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Keita A, Duval R, Porée FH. Chemistry and biology of ent-morphinan alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2023; 90:1-96. [PMID: 37716795 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphinan alkaloids have attracted constant attention since the isolation of morphine by Sertürner in 1805. However, a group of 45 compounds possessing a complete ent-morphinan backbone can also be found in the literature. These compounds are related to the morphinandienone subgroup and display a substitution pattern which is different from the morphinans. In particular, these alkaloids could be substituted at position C-2 and C-8 either by a hydroxy function or a methoxy moiety. Four groups of ent-morphinan alkaloids can be proposed, the salutaridine, pallidine, cephasugine and erromangine series. Interestingly, the botanical distribution of the ent-morphinans is more widespread than for the morphinans and includes the Annonaceae, Berberidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fumariaceae, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Menispermaceae, Monimiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Ranunculaceae families. To date, their exact mode of production remains elusive and their interplay with the biosynthetic pathway of other classes of benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, in particular aporphines, should be confirmed. Exploration of the biological and therapeutic potential of these compounds is limited to some areas, namely central nervous system (CNS), inflammation, cancer, malaria and viruses. Further studies should be conducted to identify the cellular/molecular targets in view of promoting these compounds as new scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Duval
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, MERIT, Paris, France.
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Cho KH, Tan SP, Tan HY, Liew SY, Nafiah MA. Morphinan Alkaloids from the Leaves of Alphonsea cylindrica and Their Antibacterial Properties. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:79-85. [PMID: 35288885 DOI: 10.1055/a-1797-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical study has been carried out on CH2Cl2 extract of Alphonsea cylindrica leaves, resulting in the isolation of three new morphinan alkaloids. They are kinomenine (1: ), N-methylkinomenine (2: ), and hydroxymethylkinomenine (3: ). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV, HRESIMS) and comparison with the data reported in literature for similar alkaloids. Kinomenine (1: ) and N-methylkinomenine (2: ) showed weak inhibition against S. aureus (MIC values of 1: and 2: = 500 µg/mL; pIC50 values in 95% C. I. of: 1: = 2.9 to 3.0; 2: = 2.9 to 3.1), while kinomenine (1: ) also showed weak inhibition against E. coli (MIC values of 1: = 500 µg/mL; pIC50 value in 95% C. I. of: 1: = 2.9) by broth microdilution method. The results obtained can be used as future referencefor the discovery of morphinans and the potential of A. cylindrica as an antibacterial source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Hau Cho
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siow-Ping Tan
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yin Tan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sook Yee Liew
- Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azlan Nafiah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
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Valenciano AL, Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Vega-Rodríguez J, Adams JH, Roth A. In vitro models for human malaria: targeting the liver stage. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:758-774. [PMID: 35780012 PMCID: PMC9378454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium liver stage represents a vulnerable therapeutic target to prevent disease progression as the parasite resides in the liver before clinical representation caused by intraerythrocytic development. However, most antimalarial drugs target the blood stage of the parasite's life cycle, and the few drugs that target the liver stage are lethal to patients with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Furthermore, implementation of in vitro liver models to study and develop novel therapeutics against the liver stage of human Plasmodium species remains challenging. In this review, we focus on the progression of in vitro liver models developed for human Plasmodium spp. parasites, provide a brief review on important assay requirements, and lastly present recommendations to improve models to enhance the discovery process of novel preclinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lisa Valenciano
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria G Gomez-Lorenzo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Muema JM, Bargul JL, Obonyo MA, Njeru SN, Matoke-Muhia D, Mutunga JM. Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:298. [PMID: 36002857 PMCID: PMC9404607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Muema
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Meshack A Obonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Sospeter N Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University (MKU), P.O. Box 54, Thika, 01000, Kenya.,School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Potent Antiplasmodial Derivatives of Dextromethorphan Reveal the Ent-Morphinan Pharmacophore of Tazopsine-Type Alkaloids. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020372. [PMID: 35214104 PMCID: PMC8876632 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaloid tazopsine 1 was introduced in the late 2000s as a novel antiplasmodial hit compound active against Plasmodium falciparum hepatic stages, with the potential to develop prophylactic drugs based on this novel chemical scaffold. However, the structural determinants of tazopsine 1 bioactivity, together with the exact definition of the pharmacophore, remained elusive, impeding further development. We found that the antitussive drug dextromethorphan (DXM) 3, although lacking the complex pattern of stereospecific functionalization of the natural hit, was harboring significant antiplasmodial activity in vitro despite suboptimal prophylactic activity in a murine model of malaria, precluding its direct repurposing against the disease. The targeted N-alkylation of nor-DXM 15 produced a small library of analogues with greatly improved activity over DXM 3 against P. falciparum asexual stages. Amongst these, N-2′-pyrrolylmethyl-nor-DXM 16i showed a 2- to 36-fold superior inhibitory potency compared to tazopsine 1 and DXM 3 against P. falciparum liver and blood stages, with respectively 760 ± 130 nM and 2.1 ± 0.4 µM IC50 values, as well as liver/blood phase selectivity of 2.8. Furthermore, cpd. 16i showed a 5- to 8-fold increase in activity relative to DXM 3 against P. falciparum stages I–II and V gametocytes, with 18.5 µM and 13.2 µM IC50 values, respectively. Cpd. 16i can thus be considered a promising novel hit compound against malaria in the ent-morphinan series with putative pan cycle activity, paving the way for further therapeutic development (e.g., investigation of its prophylactic activity in vivo).
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Milliken W, Walker BE, Howes MJR, Forest F, Nic Lughadha E. Plants used traditionally as antimalarials in Latin America: Mining the tree of life for potential new medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114221. [PMID: 34029639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria remains a serious and challenging disease. Traditional antimalarial medicines are largely based on plants, and ethnopharmacological research has inspired the development of antimalarial pharmaceuticals such as artemisinin. Antimalarial drug resistance is an increasing problem in Plasmodium species, and new therapeutic strategies to combat malaria are needed. Although the number of malaria cases has been decreasing in Latin America, malaria remains a significant threat in many regions. Local people in Latin America have been using numerous plant species to treat malaria, some of which have been scientifically studied, but many others have not. AIM OF THE STUDY Our principal objective is to harness ethnobotanical data on species used traditionally to treat malaria, combined with phylogenetic approaches, to understand how ethnobotany could help identify plant genera as potential sources of new medicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants used to treat malaria in Latin America were compiled from published and grey literature, unpublished data, and herbarium specimens. Initial assessment of potentially important species/genera/families included compiling the number of species used within the genus, the number of use reports per genus and species, and the geographic distribution of their use. The analysis of taxonomic distribution of species reported as antimalarial in Latin America (excluding the Southern Cone) was conducted, to determine which genera and families with reputed antimalarial properties are over-represented, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify if there was evidence for antimalarial species being dispersed/clustered throughout the tree or at its tips. This approach enabled 'hot-nodes' in certain families to be identified, to predict new genera with potential antimalarial properties. RESULTS Over 1000 plant species have been used to treat malaria in Latin America, of which over 600 species were cited only once. The genera with the highest number of antimalarial species were Aspidosperma, Solanum, Piper, Croton and Aristolochia. In terms of geographic distribution, the most widely used genera were Aspidosperma, Momordica, Cinchona, Senna and Stachytarpheta. Significant phylogenetic signal was detected in the distribution of native species used for malaria, analysed in a genus-level phylogenetic framework. The eudicot and magnoliidae lineages were over-represented, while monocots were not. CONCLUSION Analysis of ethnobotanical use reports in a phylogenetic framework reveals the existence of hot nodes for malaria across the Latin American flora. We demonstrate how species and genera currently lacking such reports could be pinpointed as of potential interest based on their evolutionary history. Extending this approach to other regions of the world and other diseases could accelerate the discovery of novel medicines and enhance healthcare in areas where new therapeutic strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK.
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Tajbakhsh E, Kwenti TE, Kheyri P, Nezaratizade S, Lindsay DS, Khamesipour F. Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature. Malar J 2021; 20:349. [PMID: 34433465 PMCID: PMC8390284 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria still constitutes a major public health menace, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Close to half a million people mainly children in Africa, die every year from the disease. With the rising resistance to frontline drugs (artemisinin-based combinations), there is a need to accelerate the discovery and development of newer anti-malarial drugs. A systematic review was conducted to identify the African medicinal plants with significant antiplasmodial and/or anti-malarial activity, toxicity, as wells as assessing the variation in their activity between study designs (in vitro and in vivo). METHODS Key health-related databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Science Direct were searched for relevant literature on the antiplasmodial and anti-malarial activities of African medicinal plants. RESULTS In total, 200 research articles were identified, a majority of which were studies conducted in Nigeria. The selected research articles constituted 722 independent experiments evaluating 502 plant species. Of the 722 studies, 81.9%, 12.4%, and 5.5% were in vitro, in vivo, and combined in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The most frequently investigated plant species were Azadirachta indica, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Picrilima nitida, and Nauclea latifolia meanwhile Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, and Lamiaceae were the most frequently investigated plant families. Overall, 248 (34.3%), 241 (33.4%), and 233 (32.3%) of the studies reported very good, good, and moderate activity, respectively. Alchornea cordifolia, Flueggea virosa, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, and Maytenus senegalensis gave consistently very good activity across the different studies. In all, only 31 (4.3%) of studies involved pure compounds and these had significantly (p = 0.044) higher antiplasmodial activity relative to crude extracts. Out of the 198 plant species tested for toxicity, 52 (26.3%) demonstrated some degree of toxicity, with toxicity most frequently reported with Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina. These species were equally the most frequently inactive plants reported. The leaves were the most frequently reported toxic part of plants used. Furthermore, toxicity was observed to decrease with increasing antiplasmodial activity. CONCLUSIONS Although there are many indigenous plants with considerable antiplasmodial and anti-malarial activity, the progress in the development of new anti-malarial drugs from African medicinal plants is still slothful, with only one clinical trial with Cochlospermum planchonii (Bixaceae) conducted to date. There is, therefore, the need to scale up anti-malarial drug discovery in the African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Hospital Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parya Kheyri
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Saeed Nezaratizade
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - David S Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for One Health Research, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0342, USA
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rout UK, Sanket AS, Sisodia BS, Mohapatra PK, Pati S, Kant R, Dwivedi GR. A Comparative Review on Current and Future Drug Targets Against Bacteria & Malaria. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:736-775. [PMID: 31995004 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200129103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long before the discovery of drugs like 'antibiotic and anti-parasitic drugs', the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and parasites remain as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The phenomenon by which the organism exerts resistance against two or more structurally unrelated drugs is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and its emergence has further complicated the treatment scenario of infectious diseases. Resistance towards the available set of treatment options and poor pipeline of novel drug development puts an alarming situation. A universal goal in the post-genomic era is to identify novel targets/drugs for various life-threatening diseases caused by such pathogens. This review is conceptualized in the backdrop of drug resistance in two major pathogens i.e. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Plasmodium falciparum". In this review, the available targets and key mechanisms of resistance of these pathogens have been discussed in detail. An attempt has also been made to analyze the common drug targets of bacteria and malaria parasite to overcome the current drug resistance scenario. The solution is also hypothesized in terms of a present pipeline of drugs and efforts made by scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha K Rout
- Microbiology Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | | | - Brijesh S Sisodia
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior-474 009, India
| | | | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Microbiology Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh- 273013, India
| | - Gaurav R Dwivedi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh- 273013, India
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Tibiri A, Boria S, Traoré TK, Ouédraogo N, Nikièma A, Ganaba S, Compaoré JM, Ouédraogo I, Guissou IP, Carraz M. Countrywide Survey of Plants Used for Liver Disease Management by Traditional Healers in Burkina Faso. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:563751. [PMID: 33597863 PMCID: PMC7883685 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.563751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is highly prevalent in Africa, especially in the western African country Burkina Faso, due to the presence of multiple biological and chemical aggressors of the liver. Furthermore, diagnosis and appropriate care for liver disease are uneven and usually insufficient. This drives local communities to turn to folk medicine based on medicinal plants from healers. Small scale, ethnopharmacological studies on reputed hepatoprotective plants have been carried out in defined regions worldwide, but so far, no study has been carried out on a countrywide scale. Therefore, we have explored traditional healers’ practices in all thirteen regions of Burkina Faso. We interviewed 575 healers and we compiled a database with 2,006 plant entries. Here, we report results on liver nosology, liver pathologies, medicinal plants used for liver disease, and traditional practices through the lens of Burkinabe healers. Our goal was to give a full inventory of medicinal plants used to treat liver disease and to determine if there was consensus on the use of specific plants for specific symptoms. Analysis of the medicinal plants in use across the whole country provides local communities with a wider evidence base to determine which plants may be more effective in treating liver disease and could provide the scientific community, with a shortlist of plants suitable for chemical and pharmacological investigation to validate the plants’ therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tibiri
- Laboratoire De Biologie Appliquée, Département De Médecine Et Pharmacopée Traditionnelles-Pharmacie (MEPHATRA-PH), Institut De Recherche En Science De La Santé, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tata Kadiatou Traoré
- Laboratoire De Développement Du Médicament, Université De Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Noufou Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire De Biologie Appliquée, Département De Médecine Et Pharmacopée Traditionnelles-Pharmacie (MEPHATRA-PH), Institut De Recherche En Science De La Santé, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aude Nikièma
- UMI CNRS 3189, Institut Des Sciences Des Sociétés, CNRST Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Souleymane Ganaba
- Département Environnement Et Forêts, Institut De L'Environnement Et De Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Marie Compaoré
- Fédération Nationale Des Tradipraticiens De Santé Du Burkina (FENATRAB), Ministère De La Santé Du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issiaka Ouédraogo
- Service De Gastro-Entérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Innocent Pierre Guissou
- Laboratoire De Biologie Appliquée, Département De Médecine Et Pharmacopée Traditionnelles-Pharmacie (MEPHATRA-PH), Institut De Recherche En Science De La Santé, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire De Développement Du Médicament, Université De Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Maëlle Carraz
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université De Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Tran TT, Tran PH. Lead Compounds in the Context of Extracellular Vesicle Research. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E716. [PMID: 32751565 PMCID: PMC7463631 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), known as exosomes, have been flourishing in the last decade with several achievements, from advancing biochemical knowledge to use in biomedical applications. Physiological changes of sEVs due to the variety of cargos they carry undoubtedly leave an impression that affects the understanding of the mechanism underlying disease and the development of sEV-based shuttles used for treatments and non-invasive diagnostic tools. Indeed, the remarkable properties of sEVs are based on their nature, which helps shield them from recognition by the immune system, protects their payload from biochemical degradation, and contributes to their ability to translocate and convey information between cells and their inherent ability to target disease sites such as tumors that is valid for sEVs derived from cancer cells. However, their transport, biogenesis, and secretion mechanisms are still not thoroughly clear, and many ongoing investigations seek to determine how these processes occur. On the other hand, lead compounds have been playing critical roles in the drug discovery process and have been recently employed in studies of the biogenesis and secretion of sEVs as external agents, affecting sEV release and serving as drug payloads in sEV drug delivery systems. This article gives readers an overview of the roles of lead compounds in these two research areas of sEVs, the rising star in studies of nanoscale medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T.D. Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam;
- The Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong H.L. Tran
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for innovation in Physical and Mental health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, Australia
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Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Bosson-Vanga H, Franetich JF, Soulard V, Sossau D, Tefit M, Kane B, Vaillant JC, Borrmann S, Müller O, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Silvie O, Mazier D. Differential activity of methylene blue against erythrocytic and hepatic stages of Plasmodium. Malar J 2018; 17:143. [PMID: 29615050 PMCID: PMC5883292 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of malaria elimination/eradication, drugs that are effective against the different developmental stages of the parasite are highly desirable. The oldest synthetic anti-malarial drug, the thiazine dye methylene blue (MB), is known for its activity against Plasmodium blood stages, including gametocytes. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible effect of MB against malaria parasite liver stages. METHODS MB activity was investigated using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro assays consisted of testing MB activity on Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium yoelii parasites in human, simian or murine primary hepatocytes, respectively. MB in vivo activity was evaluated using intravital imaging in BALB/c mice infected with a transgenic bioluminescent P. yoelii parasite line. The transmission-blocking activity of MB was also addressed using mosquitoes fed on MB-treated mice. RESULTS MB shows no activity on Plasmodium liver stages, including hypnozoites, in vitro in primary hepatocytes. In BALB/c mice, MB has moderate effect on P. yoelii hepatic development but is highly effective against blood stage growth. MB is active against gametocytes and abrogates parasite transmission from mice to mosquitoes. CONCLUSION While confirming activity of MB against both sexual and asexual blood stages, the results indicate that MB has only little activity on the development of the hepatic stages of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Bosson-Vanga
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France. .,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France
| | - Valérie Soulard
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France
| | - Daniel Sossau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maurel Tefit
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France
| | - Bocar Kane
- UPMC, UMS28, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Vaillant
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Bilio-Pancréatique et Transplantation Hépatique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Müller
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, PARIS, France. .,Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, 83 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013, PARIS, France.
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Ríos-Orrego A, Blair-Trujillo S, Pabón-Vidal A. Avances en la búsqueda y desarrollo de quimioprofilácticos causales para malaria. IATREIA 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v30n2a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Cai S, Risinger AL, Nair S, Peng J, Anderson TJC, Du L, Powell DR, Mooberry SL, Cichewicz RH. Identification of Compounds with Efficacy against Malaria Parasites from Common North American Plants. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:490-8. [PMID: 26722868 PMCID: PMC5558429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most valuable antimalarial compounds, including quinine and artemisinin, originated from plants. While these drugs have served important roles over many years for the treatment of malaria, drug resistance has become a widespread problem. Therefore, a critical need exists to identify new compounds that have efficacy against drug-resistant malaria strains. In the current study, extracts prepared from plants readily obtained from local sources were screened for activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioassay-guided fractionation was used to identify 18 compounds from five plant species. These compounds included eight lupane triterpenes (1-8), four kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosides (10-13), four kaempferol 3-O-glucosides (14-17), and the known compounds amentoflavone and knipholone. These compounds were tested for their efficacy against multi-drug-resistant malaria parasites and counterscreened against HeLa cells to measure their antimalarial selectivity. Most notably, one of the new lupane triterpenes (3) isolated from the supercritical extract of Buxus sempervirens, the common boxwood, showed activity against both drug-sensitive and -resistant malaria strains at a concentration that was 75-fold more selective for the drug-resistant malaria parasites as compared to HeLa cells. This study demonstrates that new antimalarial compounds with efficacy against drug-resistant strains can be identified from native and introduced plant species in the United States, which traditionally have received scant investigation compared to more heavily explored tropical and semitropical botanical resources from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxin Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Natural Products Discovery Group, and Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - April L. Risinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Shalini Nair
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Timothy J. C. Anderson
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Natural Products Discovery Group, and Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Douglas R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Susan L. Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Robert H. Cichewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Natural Products Discovery Group, and Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Chinsembu KC. Plants as antimalarial agents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 2015; 152:32-48. [PMID: 26297798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the burden of malaria is decreasing, parasite resistance to current antimalarial drugs and resistance to insecticides by vector mosquitoes threaten the prospects of malaria elimination in endemic areas. Corollary, there is a scientific departure to discover new antimalarial agents from nature. Because the two antimalarial drugs quinine and artemisinin were discovered through improved understanding of the indigenous knowledge of plants, bioprospecting Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous plant biodiversity may be a source of new and better drugs to treat malaria. This review analyses the medicinal plants used to manage malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chemical compounds with antiplasmodial activity are described. In the Sub-Saharan African countries cited in this review, hundreds of plants are used as antimalarial remedies. While the number of plant species is not exhaustive, plants used in more than one country probably indicate better antimalarial efficacy and safety. The antiplasmodial data suggest an opportunity for inventing new antimalarial drugs from Sub-Saharan-African flora.
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Banzouzi JT, Soh PN, Ramos S, Toto P, Cavé A, Hemez J, Benoit-Vical F. Samvisterin, a new natural antiplasmodial betulin derivative from Uapaca paludosa (Euphorbiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:100-104. [PMID: 26192809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Uapaca paludosa is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bioguided fractionation of U. paludosa trunk bark extracts was performed on the basis of their antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS A new natural betulin derivative named samvisterin (2) was isolated. In addition, 12 already known compounds were isolated from U. paludosa and tested against P. falciparum: squalene (1); lupeol (3), betulonic acid methyl ester (4), β-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), betulin (7), betulinic acid (8), pentadecanoic acid (9), palmitic acid (10), margaric acid (11), stearic acid (12), methyl palmitate (13). With the exception of betulinic acid, all were isolated for the first time from U. paludosa. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The antiplasmodial activity of compounds 1-8 was confirmed on the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum, FcM29-Cameroon, with IC50 values ranging from 0.7μg/ml (for 1) to 30μg/mL (for 3). The cytotoxicity of the fractions and isolated compounds was also determined on KB and Vero cell lines in order to determine the cytotoxicity/activity ratio of each one. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained with samvisterin (2) show that this new compound is the most promising of the series, with a weak cytotoxicity leading to the best selectivity index values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Banzouzi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Médecins d'Afrique (CERMA), 43, rue des Glycines, 91600 Savigny sur Orge, France.
| | - P Njomnang Soh
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) UPR8241, 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - S Ramos
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Toto
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Cavé
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), UMR 5048 CNRS/UM1- 554 Inserm/UM1, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - J Hemez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F Benoit-Vical
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) UPR8241, 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse III, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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17
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Carraz M, Lavergne C, Jullian V, Wright M, Gairin JE, Gonzales de la Cruz M, Bourdy G. Antiproliferative activity and phenotypic modification induced by selected Peruvian medicinal plants on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:185-199. [PMID: 25701751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The high incidence of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Peru and the wide use of medicinal plants in this country led us to study the activity against HCC cells in vitro of somes species used locally against liver and digestive disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnopharmacological survey: Medicinal plant species with a strong convergence of use for liver and digestive diseases were collected fresh in the wild or on markets, in two places of Peru: Chiclayo (Lambayeque department, Chiclayo province) and Huaraz (Ancash department, Huaraz province). Altogether 51 species were collected and 61 ethanol extracts were prepared to be tested. Biological assessment: All extracts were first assessed against the HCC cell line Hep3B according a 3-step multi-parametric phenotypic assay. It included 1) the evaluation of phenotypic changes on cells by light microscopy, 2) the measurement of the antiproliferative activity and 3) the analysis of the cytoskeleton and mitosis by immunofluorescence. Best extracts were further assessed against other HCC cell lines HepG2, PLC/PRF/5 and SNU-182 and their toxicity measured in vitro on primary human hepatocytes. RESULTS Ethnopharmacological survey: Some of the species collected had a high reputation spreading over the surveyed locations for treating liver problems, i.e. Baccharis genistelloides, Bejaria aestuans, Centaurium pulchellum, Desmodium molliculum, Dipsacus fullonum, Equisetum bogotense, Gentianella spp., Krameria lapacea, Otholobium spp., Schkuhria pinnata, Taraxacum officinale. Hep3B evaluation: Fourteen extracts from 13 species (Achyrocline alata, Ambrosia arborescens, Baccharis latifolia, Hypericum laricifolium, Krameria lappacea, Niphidium crassifolium, Ophryosporus chilca, Orthrosanthus chimboracensis, Otholobium pubescens, Passiflora ligularis, Perezia coerulescens, Perezia multiflora and Schkuhria pinnata) showed a significant antiproliferative activity against Hep3B cells (IC50≤ 50µg/mL). This was associated with a lack of toxicity on primary human hepatocytes in vitro. Immunofluorescence experiments on Hep3B cells showed that crude extracts of Schkuhria pinnata and Orthrosanthus chimboracensis could block Hep3B cells in mitosis with an original phenotype. Crude extracts of Perezia coerulescens, Perezia multiflora, Achyrocline alata, Ophryosporus chilca, Otholobium pubescens and Hypericum laricifolium could modify the overall microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics of Hep3B cells in interphase by an original mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our method allowed us to select 9 extracts which displayed antiproliferative activities associated with original cellular phenotypes on Hep3B cells, regarding known microtubule-targeting drugs. Both chemical and cellular studies are ongoing in order to elucidate natural compounds and cellular mechanisms responsible of the activities described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Carraz
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; IRD; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Cédric Lavergne
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Valérie Jullian
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; IRD; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Mission IRD, Casilla 18-1209 Lima, Peru
| | - Michel Wright
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Centre Nationalde la Recherche Scientifique; CNRS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Edouard Gairin
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | | | - Geneviève Bourdy
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; IRD; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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Hiben MG, Sibhat GG, Fanta BS, Gebrezgi HD, Tesema SB. Evaluation of Senna singueana leaf extract as an alternative or adjuvant therapy for malaria. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:112-7. [PMID: 26870688 PMCID: PMC4737944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of malarial resistance to most antimalarial drugs is the main factor driving the continued effort to identify/discover new agents for combating the disease. Moreover, the unacceptably high mortality rate in severe malaria has led to the consideration of adjuvant therapies. Senna singueana leaves are traditionally used against malaria and fever. Extracts from the leaves of this plant demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities, which in turn could reduce the severity of malaria. Extracts from the root bark of this plant exhibited antiplasmodial activity; however, the leaves are the more sustainable resource. Thus, S. singueana leaf was selected for in vivo evaluation as a potential alternative or adjuvant therapy for malaria. Using malaria [Plasmodium berghei ANKA, chloroquine (CQ) sensitive]-infected Swiss albino mice of both sexes, 70% ethanol extract of S. singueana leaves (alone and in combination with CQ) was tested for antimalarial activity and adjuvancy potential. The 4-day suppressive test was used to evaluate antimalarial activity. The dose of S. singueana extract administered was safe to mice and exhibited some parasite suppression effect: extract doses of 200 mg/kg/d, 400 mg/kg/d, and 800 mg/kg/d caused 34.54%, 44.52%, and 47.32% parasite suppression, respectively. Concurrent administration of the extract with CQ phosphate at varied dose levels indicated that the percentage of parasite suppression of this combination was higher than administering CQ alone, but less than the sum of the effects of the extract and CQ acting separately. In conclusion, the study indicated that 70% ethanol extract of S. singueana leaf was safe to mice and possessed some parasite suppression effect. Coadministration of the extract with CQ appeared to boost the overall antimalarial effect, indicating that the combination may have a net health benefit if used as an adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biruk Sintayehu Fanta
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Desta Gebrezgi
- Department of Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Shewaye Belay Tesema
- Department of Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Malaria elimination has recently been reinstated as a global health priority but current therapies seem to be insufficient for the task. Elimination efforts require new drug classes that alleviate symptoms, prevent transmission and provide a radical cure. To develop these next-generation medicines, public-private partnerships are funding innovative approaches to identify compounds that target multiple parasite species at multiple stages of the parasite life cycle. In this Review, we discuss the cell-, chemistry- and target-based approaches used to discover new drug candidates that are currently in clinical trials or undergoing preclinical testing.
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Ilboudo DP, Basilico N, Parapini S, Corbett Y, D'Alessandro S, Dell'Agli M, Coghi P, Karou SD, Sawadogo R, Gnoula C, Simpore J, Nikiema JB, Monti D, Bosisio E, Taramelli D. Antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activities of Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum), a plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:763-769. [PMID: 23680158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum) is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of malaria, but has not been properly investigated, yet. The aim of this study was to characterize in vitro the antiplasmodial and the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum). In parallel, extracts of Gardenia sokotensis (Hutch) and Vernonia colorata (Willd), also traditionally used together in Burkina Faso and already reported with antimalarial activity, were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant extracts were tested in vitro for antimalarial activity against chloroquine susceptible (D10) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) by the MTT assay. The selectivity index (SI) was used as the ratio of the activity against the parasites compared to the toxicity of the plant extract against HDF. In vitro cytokine production was assessed by ELISA technique. RESULTS Canthium henriquesianum aqueous extract had a moderate antimalarial activity (IC50<50 µg/ml) with a good selectivity index (SI=HDF/D10>7). Canthium henriquesianum diisopropyl ether extract was the most potent inhibitor of parasite growth with an IC50 9.5 µg/ml on W2 and 8.8 µg/ml on D10 and limited toxicity (SI>2). Gardenia sokotensis and Vernonia colorata aqueous extracts were shown to be significantly less active (IC50≥50 µg/ml) with substantial toxicity. In addition, when the production of IL-1β and TNFα by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hemozoin (malaria pigment) stimulated human THP-1 monocytes was assayed, it was found that the extract of Canthium henriquesianum induced a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1β, but not of TNFα production, thus confirming its traditional use as antipyretic. By NMR analysis, the chromone was identified as the mostly represented compound in the diisopropyl ether extract of Canthium henriquesianum. Chromone however, was less active as antimalarial than the crude extract and it did not inhibit cytokine production at not toxic doses, indicating that other molecules in the total extracts contribute to the antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION Canthium henriquesianum seems to possess antimalarial activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit the production of the pyrogenic cytokine IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise P Ilboudo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Lauinger IL, Vivas L, Perozzo R, Stairiker C, Tarun A, Zloh M, Zhang X, Xu H, Tonge PJ, Franzblau SG, Pham DH, Esguerra CV, Crawford AD, Maes L, Tasdemir D. Potential of lichen secondary metabolites against Plasmodium liver stage parasites with FAS-II as the potential target. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1064-70. [PMID: 23806111 PMCID: PMC4119598 DOI: 10.1021/np400083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals targeting the liver stage (LS) of the malaria parasite are useful for causal prophylaxis of malaria. In this study, four lichen metabolites, evernic acid (1), vulpic acid (2), psoromic acid (3), and (+)-usnic acid (4), were evaluated against LS parasites of Plasmodium berghei. Inhibition of P. falciparum blood stage (BS) parasites was also assessed to determine stage specificity. Compound 4 displayed the highest LS activity and stage specificity (LS IC50 value 2.3 μM, BS IC50 value 47.3 μM). The compounds 1-3 inhibited one or more enzymes (PfFabI, PfFabG, and PfFabZ) from the plasmodial fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway, a potential drug target for LS activity. To determine species specificity and to clarify the mechanism of reported antibacterial effects, 1-4 were also evaluated against FabI homologues and whole cells of various pathogens (S. aureus, E. coli, M. tuberculosis). Molecular modeling studies suggest that lichen acids act indirectly via binding to allosteric sites on the protein surface of the FAS-II enzymes. Potential toxicity of compounds was assessed in human hepatocyte and cancer cells (in vitro) as well as in a zebrafish model (in vivo). This study indicates the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of lichen metabolites as antibacterial and antiplasmodial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina L. Lauinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Livia Vivas
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Remo Perozzo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Stairiker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 152614, USA
| | - Alice Tarun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 152614, USA
| | - Mire Zloh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Duc-Hung Pham
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander D. Crawford
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Joyeau R, Planchon M, Abessolo J, Aissa K, Bance C, Buisson D. Combinatorial approach to the selection of active microorganisms in biotransformation: Application to sinomenine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Aguiar ACC, Rocha EMMD, Souza NBD, França TCC, Krettli AU. New approaches in antimalarial drug discovery and development: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:831-45. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Pal C, Dey S, Bindu S, Maity P, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel antimalarial drug targets: hope for new antimalarial drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:469-89. [PMID: 22112223 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global threat, that results in more than 2 million deaths each year. The treatment of malaria is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, the absence of an effective vaccine, and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, malarial therapy needs new chemotherapeutic approaches leading to the search for new drug targets. Here, we discuss different approaches to identifying novel antimalarial drug targets. We have also given due attention to the existing validated targets with a view to develop novel, rationally designed lead molecules. Some of the important parasite proteins are claimed to be the targets; however, further in vitro or in vivo structure-function studies of such proteins are crucial to validate these proteins as suitable targets. The interactome analysis among apicoplast, mitochondrion and genomic DNA will also be useful in identifying vital pathways or proteins regulating critical pathways for parasite growth and survival, and could be attractive targets. Molecules responsible for parasite invasion to host erythrocytes and ion channels of infected erythrocytes, essential for intra-erythrocyte survival and stage progression of parasites are also becoming attractive targets. This review will discuss and highlight the current understanding regarding the potential antimalarial drug targets, which could be utilized to develop novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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Liver-stage malaria parasites vulnerable to diverse chemical scaffolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8511-6. [PMID: 22586124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118370109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria infection begins with a one-time asymptomatic liver stage followed by a cyclic symptomatic blood stage. All high-throughput malaria drug discovery efforts have focused on the cyclic blood stage, which has limited potential for the prophylaxis, transmission blocking, and eradication efforts that will be needed in the future. To address these unmet needs, a high-throughput phenotypic liver-stage Plasmodium parasite screen was developed to systematically identify molecules with liver-stage efficacy. The screen recapitulates liver-stage infection by isolating luciferase-expressing Plasmodium berghei parasites directly from the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, adding them to confluent human liver cells in 384-well plates, and measuring luciferase activity after a suitable incubation period. Screening 5,375 known bioactive compounds identified 37 liver-stage malaria inhibitors with diverse modes of action, as shown by inhibition time course experiments. Further analysis of the hits in the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug subset revealed compounds that seem to act specifically on the liver stage of infection, suggesting that this phase of the parasite's life cycle presents a promising area for new drug discovery. Notably, many active compounds in this screen have molecular structures and putative targets distinctly different from those of known antimalarial agents.
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Derbyshire ER, Mazitschek R, Clardy J. Characterization of Plasmodium liver stage inhibition by halofuginone. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:844-9. [PMID: 22438279 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease that afflicts one-third of the world's population. Antimalarial drugs in common use address few targets, and their efficacy is being undermined by parasite resistance. Most therapeutics target blood-stage malaria, whereas only few compounds are active against malaria's liver stage, the first stage of the Plasmodium parasite's life cycle within the human host. The identification of inhibitors active against liver-stage malaria would benefit the development of chemical probes to elucidate the poorly understood biology of this phase of the parasite life cycle and could provide agents to prevent and eliminate the disease. Herein we report the development of a live-cell parasite traversal assay in 384-well format amenable to high-throughput screening that exploits the wounding of liver cells by the parasite. This method identifies small molecules that may inhibit the parasite's actin-myosin motor system. The traversal assay, in addition to established methods, was used to evaluate the activity of halofuginone, a synthetic halogenated derivative of the natural alkaloid febrifugine, against liver-stage Plasmodium berghei parasites. Halofuginone was found to inhibit P. berghei sporozoite load in HepG2 cells with an IC(50) value of 17 nM. While the compound does not affect parasite traversal through human liver cells, an inhibition time course assay indicates that it affects essential processes in both early- and late-stage parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rodrigues T, Prudêncio M, Moreira R, Mota MM, Lopes F. Targeting the liver stage of malaria parasites: a yet unmet goal. J Med Chem 2011; 55:995-1012. [PMID: 22122518 DOI: 10.1021/jm201095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
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Discovery of potent, novel, non-toxic anti-malarial compounds via quantum modelling, virtual screening and in vitro experimental validation. Malar J 2011; 10:274. [PMID: 21933377 PMCID: PMC3206494 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing resistance towards existing anti-malarial therapies emphasize the urgent need for new therapeutic options. Additionally, many malaria drugs in use today have high toxicity and low therapeutic indices. Gradient Biomodeling, LLC has developed a quantum-model search technology that uses quantum similarity and does not depend explicitly on chemical structure, as molecules are rigorously described in fundamental quantum attributes related to individual pharmacological properties. Therapeutic activity, as well as toxicity and other essential properties can be analysed and optimized simultaneously, independently of one another. Such methodology is suitable for a search of novel, non-toxic, active anti-malarial compounds. Methods A set of innovative algorithms is used for the fast calculation and interpretation of electron-density attributes of molecular structures at the quantum level for rapid discovery of prospective pharmaceuticals. Potency and efficacy, as well as additional physicochemical, metabolic, pharmacokinetic, safety, permeability and other properties were characterized by the procedure. Once quantum models are developed and experimentally validated, the methodology provides a straightforward implementation for lead discovery, compound optimizzation and de novo molecular design. Results Starting with a diverse training set of 26 well-known anti-malarial agents combined with 1730 moderately active and inactive molecules, novel compounds that have strong anti-malarial activity, low cytotoxicity and structural dissimilarity from the training set were discovered and experimentally validated. Twelve compounds were identified in silico and tested in vitro; eight of them showed anti-malarial activity (IC50 ≤ 10 μM), with six being very effective (IC50 ≤ 1 μM), and four exhibiting low nanomolar potency. The most active compounds were also tested for mammalian cytotoxicity and found to be non-toxic, with a therapeutic index of more than 6,900 for the most active compound. Conclusions Gradient's metric modelling approach and electron-density molecular representations can be powerful tools in the discovery and design of novel anti-malarial compounds. Since the quantum models are agnostic of the particular biological target, the technology can account for different mechanisms of action and be used for de novo design of small molecules with activity against not only the asexual phase of the malaria parasite, but also against the liver stage of the parasite development, which may lead to true causal prophylaxis.
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Andrographolide: A Novel Antimalarial Diterpene Lactone Compound from Andrographis paniculata and Its Interaction with Curcumin and Artesunate. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:579518. [PMID: 21760808 PMCID: PMC3134201 DOI: 10.1155/2011/579518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (AND), the diterpene lactone compound, was purified by HPLC from the methanolic fraction of the plant Andrographis paniculata. The compound was found to have potent antiplasmodial activity when tested in isolation and in combination with curcumin and artesunate against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and Plasmodium berghei ANKA in vivo. IC(50)s for artesunate (AS), andrographolide (AND), and curcumin (CUR) were found to be 0.05, 9.1 and 17.4 μM, respectively. The compound (AND) was found synergistic with curcumin (CUR) and addictively interactive with artesunate (AS). In vivo, andrographolide-curcumin exhibited better antimalarial activity, not only by reducing parasitemia (29%), compared to the control (81%), but also by extending the life span by 2-3 folds. Being nontoxic to the in vivo system this agent can be used as template molecule for designing new derivatives with improved antimalarial properties.
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Lekana-Douki JB, Dinzouna Boutamba SD, Zatra R, Zang Edou SE, Ekomy H, Bisvigou U, Toure-Ndouo FS. Increased prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum Pfmdr1 86N genotype among field isolates from Franceville, Gabon after replacement of chloroquine by artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:512-7. [PMID: 21251998 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite global antimalarial measures, Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major public health problem. WHO has recommended the use of arteminisin-based combination therapy to limit the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance. However, ACT treatment failures have been linked to the selection of the wild types 86N genotype of P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (Pfmdr1) and the 76K genotype of P. falciparum chloroquine resistance (Pfcrt) genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular impact of widespread implementation of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine on local parasite population in Franceville, Gabon. We analyzed 230 pediatric field isolates (96 from 2004 and 134 from 2009). Routine hematological parameters were collected. Pfmdr1 codons 86 and 1246 and Pfcrt codon 76 were genotyped using PCR-RFLP and the prevalence of the genotypes was compared. The children's mean age did not differ between 2004 and 2009 (respectively 31.8 (6-84) months vs 38.6 (6-84) months, p=0.32), and neither did mean parasitemia [16,750 (1000-96,234) and 14,587 (1093-83,941) parasites/μL, respectively (p=0.21)]. The mean hemoglobin level was higher in 2009 than in 2004 (11.0 ± 2.4 vs 7.8 ± 2.0 g/dL, respectively; p=0.04). More interesting, the prevalence of Pfmdr1 wild type 86N increased from 15.6% (n=15/96) in 2004 to 31.3% (n=42/134) in 2009 (p=0.007). A significant increase combining pure and mixed genotypes (86N+86N/Y) was also found between 2004 and 2009 (p=0.02), while the prevalence of genotypes Pfmdr1 1246D, Pfcrt wild type 76T and all mixed genotypes (Pfmdr1 86N/Y and 1246D/Y, and 76K/T) remained stable. The complexity of isolates was high (around 2.9 and 2.4) and the FC27 allele of Pfmsp2 was more prevalent. These findings show a substantial benefice of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine and of new control measures. The selection, in the general population, of wild type Pfmdr1 86N, which is associated with antiplasmodial resistance against some drugs, has been induced underlining the need for molecular surveillance of the impact of ACT on antimalarial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité de Parasitologie Médicale (UPARAM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), B.P. 769 Franceville, Gabon.
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Puri M, Masum H, Heys J, Singer PA. Harnessing biodiversity: the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA). BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S9. [PMID: 21144080 PMCID: PMC3001617 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-10-s1-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biopiracy - the use of a people's long-established medical knowledge without acknowledgement or compensation - has been a disturbing historical reality and exacerbates the global rich-poor divide. Bioprospecting, however, describes the commercialization of indigenous medicines in a manner acceptable to the local populace. Challenges facing bioprospectors seeking to develop traditional medicines in a quality-controlled manner include a lack of skilled labor and high-tech infrastructure, adapting Northern R&D protocols to Southern settings, keeping products affordable for the local population, and managing the threat of biopiracy. The Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA) has employed bioprospecting to develop new health treatments for conditions such as diabetes and burns. Because of its integration of Western science and Malagasy cultural traditions, IMRA may provide a useful example for African and other organizations interested in bioprospecting. DISCUSSION IMRA's approach to drug development and commercialization was adapted from the outset to Malagasy culture and Southern economic landscapes. It achieved a balance between employing Northern R&D practices and following local cultural norms through four guiding principles. First, IMRA's researchers understood and respected local practices, and sought to use rather than resist them. Second, IMRA engaged the local community early in the drug development process, and ensured that local people had a stake in its success. Third, IMRA actively collaborated with local and international partners to increase its credibility and research capacity. Fourth, IMRA obtained foreign research funds targeting the "diseases of civilization" to cross-fund the development of drugs for conditions that affect the Malagasy population. These principles are illustrated in the development of IMRA products like Madeglucyl, a treatment for diabetes management that was developed from a traditional remedy. SUMMARY By combining local and international research interests, IMRA has been able to keep its treatments affordable for the Malagasy population. Our analysis of IMRA's history, strategy, and challenges suggests that other developing world institutions seeking to use bioprospecting to address issues of local access to medicines would be well-advised to treat traditional medical knowledge with respect and humility, share its benefits with the local community, and pursue strategic partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen Puri
- McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network and University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 406, Toronto ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
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Tasdemir D, Sanabria D, Lauinger IL, Tarun A, Herman R, Perozzo R, Zloh M, Kappe SH, Brun R, Carballeira NM. 2-Hexadecynoic acid inhibits plasmodial FAS-II enzymes and arrests erythrocytic and liver stage Plasmodium infections. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7475-85. [PMID: 20855214 PMCID: PMC2981824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetylenic fatty acids are known to display several biological activities, but their antimalarial activity has remained unexplored. In this study, we synthesized the 2-, 5-, 6-, and 9-hexadecynoic acids (HDAs) and evaluated their in vitro activity against erythrocytic (blood) stages of Plasmodium falciparum and liver stages of Plasmodium yoelii infections. Since the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (PfFAS-II) has recently been shown to be indispensable for liver stage malaria parasites, the inhibitory potential of the HDAs against multiple P. falciparum FAS-II (PfFAS-II) elongation enzymes was also evaluated. The highest antiplasmodial activity against blood stages of P. falciparum was displayed by 5-HDA (IC(50) value 6.6 μg/ml), whereas the 2-HDA was the only acid arresting the growth of liver stage P. yoelii infection, in both flow cytometric assay (IC(50) value 2-HDA 15.3 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 2.5 ng/ml) and immunofluorescence analysis (IC(50) 2-HDA 4.88 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 0.37 ng/ml). 2-HDA showed the best inhibitory activity against the PfFAS-II enzymes PfFabI and PfFabZ with IC(50) values of 0.38 and 0.58 μg/ml (IC(50) control drugs 14 and 30 ng/ml), respectively. Enzyme kinetics and molecular modeling studies revealed valuable insights into the binding mechanism of 2-HDA on the target enzymes. All HDAs showed in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC(50) values 3.7-31.7 μg/ml), Trypanosoma cruzi (only 2-HDA, IC(50) 20.2 μg/ml), and Leishmania donovani (IC(50) values 4.1-13.4 μg/ml) with generally low or no significant toxicity on mammalian cells. This is the first study to indicate therapeutic potential of HDAs against various parasitic protozoa. It also points out that the malarial liver stage growth inhibitory effect of the 2-HDA may be promoted via PfFAS-II enzymes. The lack of cytotoxicity, lipophilic nature, and calculated pharmacokinetic properties suggests that 2-HDA could be a useful compound to study the interaction of fatty acids with these key P. falciparum enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole in inhibiting sporozoite invasion and blocking malaria infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4269-74. [PMID: 20643897 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00420-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection is initiated by Plasmodium sporozoites infecting the liver. Preventing sporozoite infection would block the obligatory first step of the infection and perhaps reduce disease severity. In addition, such an approach would decrease Plasmodium vivax hypnozoite formation and therefore disease relapses. Here we describe the activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole, 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine, in inhibiting motility, invasion, and consequently infection by P. berghei sporozoites. In tissue culture, the compound was effective within the first 3 h of sporozoite addition to HepG2 cells. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of the compound significantly inhibited liver-stage parasitemia in P. yoelii sporozoite-infected mice and prevented the appearance of blood-stage parasites. P. berghei sporozoites lacking the parasite cGMP-dependent protein kinase, the primary target of the compound in erythrocyte-stage parasites, remained infectious to HepG2 cells and sensitive to the drug. These results suggest that the drug has an additional target(s) in sporozoites. We propose that drugs that inhibit sporozoite infection offer a feasible approach to malaria prophylaxis.
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Jansen O, Angenot L, Tits M, Nicolas JP, De Mol P, Nikiéma JB, Frédérich M. Evaluation of 13 selected medicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodial properties. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:143-150. [PMID: 20435124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial properties of 13 plants used against malaria in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous crude extracts obtained from vegetal samples collected in Burkina Faso was first evaluated on the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive strain using a colorimetric method. RESULTS Thirteen extracts obtained from 8 different species were found to exhibit antiplasmodial activity (IC(50)<50 microg/ml). Five species demonstrated a moderate activity (15 microg/ml<IC(50)<50 microg/ml): Boswellia dalzielii (leaves), Waltheria indica (roots and aerial parts), Bergia suffruticosa (whole plant), Vitellaria paradoxa (bark) and Jatropha gossypiifolia (leaves). The best results were obtained with extracts from the Dicoma tomentosa whole plant, from Psorospermum senegalense leaves and from Gardenia sokotensis leaves. These extracts found to display promising antiplasmodial activity, with IC(50) values ranging from 7.0 to 14.0 microg/ml. The most active plant extracts were then tested for in vitro activity on the Plasmodium falciparum W2 chloroquine-resistant strain and also for in vitro cytotoxicity on normal human fibroblasts (WI-38) in order to determine the selectivity index. CONCLUSIONS Dicoma tomentosa (Asteraceae) and Psorospermum senegalense (Clusiaceae) appeared to be the best candidates for further investigation of their antiplasmodial properties, reported for the first time by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Jansen
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Centre Interfacultaire de Recherche du Médicament (CIRM), Université de Liège, Av. de I'Hôpital 1, CHU-B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Oliveira AB, Dolabela MF, Braga FC, Jácome RLRP, Varotti FP, Póvoa MM. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phythomedicines. Part I. Alkaloids. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:715-40. [PMID: 19893898 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most serious world health problem and the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions. Brazil is among the 30 high-burden countries and most of the cases occur in the Legal Amazonian Region. New chemotherapeutical agents are needed for the treatment of malaria. Many plant species are used in traditional medicines of malarious countries and a relatively few number of these have been investigated for evaluation of their antimalarial effect. Still lower is the number of those that have had the active natural compounds isolated and the toxicity determined. This area is, then, of great research interest. discovery project of antimalarial natural products from plants traditionally used to treat malaria must include in vitro and in vivo assays as well as bioguided isolation of active compounds. The final products would be antimalarial chemical entities, potential new drugs or templates for new drugs development, and/or standardized antimalarial extracts which are required for pre-clinical and clinical studies when the aim is the development of effective and safe phythomedicines. This review discusses these two approaches, presents briefly the screening methodologies for evaluation of antimalarial activity and focuses the activity of alkaloids belonging to different structural classes as well as its importance as new antimalarial drugs or leads and chemical markers for phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaíde B Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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Hobbs CV, Voza T, Coppi A, Kirmse B, Marsh K, Borkowsky W, Sinnis P. HIV protease inhibitors inhibit the development of preerythrocytic-stage plasmodium parasites. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:134-41. [PMID: 19032102 DOI: 10.1086/594369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) exert inhibitory effects on erythrocytic stages of the human-malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and on erythrocytic stages of the rodent-malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi in vivo. Although it remains unclear how HIV PIs inhibit the parasite, the effect seen on parasite development in the erythrocytic stages is potent. The effect on preerythrocytic stages has not yet been investigated. Using the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei, we screened a panel of HIV PIs in vitro for effects on the preerythrocytic stages. Our data indicated that the HIV PIs lopinavir and saquinavir affect preerythrocytic-stage parasite development in vitro. We then evaluated the effect of HIV PIs on preerythrocytic stages in vivo using the rodent parasite Plasmodium yoelii. We found that lopinavir/ritonavir had a dose-dependent effect on liver-stage parasite development. Given that sub-Saharan Africa is where the HIV/AIDS pandemic intersects with malaria, these results merit analysis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte V Hobbs
- NYU School of Medicine, Dept. of Pediatrics, Div. of Infectious Disease, 550 First Ave., 8W New Bellevue, NY, NY 10010, USA.
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Krettli AU. Antimalarial drug discovery: screening of Brazilian medicinal plants and purified compounds. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:95-108. [DOI: 10.1517/17530050802678127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Carlton JM, Adams JH, Silva JC, Bidwell SL, Lorenzi H, Caler E, Crabtree J, Angiuoli SV, Merino EF, Amedeo P, Cheng Q, Coulson RMR, Crabb BS, Del Portillo HA, Essien K, Feldblyum TV, Fernandez-Becerra C, Gilson PR, Gueye AH, Guo X, Kang'a S, Kooij TWA, Korsinczky M, Meyer EVS, Nene V, Paulsen I, White O, Ralph SA, Ren Q, Sargeant TJ, Salzberg SL, Stoeckert CJ, Sullivan SA, Yamamoto MM, Hoffman SL, Wortman JR, Gardner MJ, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW, Fraser-Liggett CM. Comparative genomics of the neglected human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Nature 2008; 455:757-63. [PMID: 18843361 DOI: 10.1038/nature07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax is responsible for 25-40% of the approximately 515 million annual cases of malaria worldwide. Although seldom fatal, the parasite elicits severe and incapacitating clinical symptoms and often causes relapses months after a primary infection has cleared. Despite its importance as a major human pathogen, P. vivax is little studied because it cannot be propagated continuously in the laboratory except in non-human primates. We sequenced the genome of P. vivax to shed light on its distinctive biological features, and as a means to drive development of new drugs and vaccines. Here we describe the synteny and isochore structure of P. vivax chromosomes, and show that the parasite resembles other malaria parasites in gene content and metabolic potential, but possesses novel gene families and potential alternative invasion pathways not recognized previously. Completion of the P. vivax genome provides the scientific community with a valuable resource that can be used to advance investigation into this neglected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Carlton
- The Institute for Genomic Research/J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Research Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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Andrade-Neto V, Brandão M, Nogueira F, Rosário V, Krettli A. Ampelozyziphus amazonicus Ducke (Rhamnaceae), a medicinal plant used to prevent malaria in the Amazon Region, hampers the development of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1505-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Yalaoui S, Huby T, Franetich JF, Gego A, Rametti A, Moreau M, Collet X, Siau A, van Gemert GJ, Sauerwein RW, Luty AJ, Vaillant JC, Hannoun L, Chapman J, Mazier D, Froissard P. Scavenger Receptor BI Boosts Hepatocyte Permissiveness to Plasmodium Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 4:283-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carraz M, Jossang A, Rasoanaivo P, Mazier D, Frappier F. Isolation and antimalarial activity of new morphinan alkaloids on Plasmodium yoelii liver stage. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bourdy G, Willcox ML, Ginsburg H, Rasoanaivo P, Graz B, Deharo E. Ethnopharmacology and malaria: New hypothetical leads or old efficient antimalarials? Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:33-41. [PMID: 17720165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New treatments are urgently needed to curb and eradicate malaria in developing countries. As most people living in malarial endemic areas use traditional medicine to fight this disease, why have new treatments not emerged recently from ethnopharmacology-oriented research? The rationale and limitations of the ethnopharmacological approach are discussed in this paper, focusing on ethnopharmacology methodologies and techniques used for assessing botanical samples for their antimalarial properties. Discrepancies often observed between strong ethnopharmacological reputation and laboratory results are discussed, as well as new research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie des Substances Naturelles et Pharmacophores Redox, UMR-152 (IRD - Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse 3), Mission IRD, Casilla 18-1209, Lima 18, Peru
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Bora U, Sahu A, Saikia AP, Ryakala VK, Goswami P. Medicinal plants used by the people of Northeast India for curing malaria. Phytother Res 2007; 21:800-4. [PMID: 17533627 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed that the people of the Northeastern region of India use at least 65 plants belonging to 38 families to treat malaria. Different plant parts such as the leaf, root, bark and fruit and in some cases the whole plant were used for making the herbal preparations. All crude preparations were made using water as the medium. The preparations were orally administered either as a plant crude extract, juice and decoction or leaf infusion. Of the 65 plants, 21 were found to be used in the form of a decoction. The hard parts of the herbs such as the root and bark were taken in the form of a decoction. In some cases the ingredients of the herbal preparation also included honey or sugar. The present investigation also indicated that most of the preparations made for curing malaria were derived from single plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Bora
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
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Flemming A. New drug lead from Madagascar's rainforests. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Flemming A. New drug lead from Madagascar's rainforests. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Deciding which drug development papers are appropriate for publication in a general medical journal is not simple; here, editorial board member, Sanjeev Krishna, and the editors discuss their strategy.
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