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Schroeder HT, De Lemos Muller CH, Heck TG, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Resolution of inflammation in chronic disease via restoration of the heat shock response (HSR). Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:66-87. [PMID: 38309688 PMCID: PMC10939035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective resolution of inflammation via the heat shock response (HSR) is pivotal in averting the transition to chronic inflammatory states. This transition characterizes a spectrum of debilitating conditions, including insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular ailments. This manuscript explores a range of physiological, pharmacological, and nutraceutical interventions aimed at reinstating the HSR in the context of chronic low-grade inflammation, as well as protocols to assess the HSR. Monitoring the progression or suppression of the HSR in patients and laboratory animals offers predictive insights into the organism's capacity to combat chronic inflammation, as well as the impact of exercise and hyperthermic treatments (e.g., sauna or hot tub baths) on the HSR. Interestingly, a reciprocal correlation exists between the expression of HSR components in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and the extent of local tissue proinflammatory activity in individuals afflicted by chronic inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the Heck index, contrasting extracellular 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins (HSP70) (proinflammatory) and intracellular HSP70 (anti-inflammatory) in PBL, serves as a valuable metric for HSR assessment. Our laboratory has also developed straightforward protocols for evaluating HSR by subjecting whole blood samples from both rodents and human volunteers to ex vivo heat challenges. Collectively, this discussion underscores the critical role of HSR disruption in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory states and emphasizes the significance of simple, cost-effective tools for clinical HSR assessment. This understanding is instrumental in the development of innovative strategies for preventing and managing chronic inflammatory diseases, which continue to exert a substantial global burden on morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Trevisan Schroeder
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (FisCel), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique De Lemos Muller
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes Heck
- Post Graduate Program in Integral Health Care (PPGAIS-UNIJUÍ/UNICRUZ/URI), Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande Do Sul State (UNIJUI) and Post Graduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling (PPGMMC), UNIJUI, Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Krause
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (FisCel), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Zong X, Zhang H, Zhu L, Deehan EC, Fu J, Wang Y, Jin M. Auricularia auricula polysaccharides attenuate obesity in mice through gut commensal Papillibacter cinnamivorans. J Adv Res 2023; 52:203-218. [PMID: 37549868 PMCID: PMC10555930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Auricularia auricula is a well-known traditional edible and medical fungus with high nutritional and pharmacological values, as well as metabolic and immunoregulatory properties. Nondigestible fermentable polysaccharides are identified as primary bioactive constituents of Auricularia auricula extracts. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the effects of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (AAP) on obesity and related metabolic endpoints, including the role of the gut microbiota, remain insufficiently understood. METHODS The effects of AAP on obesity were assessed within high-fat diet (HFD)-based mice through obesity trait analysis and metabolomic profiling. To determine the mechanistic role of the gut microbiota in observed anti-obesogenic effects AAP, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and pseudo-germ-free mice model treated with antibiotics were also applied, together with 16S rRNA genomic-derived taxonomic profiling. RESULTS High-fat diet (HFD) murine exposure to AAP thwarted weight gains, reduced fat depositing and enhanced glucose tolerance, together with upregulating thermogenesis proteomic biomarkers within adipose tissue. Serum metabolome indicated these effects were associated with changes in fatty acid metabolism. Intestine-dwelling microbial population assessments discovered that AAP selectively enhanced Papillibacter cinnamivorans, a commensal bacterium with reduced presence in HFD mice. Notably, HFD mice treated with oral formulations of P. cinnamivorans attenuated obesity, which was linked to decreased intestinal lipid transportation and hepatic thermogenesis. Mechanistically, it was demonstrated that P. cinnamivorans regulated intestinal lipids metabolism and liver thermogenesis by reducing the proinflammatory response and gut permeability in a JAK-STAT signaling-related manner. CONCLUSION Datasets from the present study show that AAP thwarted dietary-driven obesity and metabolism-based disorders by regulating intestinal lipid transportation, a mechanism that is dependent on the gut commensal P. cinnamivorans. These results indicated AAP and P. cinnamivorans as newly identified pre- and probiotics that could serve as novel therapeutics against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Shen Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Cao J, Mao W, Yao Y, Zhao J, Li Q, Liu K, Liu B, Feng S. Besides TLR2 and TLR4, NLRP3 is also involved in regulating Escherichia coli infection-induced inflammatory responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110556. [PMID: 37364329 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The host Toll-like Receptor-2 (TLR2) and Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) play critical roles in defense against Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection is well-known. The NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is also an important candidate during the host-recognized pathogen, while the roles of NLRP3 in the host inflammatory response to E. coli infection remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the roles of NLRP3 in regulating the inflammatory response in E. coli infection-induced mice. Our result indicated that compared to wild-type mice, the TLR2-deficient (TLR2-/-), TLR4-deficient (TLR4-/-), and NLRP3-deficient (NLRP3-/-) mice had significant decrease in liver damage after stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL), Braun lipoprotein (BLP, 1 μg/mL), or infected by WT E. coli (1 × 107 CFU, MOI 5:1). Meanwhile, compared with wild-type mice, the TNF-α and IL-1β production in serum decreased in TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, and NLRP3-/- mice after LPS, BLP treatment, or WT E. coli infection. In macrophages from NLRP3-/- mice showed significantly reduced secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β in response to stimulation with LPS, BLP, or WT E. coli infection compared with macrophages from wild-type mice. These results indicate that besides TLR2 and TLR4, NLRP3 also plays a critical role in host inflammatory responses to defense against E. coli infection, and might provide a therapeutic target in combating disease with bacterium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 5, Xinhua Street, Hui Min District, 010000, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Zhiguo Gong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Shuangyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, No. 20, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, 010017, Hohhot City, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 5, Xinhua Street, Hui Min District, 010000, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China.
| | - Shuang Feng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011, Hohhot City, China.
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Milano W, Carizzone F, Foia M, Marchese M, Milano M, Saetta B, Capasso A. Obesity and Its Multiple Clinical Implications between Inflammatory States and Gut Microbiotic Alterations. Diseases 2022; 11:diseases11010007. [PMID: 36648872 PMCID: PMC9844347 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic multifactorial disease that has become a serious health problem and is currently widespread over the world. It is, in fact, strongly associated with many other conditions, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, the onset of different types of malignant tumors and alterations in reproductive function. According to the literature, obesity is characterized by a state of low-grade chronic inflammation, with a substantial increase in immune cells, specifically macrophage infiltrates in the adipose tissue which, in turn, secrete a succession of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, recent studies on microbiota have postulated new possible mechanisms of interaction between obesity and unbalanced nutrition with inflammation. This intestinal "superorganism" complex seems to influence not only the metabolic balance of the host but also the immune response, favoring a state of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. This review summarizes the major evidence on the interactions between the gut microbiota, energetic metabolism and host immune system, all leading to a convergence of the fields of immunology, nutrients physiology and microbiota in the context of obesity and its possible clinical complications. Finally, possible therapeutic approaches aiming to rebalance the intestinal microbial ecosystem are evaluated to improve the alteration of inflammatory and metabolic states in obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Milano
- UOSD Eating Disorder Unit, Mental Health Department, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80027 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Carizzone
- UOSD Eating Disorder Unit, Mental Health Department, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80027 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Magda Marchese
- Clinical Pathology Services, Santa Maria Delle Grazie Hospital Pozzuoli, Asl Napoli 2 Nord, 80027 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Milano
- UOSD Eating Disorder Unit, Mental Health Department, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80027 Napoli, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Saetta
- UOSD Eating Disorder Unit, Mental Health Department, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80027 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zhao L, Qiu Y, Zhang P, Wu X, Zhao Z, Deng X, Yang L, Wang D, Yuan G. Gut microbiota mediates positive effects of liraglutide on dyslipidemia in mice fed a high-fat diet. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1048693. [PMID: 36643973 PMCID: PMC9835552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1048693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Except for improving glycemic control, liraglutide, one of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, has exerted promising therapeutic effects for dyslipidemia. It has been proved that gut microbiota plays a dramatic role in regulating lipid metabolism. This study aims to explore whether liraglutide could improve dyslipidemia by modulating the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD to establish an animal model of dyslipidemia, and then administered with liraglutide or normal saline (NS) for 12 weeks. Indices of glucolipid metabolism were evaluated. Gut microbiota of the mice was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared with HFD group, liraglutide significantly alleviated weight, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels, meanwhile elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels (all p < 0.05). The gut microbiota analysis revealed that liraglutide greatly reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes and augmented that of Bacteroidetes, with a concomitant drop in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Meanwhile, liraglutide dramatically changed the overall composition, promoted the growth of beneficial microbes (Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Oscillospira, etc.), and inhibited the growth of harmful microbes (AF12, Shigella, Proteobacteria, Xenorhabdus, etc.). Especially, the relative abundance of Akkermansia increased the most after liraglutide treatment. Correlation analysis suggested that TC and LDL were positively correlated with some harmful bacteria, and negatively associated with beneficial bacteria. This study confirmed that liraglutide had a certain therapeutic effect on dyslipidemia in HFD-fed mice and could regulate the composition of the gut microbiota associated with lipid metabolism, especially Akkermansia. Thus, affecting gut microbiota might be a potential mechanism of liraglutide in attenuating dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Li Zhao,
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xunan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China,Guoyue Yuan,
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The intestinal clock drives the microbiome to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6068. [PMID: 36241650 PMCID: PMC9568547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal (i.e., 24-hour) oscillations of the gut microbiome have been described in various species including mice and humans. However, the driving force behind these rhythms remains less clear. In this study, we differentiate between endogenous and exogenous time cues driving microbial rhythms. Our results demonstrate that fecal microbial oscillations are maintained in mice kept in the absence of light, supporting a role of the host's circadian system rather than representing a diurnal response to environmental changes. Intestinal epithelial cell-specific ablation of the core clock gene Bmal1 disrupts rhythmicity of microbiota. Targeted metabolomics functionally link intestinal clock-controlled bacteria to microbial-derived products, in particular branched-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. Microbiota transfer from intestinal clock-deficient mice into germ-free mice altered intestinal gene expression, enhanced lymphoid organ weights and suppressed immune cell recruitment. These results highlight the importance of functional intestinal clocks for microbiota composition and function, which is required to balance the host's gastrointestinal homeostasis.
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Maffei S, Forini F, Canale P, Nicolini G, Guiducci L. Gut Microbiota and Sex Hormones: Crosstalking Players in Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137154. [PMID: 35806159 PMCID: PMC9266921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The available evidence indicates a close connection between gut microbiota (GM) disturbance and increased risk of cardiometabolic (CM) disorders and cardiovascular (CV) disease. One major objective of this narrative review is to discuss the key contribution of dietary regimen in determining the GM biodiversity and the implications of GM dysbiosis for the overall health of the CV system. In particular, emerging molecular pathways are presented, linking microbiota-derived signals to the local activation of the immune system as the driver of a systemic proinflammatory state and permissive condition for the onset and progression of CM and CV disease. We further outline how the cross-talk between sex hormones and GM impacts disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sexual dimorphism observed in CVD. A better understanding of these relationships could help unravel novel disease targets and pave the way to the development of innovative, low-risk therapeutic strategies based on diet interventions, GM manipulation, and sex hormone analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maffei
- Department of Gynecological and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, CNR-Tuscany Region, G. Monasterio Foundation, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Forini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Canale
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppina Nicolini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
| | - Letizia Guiducci
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (G.N.); (L.G.)
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Tu P, Tang Q, Wang M, Chen W, Ye X, Zheng X. Protective role of bayberry extract: associations with gut microbiota modulation and key metabolites. Food Funct 2022; 13:5547-5558. [PMID: 35476043 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is inextricably intertwined with the onset and development of metabolic diseases. Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota has received much attention in recent years; however, currently there are still few effective approaches. Polyphenols extracted from fruits protect against metabolic disorders, and this effect is associated with the gut microbiota. We aimed to investigate the metabolic impact of bayberry extract cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and its associations with changes in the gut microbiota. Based on C57BL/6 and db/db mouse models, combined with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and metabolomic profiling, we found that C3G administration reduced weight gain and fasting blood glucose levels. More importantly, C3G significantly modulated the gut microbiota including its composition, diversity and functional pathways. A distinct metabolite profile in addition to alterations of key metabolites was observed probably resulting from changes in the gut bacterial composition and metabolic pathways induced by C3G administration. This study may provide evidence for the missing link in mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of poorly absorbed dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Tang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Jiangxi Agricultural Engineering College, Zhangshu 331200, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Lin X, Bo H, Gu J, Yi X, Zhang P, Liu R, Li H, Sun G, Lin CH. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid antioxidant, pretreatment alleviates cognitive deficits in aircraft noised mice by attenuating inflammatory and oxidative damage to the gut, heart and hippocampus. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112777. [PMID: 35255410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We first explore whether aircraft noise (AN) induces cognitive deficit via inducing oxidative damage in multiple vital organs including intestines, hearts and hippocampus tissues. Second, we explore whether the AN-induced cognitive deficits and inflammatory and oxidative damage to multiple organs can be alleviated by Astaxanthin (AX) pretreatment. METHODS Cognitive deficits were induced by subjecting the mice to AN 2 h daily for 7 consecutive days. An intragastrical dose of AX emulsifier (at the dose of daily feed intake [6 g] of a mouse three times weekly) was given to mice for consecutive 8 weeks prior to the start of AN. Cognitive functions were evaluated by using passive avoidance apparatus, Y-maze, Morris water maze and novel recognition test. Intestinal permeability was determined by measuring the intestinal clearance of fluorescein-isothiocyante. Evans Blue extravasation assay was used to measure the permeability of blood-brain-barrier. Inflammatory and oxidative damage to multiple organs were determined by measuring several pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators in intestines; hearts and hippocampus. RESULTS Mice treated with AN displayed exacerbated stress reactions, cognitive deficits, gut barrier hyperpermeability, increased upload of lipopolysaccharide translocation, systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines overproduction, blood-brain-barrier hyperpermeability, hippocampal neuroinflammation and increased levels of oxidative stress indicators in intestine, heart and hippocampus. All of the above-mentioned disorders caused by AN were significantly (P < 0.05) reversed by AX. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that AX pretreatment alleviates cognitive deficits in aircraft noised mice by attenuating inflammatory and oxidative damage to intestines, hearts and hippocampal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Orthopedics Institute of Chinese PLA, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province 250013, PR China; Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hongjian Bo
- Shenzhen Academy of Aerospace Technology, No. 6 South 10 The Science and Technology Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Pathology, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province 250013, PR China
| | - Xueqing Yi
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ruoxu Liu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Shenzhen Academy of Aerospace Technology, No. 6 South 10 The Science and Technology Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
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10
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Liu Y, Xu Z, Huang H, Xue Y, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Li W, Li X. Fucoidan ameliorates glucose metabolism by the improvement of intestinal barrier and inflammatory damage in type 2 diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:616-629. [PMID: 35077745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that fucoidan possesses anti-diabetic activities by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, improving β-cell dysfunction, and enhancing insulin sensitivity. However, as a macromolecular carbohydrate, fucoidan is rarely absorbed and indigestible in gastrointestinal tract. The study aimed to explore whether the fucoidan can regulate glucose metabolism by improving intestinal barrier and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. A high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin was used to induce T2DM rats. Different doses of fucoidan (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered respectively by lavage to T2DM rats for 8 weeks and saline was given to controls. The results showed that in addition to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, T2DM rats were also characterized by increased intestinal permeability and proinflammatory cytokines. Notably, fucoidan reduced fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance index along with alleviated the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines in T2DM rats. Furthermore, fucoidan repaired the intestinal barrier function, which was accompanied by the up-regulation of tight junction proteins and the improvement of intestinal inflammation via inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Meanwhile, fucoidan also mitigated the liver damage, and alleviated insulin resistance by activating PI3K/AKT signaling. Collectively, these findings supported the potential of fucoidan to be used as a functional ingredient to prevent T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Haoyue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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11
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Ozato N, Yamaguchi T, Mori K, Katashima M, Kumagai M, Murashita K, Katsuragi Y, Tamada Y, Kakuta M, Imoto S, Ihara K, Nakaji S. Two Blautia Species Associated with Visceral Fat Accumulation: A One-Year Longitudinal Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020318. [PMID: 35205184 PMCID: PMC8869763 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Intestinal microflora has been associated with obesity. While cardiovascular disorders are more strongly associated with visceral fat than the body mass index (BMI), the link between visceral fat area (VFA) and intestinal microflora has been little studied. In this study, we investigated the association between intestinal microflora and VFA and BMI using a longitudinal study (N = 767). We found that the intestinal microflora composition is significantly associated with VFA or BMI; however, the associated gut microbes differ. Furthermore, two gut species—Blautia hansenii and Blautia producta—were significantly and negatively associated with VFA accumulation. Abstract Intestinal microflora has been associated with obesity. While visceral fat is more strongly associated with cardiovascular disorder, a complication linked to obesity, than the body mass index (BMI), the association between intestinal microflora and obesity (as defined in terms of BMI) has been studied widely. However, the link between visceral fat area (VFA) and intestinal microflora has been little studied. In this study, we investigate the association between intestinal microflora and VFA and BMI using a longitudinal study on Japanese subjects with different VFA statuses (N = 767). Principal component analysis of the changes in intestinal microflora composition over the one-year study period revealed the different associations between intestinal microflora and VFA and BMI. As determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, changes in the abundance ratio of two microbial genera—Blautia and Flavonifractor—were significantly associated with VFA changes and changes in the abundance ratio of four different microbial genera were significantly associated with BMI changes, suggesting that the associated intestinal microbes are different. Furthermore, as determined by metagenomic shotgun sequences, changes in the abundance ratios of two Blautia species—Blautia hansenii and Blautia producta—were significantly and negatively associated with VFA changes. Our findings might be used to develop a new treatment for visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ozato
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (Y.K.)
- Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-172-395-041
| | - Tohru Yamaguchi
- Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan;
| | - Kenta Mori
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (Y.K.)
- Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan;
| | - Mitsuhiro Katashima
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (Y.K.)
- Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan;
| | - Mika Kumagai
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Koichi Murashita
- COI Research Initiatives Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Yoshihisa Katsuragi
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.M.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (Y.K.)
- Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Tamada
- Innovation Center for Health Promotion, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Masanori Kakuta
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (M.K.); (S.I.)
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Innovation Center for Health Promotion, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.I.); (S.N.)
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City 036-8562, Japan; (K.I.); (S.N.)
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12
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Roth P, Stanley J, Chamoun-Emanuelli A, Whitfield-Cargile C, Coleman M. Fecal extract from obese horses induces an inflammatory response by murine macrophages in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:419-425. [PMID: 35113795 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the inflammatory response of murine macrophages exposed to the enteric microbiome of obese horses versus nonobese horses. SAMPLE Fecal samples from 12 obese horses (body condition score ≥ 7/9) and 12 nonobese horses (body condition score 4 to 5/9) with similar dietary management. PROCEDURES Fecal supernatant was prepared from frozen fecal samples. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were exposed to the fecal extract. Inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) gene expression was quantified via real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay, and cytokine concentration was quantified via ELISA. Lipopolysaccharide was evaluated in fecal extract via chromo-limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. RESULTS Compared with fecal extracts from nonobese horses, fecal extracts from obese horses presented higher concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and induced a heightened expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 from macrophages. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The increased levels of inflammatory markers induced in murine macrophages by the microbiome of obese horses in vitro suggested important differences in the enteric microbial composition of these horses, compared with nonobese horses. Overall, this study showed that the microbiome may play a role in mediating an inflammatory response within the gastrointestinal tract of obese horses. Mechanisms of obesity in the horse have not been fully elucidated. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of disease will guide future research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for equine obesity.
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13
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Yates AG, Pink RC, Erdbrügger U, Siljander PRM, Dellar ER, Pantazi P, Akbar N, Cooke WR, Vatish M, Dias-Neto E, Anthony DC, Couch Y. In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12151. [PMID: 35041249 PMCID: PMC8765331 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously thought to be nothing more than cellular debris, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now known to mediate physiological and pathological functions throughout the body. We now understand more about their capacity to transfer nucleic acids and proteins between distant organs, the interaction of their surface proteins with target cells, and the role of vesicle‐bound lipids in health and disease. To date, most observations have been made in reductionist cell culture systems, or as snapshots from patient cohorts. The heterogenous population of vesicles produced in vivo likely act in concert to mediate both beneficial and detrimental effects. EVs play crucial roles in both the pathogenesis of diseases, from cancer to neurodegenerative disease, as well as in the maintenance of system and organ homeostasis. This two‐part review draws on the expertise of researchers working in the field of EV biology and aims to cover the functional role of EVs in physiology and pathology. Part I will outline the role of EVs in normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth R Dellar
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William R Cooke
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics. A.C. Camargo Cancer Centre, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27) Institute of Psychiatry, São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme - Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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14
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Atzeni A, Bastiaanssen TFS, Cryan JF, Tinahones FJ, Vioque J, Corella D, Fitó M, Vidal J, Moreno-Indias I, Gómez-Pérez AM, Torres-Collado L, Coltell O, Castañer O, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Taxonomic and Functional Fecal Microbiota Signatures Associated With Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Subjects With Overweight/Obesity Within the Frame of the PREDIMED-Plus Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:804455. [PMID: 35574036 PMCID: PMC9097279 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.804455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An altered gut microbiota has been associated with insulin resistance, a metabolic dysfunction consisting of cellular insulin signaling impairment. The aim of the present study is to determine the taxonomic and functional fecal microbiota signatures associated with HOMA-IR index in a population with high cardiovascular risk. METHODS A total of 279 non-diabetic individuals (55-75 years aged) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome were stratified according to tertiles of HOMA-IR index. Blood biochemical parameters, anthropometric measurements and fecal samples were collected at baseline. Fecal microbial DNA extraction, 16S amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed. RESULTS Desulfovibrio, Odoribacter and Oscillospiraceae UCG-002 were negatively associated with HOMA-IR index, whereas predicted total functional abundances revealed gut metabolic modules mainly linked to amino acid degradation. Butyricicoccus, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003, Faecalibacterium were positively associated with HOMA-IR index, whereas predicted total functional abundances revealed gut metabolic modules mainly linked to saccharide degradation. These bacteria contribute differentially to the gut metabolic modules, being the degree of contribution dependent on insulin resistance. Both taxa and gut metabolic modules negatively associated to HOMA-IR index were linked to mechanisms involving sulfate reducing bacteria, improvement of intestinal gluconeogenesis and production of acetate. Furthermore, both taxa and gut metabolic modules positively associated to HOMA-IR index were linked to production and mechanisms of action of butyrate. CONCLUSIONS Specific taxonomic and functional fecal microbiota signatures associated with insulin resistance were identified in a non-diabetic population with overweight/obesity at high cardiovascular risk. These findings suggest that tailoring therapies based on specific fecal microbiota profiles could be a potential strategy to improve insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Atzeni
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Institut D’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL-Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana M. Gómez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Torres-Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL-Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Coltell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems, University Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Bulló
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Institut D’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Monica Bulló, ; Jordi Salas-Salvadó,
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Institut D’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Monica Bulló, ; Jordi Salas-Salvadó,
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15
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Bou Malhab LJ, Abdel-Rahman WM. Obesity and inflammation: colorectal cancer engines. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:620-646. [PMID: 34488607 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210906122054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase to the extent that it became a worldwide pandemic. An accumulating body of evidence has associated obesity with the development of different types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, which is a notorious disease with a high mortality rate. At the molecular level, colorectal cancer is a heterogenous disease characterized by a myriad of genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with various forms of genomic instability (detailed in Supplementary Materials). Recently, the microenvironment has emerged as a major factor in carcinogenesis. Our aim is to define the different molecular alterations leading to the development of colorectal cancer in obese patients with a focus on the role of the microenvironment in carcinogenesis. We also highlight all existent molecules in clinical trials that target the activated pathways in obesity-associated colorectal cancer, whether used as single treatments or in combination. Obesity predisposes to colorectal cancer via creating a state of chronic inflammation with dysregulated adipokines, inflammatory mediators, and other factors such as immune cell infiltration. A unifying theme in obesity-mediated colorectal cancer is the activation of the PI3K/AKT, mTOR/MAPK, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Different inhibitory molecules towards these pathways exist, increasing the therapeutic choice of obesity-associated colon cancer. However, obese patients are more likely to suffer from chemotherapy overdosing. Preventing obesity through maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle remains to be the best remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara J Bou Malhab
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah. United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael M Abdel-Rahman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah. United Arab Emirates
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16
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Machado AS, Oliveira JR, de F Lelis D, D Guimarães VH, de Paula AMB, Guimarães ALS, Brandi IV, de Carvalho BMA, da Costa DV, Vieira CR, Pereira UA, de Oliveira Costa T, Andrade JMO, Dos Santos RAS, Santos SHS. Oral angiotensin-(1-7) peptide modulates intestinal microbiota improving metabolic profile in obese mice. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1127-1137. [PMID: 34397321 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210816115645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a serious health problem which dysregulate Renin-Angiotensin System and intestinal microbiota. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the Angiotensin-(1-7) [ANG-(1-7)] oral formulation effects on obese mice intestinal microbiota. METHODS Mice were divided into four groups: obese and non-obese treated with ANG-(1-7) and obese and non-obese without ANG-(1-7) during four weeks. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in the fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and Low-density lipoprotein levels and increased High-density lipoprotein in animals treated with ANG-(1-7). The histological analysis showed intestinal villi height reduction in mice treated with ANG-(1-7). Additionally, increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes (increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio) and Enterobacter cloacae populations were observed in the High-Fat Diet + ANG-(1-7) group. Receptor toll-like 4 (TLR4) intestinal mRNA expression was reduced in the HFD+ ANG-(1-7) group. Finally, the intestinal expression of the neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT1) was increased in animals treated with ANG-(1-7), indicating a possible mechanism associated with tryptophan uptake. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest for the first time an interaction between oral ANG-(1-7) and intestinal microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Machado
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína R Oliveira
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deborah de F Lelis
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo D Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M B de Paula
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor V Brandi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mara A de Carvalho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Vicente da Costa
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Regina Vieira
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Alves Pereira
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Theles de Oliveira Costa
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João M O Andrade
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Dos Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio H S Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Bubier JA, Chesler EJ, Weinstock GM. Host genetic control of gut microbiome composition. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:263-281. [PMID: 34159422 PMCID: PMC8295090 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a significant role in health and disease, and there is mounting evidence indicating that the microbial composition is regulated in part by host genetics. Heritability estimates for microbial abundance in mice and humans range from (0.05-0.45), indicating that 5-45% of inter-individual variation can be explained by genetics. Through twin studies, genetic association studies, systems genetics, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), hundreds of specific host genetic loci have been shown to associate with the abundance of discrete gut microbes. Using genetically engineered knock-out mice, at least 30 specific genes have now been validated as having specific effects on the microbiome. The relationships among of host genetics, microbiome composition, and abundance, and disease is now beginning to be unraveled through experiments designed to test causality. The genetic control of disease and its relationship to the microbiome can manifest in multiple ways. First, a genetic variant may directly cause the disease phenotype, resulting in an altered microbiome as a consequence of the disease phenotype. Second, a genetic variant may alter gene expression in the host, which in turn alters the microbiome, producing the disease phenotype. Finally, the genetic variant may alter the microbiome directly, which can result in the disease phenotype. In order to understand the processes that underlie the onset and progression of certain diseases, future research must take into account the relationship among host genetics, microbiome, and disease phenotype, and the resources needed to study these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Bubier
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
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Sun G, Lin X, Yi X, Zhang P, Liu R, Fu B, Sun Y, Li J, Jiao S, Tian T, Xu XM, Tseng KW, Lin CH. Aircraft noise, like heat stress, causes cognitive impairments via similar mechanisms in male mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129739. [PMID: 33529949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, little evidence is available about effects of aircraft noise (AN), a non-chemical stressor, on cognitive function. Again, it is unknown whether or not the heat stress (HS)-induced cognitive deficits can be exacerbated by AN. The adult male mice were assigned to four groups: group 1 mice exposed to non-HS (24-26 °C 2 h daily for 4 consecutive days) and white noise (WN) (2 h daily for 4 consecutive days), group 2 mice exposed to WN and HS (32-34 °C 2 h daily for 4 consecutive days), group 3 mice exposed to AN and non-HS (2 h daily for 4 consecutive days) and group 4 mice exposed to AN and HS (2 h daily for consecutive 4 days). Cognitive function were determined by passive avoidance, Y-maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests. Gut barrier and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, upload of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, systemic and central inflammation, and stress reactions were examined. Heat stressed mice displayed both increased stress reactions and learning and memory loss. Heat stress also caused gut barrier hyperpermeability, increased upload of LPS translocation, systemic inflammation, BBB disruption and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Aircraft noise stressed mice did not display systemic inflammation but caused gut barrier hyperpermeability, increased upload of LPS translocation, increased stress reactions, BBB disruption, hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. Aircraft noise exposure further exacerbated the heat stress-induced cognitive deficits and its complications. Our data suggest that AN, like HS, causes cognitive impairments via similar mechanisms in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Trauma and Orthopedics Institute of Chinese PLA, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xueqing Yi
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ruoxu Liu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Bo Fu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yating Sun
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Trauma and Orthopedics Institute of Chinese PLA, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China; Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shuxin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Tian Tian
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kuang-Wen Tseng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City and Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City and Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
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19
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Korlepara V, Kumar N, Banerjee S. Gut Microbiota And Inflammatory Disorders. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:156-169. [PMID: 34165407 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210623125603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gut has been colonized with bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, eukarya. The human and bacterial cells are found in a 1:1 ratio, while the variance in the diversity of gut microbiota may result in Dysbiosis. Gut dysbiosis may result in various pathological manifestations. Beneficial gut microbiota may synthesize short-chain fatty acids like acetate, butyrate, propionate, while -gram-negative organisms are the primary source of LPS, a potent pro-inflammatory mediator. Both gut microbiota and microbial products may be involved in immunomodulation as well as inflammation. Prebiotics and probiotics are being explored as therapeutic agents against various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in gut bacteria-mediated modulation of various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Korlepara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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20
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Maintaining Digestive Health in Diabetes: The Role of the Gut Microbiome and the Challenge of Functional Foods. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030516. [PMID: 33802371 PMCID: PMC8001283 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the incidence of diabetes has increased in developed countries and beyond the genetic impact, environmental factors, which can trigger the activation of the gut immune system, seem to affect the induction of the disease process. Since the composition of the gut microbiome might disturb the normal interaction with the immune system and contribute to altered immune responses, the restoration of normal microbiota composition constitutes a new target for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Thus, the interaction of gut microbiome and diabetes, focusing on mechanisms connecting gut microbiota with the occurrence of the disorder, is discussed in the present review. Finally, the challenge of functional food diet on maintaining intestinal health and microbial flora diversity and functionality, as a potential tool for the onset inhibition and management of the disease, is highlighted by reporting key animal studies and clinical trials. Early onset of the disease in the oral cavity is an important factor for the incorporation of a functional food diet in daily routine.
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21
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Napolitano M, Covasa M. Microbiota Transplant in the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes: Current and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590370. [PMID: 33304339 PMCID: PMC7693552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has revealed the critical role of the gut microbiota in health and disease. Many chronic diseases have been associated with gut microbiota imbalance in its composition, diversity and functional capacity. Several types of interventions have been shown to correct microbiota imbalance and restore the beneficial metabolic outcomes of a normal microbiota. Among them, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emergent, promising technology employed to improve clinical outcomes of various pathological conditions through modifications in the gut microbiota composition. FMT has been used successfully as a treatment option in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, a condition characterized by severe gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, the potential usage of FMT in other microbiota-associated conditions different from C. difficile such as metabolic syndrome or obesity that are also marked by gut dysbiosis is still under investigation. Furthermore, the contribution of the gut microbiota as a cause or consequence in metabolic disease is still largely debated. This review provides critical information on the methodological approaches of FMT and its technological innovation in clinical applications. This review sheds light on the current findings and gaps in our understanding of how FMT can be used as a future biotherapeutic to restore microbial homeostasis in amelioration of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Napolitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan Cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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22
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Ferreira RDS, Mendonça LABM, Ribeiro CFA, Calças NC, Guimarães RDCA, Nascimento VAD, Gielow KDCF, Carvalho CME, Castro APD, Franco OL. Relationship between intestinal microbiota, diet and biological systems: an integrated view. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1166-1186. [PMID: 33115284 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1836605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The health-disease process can be influenced by the intestinal microbiota. As this plays a fundamental role in protecting the organism, the importance of studying the composition and diversity of this community becomes increasingly evident. Changes in the composition of the intestinal bacterial community may result in dysbiosis, and this process may contribute to triggering various diseases in all biological systems. This imbalance of intestinal microbiota homeostasis may alter commensal bacteria and the host metabolism, as well as immune function. Dysbiosis also causes an increase in intestinal permeability due to exposure to molecular patterns associated with the pathogen and lipopolysaccharides, leading to a chronic inflammatory process that can result in diseases for all biological systems. In this context, dietary intervention through the use of probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidant foods can be considered a contribution to the modulation of intestinal microbiota. Probiotics have been used to provide up to 10 billion colony forming units, and probiotic foods, Kefir and fermented natural yogurt are also used. Prebiotics, in turn, are found in supplemental formulations of processed foods and in functional foods that are also sources of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota with the development of diseases, besides indicating the need for future studies that can establish bacterial parameters for the gastrointestinal tract by modulating the intestinal microbiota, associated with the adoption of healthy habits during all life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Dos Santos Ferreira
- S-Inova Biotech, Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Fontoura Acosta Ribeiro
- S-Inova Biotech, Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natali Camposano Calças
- S-Inova Biotech, Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas Gielow
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Alinne Pereira de Castro
- S-Inova Biotech, Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Center of Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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23
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Pérez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Vilariño-García T, Sánchez-Margalet V. Role of Leptin in Inflammation and Vice Versa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5887. [PMID: 32824322 PMCID: PMC7460646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential immune response for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In a general sense, acute and chronic inflammation are different types of adaptive response that are called into action when other homeostatic mechanisms are insufficient. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular events that are involved in the acute inflammatory response to infection and tissue injury, the causes and mechanisms of systemic chronic inflammation are much less known. The pathogenic capacity of this type of inflammation is puzzling and represents a common link of the multifactorial diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, interest has been raised by the discovery of novel mediators of inflammation, such as microRNAs and adipokines, with different effects on target tissues. In the present review, we discuss the data emerged from research of leptin in obesity as an inflammatory mediator sustaining multifactorial diseases and how this knowledge could be instrumental in the design of leptin-based manipulation strategies to help restoration of abnormal immune responses. On the other direction, chronic inflammation, either from autoimmune or infectious diseases, or impaired microbiota (dysbiosis) may impair the leptin response inducing resistance to the weight control, and therefore it may be a cause of obesity. Thus, we are reviewing the published data regarding the role of leptin in inflammation, and the other way around, the role of inflammation on the development of leptin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (F.S.-J.); (T.V.-G.)
| | | | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (F.S.-J.); (T.V.-G.)
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24
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Carlos D, Pérez MM, Leite JA, Rocha FA, Martins LMS, Pereira CA, Fraga-Silva TFC, Pucci TA, Ramos SG, Câmara NOS, Bonato VLD, Tostes RC, Silva JS. NOD2 Deficiency Promotes Intestinal CD4+ T Lymphocyte Imbalance, Metainflammation, and Aggravates Type 2 Diabetes in Murine Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1265. [PMID: 32774333 PMCID: PMC7381387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased inflammation, NOD-like receptors (NLRs) activation and gut dysbiosis. Our research group has recently reported that intestinal Th17 response limits gut dysbiosis and LPS translocation to visceral adipose tissue (VAT), protecting against metabolic syndrome. However, whether NOD2 receptor contributes intestinal Th17 immunity, modulates dysbiosis-driven metabolic tissue inflammation, and obesity-induced T2D remain poorly understood. In this context, we observed that mice lacking NOD2 fed a high-fat diet (HFD) display severe obesity, exhibit greater adiposity, and more hepatic steatosis compared to HFD-fed wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, they develop increased hyperglycemia, worsening of glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Notably, the deficiency of NOD2 causes a deviation from M2 macrophage and regulatory T cells (Treg) to M1 macrophage and mast cells into VAT compared to WT mice fed HFD. An imbalance was also observed in Th17/Th1 cell populations, with reduced IL-17 and IL-22 gene expression in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and ileum, respectively, of NOD2-deficient mice fed HFD. 16S rRNA sequencing indicates lower richness, alpha diversity, and a depletion of Allobaculum, Lactobacillus, and enrichment with Bacteroides genera in these mice compared to HFD-fed WT mice. These alterations were associated with disrupted tight-junctions expression, augmented serum LPS, and bacterial translocation into VAT. Overall, NOD2 activation is required for a protective Th17 over Th1 immunity in the gut, which seems to decrease gram-negative bacteria outgrowth in gut microbiota, attenuating the endotoxemia, metainflammation, and protecting against obesity-induced T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carlos
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Malena M Pérez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jefferson A Leite
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Rocha
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa M S Martins
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thais F C Fraga-Silva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Taís A Pucci
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Plataform, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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25
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di Michele F, Talamo A, Niolu C, Siracusano A. Vitamin D and N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation in Treatment-Resistant Depressive Disorder Patients: A General Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2442-2459. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
:
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is often a lifetime disabling mental illness as individuals with
MDD might not benefit from standard-therapy, including both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.
Novel therapies are, therefore, required.
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It was shown by recent preclinical and clinical studies that the dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission
might be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, neuroimmune alterations could have a significant
role in the pathogenesis of MDD.
:
Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone essential for several metabolic processes, immune responses, and for regulating
neurotrophic-neuroprotective processes, neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have also
shown Vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe psychiatric disorders, including MDD.
:
Lately, clinical studies have shown the neuroprotective action of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) through the modulation
of inflammatory pathways and via the modulation of synaptic release of glutamate in cortico-subcortical
brain regions; the cysteine-glutamate antiporter.
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This paper reviews the therapeutic use of Vitamin D and NAC and among individuals with refractory MDD to the
first- line pharmacological interventions, reviewing the clinical studies published in the last decade.
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A detailed summary of the current evidence in this area aims to better inform psychiatrists and general practitioners
on the potential benefits of Vitamin D and NAC supplementation for this disorder.
:
Nutraceutical supplementation with Vitamin D and NAC in treatment-resistant MDD patients may be important
not only for improving depressive clinical manifestations but also for their safety and tolerability profile. This is
of great interest, especially considering the need for treating special populations affected by MDD, such as
youngsters and elders. Finally, the nutraceutical approach represents a good choice, considering its better compliance
by the patients compared to traditional psychopharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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26
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Zhao T, Zhang H, Yin X, Zhao H, Ma L, Yan M, Peng L, Wang Q, Dong X, Li P. Tangshen formula modulates gut Microbiota and reduces gut-derived toxins in diabetic nephropathy rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110325. [PMID: 32535383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is linked with intestinal dysbiosis from gut-derived toxins. Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to treat DKD. In this study, streptozotocin injection and uninephrectomy-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model was established to explore the impact of TSF on gut microbiota composition, gut-derived toxins, and the downstream inflammatory pathway of urotoxins in the kidney. TSF treatment for 12 weeks showed significant attenuation of both renal histologic injuries and urinary excretion of albumin compared with DN rats without treatment. TSF treatment also reconstructed gut dysbiosis and reduced levels of indoxyl sulfate and metabolic endotoxemia/lipopolysaccharide. MCP-1 and TNF-α were decreased by TSF both in the serum and kidney. In addition, we revealed that the inhibitory effect of TSF on renal inflammation was associated with the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon, a receptor of indoxyl sulfate, and TLR4, thereby inhibiting JNK and NF-κB signaling in the kidney. Spearman correlation analysis found that a cluster of gut bacterial phyla and genera were significantly correlated with renal pathology, renal function, and systemic inflammation. In conclusion, orally administered TSF significantly inhibited diabetic renal injury, and modulated gut microbiota, which decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate, and attenuated renal inflammation. Our results indicate that TSF may be used as an agent in the prevention of gut dysbiosis and elimination of intestinal toxins in DN individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - HaoJun Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - HaiLing Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liang Ma
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - MeiHua Yan
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liang Peng
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xi Dong
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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27
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Exercise and Curcumin in Combination Improves Cognitive Function and Attenuates ER Stress in Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051309. [PMID: 32375323 PMCID: PMC7284733 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that is mainly associated with lifestyles. Exercise and healthy diet are known to be beneficial for adults with T2DM in terms of maintaining blood glucose control and overall health. We investigated whether a combination of exercise and curcumin supplementation ameliorates diabetes-related cognitive distress by regulating inflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study was performed using male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (a spontaneous diabetes Type 2 model) and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats (LETO controls) by providing them with exercise alone or exercise and curcumin in combination. OLETF rats were fed either a diet of chow (as OLETF controls) or a diet of chow containing curcumin (5 g/kg diet) for five weeks. OLETF rats exercised with curcumin supplementation exhibited weight loss and improved glucose homeostasis and lipid profiles as compared with OLETF controls or exercised OLETF rats. Next, we examined cognitive functions using a Morris water maze test. Exercise plus curcumin improved escape latency and memory retention compared to OLETF controls. Furthermore, OLETF rats exercised and fed curcumin had lower IL6, TNFα, and IL10 levels (indicators of inflammatory response) and lower levels of ER stress markers (BiP and CHOP) in the intestine than OLETF controls. These observations suggest exercise plus curcumin may offer a means of treating diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Beraldi EJ, Borges SC, de Almeida FLA, Dos Santos A, Saad MJA, Buttow NC. Colonic neuronal loss and delayed motility induced by high-fat diet occur independently of changes in the major groups of microbiota in Swiss mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13745. [PMID: 31721393 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been linked to gastrointestinal disorders, and the loss of myenteric neurons in the intestine caused by high-fat diets (HFD) has been attributed to changes in microbiota and lipotoxicity. We investigated whether the prebiotic inulin modulates bacterial populations and alleviates neuronal loss in mice fed HFD. METHODS Swiss mice were fed purified rodent diet or HFD (59% kcal fat), or both diets supplemented with inulin for 17 weeks. Intestinal motility was assessed and a metagenome analysis of the colonic microbiota was performed. The gene expression of inflammatory markers was evaluated, and immunofluorescence was performed for different types of myenteric neurons and glial cells in the distal colon. KEY RESULTS The HFD caused obesity and delayed colonic motility. The loss of myenteric neurons and glial cells in obese mice affected all of the studied neuronal populations, including neurons positive for myosin-V, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and calretinin. Although obese mice supplemented with inulin exhibited improvements in colonic motility, neuronal, and glial cell loss persisted. The HFD did not altered the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine or the prevalence of the major groups in microbiota, but inulin increased the proportion of the genus Akkermansia in the obese mice. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES In Swiss mice, the HFD-induced neuronal loss but did not change the major groups in microbiota. This suggests that, despite the increase in the beneficial bacteria, other factors that are directly linked to excess dietary lipid intake affect the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro José Beraldi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (PBC), State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrey Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Ozato N, Saito S, Yamaguchi T, Katashima M, Tokuda I, Sawada K, Katsuragi Y, Kakuta M, Imoto S, Ihara K, Nakaji S. Blautia genus associated with visceral fat accumulation in adults 20-76 years of age. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2019; 5:28. [PMID: 31602309 PMCID: PMC6778088 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-019-0101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is reported to be related to obesity, and visceral fat is reported to be strongly associated with cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. However, the association between the gut microbiota and obesity has mainly been studied using body mass index (BMI) as a proxy for obesity. We investigated the relationship of both visceral fat and BMI with the gut microbiota stratified by sex in a population-based cross-sectional study of Japanese men and women 20-76 years of age (n = 1001). Women with a higher visceral fat area (VFA) harboured a higher relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum (P for trend <0.001) and a lower relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum (P for trend 0.030), whereas men with higher VFA harboured a lower relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum (P for trend 0.076) and a higher relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum (P for trend 0.013). Similar results were obtained using BMI as an index, but the differences were not significant in men. At the genus level, Blautia was the only gut microbe significantly and inversely associated with VFA regardless of sex. In conclusion, at the genus level we found that Blautia was the only gut microbe significantly and inversely associated with VFA, regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ozato
- 1Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,2Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Saito
- 3Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamaguchi
- 2Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Katashima
- 1Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,2Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itoyo Tokuda
- 4Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kaori Sawada
- 4Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Katsuragi
- 1Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,2Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kakuta
- 5Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- 6Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- 4Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- 4Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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Li C, Zhou HC, Nie YL, Zhao BY, Wu CC. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on T lymphocyte cell subsets and cytokine secretion in mesenteric lymph nodes of mice: Histological and molecular study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103214. [PMID: 31252312 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipololysaccharides (LPS) can disrupt the gut barrier. How dose LPS affects the immune performance of mesenteric lymph nodes? The results showed the hematological parameters significantly changed after LPS treatment. The length of intestinal villus was shortened and the depth of crypts was deepened, especially on the ileum. After LPS treatment 6 h, 12 h, the number of CD3+ T cells and CD4/CD8 in the mesenteric lymph nodes of ileum were reduced significantly; the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-ɑ and IL-2 were significantly decreased, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly increased in the ileum. The content of sIgA in the ileum was significantly decreased after LPS treatment 3 h, 6 h and was increased after LPS treatment 12 h. LPS through mesenteric lymph nodes, which induces the immune function reduced and the ileum injured obviously after treatment 6 h. Furthermore, the performance of intestinal immune performance was the lowest after LPS treatment 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chao Zhou
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Nie
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yu Zhao
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen-Chen Wu
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Pattern Recognition Receptor-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in the Development and Progression of Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:5271295. [PMID: 31582899 PMCID: PMC6754942 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5271295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is known to promote the development of many metabolic diseases, especially insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis. Pattern recognition receptor-mediated inflammation is an important determinant for the initiation and progression of these metabolic diseases. Here, we review the major features of the current understanding with respect to obesity-related chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues, focus on Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors with an emphasis on how these receptors determine metabolic disease progression, and provide a summary on the development and progress of PRR antagonists for therapeutic intervention.
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Razavi AC, Potts KS, Kelly TN, Bazzano LA. Sex, gut microbiome, and cardiovascular disease risk. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:29. [PMID: 31182162 PMCID: PMC6558780 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Key differences exist between men and women in the determinants and manifestations of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. Recently, gut microbiome-host relations have been implicated in cardiovascular disease and associated metabolic conditions; therefore, gut microbiota may be key mediators or modulators driving the observed sexual dimorphism in disease onset and progression. While current evidence regarding pure physiological sex differences in gut microbiome composition is modest, robust research suggests that gut microbiome-dependent metabolites may interact with important biological pathways under sex hormone control, including toll-like receptor and flavin monooxygenase signaling. Here, we review key sex differences in gut microbiome interactions with four primary determinants of cardiovascular disease, impaired glucose regulation, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Through this process, we propose important sex differences in downstream metabolic pathways that may be at the interface of the gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Razavi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Kaitlin S. Potts
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Tanika N. Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Lydia A. Bazzano
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
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Nerurkar PV, Orias D, Soares N, Kumar M, Nerurkar VR. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) modulates adipose tissue inflammasome gene expression and adipose-gut inflammatory cross talk in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 68:16-32. [PMID: 31005847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and tissue-specific inflammation has a profound influence on regulation of metabolism, and therefore, strategies to reduce inflammation are of special interest in prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Antiobesity and antidiabetic properties of Momordica charantia (bitter melon, BM) have been linked to its protective effects on inflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis. We investigated the mechanisms by which freeze-dried BM juice reduces adipose inflammation in mice fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Although earlier studies indicated that BM inhibited recruitment of macrophages (Mφ) infiltration in adipose tissue of rodents and reduced NF-kB and IL-1β secretions, the mechanisms remain unknown. We demonstrate that freeze-dried BM juice inhibits recruitment of Mφ into adipose tissue and its polarization to inflammatory phenotype possibly due to reduction of sphingokinase 1 (SPK1) mRNA in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, reduction of IL-1β secretion by freeze-dried BM juice in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice is correlated to alleviation of NLRP3 inflammasome components and their downstream signaling targets. We confirm previous observations that BM inhibited inflammation of colon and gut microbial dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice, which in part may be associated with the observed anti-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue if HFD-fed mice. Overall, functional foods such as BM may offer potential dietary interventions that may impact sterile inflammatory diseases such as obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha V Nerurkar
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Daniella Orias
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Natasha Soares
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering (MBBE), College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Vivek R Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Rao M, Gao C, Xu L, Jiang L, Zhu J, Chen G, Law BYK, Xu Y. Effect of Inulin-Type Carbohydrates on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:5101423. [PMID: 31534973 PMCID: PMC6732642 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) is a physiological condition related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, which is associated with high blood insulin and glucose. Inulin-type carbohydrate (ITC) is a kind of fermentable fructan that can reduce glucose and ameliorate IR in an animal model, but the effect in clinical trials is controversial. OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the effect of ITC supplementation in ameliorating IR in T2DM and obese patients. METHODS Multiple databases were queried for studies before December 25, 2018, which involved supplementation with ITC in ameliorating IR in T2DM and obese patients. Studies that involved meta-analysis of the body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FI), HbA1c, homeostatic model assessment IR (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) of T2DM subjects were included. HOMA-IR and QUICKI were identified as the primary outcomes. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effect of ITC on IR in obese patients. RESULTS The database search yielded 25 studies, which met the inclusion criteria; 11 articles were meta-analyzed, and 5 other articles on T2DM and 9 articles on simple obesity were systematically reviewed. Our results did not find ITC supplementation decrease postintervention and reduction data of BMI (P = 0.08). However, it can significantly decrease postintervention and reduction data of FPG, FI, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR. Heterogeneity was eliminated by subgroup analysis according to baseline BMI. There was no significant difference in the amelioration of QUICKI between the ITC and control groups. However, the difference was statistically significant and the heterogeneity was eliminated after subgroup analysis according to intakes of ITC. 14 articles for a systematic review found that the results of blood glucose, insulin, and HbA1c were controversial. Only one of the seven studies on simple obesity concluded that ITC intervention significantly ameliorated HOMA-IR, while the other six did not. CONCLUSION Supplementation of ITC can ameliorate IR in T2DM, especially in obese T2DM patients, but the effects are controversial in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chenlin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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Ma HD, Zhao ZB, Ma WT, Liu QZ, Gao CY, Li L, Wang J, Tsuneyama K, Liu B, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Gut microbiota translocation promotes autoimmune cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:47-57. [PMID: 30340822 PMCID: PMC6290354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota and bacterial translocation have been implicated as significant contributors to mucosal immune responses and tolerance; alteration of microbial molecules, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and bacterial translocation are associated with immune pathology. However, the mechanisms by which dysregulated gut microbiota promotes autoimmunity is unclear. We have taken advantage of a well-characterized murine model of primary biliary cholangitis, dnTGFβRII mice, and an additional unique construct, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient dnTGFβRII mice coined dnTGFβRIITLR2-/- mice to investigate the influences of gut microbiota on autoimmune cholangitis. Firstly, we report that dnTGFβRII mice manifest altered composition of gut microbiota and that alteration of this gut microbiota by administration of antibiotics significantly alleviates T-cell-mediated infiltration and bile duct damage. Second, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient dnTGFβRII mice demonstrate significant exacerbation of autoimmune cholangitis when their epithelial barrier integrity was disrupted. Further, TLR2-deficiency mediates downregulated expression of tight junction-associated protein ZO-1 leading to increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation from gut to liver; use of antibiotics reduces microbiota translocation to liver and also decreases biliary pathology. In conclusion, our data demonstrates the important role of gut microbiota and bacterial translocation in the pathogenesis of murine autoimmune cholangitis.
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MESH Headings
- Ampicillin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/microbiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Bacterial Translocation/drug effects
- Bacterial Translocation/immunology
- Bile Ducts/drug effects
- Bile Ducts/immunology
- Bile Ducts/microbiology
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/microbiology
- Colon/pathology
- Feces/microbiology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/microbiology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/drug therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/microbiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- Metronidazole/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neomycin/pharmacology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/deficiency
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/genetics
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Di Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China; Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China; Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qing-Zhi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China; Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cai-Yue Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China; Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China; Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China; Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Liver Immunology Laboratory, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Resveratrol, Metabolic Syndrome, and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111651. [PMID: 30400297 PMCID: PMC6266067 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol which has been shown to have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome-related alterations in experimental animals, including glucose and lipid homeostasis improvement and a reduction in fat mass, blood pressure, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress. Clinical trials have been carried out to address its potential; however, results are still inconclusive. Even though resveratrol is partly metabolized by gut microbiota, the relevance of this “forgotten organ” had not been widely considered. However, in the past few years, data has emerged suggesting that the therapeutic potential of this compound may be due to its interaction with gut microbiota, reporting changes in bacterial composition associated with beneficial metabolic outcomes. Even though data is still scarce and for the most part observational, it is promising nevertheless, suggesting that resveratrol supplementation could be a useful tool for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated conditions.
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Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111656. [PMID: 30400332 PMCID: PMC6266123 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical functions of vitamin D are to regulate calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and control bone metabolism. However, vitamin D deficiency has been reported in several chronic conditions associated with increased inflammation and deregulation of the immune system, such as diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. These observations, together with experimental studies, suggest a critical role for vitamin D in the modulation of immune function. This leads to the hypothesis of a disease-specific alteration of vitamin D metabolism and reinforces the role of vitamin D in maintaining a healthy immune system. Two key observations validate this important non-classical action of vitamin D: first, vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed by the majority of immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; second, there is an active vitamin D metabolism by immune cells that is able to locally convert 25(OH)D3 into 1,25(OH)2D3, its active form. Vitamin D and VDR signaling together have a suppressive role on autoimmunity and an anti-inflammatory effect, promoting dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell differentiation and reducing T helper Th 17 cell response and inflammatory cytokines secretion. This review summarizes experimental data and clinical observations on the potential immunomodulating properties of vitamin D.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity and diabetes are worldwide epidemics. There is also a growing body of evidence relating the gut microbiome composition to insulin resistance. The purpose of this review is to delineate the studies linking gut microbiota to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Animal studies as well as proof of concept studies using fecal transplantation demonstrate the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in regulating insulin resistance states and inflammation. While we still need to standardize methodologies to study the microbiome, there is an abundance of evidence pointing to the link between gut microbiome, inflammation, and insulin resistance, and future studies should be aimed at identifying unifying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpu Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the accumulation of uremic retention solutes (URS) and is associated with perturbations of glucose homeostasis even in absence of diabetes. The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance, β cell failure, and increase risk of diabetes in CKD, however, remain unclear. Metabolomic studies reported that some metabolites are similar in CKD and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and contribute to the progression to end-stage renal disease. We attempted to discuss the mechanisms involved in the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism in CKD by focusing on the specific role of URS. RECENT FINDINGS Recent clinical data have demonstrated a defect of insulin secretion in CKD. Several studies highlighted the direct role of some URS (urea, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), p-cresyl sulfate, 3-carboxylic acid 4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan propionic (CMPF)) in glucose homeostasis abnormalities and diabetes incidence. Gut dysbiosis has been identified as a potential contributor to diabetes and to the production of URS. The complex interplay between the gut microbiota, kidney, pancreas β cell, and peripheral insulin target tissues has brought out new hypotheses for the pathogenesis of CKD and DKD. The characterization of intestinal microbiota and its associated metabolites are likely to fill fundamental knowledge gaps leading to innovative research, clinical trials, and new treatments for CKD and DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Koppe
- Department Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495, Pierre-Benite, France.
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495, Pierre-Benite, France
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe O Soulage
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN lab, INSA-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
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41
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Abstract
Mammalian immune systems evolved within a diverse world dominated by microbes, making interactions between these two life-forms inevitable. Adaptive immunity protects against microbes through antigen-specific responses. In classical studies, these responses were investigated in the context of pathogenicity; however, we now know that they have significant effects on our resident microbes. In turn, microbes employ an arsenal of mechanisms to influence development and specificity of host immunity. Understanding these complex reactions will be necessary to develop microbiota-based strategies to prevent or treat disease. Here we review the literature detailing the cross talk between resident microbes with a focus on the specificity of host responses and the microbial molecules that influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla S Ost
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Utah 84211, USA;
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Utah 84211, USA;
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42
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Cheng J, Xue F, Zhang M, Cheng C, Qiao L, Ma J, Sui W, Xu X, Gao C, Hao P, Zhang M, Zhang Y. TRIM31 Deficiency Is Associated with Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Disrupted Gut Microbiota in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:24. [PMID: 29497383 PMCID: PMC5818424 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31), an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the tripartite motif family, plays an important role in the innate immune response. It can reduce the activity of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. However, little information is about glucose metabolic health of TRIM31-deficient mice, and investigations about gut microbiota in TRIM31-deficient mice is limited. Thus, we aimed to compare glucose metabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition and inflammatory cytokine levels between TRIM31-/- and wild-type (WT) mice, and further investigate whether or not certain gut microbiota taxon correlates with specific metabolic parameters and inflammation cytokines in TRIM31-deficient mice. TRIM31-/- mice showed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with a significant difference in gut microbiota composition, characterized by increased abundance of Prevotellaceae and Veillonellaceae. TRIM31-/- mice with impaired glucose metabolism was accompanied by elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) concentrations, as well as upregulated caecal TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase-1, and NLRP3 expressions. Furthermore, elevated p-IRS-1/IRS-1 protein expression, and decreased Akt Thr308 phosphorylation were observed in TRIM31-/- mice. Prevotellaceae abundance was positively associated with caecal IL-1β mRNA expression, and Veillonellaceae was associated with higher TNF-α mRNA expression and serum insulin concentration. In conclusion, our study is novel in showing that TRIM31 deficiency is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and disrupted gut microbiota in mice. This study contributes to the theoretical foundation on the potential relationship between TRIM31 deficiency and the development of abnormal glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhai Sui
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
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Ma N, Guo P, Zhang J, He T, Kim SW, Zhang G, Ma X. Nutrients Mediate Intestinal Bacteria-Mucosal Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29416535 PMCID: PMC5787545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the shared site of nutrient digestion, microbiota colonization and immune cell location and this geographic proximity contributes to a large extent to their interaction. The onset and development of a great many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and metabolic syndrome, will be caused due to the imbalance of body immune. As competent assistants, the intestinal bacteria are also critical in disease prevention and control. Moreover, the gut commensal bacteria are essential for development and normal operation of immune system and the pathogens are also closely bound up with physiological disorders and diseases mediated by immune imbalance. Understanding how our diet and nutrient affect bacterial composition and dynamic function, and the innate and adaptive status of our immune system, represents not only a research need but also an opportunity or challenge to improve health. Herein, this review focuses on the recent discoveries about intestinal bacteria–immune crosstalk and nutritional regulation on their interplay, with an aim to provide novel insights that can aid in understanding their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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44
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Fields CT, Chassaing B, Castillo-Ruiz A, Osan R, Gewirtz AT, de Vries GJ. Effects of gut-derived endotoxin on anxiety-like and repetitive behaviors in male and female mice. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:7. [PMID: 29351816 PMCID: PMC5775597 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis is observed in several neuropsychiatric disorders exhibiting increases in anxiety behavior, and recent work suggests links between gut inflammation and such disorders. One source of this inflammation may be lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic component of gram-negative bacteria. Here, we (1) determine whether oral gavage of LPS, as a model of gut-derived endotoxemia, affects anxiety-like and/or repetitive behaviors; (2) test whether these changes depend on TLR4 signaling; and (3) test the extent to which gut-derived endotoxin and TLR4 antagonism affects males and females differently. METHODS In experiment 1, male wild-type (WT) and Tlr4-/- mice were tested for locomotor, anxiety-like, and repetitive behaviors in an automated open field test apparatus, 2 h after oral gavage of LPS or saline. In experiment 2, male and female WT mice received an oral gavage of LPS and an injection of one or two TLR4 antagonists that target different TLR4 signaling pathways ((+)-naloxone and LPS derived from R. sphaeroides (LPS-RS)). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify effects of treatment, sex, and genotype and their interaction. RESULTS In experiment 1, oral gavage of LPS increased anxiety-like behavior in male WT mice but not in Tlr4-/- mice. In experiment 2, oral gavage of LPS increased anxiety-like and decreased repetitive behaviors in WT mice of both sexes. Neither antagonist directly blocked the effects of orally administered LPS. However, treatment with (+)-naloxone, which blocks the TRIF pathway of TLR4, had opposing behavioral effects in males and females (independent of LPS treatment). We also identified sex differences in the expression of interleukin-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in the gut both in basal conditions and in response to LPS. CONCLUSION In spite of the ubiquitous nature of LPS in the gut lumen, this is the first study to demonstrate that intestinally derived LPS can initiate behavioral aspects of the sickness response. While an increased enteric load of LPS increases anxiety-like behavior in both sexes, it likely does so via sex-specific mechanisms. Similarly, TLR4 signaling may promote baseline expression of repetitive behavior differently in males and females. This study lays the groundwork for future interrogations into connections between gut-derived endotoxin and behavioral pathology in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | | | - Remus Osan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Geert J. de Vries
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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45
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Bele N, Panigrahi PK, Srivastava SK. Knowledge Discovery From Vernacular Expressions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijkm.2018010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article describes how knowledge discovery is a frontier research issue of knowledge management, and social media provides an opportunity for knowledge discovery that was at no other time as virtuous as the present. Despite the fact that, the articulations in national dialects via web-based networking media is mounting day by day. This discovery endeavor in regional languages is rare. The usage of Hindi, the Indian National language, is also observing the similar trend. Any expression in social media contains multiple features. Discovering the hidden sentiments behind these features have wider functions. This article is the first attempt to mine the opinion at the features level in the Hindi language. The principle contribution of this article is the development of context specific corpus in the Hindi language. Based on this corpus authors extract the sentiments on one of the prominent leader of India at the feature level. Opinion mining conclusion based on present work is reproduced likewise in the subsequent election results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Bele
- International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
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46
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Na YR, Je S, Seok SH. Metabolic features of macrophages in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 413:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Saad MJ. Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelium: Molecular Interactions. ENDOTHELIUM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 2018:639-652. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812348-5.00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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48
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Chiu CC, Ching YH, Li YP, Liu JY, Huang YT, Huang YW, Yang SS, Huang WC, Chuang HL. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Exacerbated in High-Fat Diet-Fed Gnotobiotic Mice by Colonization with the Gut Microbiota from Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111220. [PMID: 29113135 PMCID: PMC5707692 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious liver disorder associated with the accumulation of fat and inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine the gut microbiota composition that might influence the progression of NAFLD. Germ-free mice were inoculated with feces from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or from healthy persons (HL) and then fed a standard diet (STD) or high-fat diet (HFD). We found that the epididymal fat weight, hepatic steatosis, multifocal necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration significantly increased in the NASH-HFD group. These findings were consistent with markedly elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, endotoxin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (Mcp1), and hepatic triglycerides. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2), Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α), Mcp1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar-γ) significantly increased. Only abundant lipid accumulation and a few inflammatory reactions were observed in group HL-HFD. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes shifted in the HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae was the highest in group NASH-HFD. Nevertheless, obesity-related Lactobacillaceae were significantly upregulated in HL-HFD mice. Our results revealed that the gut microbiota from NASH Patients aggravated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. These findings might partially explain the NAFLD progress distinctly was related to different compositions of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chao Chiu
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Peng Li
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ju-Yun Liu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Te Huang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University College of Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Sien-Sing Yang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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49
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Cani PD, de Vos WM. Next-Generation Beneficial Microbes: The Case of Akkermansia muciniphila. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1765. [PMID: 29018410 PMCID: PMC5614963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders associated with obesity and cardiometabolic disorders are worldwide epidemic. Among the different environmental factors, the gut microbiota is now considered as a key player interfering with energy metabolism and host susceptibility to several non-communicable diseases. Among the next-generation beneficial microbes that have been identified, Akkermansia muciniphila is a promising candidate. Indeed, A. muciniphila is inversely associated with obesity, diabetes, cardiometabolic diseases and low-grade inflammation. Besides the numerous correlations observed, a large body of evidence has demonstrated the causal beneficial impact of this bacterium in a variety of preclinical models. Translating these exciting observations to human would be the next logic step and it now appears that several obstacles that would prevent the use of A. muciniphila administration in humans have been overcome. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that pasteurization of A. muciniphila not only increases its stability but more importantly increases its efficacy. This strongly positions A. muciniphila in the forefront of next-generation candidates for developing novel food or pharma supplements with beneficial effects. Finally, a specific protein present on the outer membrane of A. muciniphila, termed Amuc_1100, could be strong candidate for future drug development. In conclusion, as plants and its related knowledge, known as pharmacognosy, have been the source for designing drugs over the last century, we propose that microbes and microbiomegnosy, or knowledge of our gut microbiome, can become a novel source of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands.,Immunobiology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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50
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Tal M, Verbrugghe A, Gomez DE, Chau C, Weese JS. The effect of storage at ambient temperature on the feline fecal microbiota. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:256. [PMID: 28821259 PMCID: PMC5563020 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline fecal microbiota analyses can potentially be impacted by a variety of factors such as sample preparation, sequencing method and bioinformatics analyses. Another potential influence is changes in the microbiota from storage of samples prior to processing. This study examined the effect of ambient temperature exposure on the feline fecal microbiota composition. Fecal samples were collected from 12 healthy cats, within 15 min after defecation. Samples were aliquoted and the first aliquot was frozen at -80 °C within 1 hour of defecation. Remaining aliquots were maintained at ambient temperature (20 to 23 °C) and frozen at -80 °C at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h after collection. DNA was extracted from all aliquots, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were sequenced with next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). RESULTS No significant differences were observed in alpha and beta biodiversity indexes, as well as relative abundance of different taxa over time (P > 0.05 for all tests between time points). Principal coordinate analyses demonstrated that samples cluster mainly by cat, with no significant differences between time points (AMOVA, P > 0.05; HOMOVA, P > 0.05). Linear discriminant analysis effect size method was performed and failed to detect any enriched taxa, between time points. Random forest algorithm analysis indicated homogeneity across time points. CONCLUSIONS Although existing evidence from human fecal storage studies is contradictory, a recent study in companion animals agreed with the current study, demonstrating that maintenance of feline fecal samples at ambient temperature for up to 4 days has no effect on the bacterial membership and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Tal
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Diego E. Gomez
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - Charlotte Chau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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