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Bhardwaj S, Choudhary ML, Chadha MS, Kinikar A, Bavdekar A, Gujar N, Dcosta P, Kulkarni R, Bafna S, Salvi S, Padbidri V, Potdar V. Resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus infection during COVID-19 pandemic in Pune, India. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:586. [PMID: 38877428 PMCID: PMC11177433 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children worldwide. Understanding its prevalence, variations, and characteristics is vital, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the RSV positivity rate, subtype prevalence, age and gender distribution, symptomatology, and co-infection rates during pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. METHODS We analyzed data from 15,381 patients tested for RSV between 2017 and 2023. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a 7.2% average RSV positivity rate in the pre-pandemic period, with significant fluctuations during the pandemic (1.5% in 2020 to 32.0% in 2021). We observed variations in RSVA and RSVB detection rates. The 0-4 years' age group was consistently the most affected, with a slight male predominance. Fever and cough were common symptoms. Therapeutic interventions, particularly antiviral usage and ventilation requirements, decreased during the pandemic. We also identified variations in co-infection rates with other respiratory viruses. CONCLUSION Our study offers critical insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on RSV prevalence, subtype distribution, patient characteristics, and clinical management. These findings underscore the need for ongoing surveillance and adaptive public health responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhardwaj
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
| | | | | | - Aarti Kinikar
- B.J.Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh Kulkarni
- B.J.Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | - Sonali Salvi
- B.J.Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | - Varsha Potdar
- Influenza, National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India.
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Kanungo S, Bhattacharjee U, Prabhakaran AO, Kumar R, Rajkumar P, Bhardwaj SD, Chakrabarti AK, Kumar C. P. G, Potdar V, Manna B, Amarchand R, Choudekar A, Gopal G, Sarda K, Lafond KE, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Saha S, Dar L, Krishnan A. Adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with pneumonia at age 60 or more: A prospective multi-centric hospital-based study in India. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297452. [PMID: 38696397 PMCID: PMC11065220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exists regarding risk factors for adverse outcomes in older adults hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in low- and middle-income countries such as India. This multisite study aimed to assess outcomes and associated risk factors among adults aged ≥60 years hospitalized with pneumonia. METHODS Between December 2018 and March 2020, we enrolled ≥60-year-old adults admitted within 48 hours for CAP treatment across 16 public and private facilities in four sites. Clinical data and nasal/oropharyngeal specimens were collected by trained nurses and tested for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) using the qPCR. Participants were evaluated regularly until discharge, as well as on the 7th and 30th days post-discharge. Outcomes included ICU admission and in-hospital or 30-day post-discharge mortality. A hierarchical framework for multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models identified risk factors (e.g., demographics, clinical features, etiologic agents) associated with critical care or death. FINDINGS Of 1,090 CAP patients, the median age was 69 years; 38.4% were female. Influenza viruses were detected in 12.3%, RSV in 2.2%, and ORV in 6.3% of participants. Critical care was required for 39.4%, with 9.9% in-hospital mortality and 5% 30-day post-discharge mortality. Only 41% of influenza CAP patients received antiviral treatment. Admission factors independently associated with ICU admission included respiratory rate >30/min, blood urea nitrogen>19mg/dl, altered sensorium, anemia, oxygen saturation <90%, prior cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and private hospital admission. Diabetes, anemia, low oxygen saturation at admission, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation were associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION High ICU admission and 30-day mortality rates were observed among older adults with pneumonia, with a significant proportion linked to influenza and RSV infections. Comprehensive guidelines for CAP prevention and management in older adults are needed, especially with the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kanungo
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Byomkesh Manna
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritvik Amarchand
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Choudekar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Giridara Gopal
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Sarda
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kathryn E. Lafond
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- Influenza program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Nisar M, Kerai S, Shahid S, Qazi M, Rehman S, Aziz F, Jehan F. Predictors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza Virus, and Human Metapneumovirus Carriage in Children Under 5 Years With WHO-Defined Fast-Breathing Pneumonia in Pakistan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13285. [PMID: 38616564 PMCID: PMC11016811 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children < 5 years. We describe nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and influenza virus among children with fast-breathing pneumonia in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs from children aged 2-59 months with fast-breathing pneumonia, enrolled in the randomized trial of amoxicillin versus placebo for fast-breathing pneumonia (RETAPP) (NCT02372461) from 2014 to 2016. Swabs were collected using WHO standardized methods, processed at the Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Viral detection was performed using LUMINEX xTAG respiratory viral panel assay and logistic regression identified clinical and sociodemographic predictors. FINDINGS Of the 1000 children tested, 92.2% (n = 922) were positive for viral carriage. RSV, hMPV, and influenza virus were detected in 59 (6.4%), 56 (6.1%), and 58 (6.3%) children and co-infections in three samples (two RSV-hMPV and one influenza-hMPV). RSV carriage was common in infants (56%), we observed a higher occurrence of fever in children with hMPV and influenza virus (80% and 88%, respectively) and fast breathing in RSV (80%) carriage. RSV carriage was positively associated with a history of fast/difficulty breathing (aOR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.02-3.76) and low oxygen saturation (aOR: 2.52, 95% CI 1.32-4.82), hMPV carriage was positively associated with a complete vaccination status (aOR: 2.22, 95% CI 1.23-4.00) and body temperature ≥ 37.5°C (aOR: 2.34, 95% CI 1.35-4.04) whereas influenza viral carriage was associated with body temperature ≥ 37.5°C (aOR: 4.48, 95% CI 2.53-7.93). CONCLUSION We observed a high nasopharyngeal viral carriage among children with WHO-defined fast-breathing pneumonia in Pakistan. Fever, difficulty in breathing, hypoxia and vaccination status are important clinical predictors for viral nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salima Kerai
- School of Population and Public HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Shahira Shahid
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthAga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan
| | | | - Sarah Rehman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthAga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan
| | - Fatima Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthAga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthAga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan
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Liu W, Zhang H, Zhao T, Cai X, Yang L, Gao G, Che X, Zhu Z, Zeng T, Cui F. Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of an Outbreak on Respiratory Virus Coinfection in Gansu, China. Viruses 2024; 16:540. [PMID: 38675883 PMCID: PMC11054386 DOI: 10.3390/v16040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of an outbreak primarily caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in a kindergarten and primary school. The outbreak was investigated by field epidemiological investigation, and the common respiratory pathogens were screened by RT-PCR detection technology. The attack rate of this outbreak was 63.95% (110/172). Main symptoms included cough (85.45%), sore throat (60.91%), and sneezing (60.00%). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that continuous handwashing and mouth and nose covering when sneezing were protective factors. All 15 collected throat swab specimens tested positive for viruses, with HMPV as the predominant pathogen (80.00%), followed by HRV (53.33%), and two cases of positive respiratory syncytial virus (13.33%). Among them, six samples showed coinfections of HMPV and HRV, and one had coinfections of HMPV and RSV, resulting in a coinfection rate of 46.67%. Genetic sequencing indicated that the HMPV genotype in this outbreak was A2c, and the HRV genotype was type A, resulting in a coinfection outbreak of HMPV, HRV, and RSV in schools and kindergartens, suggesting that multi-pathogen surveillance of respiratory tract infections should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (Gansu Province), Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Tianshuo Zhao
- Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China; (T.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Xianming Cai
- Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China; (T.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Liguo Yang
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Genxia Gao
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenhong Zhu
- Jingyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan 730699, China; (W.L.); (L.Y.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tongxia Zeng
- Scientific Research Training Department, Baiyin City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyin 730900, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Health Inspection, Vaccine Research and Evaluation Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 101100, China; (T.Z.); (X.C.)
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Sabastin M, Mone K, Manivel A, Cherayi Padinakarai A, Krishnasamy K. Epidemic profile of common respiratory viruses in association SARS CoV-2 among SARI and ARI-two year study. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:156. [PMID: 38252354 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19/SARS CoV-2 continue to pose a threat to human health and placed millions of livelihoods at risk. Surveillance for the other circulating seasonal viruses during this pandemic is necessary to understand the manifestations of the CoV-2 pandemic and their incidence. METHODS A detailed study survey was performed on subjects with acute respiratory infections (ARI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai from April 2020 to March 2022. A total of 1480 patients presenting with either SARI (41.8%) or ARI (58.1%) were screened for SARS CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. The SARS CoV-2 real-time PCR was carried out using ICMR-approved kits and other respiratory viruses were detected using the commercially available real-time kit. RESULTS Out of the 620 SARI patients, 198 (31.9%) were positive for SARS CoV-2 RNA. Out of the 860 ARI patients, 352 (40.9%) were positive for SARS CoV-2 RNA. Among the 550 patients positive for SARS CoV-2, 7 (1.2%) were positive coexistent with other respiratory viruses. Among the 930 patients with negative SARS CoV-2, 222 (23.8%) were positive for other common respiratory viruses (p = 0.001). Influenza viruses (36.9%) predominated followed by RSV (31.9%) and Parainfluenza virus (13.5%). CONCLUSION This study suggests that viral coinfections are significantly higher among SARS CoV-2 negative individuals (23.8 vs. 1.2%). It is possibly due to viral interference and the competitive advantage of SARS CoV-2 in modulating the host immunity. Continuous surveillance is necessary for understanding the viral co-infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Sabastin
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthiga Mone
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - ArunKumar Manivel
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kaveri Krishnasamy
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Dorji K, Yuden P, Ghishing TD, Ghimeray G, Klungthong C, Wangchuk S, Farmer A. Respiratory syncytial virus among hospitalized patients of severe acute respiratory infection in Bhutan: Cross-sectional study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13242. [PMID: 38239563 PMCID: PMC10794158 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, particularly in young children. In Bhutan, respiratory disease continues to be among the top 10 diseases of morbidity for several years. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of RSV among hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Bhutan. Method Respiratory specimens were collected from SARI patients of all ages in 2016 and 2018 following influenza surveillance guidelines. Specimens were tested for influenza and RSV, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the result in STATA 16.1. Result Of the 1339 SARI specimens tested, 34.8% were positive for at least one viral pathogen. RSV was detected in 18.5% of SARI cases, followed by influenza in 13.4% and other respiratory viruses in 3%. The median age of SARI cases was 3 (IQR: 0.8-21 years) years. RSV detection was higher among children aged 0-6 (Adj OR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.7-5.39) and 7-23 months (Adj OR: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.77-5.12) compared with the children aged 5-15 years. RSV was also associated with breathing difficulty (Adj OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.17-2.56) and pre-existing lung disease, including asthma (Adj OR: 2.78; 95% CI: 0.99-7.8). Conclusion Respiratory viruses were detected in a substantial proportion of SARI hospitalizations in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzang Dorji
- National Influenza Centre, Royal Centers for Disease ControlMinistry of HealthThimphuBhutan
| | - Pema Yuden
- National Influenza Centre, Royal Centers for Disease ControlMinistry of HealthThimphuBhutan
| | - Tara Devi Ghishing
- National Influenza Centre, Royal Centers for Disease ControlMinistry of HealthThimphuBhutan
| | - Govinda Ghimeray
- ICT UnitRoyal Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of HealthThimphuBhutan
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of VirologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Royal Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of HealthThimphuBhutan
| | - Aaron Farmer
- Department of VirologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
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Saha R, Majumdar A, Chaudhuri RD, Chatterjee A, Lo M, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Molecular epidemiology of circulating human adenoviruses among acute respiratory infection patients seeking healthcare facilities in West Bengal, India. Virology 2023; 588:109912. [PMID: 37913611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) causes acute respiratory infections leading to mortality in children. This study analyzes the circulating respiratory HAdV genotypes in West Bengal, India during 2018-2022 among symptomatic patients. The overall positivity rate was 6.8%, out of which 26.4% were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. Children aged 2 to 5 years were mostly infected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the recombinant HAdV-B type 7/3, which has remarkable outbreak potential, predominantly circulated in this region followed by the non-recombinant HAdV-B type 3/3. Moreover, the amino acid sequences encoded by both the hexon and fiber genes of these two circulating strains possessed a few mutations that mostly diverged from the prototype strain, although the divergence was less pronounced in case of the amino acids encoded by the fiber gene of HAdV-B type 3/3. Overall, the results underscore the need for continuous surveillance of respiratory HAdV types to combat future possible epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritubrita Saha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Agniva Majumdar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratul Datta Chaudhuri
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahadeb Lo
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Shaikh H, Koli P, Undale V, Pardeshi A, Asalkar M, Sahastrabuddhe S, Kawade A, Upasani C. Safety and Protective Effects of Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in Pune, India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1034. [PMID: 37376423 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal influenza vaccination provides effective protection against influenza infections in pregnant women and their newborns. In India, the influenza vaccine has not yet been offered through immunization programs, owing to the lack of sufficient safety data for pregnant Indian women. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study enrolled 558 women admitted to the obstetrics ward of a civic hospital in Pune. Study-related information was obtained from the participants through hospital records and interviews using structured questionnaires. Univariate and multivariable analysis was used, and the chi-square test with adjusted odds ratio was estimated to account for vaccine exposure and the temporal nature of each outcome, respectively. RESULTS Women not vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy had a higher risk of delivering very LBW infants, and possible protective effects were suggested (AOR 2.29, 95% CI 1.03 to 5.58, p = 0.03). No association was observed between maternal influenza vaccination for Caesarean section (LSCS) (AOR 0.97, 95% CI, 0.78, 1.85), stillbirth (AOR 1.8, 95% CI 0.18, 24.64) and NICU admission (AOR, 0.87, 0.29 to 2.85), and congenital anomaly (AOR, 0.81, 0.10 to 3.87). INTERPRETATION These results show that the influenza vaccine administered during pregnancy is safe and might lower the risk of negative birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, SNJB's Shriman Suresh Dada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad 423101, India
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Gwanak ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pranesha Koli
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India
| | - Vaishali Undale
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India
| | - Anil Pardeshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth G.S. Medical College, KEM Hospital, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Mahesh Asalkar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation's Postgraduate Institute, Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital, Pune 411018, India
| | - Sushant Sahastrabuddhe
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Gwanak ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Kawade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune 412216, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Upasani
- Department of Pharmacology, SNJB's Shriman Suresh Dada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad 423101, India
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Krishnan A. Need for a robust public health response to seasonal influenza in India. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:421-426. [PMID: 37955218 PMCID: PMC10443721 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_184_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
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