far-field infrared databases. The development of rapidly tuning quantum cascade lasers has increased the PTIR throughput considerably, making nanoscale hyperspectral imaging within a reasonable time frame possible. Consequently, a better understanding of PTIR signal generation and of the fine details of PTIR analysis has become of paramount importance for extending complex IR analysis methods developed in the far-field, e.g., for classification and hyperspectral imaging, to nanoscale PTIR spectra. Here we calculate PTIR spectra via thin-film optics, to identify subtle changes (band shifts, deviation from linear approximation, etc.) for common sample parameters in the case of PTIR with total internal reflection illumination. Results show signal intensity linearity and small band shifts as long as the sample is prepared correctly, with band shifts typically smaller than macroscale attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. Finally, a generally applicable algorithm to retrieve the pure imaginary component of the refractive index (i.e., the chemically specific information) is provided to overcome the PTIR spectra nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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12
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Fu W, Carbrello C, Wu X, Zhang W. Visualizing and quantifying the nanoscale hydrophobicity and chemical distribution of surface modified polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15550-15557. [PMID: 28984332 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modifications bring unique properties into polymeric membranes that may have enhanced filtration or separation efficiencies, antifouling, antimicrobial activity and selectivity. However, there is a lack of nanoscale characterization of the chemical additive distribution and the impacts of chemical modifiers or additives on membrane surface properties, especially those at the nanoscale. In this study, a series of industrially relevant polyethersulfone (PES) membranes modified with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were analysed systematically. Particularly, hydrophobicity and chemical distribution were scrutinized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and AFM coupled with infrared analysis capability (AFM-IR) for the first time that successfully resolved nanoscale structural and chemical properties of the chemically modified PES membranes. Our results indicated the heterogeneous spatial distribution of PVP and PEG based on their characteristic IR bands and the resulting hydrophobicity distribution on modified membrane surfaces at the nanoscale. Particularly, we established a linear correlation (R2 = 0.9449) between the measured adhesion force and water contact angles, which enabled the examination of local surface hydrophobicity. The PES membranes became more hydrophilic with the increasing blend of PVP and PEG. With AFM-IR, trace amounts (1-4%) of PVP could be identified sensitively on PES membranes based on their unique characteristic IR bands, which were not achieved by FTIR or IR mapping. Overall, these novel characterization approaches hold paramount importance for the design and quality control of polymer membrane modification and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fu
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Saboo S, Taylor LS. Water-induced phase separation of miconazole-poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) amorphous solid dispersions: Insights with confocal fluorescence microscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:654-666. [PMID: 28705623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) to study the water-induced phase separation of miconazole-poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (mico-PVPVA) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), induced during preparation, upon storage at high relative humidity (RH) and during dissolution. Different fluorescent dyes were added to drug-polymer films and the location of the dyes was evaluated using CFM. Orthogonal techniques, in particular atomic force microscopy (AFM) coupled with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy (AFM-nanoIR), were used to provide additional analysis of the drug-polymer blends. The initial miscibility of mico-PVPVA ASDs prepared under low humidity conditions was confirmed by AFM-nanoIR. CFM enabled rapid identification of drug-rich and polymer-rich phases in phase separated films prepared under high humidity conditions. The identity of drug- and polymer-rich domains was confirmed using AFM-nanoIR imaging and localized IR spectroscopy, together with Lorentz contact resonance (LCR) measurements. The CFM technique was then utilized successfully to further investigate phase separation in mico-PVPVA films exposed to high RH storage and to visualize phase separation dynamics following film immersion in buffer. CFM is thus a promising new approach to study the phase behavior of ASDs, utilizing drug and polymer specific dyes to visualize the evolution of heterogeneity in films exposed to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saboo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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14
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Gong L, Chase DB, Noda I, Marcott CA, Liu J, Martin DC, Ni C, Rabolt JF. Polymorphic Distribution in Individual Electrospun Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBHx) Nanofibers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - D. Bruce Chase
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Isao Noda
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Danimer Scientific, Bainbridge, Georgia 39818, United States
| | - Curtis A. Marcott
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Light Light Solutions, Athens, Georgia 30608, United States
| | - Jinglin Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - David C. Martin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chaoying Ni
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - John F. Rabolt
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Yoon Y, Chae J, Katzenmeyer AM, Yoon HP, Schumacher J, An S, Centrone A, Zhitenev N. Nanoscale imaging and spectroscopy of band gap and defects in polycrystalline photovoltaic devices. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7771-7780. [PMID: 28426088 PMCID: PMC5584056 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Improving the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) devices is challenging because the generation, separation and collection of electron-hole pairs are strongly dependent on details of the nanoscale chemical composition and defects which are often poorly known. In this work, two novel scanning probe nano-spectroscopy techniques, direct-transmission near-field scanning optical microscopy (dt-NSOM) and photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), are implemented to probe the distribution of defects and the bandgap variation in thin lamellae extracted from polycrystalline CdTe PV devices. dt-NSOM provides high-contrast spatially-resolved maps of light transmitted through the sample at selected wavelengths. PTIR provides absorption maps and spectra over a broad spectral range, from visible to mid-infrared. Results show variation of the bandgap through the CdTe thickness and from grain to grain that is spatially uncorrelated with the distributions of shallow and deep defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Yoon
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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16
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Strelcov E, Dong Q, Li T, Chae J, Shao Y, Deng Y, Gruverman A, Huang J, Centrone A. CH 3NH 3PbI 3 perovskites: Ferroelasticity revealed. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602165. [PMID: 28439542 PMCID: PMC5392022 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectricity has been proposed as a plausible mechanism to explain the high photovoltaic conversion efficiency in organic-inorganic perovskites; however, convincing experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis is still missing. Identifying and distinguishing ferroelectricity from other properties, such as piezoelectricity, ferroelasticity, etc., is typically nontrivial because these phenomena can coexist in many materials. In this work, a combination of microscopic and nanoscale techniques provides solid evidence for the existence of ferroelastic domains in both CH3NH3PbI3 polycrystalline films and single crystals in the pristine state and under applied stress. Experiments show that the configuration of CH3NH3PbI3 ferroelastic domains in single crystals and polycrystalline films can be controlled with applied stress, suggesting that strain engineering may be used to tune the properties of this material. No evidence of concomitant ferroelectricity was observed. Because grain boundaries have an impact on the long-term stability of organic-inorganic perovskite devices, and because the ferroelastic domain boundaries may differ from regular grain boundaries, the discovery of ferroelasticity provides a new variable to consider in the quest for improving their stability and enabling their widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgheni Strelcov
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qingfeng Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jungseok Chae
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yuchuan Shao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yehao Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Alexei Gruverman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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17
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Fu W, Zhang W. Hybrid AFM for Nanoscale Physicochemical Characterization: Recent Development and Emerging Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603525. [PMID: 28121376 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved to be one of the most powerful tools for the characterization of material surfaces especially at the nanoscale. Recent development of AFM has incorporated a suite of analytical techniques including surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to further reveal chemical composition and map the chemical distribution. This incorporation not only elevates the functionality of AFM but also increases the resolution limitation of conventional IR and Raman spectroscopy. Despite the rapid development of such hybrid AFM techniques, many unique features, principles, applications, potential pitfalls or artifacts are not well known to the community. This review systematically summarizes the recent relevant literature on hybrid AFM principles and applications. It focuses specially on AFM-IR and AFM-Raman techniques. Various applications in different research fields are critically reviewed and discussed, highlighting the potentials of these hybrid AFM techniques. Here, the major drawbacks and limitations of these two hybrid AFM techniques are presented. The intentions of this article are to shed new light on the future research and achieve improvements in stability and reliability of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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18
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Dazzi A, Prater CB. AFM-IR: Technology and Applications in Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging. Chem Rev 2016; 117:5146-5173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dazzi
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Craig B. Prater
- Anasys Instruments, 325 Chapala
St., Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
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19
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Tang F, Bao P, Su Z. Analysis of Nanodomain Composition in High-Impact Polypropylene by Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4926-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Peite Bao
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific R&D., Ltd., 1099 Zixing Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
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20
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Baldassarre L, Giliberti V, Rosa A, Ortolani M, Bonamore A, Baiocco P, Kjoller K, Calvani P, Nucara A. Mapping the amide I absorption in single bacteria and mammalian cells with resonant infrared nanospectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:075101. [PMID: 26778320 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/7/075101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy performed in conjunction with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a novel, label-free spectroscopic technique that meets the increasing request for nano-imaging tools with chemical specificity in the field of life sciences. In the novel resonant version of AFM-IR, a mid-IR wavelength-tunable quantum cascade laser illuminates the sample below an AFM tip working in contact mode, and the repetition rate of the mid-IR pulses matches the cantilever mechanical resonance frequency. The AFM-IR signal is the amplitude of the cantilever oscillations driven by the thermal expansion of the sample after absorption of mid-IR radiation. Using purposely nanofabricated polymer samples, here we demonstrate that the AFM-IR signal increases linearly with the sample thickness t for t > 50 nm, as expected from the thermal expansion model of the sample volume below the AFM tip. We then show the capability of the apparatus to derive information on the protein distribution in single cells through mapping of the AFM-IR signal related to the amide-I mid-IR absorption band at 1660 cm(-1). In Escherichia Coli bacteria we see how the topography changes, observed when the cell hosts a protein over-expression plasmid, are correlated with the amide I signal intensity. In human HeLa cells we obtain evidence that the protein distribution in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus is uneven, with a lateral resolution better than 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baldassarre
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, V.le Regina Elena 291, Rome I-00185, Italy
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21
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Chae J, Dong Q, Huang J, Centrone A. Chloride Incorporation Process in CH₃NH₃PbI(3-x)Cl(x) Perovskites via Nanoscale Bandgap Maps. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:8114-21. [PMID: 26528710 PMCID: PMC4746708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) perovskites enable fabrication of highly efficient solar cells. Chloride ions benefit the morphology, carrier diffusion length, and stability of perovskite films; however, whether those benefits stem from the presence of Cl(-) in the precursor solution or from their incorporation in annealed films is debated. In this work, the photothermal-induced resonance, an in situ technique with nanoscale resolution, is leveraged to measure the bandgap of CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) films obtained by a multicycle coating process that produces high efficiency (∼16%) solar cells. Because chloride ions modify the perovskite lattice, thereby widening the bandgap, measuring the bandgap locally yields the local chloride content. After a mild annealing (60 min, 60 °C) the films consist of Cl-rich (x < 0.3) and Cl-poor phases that upon further annealing (110 °C) evolve into a homogeneous Cl-poorer (x < 0.06) phase, suggesting that methylammonium-chrloride is progressively expelled from the film. Despite the small chloride content, CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) films show better thermal stability up to 140 °C with respect CH3NH3PbI3 films fabricated with the same methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungseok Chae
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Qingfeng Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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22
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Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Miscibility of Itraconazole-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Blends: Insights with High Resolution Analytical Methodologies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4542-53. [PMID: 26567698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-polymer miscibility is considered to be a prerequisite to achieve an optimally performing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). Unfortunately, it can be challenging to evaluate drug-polymer miscibility experimentally. The aim of this study was to investigate the miscibility of ASDs of itraconazole (ITZ) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) using a variety of analytical approaches. The phase behavior of ITZ-HPMC films prepared by solvent evaporation was studied before and after heating. Conventional methodology for miscibility determination, that is, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was used in conjunction with emerging analytical techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy coupled with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy and nanothermal analysis (AFM-nanoIR-nanoTA). DSC results showed a single glass transition event for systems with 10% to 50% drug loading, suggesting that the ASDs were miscible, whereas phase separation was observed for all of the films based on the other techniques. The AFM-coupled techniques indicated that the phase separation occurred at the submicron scale. When the films were heated, it was observed that the ASD components underwent mixing. The results provide new insights into the phase behavior of itraconazole-HPMC dispersions and suggest that the emerging analytical techniques discussed herein are promising for the characterization of miscibility and microstructure in drug-polymer systems. The observed differences in the phase behavior in films prepared by solvent evaporation before and after heating also have implications for processing routes and suggest that spray drying/solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion/melt mixing can result in ASDs with varying extent of miscibility between the drug and the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Purohit
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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23
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Chae J, Lahiri B, Kohoutek J, Holland G, Lezec H, Centrone A. Metal-dielectric-metal resonators with deep subwavelength dielectric layers increase the near-field SEIRA enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25912-25922. [PMID: 26480106 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures presenting either structural asymmetry or metal-dielectric-metal (M-D-M) architecture are commonly used structures to increase the quality factor and the near-field confinement in plasmonic materials. This characteristic can be leveraged for example to increase the sensitivity of IR spectroscopy, via the surface enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA) effect. In this work, we combine structural asymmetry with the M-D-M architecture to realize Ag-Ag(2)O-Ag asymmetric ring resonators where two Ag layers sandwich a native silver oxide (Ag(2)O) layer. Their IR response is compared with the one of fully metallic (Ag) resonators of the same size and shape. The photothermal induced resonance technique (PTIR) is used to obtain near-field SEIRA absorption maps and spectra with nanoscale resolution. Although the native Ag(2)O layer is only 1 nm to 2 nm thick, it increases the quality factor of the resonators' dark-mode by ≈27% and the SEIRA enhancement by ≈44% with respect to entirely Ag structures.
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24
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Ramer G, Balbekova A, Schwaighofer A, Lendl B. Method for time-resolved monitoring of a solid state biological film using photothermal infrared nanoscopy on the example of poly-L-lysine. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4415-20. [PMID: 25809862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report time-resolved photothermal infrared nanoscopy measurements across a spectral range of more than 100 cm(-1) (1565 cm(-1) to 1729 cm(-1)) at nanoscale spatial resolution. This is achieved through a custom-built system using broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers in combination with a commercially available atomic force microscope. The new system is applied to the analysis of conformational changes of a polypeptide (poly-l-lysine) film upon temperature-induced changes of the humidity in the film. Changes of the secondary structure from β-sheet to α-helix could be monitored at a time resolution of 15 s per spectrum. The time-resolved spectra are well comparable to reference measurements acquired with conventional Fourier transform infrared microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Balbekova
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 UPA, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Muller EA, Pollard B, Raschke MB. Infrared Chemical Nano-Imaging: Accessing Structure, Coupling, and Dynamics on Molecular Length Scales. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1275-84. [PMID: 26262987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights recent advances in infrared vibrational chemical nano-imaging. In its implementations of scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), IR nanospectroscopy provides few-nanometer spatial resolution for the investigation of polymer, biomaterial, and related soft-matter surfaces and nanostructures. Broad-band IR s-SNOM with coherent laser and synchrotron sources allows for chemical recognition with small-ensemble sensitivity and the potential for sensitivity reaching the single-molecule limit. Probing selected vibrational marker resonances, it gives access to nanoscale chemical imaging of composition, domain morphologies, order/disorder, molecular orientation, or crystallographic phases. Local intra- and intermolecular coupling can be measured through frequency shifts of a vibrational marker in heterogeneous environments and associated inhomogeneities in vibrational dephasing. In combination with ultrafast spectroscopy, the vibrational coherent evolution of homogeneous sub-ensembles coupled to their environment can be observed. Outstanding challenges are discussed in terms of extensions to coherent and multidimensional spectroscopies, implementation in liquid and in situ environments, general sample limitations, and engineering s-SNOM scanning probes to better control the nano-localized optical excitation and to increase sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Muller
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin Pollard
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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26
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Resonance enhanced AFM-IR: A new powerful way to characterize blooming on polymers used in medical devices. Int J Pharm 2015; 484:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Aksyuk V, Lahiri B, Holland G, Centrone A. Near-field asymmetries in plasmonic resonators. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3634-3644. [PMID: 25636125 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy exploits the locally enhanced field surrounding plasmonic metamaterials to increase the sensitivity of infrared spectroscopy. The light polarization and incidence angle are important factors for exciting plasmonic nanostructures; however, such angle dependence is often ignored in SEIRA experiments, typically carried out with Cassegrain objectives. Here, the photothermal induced resonance technique and numerical simulations are used to map the distribution and intensity of SEIRA hot-spots surrounding gold asymmetric split ring resonators (ASRRs) as a function of light polarization and incidence angle. The results show asymmetric near-field SEIRA enhancements as a function of the incident illumination direction which, in analogy with the symmetry-breaking occurring in asymmetric transmission, we refer to as symmetry-breaking absorption. Numerical calculations reveal that the symmetry-breaking absorption in ASRRs originates in the angle-dependent interference between the electric and magnetic excitation channels of the resonators' dark-mode. Consequently, to maximize the SEIRA intensity, ASRRs should be illuminated from the dielectric side at an angle that maximizes the constructive interference of the two excitation channels, (35° for the structures studied here), in place of the Cassegrain objectives. These results can be generalized to all structures characterized by plasmonic excitations that give rise to a surface-normal magnetic moment and that possess an electric dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Aksyuk
- NIST, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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28
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Katzenmeyer AM, Holland G, Kjoller K, Centrone A. Absorption Spectroscopy and Imaging from the Visible through Mid-Infrared with 20 nm Resolution. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3154-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504672t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Katzenmeyer
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Glenn Holland
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kevin Kjoller
- Anasys Instruments,
Inc., 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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29
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Centrone A. Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy Beyond the Diffraction Limit. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:101-26. [PMID: 26001952 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology is enabled by and dependent on the availability of measurement methods with spatial resolution commensurate with nanomaterials' length scales. Chemical imaging techniques, such as scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), have provided scientists with means of extracting rich chemical and structural information with nanoscale resolution. This review presents some basics of infrared spectroscopy and microscopy, followed by detailed descriptions of s-SNOM and PTIR working principles. Nanoscale spectra are compared with far-field macroscale spectra, which are widely used for chemical identification. Selected examples illustrate either technical aspects of the measurements or applications in materials science. Central to this review is the ability to record nanoscale infrared spectra because, although chemical maps enable immediate visualization, the spectra provide information to interpret the images and characterize the sample. The growing breadth of nanomaterials and biological applications suggest rapid growth for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899;
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30
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Katzenmeyer AM, Canivet J, Holland G, Farrusseng D, Centrone A. Assessing chemical heterogeneity at the nanoscale in mixed-ligand metal-organic frameworks with the PTIR technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2852-6. [PMID: 24615798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the use of mixtures of organic-building-block linkers has given chemists an additional degree of freedom for engineering metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with specific properties; however, the poor characterization of the chemical complexity of such MixMOF structures by conventional techniques hinders the verification of rational design. Herein, we describe the application of a technique known as photothermal induced resonance to individual MixMOF microcrystals to elucidate their chemical composition with nanoscale resolution. Results show that MixMOFs isoreticular to In-MIL-68, obtained either directly from solution or by postsynthetic linker exchange, are homogeneous down to approximately 100 nm. Additionally, we report a novel in situ process that enables the engineering of anisotropic domains in MOF crystals with submicron linker-concentration gradients.
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31
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Marcott C, Lo M, Hu Q, Kjoller K, Boskey A, Noda I. Using 2D Correlation Analysis to Enhance Spectral Information Available from Highly Spatially Resolved AFM-IR Spectra. J Mol Struct 2014; 1069:284-289. [PMID: 25024505 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent combination of atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) has led to the ability to obtain IR spectra with nanoscale spatial resolution, nearly two orders-of-magnitude better than conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. This advanced methodology can lead to significantly sharper spectral features than are typically seen in conventional IR spectra of inhomogeneous materials, where a wider range of molecular environments are coaveraged by the larger sample cross section being probed. In this work, two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis is used to examine position sensitive spectral variations in datasets of closely spaced AFM-IR spectra. This analysis can reveal new key insights, providing a better understanding of the new spectral information that was previously hidden under broader overlapped spectral features. Two examples of the utility of this new approach are presented. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of a set of AFM-IR spectra were collected at 200-nm increments along a line through a nucleation site generated by remelting a small spot on a thin film of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). There are two different crystalline carbonyl band components near 1720 cm-1 that sequentially disappear before a band at 1740 cm-1 due to more disordered material appears. In the second example, 2D correlation analysis of a series of AFM-IR spectra spaced every 1 micrometer of a thin cross section of a bone sample measured outward from an osteon center of bone growth. There are many changes in the amide I and phosphate band contours, suggesting changes in the bone structure are occurring as the bone matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Marcott
- Light Light Solutions, LLC, Athens, GA 30608 USA ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Michael Lo
- Anasys Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - Qichi Hu
- Anasys Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | | | - Adele Boskey
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Isao Noda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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Katzenmeyer AM, Canivet J, Holland G, Farrusseng D, Centrone A. Assessing Chemical Heterogeneity at the Nanoscale in Mixed-Ligand Metal-Organic Frameworks with the PTIR Technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Deniset-Besseau A, Prater CB, Virolle MJ, Dazzi A. Monitoring TriAcylGlycerols Accumulation by Atomic Force Microscopy Based Infrared Spectroscopy in Streptomyces Species for Biodiesel Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:654-658. [PMID: 26270832 DOI: 10.1021/jz402393a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An atomic force microscope coupled with a tunable infrared laser source (AFM-IR) was used to measure the size and map the distribution of oil inclusions inside of microorganism without staining or other special sample preparation. The microorganism under study is Streptomyces, a soil bacterium that possesses the capability, under some specific nutritional conditions, to store its carbon source into TriAcylGlycerols, a potential direct source of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig B Prater
- ‡Anasys Instruments, 325 Chapel Street, Suite 100, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Marie-Joëlle Virolle
- §Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Groupe "Métabolisme Energétique des Streptomyces", Université Paris-Sud-CNRS UMR 8621, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Dazzi
- †Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Université Paris-Sud-CNRS UMR 8000, Orsay, France
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Marcott C, Lo M, Kjoller K, Fiat F, Baghdadli N, Balooch G, Luengo GS. Localization of human hair structural lipids using nanoscale infrared spectroscopy and imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:564-569. [PMID: 25014600 DOI: 10.1366/13-07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been combined in a single instrument (AFM-IR) capable of producing IR spectra and absorption images at a sub-micrometer spatial resolution. This new device enables human hair to be spectroscopically characterized at levels not previously possible. In particular, it was possible to determine the location of structural lipids in the cuticle and cortex of hair. Samples of human hair were embedded, cross-sectioned, and mounted on ZnSe prisms. A tunable IR laser generating pulses of the order of 10 ns was used to excite sample films. Short duration thermomechanical waves, due to infrared absorption and resulting thermal expansion, were studied by monitoring the resulting excitation of the contact resonance modes of the AFM cantilever. Differences are observed in the IR absorbance intensity of long-chain methylene-containing functional groups between the outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla of the hair. An accumulation of structural lipids is clearly observed at the individual cuticle layer boundaries. This method should prove useful in the future for understanding the penetration mechanism of substances into hair as well as elucidating the chemical nature of alteration or possible damage according to depth and hair morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Marcott
- Light Light Solutions, LLC, P.O. Box 81486, Athens, GA 30608-1484, USA
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35
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Cho H, Felts JR, Yu MF, Bergman LA, Vakakis AF, King WP. Improved atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy for rapid nanometer-scale chemical identification. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:444007. [PMID: 24113150 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/44/444007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) can perform IR spectroscopic chemical identification with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, but is relatively slow due to its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In AFM-IR, tunable IR laser light is incident upon a sample, which results in a rise in temperature and thermomechanical expansion of the sample. An AFM tip in contact with the sample senses this nanometer-scale photothermal expansion. The tip motion induces cantilever vibrations, which are measured either in terms of the peak-to-peak amplitude of time-domain data or the integrated magnitude of frequency-domain data. Using a continuous Morlet wavelet transform to the cantilever dynamic response, we show that the cantilever dynamics during AFM-IR vary as a function of both time and frequency. Based on the observed cantilever response, we tailor a time-frequency-domain filter to identify the region of highest vibrational energy. This approach can increase the SNR of the AFM cantilever signal, such that the throughput is increased 32-fold compared to state-of-the art procedures. We further demonstrate significant increases in AFM-IR imaging speed and chemical identification of nanometer-scale domains in polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cho
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
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36
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Lahiri B, Holland G, Aksyuk V, Centrone A. Nanoscale imaging of plasmonic hot spots and dark modes with the photothermal-induced resonance technique. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3218-24. [PMID: 23777547 DOI: 10.1021/nl401284m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The collective oscillation of conduction electrons, responsible for the localized surface plasmon resonances, enables engineering nanomaterials by tuning their optical response from the visible to terahertz as a function of nanostructure size, shape, and environment. While theoretical calculations helped tremendously in understanding plasmonic nanomaterials and optimizing their light matter interaction, only a few experimental techniques are available to study these materials with high spatial resolution. In this work, the photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR) technique is applied for the first time to image the dark plasmonic resonance of gold asymmetric split ring resonators (A-SRRs) in the mid-infrared (IR) spectral region with nanoscale resolution. Additionally, the chemically specific PTIR signal is used to map the local absorption enhancement of poly(methyl methacrylate) coated on A-SRRs, revealing hot spots with local enhancement factors up to ≈30 at 100 nm lateral resolution. We argue that PTIR nanoscale characterization will facilitate the engineering and application of plasmonic nanomaterials for mid-IR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Lahiri
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, 100 Bureau Drive, Maryland 20899, United States
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37
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Marcott C, Lo M, Kjoller K, Domanov Y, Balooch G, Luengo GS. Nanoscale infrared (IR) spectroscopy and imaging of structural lipids in human stratum corneum using an atomic force microscope to directly detect absorbed light from a tunable IR laser source. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:419-21. [PMID: 23651342 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atomic force microscope (AFM) and a tunable infrared (IR) laser source have been combined in a single instrument (AFM-IR) capable of producing ~200-nm spatial resolution IR spectra and absorption images. This new capability enables IR spectroscopic characterization of human stratum corneum at unprecendented levels. Samples of normal and delipidized stratum corneum were embedded, cross-sectioned and mounted on ZnSe prisms. A pulsed tunable IR laser source produces thermomechanical expansion upon absorption, which is detected through excitation of contact resonance modes in the AFM cantilever. In addition to reducing the total lipid content, the delipidization process damages the stratum corneum morphological structure. The delipidized stratum corneum shows substantially less long-chain CH2 -stretching IR absorption band intensity than normal skin. AFM-IR images that compare absorbances at 2930/cm (lipid) and 3290/cm (keratin) suggest that regions of higher lipid concentration are located at the perimeter of corneocytes in the normal stratum corneum.
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38
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Awatani T, Midorikawa H, Kojima N, Ye J, Marcott C. Morphology of water transport channels and hydrophobic clusters in Nafion from high spatial resolution AFM-IR spectroscopy and imaging. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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39
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Lahiri B, Holland G, Centrone A. Chemical imaging beyond the diffraction limit: experimental validation of the PTIR technique. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:439-45. [PMID: 23034929 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) has recently attracted great interest for enabling chemical identification and imaging with nanoscale resolution. In this work, electron beam nanopatterned polymer samples are fabricated directly on 3D zinc selenide prisms and used to experimentally evaluate the PTIR lateral resolution, sensitivity and linearity. It is shown that PTIR lateral resolution for chemical imaging is comparable to the lateral resolution obtained in the atomic force microscopy height images, up to the smallest feature measured (100 nm). Spectra and chemical maps are produced from the thinnest sample analyzed (40 nm). More importantly, experiments show for the first time that the PTIR signal increases linearly with thickness for samples up to ≈ 1 μm (linearity limit); a necessary requirement towards the use of the PTIR technique for quantitative chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Finally, the analysis of thicker samples provides the first evidence that the previously developed PTIR signal generation theory is correct. It is believed that the findings of this work will foster nanotechnology development in disparate applications by proving the basis for quantitative chemical analysis with nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Lahiri
- NIST, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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40
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Katzenmeyer AM, Aksyuk V, Centrone A. Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy: improving the spectral range of the photothermal induced resonance technique. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1972-9. [PMID: 23363013 DOI: 10.1021/ac303620y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) is a new technique which combines the chemical specificity of infrared (IR) spectroscopy with the lateral resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM). PTIR requires a pulsed tunable laser for sample excitation and an AFM tip to measure the sample expansion induced by light absorption. The limited tunability of commonly available laser sources constrains the application of the PTIR technique to a portion of the IR spectrum. In this work, a broadly tunable pulsed laser relying on a difference frequency generation scheme in a GaSe crystal to emit light tunable from 1.55 μm to 16 μm (from 6450 cm(-1) to 625 cm(-1)) was interfaced with a commercial PTIR instrument. The result is a materials characterization platform capable of chemical imaging, in registry with atomic force images, with a spatial resolution that notably surpasses the light diffraction limit throughout the entire mid-IR spectral range. PTIR nanoscale spectra and images allow the identification of compositionally and optically similar yet distinct materials; organic, inorganic, and composite samples can be studied with this nanoscale analog of infrared spectroscopy, suggesting broad applicability. Additionally, we compare the results obtained with the two tunable lasers, which have different pulse lengths, to experimentally assess the recently developed theory of PTIR signal generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Katzenmeyer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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41
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Felts JR, Cho H, Yu MF, Bergman LA, Vakakis AF, King WP. Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy on 15 nm scale polymer nanostructures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:023709. [PMID: 23464220 DOI: 10.1063/1.4793229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We measure the infrared spectra of polyethylene nanostructures of height 15 nm using atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), which is about an order of magnitude improvement over state of the art. In AFM-IR, infrared light incident upon a sample induces photothermal expansion, which is measured by an AFM tip. The thermomechanical response of the sample-tip-cantilever system results in cantilever vibrations that vary in time and frequency. A time-frequency domain analysis of the cantilever vibration signal reveals how sample thermomechanical response and cantilever dynamics affect the AFM-IR signal. By appropriately filtering the cantilever vibration signal in both the time domain and the frequency domain, it is possible to measure infrared absorption spectra on polyethylene nanostructures as small as 15 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Felts
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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42
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Dazzi A, Prater CB, Hu Q, Chase DB, Rabolt JF, Marcott C. AFM-IR: combining atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy for nanoscale chemical characterization. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:1365-84. [PMID: 23231899 DOI: 10.1366/12-06804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymer and life science applications of a technique that combines atomic force microscopy (AFM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to obtain nanoscale IR spectra and images are reviewed. The AFM-IR spectra generated from this technique contain the same information with respect to molecular structure as conventional IR spectroscopy measurements, allowing significant leverage of existing expertise in IR spectroscopy. The AFM-IR technique can be used to acquire IR absorption spectra and absorption images with spatial resolution on the 50 to 100 nm scale, versus the scale of many micrometers or more for conventional IR spectroscopy. In the life sciences, experiments have demonstrated the capacity to perform chemical spectroscopy at the sub-cellular level. Specifically, the AFM-IR technique provides a label-free method for mapping IR-absorbing species in biological materials. On the polymer side, AFM-IR was used to map the IR absorption properties of polymer blends, multilayer films, thin films for active devices such as organic photovoltaics, microdomains in a semicrystalline polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, as well as model pharmaceutical blend systems. The ability to obtain spatially resolved IR spectra as well as high-resolution chemical images collected at specific IR wavenumbers was demonstrated. Complementary measurements mapping variations in sample stiffness were also obtained by tracking changes in the cantilever contact resonance frequency. Finally, it was shown that by taking advantage of the ability to arbitrarily control the polarization direction of the IR excitation laser, it is possible to obtain important information regarding molecular orientation in electrospun nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dazzi
- Laboratorie de Chimi Physique, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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43
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Applications of AFM-IR—Diverse Chemical Composition Analyses at Nanoscale Spatial Resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s1551929512000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) has produced a technique, called AFM-IR, which is becoming one of the most important recent developments in the field of IR spectroscopy and chemical imaging. Conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy is well established as a technique for chemical characterization of small samples down to the 3–10 mm size range. This diffraction-imposed size limit has prevented the application of FT-IR microspectroscopy to smaller analysis regions that are relevant to analysis problems in polymer materials and the life sciences. The nanoIR™ instrument (Anasys Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA) described here uses an AFM probe as the IR absorbance sensor and hence breaks through the diffraction limit to attain spatial resolution improvements of between one and two orders of magnitude beyond previous techniques. Thus, the AFM-IR concept provides chemical information from nanoscale regions of polymers and other organic materials. This article describes the physics behind the technique, followed by results from several applications.
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44
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Arcos-Hernandez MV, Laycock B, Pratt S, Donose BC, Nikolić MA, Luckman P, Werker A, Lant PA. Biodegradation in a soil environment of activated sludge derived polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV). Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging seemingly matured as a technology in the mid-2000s, with commercially successful instrumentation and reports in numerous applications. Recent developments, however, have transformed our understanding of the recorded data, provided capability for new instrumentation, and greatly enhanced the ability to extract more useful information in less time. These developments are summarized here in three broad areas--data recording, interpretation of recorded data, and information extraction--and their critical review is employed to project emerging trends. Overall, the convergence of selected components from hardware, theory, algorithms, and applications is one trend. Instead of similar, general-purpose instrumentation, another trend is likely to be diverse and application-targeted designs of instrumentation driven by emerging component technologies. The recent renaissance in both fundamental science and instrumentation will likely spur investigations at the confluence of conventional spectroscopic analyses and optical physics for improved data interpretation. While chemometrics has dominated data processing, a trend will likely lie in the development of signal processing algorithms to optimally extract spectral and spatial information prior to conventional chemometric analyses. Finally, the sum of these recent advances is likely to provide unprecedented capability in measurement and scientific insight, which will present new opportunities for the applied spectroscopist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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46
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Van Eerdenbrugh B, Lo M, Kjoller K, Marcott C, Taylor LS. Nanoscale Mid-Infrared Imaging of Phase Separation in a Drug–Polymer Blend. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2066-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Van Eerdenbrugh B, Lo M, Kjoller K, Marcott C, Taylor LS. Nanoscale Mid-Infrared Evaluation of the Miscibility Behavior of Blends of Dextran or Maltodextrin with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1459-69. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300059z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Van Eerdenbrugh
- Department
of Industrial and
Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, K.U. Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Lo
- Anasys Instruments, Inc., 121 Gray Avenue, Suite 100, Santa Barbara, California
93101, United States
| | - Kevin Kjoller
- Anasys Instruments, Inc., 121 Gray Avenue, Suite 100, Santa Barbara, California
93101, United States
| | - Curtis Marcott
- Light Light Solutions, LLC, Athens, Georgia 30608-1486, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department
of Industrial and
Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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