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Gomides TAR, de Souza MLM, de Figueiredo AB, Lima MR, Silveira AMS, de Assis GFM, Fraga LAO, Silveira-Nunes G, Martucci L, Garcia JD, Afonso LCC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Leite PM. Expression of SmATPDases 1 and 2 in Schistosoma mansoni eggs favours IL-10 production in infected individuals. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13017. [PMID: 37922505 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
A role of IL-10 is down-regulating T-cell responses to schistosome antigens. Since SmATPDases can be correlated to modulation of the immune response, we evaluated the expression of enzymes in S. mansoni eggs. Faecal samples were collected from 40 infected individuals to detect coding regions of the SmATPDases. The cytokines were measured in supernatants of PBMC. The analysis was performed by the global median determination and set up high producers (HP) of cytokines. Six individuals expressed SmATPDase1, six expressed SmATPDase2 and six expressed both enzymes. The group who expressed only SmATPDase1 showed a high frequency of IFN-γ, TNF IL-4 HP; individuals who expressed only SmATPDase2 showed a high frequency of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-4 HP; and individuals who expressed both enzymes showed a high frequency of IL-10 HP. The comparison of the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio presented higher indices in the group who had SmATPDase 2 expression than those who had the expression of both enzymes. The positive correlation between infection intensity and IL-10 levels remained only in the positive SmATPDase group. The IL-10 is the only cytokine induced by the expression of both enzymes. Our data suggest that the expression of both enzymes seems to be a factor that modulates the host immune response by inducing high IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalisson Artur Ribeiro Gomides
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia da Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Govenador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Braga de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Alda Maria Soares Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia Alves Oliveira Fraga
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira-Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martucci
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Delgado Garcia
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pauline Martins Leite
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
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da Rocha Torres Pavione N, de Moraes JVB, Ribeiro IC, de Castro RB, da Silva W, de Souza ACA, da Silva VHF, de Souza Vasconcellos R, da Costa Bressan G, Fietto JLR. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the recombinant nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (LbNTPDase2) from Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09980-9. [PMID: 37999896 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), an important tropical neglected disease. ENTPDases are nucleotidases that hydrolyze intracellular and/or extracellular nucleotides. ENTPDases are known as regulators of purinergic signalling induced by extracellular nucleotides. Leishmania species have two isoforms of ENTPDase, and, particularly, ENTPDase2 seems to be involved in infectivity and virulence. In this study, we conducted the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the recombinant ENTPDase2 of L. braziliensis (rLbNTPDase2). Our results show that this enzyme is a canonical ENTPDase with apyrase activity, capable of hydrolysing triphosphate and diphosphate nucleotides, and it is dependent on divalent cations (calcium or magnesium). Substrate specificity was characterized as UDP>GDP>ADP>GTP>ATP=UTP. The enzyme showed optimal activity at a neutral to basic pH and was partially inhibited by suramin and DIDS. Furthermore, the low apparent Km for ADP suggests that the enzyme may play a role in adenosine-mediated signalling. The biochemical characterization of this enzyme can open new avenues for using LbNTPDase2 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy da Rocha Torres Pavione
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- General Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Badaró de Moraes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- General Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cunha Ribeiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Walmir da Silva
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo da Costa Bressan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Kaushal RS, Naik N, Prajapati M, Rane S, Raulji H, Afu NF, Upadhyay TK, Saeed M. Leishmania species: A narrative review on surface proteins with structural aspects involved in host-pathogen interaction. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:332-356. [PMID: 36872849 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leishmaniasis is endemic and causes a range of clinical symptoms in people, from severe tegumentary forms (such as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and diffuse leishmaniasis) to lethal visceral forms. The protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania causes leishmaniasis, which is still a significant public health issue, according to the World Health Organization 2022. The public's worry about the neglected tropical disease is growing as new foci of the illness arise, which are exacerbated by alterations in behavior, changes in the environment, and an enlarged range of sand fly vectors. Leishmania research has advanced significantly during the past three decades in a few different avenues. Despite several studies on Leishmania, many issues, such as illness control, parasite resistance, parasite clearance, etc., remain unresolved. The key virulence variables that play a role in the pathogenicity-host-pathogen relationship of the parasite are comprehensively discussed in this paper. The important Leishmania virulence factors, such as Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 (KMP-11), Leishmanolysin (GP63), Proteophosphoglycan (PPG), Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), Glycosylinositol Phospholipids (GIPL), and others, have an impact on the pathophysiology of the disease and enable the parasite to spread the infection. Leishmania infection may arise from virulence factors; they are treatable with medications or vaccinations more promptly and might greatly shorten the duration of treatment. Additionally, our research sought to present a modeled structure of a few putative virulence factors that might aid in the development of new chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The predicted virulence protein's structure is utilized to design novel drugs, therapeutic targets, and immunizations for considerable advantage from a higher understanding of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Nidhi Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri Prajapati
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti Rane
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Himali Raulji
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Ngo Festus Afu
- Department of Biochemistry, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 81411, Saudi Arabia
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Nishiyama T, Hoshino R, Ueda K. Characterization of 5'-nucleotidases secreted from Streptomyces. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2289-2302. [PMID: 36820897 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
To study the ability of Streptomyces to utilize environmental nucleotides, we screened for strains exhibiting extracellular 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP)-dephosphorylating activity in our collection of soil isolates and obtained two producers: NE5-10 and Y2F8-2. The enzyme responsible for the activity was purified from the culture supernatant of each strain, and its mass spectral data were used to identify the coding sequence. The gene was successfully identified in the whole genome sequence of each strain; it was located in a conserved gene cluster of phosphate-related functions and encoded an approximately 600-amino acid long protein containing an N-terminal secretion signal. The mature part of the protein exhibited similarity to a known bacterial 5'-nucleotidase. The locus of the 5'-nucleotidase gene contained genes encoding proteins involved in phosphate utilization. The conserved gene arrangement of the locus in various Streptomyces genomes suggested the genetic region to be involved in phosphate-scavenging in this group of bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolated Streptomyces enzymes represent an uncharacterized group of bacterial 5'-nucleotidases. Enzymatic characterization of the two Streptomyces enzymes demonstrated that both enzymes exhibited 5'-nucleotidase activity but differed in terms of optimal temperature and pH, dependence on divalent cations, and substrate specificity. The Km and Vmax values of the 5'-IMP-dephosphorylating activity were 0.239 mM and 9.47 U/mg, respectively, for NE5-10 and 0.221 mM and 38.17 U/mg, respectively, for Y2F8-2. Enzyme activity in the culture broth of the two Streptomyces producers occurred in a phosphate-limitation-dependent manner, supporting their involvement in the acquisition of phosphorus. KEY POINTS: • We purified and characterized nucleotidases from two Streptomyces. • Two nucleotidases were presumed to be involved in phosphate acquisition. • It showed diversity in phosphate acquisition among microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishiyama
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan.
| | - Rio Hoshino
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Ueda
- Life Science Research Center, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, 252-0880, Fujisawa, Japan
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da Silva W, Ribeiro IC, Agripino JDM, da Silva VHF, de Souza LÂ, Oliveira TA, Bressan GC, Vasconcellos RDS, Dumas C, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Papadopoulou B, Fietto JLR. Leishmania infantum NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 play an important role in infection and nitric oxide production in macrophages. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Ecto-5
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nucleotidase/CD73 Mediates Leishmania amazonensis Survival in Macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9928362. [PMID: 35187176 PMCID: PMC8856795 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9928362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous nucleotides produced by various group of cells under inflammatory conditions act as potential danger signals in vivo. Extracellularly released nucleotides such as ATP are rapidly hydrolyzed to adenosine by the coordinated ectonucleotidase activities of CD39 and CD73. Leishmania is an obligate intracellular parasite of macrophages and capable of modulating host immune response in order to survive and multiply within host cells. In this study, the activity of CD73 induced by Leishmania amazonensis in infected macrophages has been investigated and correlated with parasite survival and infection in vitro. For this, the expression of CD39 and CD73, by flow cytometry, in murine peritoneal macrophages infected with metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis has been analyzed. Our results showed that L. amazonensis-infected macrophages, unlike LPS-treated macrophages, increased CD73 expression. It was also noted that when CD73 enzymatic activity was blocked by α, β-methyleneadenosine 5′-diphosphate sodium salt (APCP), macrophage parasitism was significantly decreased. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with the production of TNF-α, IL-10, or nitric oxide (NO). Together, these data demonstrate that L. amazonensis induces a regulatory phenotype in macrophages, which by activating the CD39/CD73 pathway allows parasite survival through the action of immunomodulatory adenosine receptors.
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Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. E-NTPDases: Possible Roles on Host-Parasite Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:769922. [PMID: 34858878 PMCID: PMC8630654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Belonging to the GDA1/CD39 protein superfamily, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to the monophosphate form (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Several NTPDase isoforms have been described in different cells, from pathogenic organisms to animals and plants. Biochemical characterization of nucleotidases/NTPDases has revealed the existence of isoforms with different specificities regarding divalent cations (such as calcium and magnesium) and substrates. In mammals, NTPDases have been implicated in the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation. In parasites, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Schistosoma spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, NTPDases were found on the surface of the cell, and important processes like growth, infectivity, and virulence seem to depend on their activity. For instance, experimental evidence has indicated that parasite NTPDases can regulate the levels of ATP and Adenosine (Ado) of the host cell, leading to the modulation of the host immune response. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review showing the involvement of the nucleotidases/NTPDases in parasites infectivity and virulence, and how inhibition of NTPDases contributes to parasite clearance and the development of new antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Paes-Vieira L, Rocco-Machado N, Freitas-Mesquita AL, Dos Santos Emiliano YS, Gomes-Vieira AL, de Almeida-Amaral EE, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Differential regulation of E-NTPdases during Leishmania amazonensis lifecycle and effect of their overexpression on parasite infectivity and virulence. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102423. [PMID: 34298165 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Leishmania amazonensis are characterized by a persistent parasitemia due to the ability of the parasite to modulate the immune response of macrophages. It has been proposed that ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDases) could be able to suppress the host immune defense by reducing the ATP and ADP levels. The AMP generated from E-NTPDase activity can be subsequently hydrolyzed by ecto-nucleotidases, increasing the levels of adenosine, which can reduce the inflammatory response. In the present work, we provide new information about the role of E-NTPDases on infectivity and virulence of L. amazonensis. Our data demonstrate that not only the E-NTPDase activity is differentially regulated during the parasite development but also the expression of the genes ntpd1 and ntpd2. E-NTPDase activity increases significantly in axenic amastigotes and metacyclic promastigotes, both infective forms in mammalian host. A similar profile was found for mRNA levels of the ntpd1 and ntpd2 genes. Using parasites overexpressing the genes ntpd1 and ntpd2, we could demonstrate that L. amazonensis promastigotes overexpressing ntpd2 gene show a remarkable increase in their ability to interact with macrophages compared to controls. In addition, both ntpd1 and ntpd2-overexpressing parasites were more infective to macrophages than controls. The kinetics of lesion formation by transfected parasites were similar to controls until the second week. However, twenty days post-infection, mice infected with ntpd1 and ntpd2-overexpressing parasites presented significantly reduced lesions compared to controls. Interestingly, parasite load reached similar levels among the different experimental groups. Thus, our data show a non-linear relationship between higher E-NTPDase activity and lesion formation. Previous studies have correlated increased ecto-NTPDase activity with virulence and infectivity of Leishmania parasites. Based in our results, we are suggesting that the induced overexpression of E-NTPDases in L. amazonensis could increase extracellular adenosine levels, interfering with the balance of the immune response to promote the pathogen clearance and maintain the host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Rocco-Machado
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anita Leocadio Freitas-Mesquita
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yago Sousa Dos Santos Emiliano
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, 4° andar, sala 405A, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elmo Eduardo de Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, 4° andar, sala 405A, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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da Silva W, da Rocha Torres N, de Melo Agripino J, da Silva VHF, de Souza ACA, Ribeiro IC, de Oliveira TA, de Souza LA, Andrade LKR, de Moraes JVB, Diogo MA, de Castro RB, Polêto MD, Afonso LCC, Fietto JLR. ENTPDases from Pathogenic Trypanosomatids and Purinergic Signaling: Shedding Light towards Biotechnological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:213-226. [PMID: 33019932 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201005125146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ENTPDases are enzymes known for hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides and playing an essential role in controlling the nucleotide signaling via nucleotide/purinergic receptors P2. Moreover, ENTPDases, together with Ecto-5´-nucleotidase activity, affect the adenosine signaling via P1 receptors. These signals control many biological processes, including the immune system. In this context, ATP is considered as a trigger to inflammatory signaling, while adenosine (Ado) induces anti-inflammatory response. The trypanosomatids Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic agents of Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease, respectively, have their own ENTPDases named "TpENTPDases," which can affect the nucleotide signaling, adhesion and infection, in order to favor the parasite. Besides, TpENTPDases are essential for the parasite nutrition, since the Purine De Novo synthesis pathway is absent in them, which makes these pathogens dependent on the intake of purines and nucleopurines for the Salvage Pathway, in which TpENTPDases also take place. Here, we review information regarding TpNTPDases, including their known biological roles and their effect on the purinergic signaling. We also highlight the roles of these enzymes in parasite infection and their biotechnological applications, while pointing to future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmir da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nancy da Rocha Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joice de Melo Agripino
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Cláudia Alves de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cunha Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Angelo de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcel Arruda Diogo
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Depolo Polêto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Ciencias Biologicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM. Insights into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020033. [PMID: 33672776 PMCID: PMC7924612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases affect millions of people worldwide, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Among other parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis remains an important public health problem caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly. The disease has also been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, in addition to being an endemic disease in many areas around the world, including the Mediterranean basin and South America. Although recent years have witnessed marked advances in Leishmania-related research in various directions, many issues have yet to be elucidated. The intention of the present review is to give an overview of the major virulence factors contributing to the pathogenicity of the parasite. We aimed to provide a concise picture of the factors influencing the reaction of the parasite in its host that might help to develop novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
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11
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Basu M, Gupta P, Dutta A, Jana K, Ukil A. Increased host ATP efflux and its conversion to extracellular adenosine is crucial for establishing Leishmania infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239939. [PMID: 32079656 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani demands rapid production of host ATP for its sustenance. However, a gradual decrease in intracellular ATP in spite of increased glycolysis suggests ATP efflux during infection. Accordingly, upon infection, we show here that ATP is exported and the major exporter was pannexin-1, leading to raised extracellular ATP levels. Extracellular ATP shows a gradual decrease after the initial increase, and analysis of cell surface ATP-degrading enzymes revealed induction of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Ectonucleotidase-mediated ATP degradation leads to increased extracellular adenosine (eADO), and inhibition of CD39 and CD73 in infected cells decreased adenosine concentration and parasite survival, documenting the importance of adenosine in infection. Inhibiting adenosine uptake by cells did not affect parasite survival, suggesting that eADO exerts its effect through receptor-mediated signalling. We also show that Leishmania induces the expression of adenosine receptors A2AR and A2BR, both of which are important for anti-inflammatory responses. Treating infected BALB/c mice with CD39 and CD73 inhibitors resulted in decreased parasite burden and increased host-favourable cytokine production. Collectively, these observations indicate that infection-induced ATP is exported, and after conversion into adenosine, propagates infection via receptor-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Purnima Gupta
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12 Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
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12
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Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Leishmania Spp-Host Interaction: There Is Always an Onset, but Is There an End? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:330. [PMID: 31608245 PMCID: PMC6761226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time Leishmaniasis had been considered as a neglected tropical disease. Recently, it has become a priority in public health all over the world for different aspects such as geographic spread, number of population living at risk of infection as well as the potential lethality and/or the development of disfiguring lesions in the, respectively, visceral and tegumentary forms of the disease. As a result, several groups have been bending over this issue and many valuable data have been published. Nevertheless, parasite-host interactions are still not fully known and, consequently, we do not entirely understand the infection dynamics and parasite persistence. This knowledge may point targets for modulation or blockage, being very useful in the development of measures to interfere in the course of infection/ disease and to minimize the risks and morbidity. In the present review we will discuss some aspects of the Leishmania spp-mammalian host interaction in the onset of infection and after the clinical cure of the lesions. We will also examine the information already available concerning the parasite strategy to evade immune response mainly at the beginning of the infection, as well as during the parasite persistence. This knowledge can improve the conditions of treatment, follow-up and cure control of patients, minimizing the potential damages this protozoosis can cause to infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Vijayamahantesh, Vijayalaxmi. Tinkering with targeting nucleotide signaling for control of intracellular Leishmania parasites. Cytokine 2019; 119:129-143. [PMID: 30909149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides are one of the most primitive extracellular signalling molecules across all phyla and regulate a multitude of responses. The biological effects of extracellular nucleotides/sides are mediated via the specific purinergic receptors present on the cell surface. In mammalian system, adenine nucleotides are the predominant nucleotides found in the extracellular milieu and mediate a constellation of physiological functions. In the context of host-pathogen interaction, extracellular ATP is recognized as a danger signal and potentiates the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from activated immune cells, on the other hand, its breakdown product adenosine exerts potential anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Therefore, it is increasingly apparent that the interplay between extracellular ATP/adenosine ratios has a significant role in coordinating the regulation of the immune system in health and diseases. Several pathogens express ectonucleotidases on their surface and exploit the purinergic signalling as one of the mechanisms to modulate the host immune response. Leishmania pathogens are one of the most successful intracellular pathogens which survive within host macrophages and manipulate protective Th1 response into disease promoting Th2 response. In this review, we discuss the regulation of extracellular ATP and adenosine levels, the role of ATP/adenosine counter signalling in regulating the inflammation and immune responses during infection and how Leishmania parasites exploit the purinergic signalling to manipulate host response. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities in targeting purinergic signalling and the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayamahantesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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14
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Arora K, Rai AK. Dependence of Leishmania parasite on host derived ATP: an overview of extracellular nucleotide metabolism in parasite. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:1-13. [PMID: 30956439 PMCID: PMC6423245 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kashika Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Allahabad, 211004 U.P. India
- Present Address: Biomedical Research Center, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985 South Korea
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Allahabad, 211004 U.P. India
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15
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Lauri N, Bazzi Z, Alvarez CL, Leal Denis MF, Schachter J, Herlax V, Ostuni MA, Schwarzbaum PJ. ATPe Dynamics in Protozoan Parasites. Adapt or Perish. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:E16. [PMID: 30591699 PMCID: PMC6356682 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In most animals, transient increases of extracellular ATP (ATPe) are used for physiological signaling or as a danger signal in pathological conditions. ATPe dynamics are controlled by ATP release from viable cells and cell lysis, ATPe degradation and interconversion by ecto-nucleotidases, and interaction of ATPe and byproducts with cell surface purinergic receptors and purine salvage mechanisms. Infection by protozoan parasites may alter at least one of the mechanisms controlling ATPe concentration. Protozoan parasites display their own set of proteins directly altering ATPe dynamics, or control the activity of host proteins. Parasite dependent activation of ATPe conduits of the host may promote infection and systemic responses that are beneficial or detrimental to the parasite. For instance, activation of organic solute permeability at the host membrane can support the elevated metabolism of the parasite. On the other hand ecto-nucleotidases of protozoan parasites, by promoting ATPe degradation and purine/pyrimidine salvage, may be involved in parasite growth, infectivity, and virulence. In this review, we will describe the complex dynamics of ATPe regulation in the context of protozoan parasite⁻host interactions. Particular focus will be given to features of parasite membrane proteins strongly controlling ATPe dynamics. This includes evolutionary, genetic and cellular mechanisms, as well as structural-functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lauri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Chair of Biological Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Zaher Bazzi
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cora L Alvarez
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes, Buenos Aires 2160, Argentina.
| | - María F Leal Denis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Julieta Schachter
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Herlax
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata (INIBIOLP) "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner", Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Av. 60 y Av. 120 La Plata, Argentina.
- National University of La Plata, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. 60 y Av. 120 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mariano A Ostuni
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of La Réunion, University of Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion (INTS), Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Pablo J Schwarzbaum
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB) "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Chair of Biological Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Ávila LR, Gomes CM, Oliveira PG, Gomes RS, Vinaud MC, Dorta ML, Uliana SRB, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Promastigote parasites cultured from the lesions of patients with mucosal leishmaniasis are more resistant to oxidative stress than promastigotes from a cutaneous lesion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:35-45. [PMID: 30196081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can be presented as localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Macrophages kill parasites using nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parasites obtained from patients with LCL or ML to produce and resist NO or ROS. Promastigotes and amastigotes from LCL or ML isolates produced similar amounts of NO in culture. Promastigotes from ML isolates were more resistant to NO and H2O2 than LCL parasites in a stationary phase, whereas amastigotes from LCL isolates were more resistant to NO. In addition, in the stationary phase, promastigote isolates from patients with ML expressed more thiol-specific antioxidant protein (TSA) than LCL isolates. Therefore it is suggested that infective promastigotes from ML isolates are more resistant to microbicidal mechanisms in the initial phase of infection. Subsequently, amastigotes lose this resistance. This behavior of ML parasites can decrease the number of parasites capable of stimulating the host immune response shortly after the infection establishment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate
- Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects
- Leishmania braziliensis/growth & development
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Life Cycle Stages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Ribeiro Ávila
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Av, Universitária 1069, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-010, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Guimarães Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil.
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17
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Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. NTPDase activities: possible roles onLeishmania sppinfectivity and virulence. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:670-682. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590 Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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18
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Ribeiro HAL, Maioli TU, de Freitas LM, Tieri P, Castiglione F. Modeling Immune Response to Leishmania Species Indicates Adenosine As an Important Inhibitor of Th-Cell Activation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:309. [PMID: 28775959 PMCID: PMC5517480 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Leishmania protozoan parasites can cause a variety of disease outcomes in humans and other mammals, from single self-healing cutaneous lesions to a visceral dissemination of the parasite. The correlation between chronic lesions and ecto-nucleotidase enzymes activity on the surface of the parasite is addressed here using damage caused in epithelial cells by nitric oxide. In order to explore the role of purinergic metabolism in lesion formation and the outcome of the infection, we implemented a cellular automata/lattice gas model involving major immune characters (Th1 and Th2 cells, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-12, adenosine-Ado-, NO) and parasite players for the dynamic analysis of the disease progress. The model were analyzed using partial ranking correlation coefficient (PRCC) to indicate the components that most influence the disease progression. Results show that low Ado inhibition rate over Th-cells is shared by L. major and L. braziliensis, while in L. amazonensis infection the Ado inhibition rate over Th-cells reaches 30%. IL-4 inhibition rate over Th-cell priming to Th1 independent of IL-12 are exclusive of L. major. The lesion size and progression showed agreement with published biological data and the model was able to simulate cutaneous leishmaniasis outcomes. The sensitivity analysis suggested that Ado inhibition rate over Th-cells followed by Leishmania survival probability were the most important characteristics of the process, with PRCC of 0.89 and 0.77 respectively. The simulations also showed a non-linear relationship between Ado inhibition rate over Th-cells and lesion size measured as number of dead epithelial cells. In conclusion, this model can be a useful tool for the quantitative understanding of the immune response in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique A. L. Ribeiro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Applicazioni del CalcoloRome, Italy
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiani U. Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Tieri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Applicazioni del CalcoloRome, Italy
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Applicazioni del CalcoloRome, Italy
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19
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Borges-Pereira L, Meissner KA, Wrenger C, Garcia CRS. Plasmodium falciparum GFP-E-NTPDase expression at the intraerythrocytic stages and its inhibition blocks the development of the human malaria parasite. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:267-277. [PMID: 28285440 PMCID: PMC5563288 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of the most dangerous form of malaria in humans. It has been reported that the P. falciparum genome encodes for a single ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase), an enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular tri- and di-phosphate nucleotides. The E-NTPDases are known for participating in invasion and as a virulence factor in many pathogenic protozoa. Despite its presence in the parasite genome, currently, no information exists about the activity of this predicted protein. Here, we show for the first time that P. falciparum E-NTPDase is relevant for parasite lifecycle as inhibition of this enzyme impairs the development of P. falciparum within red blood cells (RBCs). ATPase activity could be detected in rings, trophozoites, and schizonts, as well as qRT-PCR, confirming that E-NTPDase is expressed throughout the intraerythrocytic cycle. In addition, transfection of a construct which expresses approximately the first 500 bp of an E-NTPDase-GFP chimera shows that E-NTPDase co-localizes with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the early stages and with the digestive vacuole (DV) in the late stages of P. falciparum intraerythrocytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Borges-Pereira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, travessa 14, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Kamila Anna Meissner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia R S Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 101, travessa 14, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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20
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Bastos MS, Tremblay A, Agripino JM, Rabelo ILA, Barreto LP, Pelletier J, Lecka J, Silva-Júnior A, Bressan GC, Almeida MR, Sévigny J, Fietto JLR. The expression of NTPDase1 and -2 of Leishmania infantum chagasi in bacterial and mammalian cells: Comparative expression, refolding and nucleotidase characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 131:60-69. [PMID: 27856402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) represents an important global health problem in several warm countries around the world. The main targets in this study are the two nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) from Leishmania infantum chagasi that are the main etiologic agent of VL in the New World. These enzymes, called LicNTPDase1 and -2, are homologous to members 5 and 6 of the mammalian E-NTPDase/CD39 superfamily of enzymes. These enzymes hydrolyze nucleotides and accordingly can participate in the purine salvage pathways and in the modulation of purinergic signaling through the extracellular nucleotide-dependent host immune responses. They can therefore affect adhesion and infection of host cells and the parasite virulence. To further characterize these enzymes, in this work, we expressed LicNTPDase1 and -2 in the classical bacterial system Escherichia coli and mammalian cell system COS-7 cells. Our data demonstrate that changes in refolding after expression in bacteria can increase the activity of recombinant (r) rLicNTPDase2 up to 20 times but has no significant effect on rLicNTPDase1. Meanwhile, the expression in COS-7 led to a significant increase in activity for rLicNTPDase1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bastos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biotecnologia Estrutural e Química Medicinal em Doenças Infecciosas- INBEQMeDI, Brazil; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A Tremblay
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - J M Agripino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - I L A Rabelo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - L P Barreto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - J Pelletier
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - J Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - A Silva-Júnior
- Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - G C Bressan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - M R Almeida
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - J Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - J L R Fietto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biotecnologia Estrutural e Química Medicinal em Doenças Infecciosas- INBEQMeDI, Brazil.
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21
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Figueiredo ABD, Souza-Testasicca MC, Afonso LCC. Purinergic signaling and infection by Leishmania: A new approach to evasion of the immune response. Biomed J 2016; 39:244-250. [PMID: 27793266 PMCID: PMC6139394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by protozoan parasites is part of the most common Tropical Neglected Diseases. In the case of leishmaniasis, several millions of people are at risk of contracting the disease. In spite of innumerous studies that elucidated the immune response capable of killing the parasite, the understanding of the evasion mechanisms utilized by the parasite to survive within the very cell responsible for its destruction is still incomplete. In this review, we offer a new approach to the control of the immune response against the parasite. The ability of the parasite to modulate the levels of extracellular ATP and adenosine either by directly acting on the levels of these molecules or by inducing the expression of CD39 and CD73 on the infected cell may influence the magnitude of the immune response against the parasite contributing to its growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Braga de Figueiredo
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, ICEB/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, ICEB/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil.
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Chaves MM, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Crosstalk between purinergic receptors and lipid mediators in leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:489. [PMID: 27595742 PMCID: PMC5011846 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people around the world caused by organisms of the genus Leishmania. Parasite escape mechanisms of the immune system confer the possibility of resistance and dissemination of the disease. A group of molecules that has become a target for Leishmania survival strategies are lipid mediators. Among them, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been described as a pro-inflammatory molecule capable of activating cells of the immune system to combat Leishmania. In an opposite way, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator described as a deactivator of macrophages and neutrophils. The balance of these two molecules can be generated by extracellular nucleotides, such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (Ado), which activate the purinergic receptors system. Herein, we discuss the role of extracellular nucleotides and the resulting balance of LTB4 and PGE2 in Leishmania fate, survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canetti
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Azeredo-Coutinho RBG, Pimentel MI, Zanini GM, Madeira MF, Cataldo JI, Schubach AO, Quintella LP, de Mello CX, Mendonça SC. Intestinal helminth coinfection is associated with mucosal lesions and poor response to therapy in American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2016; 154:42-9. [PMID: 26519200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The most severe clinical form of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) due to Leishmania braziliensis is mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), characterized by destructive lesions in the facial mucosa. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 109 ATL patients from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, where ATL is caused by L. braziliensis, to evaluate the influence of intestinal parasite coinfections in the clinical course of ATL. Parasitological stool examination (PSE) was performed with samples from all patients by the sedimentation, Kato-Katz and Baermann-Moraes methods. The diagnosis of ATL was made from lesion biopsies by direct observation of amastigotes in Giemsa-stained imprints, isolation of Leishmania promastigotes or histopathological examination. All patients were treated with meglumine antimoniate. Patients with positive PSE had a frequency of mucosal lesions significantly higher than those with negative PSE (p<0.005). The same was observed for infections with helminths in general (p<0.05), with nematodes (p<0.05) and with Ascaris lumbricoides (p<0.05), but not for protozoan infections. Patients with intestinal parasites had poor response to therapy (therapeutic failure or relapse) significantly more frequently than the patients with negative stool examination (p<0.005). A similar difference (p<0.005) was observed between patients with positive and negative results for intestinal helminths, but not for intestinal protozoa. Patients with positive PSE took significantly longer to heal than those with negative PSE (p<0.005). A similar difference was observed for intestinal helminth infections (p<0.005), but not for protozoan infections. Our results indicate a deleterious influence of intestinal helminth infections in the clinical course of ATL and evidence for the first time an association between ML and these coinfections, particularly with nematodes and A. lumbricoides.
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Identification and Biological Characterization of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis Isolated from a Patient with Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Goiás, a Nonendemic Area for This Species in Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:350764. [PMID: 26583102 PMCID: PMC4637049 DOI: 10.1155/2015/350764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize clinical field isolates of Leishmania spp. obtained from patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) who live in Goiás state, Brazil. The presumed areas of infection were in Goiás, Tocantins, and Pará states. Three isolates of parasites were identified as L. (Viannia) braziliensis and one as L. (V.) guyanensis. The in vitro growth profiles were found to be similar for all parasites. Nevertheless, in C57BL/6 mice, L. (V.) guyanensis infection was better controlled than L. (V.) braziliensis. Yet in C57BL/6 mice deficient in interferon gamma, L. (V.) guyanensis lesions developed faster than those caused by L. (V.) braziliensis isolates. In BALB/c mice, the development of lesions was similar for isolates from both species; however, on the 11th week of infection, amastigotes could not be observed in macrophages from L. (V.) guyanensis-infected mice. Thus, L. (V.) guyanensis can be circulating in Goiás, a state where autochthonous cases of this species had not yet been reported. Considering the difficulties to differentiate L. (V.) guyanensis from L. (V.) braziliensis at the molecular, morphological, and clinical (human and murine models) levels, the presence of L. (V.) guyanensis infections is possibly underestimated in several regions of Brazil.
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E-NTPDase (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) of Leishmania amazonensis inhibits macrophage activation. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sansom FM, Ralton JE, Sernee MF, Cohen AM, Hooker DJ, Hartland EL, Naderer T, McConville MJ. Golgi-located NTPDase1 of Leishmania major is required for lipophosphoglycan elongation and normal lesion development whereas secreted NTPDase2 is dispensable for virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3402. [PMID: 25521752 PMCID: PMC4270689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa, such as Leishmania species, are thought to express a number of surface and secreted nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) which hydrolyze a broad range of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates. However, the functional significance of NTPDases in parasite virulence is poorly defined. The Leishmania major genome was found to contain two putative NTPDases, termed LmNTPDase1 and 2, with predicted NTPDase catalytic domains and either an N-terminal signal sequence and/or transmembrane domain, respectively. Expression of both proteins as C-terminal GFP fusion proteins revealed that LmNTPDase1 was exclusively targeted to the Golgi apparatus, while LmNTPDase2 was predominantly secreted. An L. major LmNTPDase1 null mutant displayed increased sensitivity to serum complement lysis and exhibited a lag in lesion development when infections in susceptible BALB/c mice were initiated with promastigotes, but not with the obligate intracellular amastigote stage. This phenotype is characteristic of L. major strains lacking lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the major surface glycoconjugate of promastigote stages. Biochemical studies showed that the L. major NTPDase1 null mutant synthesized normal levels of LPG that was structurally identical to wild type LPG, with the exception of having shorter phosphoglycan chains. These data suggest that the Golgi-localized NTPase1 is involved in regulating the normal sugar-nucleotide dependent elongation of LPG and assembly of protective surface glycocalyx. In contrast, deletion of the gene encoding LmNTPDase2 had no measurable impact on parasite virulence in BALB/c mice. These data suggest that the Leishmania major NTPDase enzymes have potentially important roles in the insect stage, but only play a transient or non-major role in pathogenesis in the mammalian host. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a family of enzymes expressed in many eukaryotes, ranging from single-celled parasites to mammals. In mammals, NTPDases can have an immunomodulatory role, while in pathogenic protists cell-surface and secreted NTPDases are thought to be important virulence factors, although this has never been explicitly tested. In this study we have investigated the function of two NTPDases, termed LmNTPDase1 and LmNTPDase2, in Leishmania major parasites. We show that LmNTPDase 1 and LmNTPDase 2 are differentially targeted to the Golgi apparatus and secreted, respectively. A Leishmania major mutant lacking the Golgi LmNTPDase1 exhibited a delayed capacity to induce lesions in susceptible mice when promastigote (insect) stages were used to initiate infection, but not when amastigote (mammalian-infective) stages were used. Loss of promastigote infectivity in the LmNTPDase1 null mutant was associated with the synthesis and surface expression of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), with shorter glycan chains and increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. In contrast, a null mutant lacking the secreted LmNTPDase2 did not exhibit any difference in virulence. Our results suggest that Leishmania major NTPDases have specific roles in regulating Golgi glycosylation pathways, and nucleoside salvage pathways in the insect stages, but do not appear to be required for virulence of the mammalian-infective stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie E. Ralton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Fleur Sernee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M. Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Hooker
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Giarola NLL, Silveira TS, Inacio JDF, Vieira LP, Almeida-Amaral EE, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis: Increase in ecto-ATPase activity and parasite burden of vinblastine-resistant protozoa. Exp Parasitol 2014; 146:25-33. [PMID: 25176449 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is a protozoan parasite that induces mucocutaneous and diffuse cutaneous lesions upon infection. An important component in treatment failure is the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. It is necessary to clarify the mechanism of resistance that occurs in these parasites to develop effective drugs for leishmaniasis treatment. Promastigote forms of L. amazonensis were selected by gradually increasing concentrations of vinblastine and were maintained under continuous drug pressure (resistant cells). Vinblastine-resistant L. amazonensis proliferated similarly to control parasites. However, resistant cells showed changes in the cell shape, irregular flagella and a decrease in rhodamine 123 accumulation, which are factors associated with the development of resistance, suggesting the MDR phenotype. The Mg-dependent-ecto-ATPase, an enzyme located on cell surface of Leishmania parasites, is involved in the acquisition of purine and participates in the adhesion and infectivity process. We compared control and resistant L. amazonensis ecto-enzymatic activities. The control and resistant Leishmania ecto-ATPase activities were 16.0 ± 1.5 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7) cells and 40.0 ± 4.4 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7)cells, respectively. Interestingly, the activity of other ecto-enzymes present on the L. amazonensis cell surface, the ecto-5' and 3'-nucleotidases and ecto-phosphatase, did not increase. The level of ecto-ATPase modulation is related to the degree of resistance of the cell. Cells resistant to 10 μM and 60 μM of vinblastine have ecto-ATPase activities of 22.7 ± 0.4 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7) cells and 33.8 ± 0.8 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7)cells, respectively. In vivo experiments showed that both lesion size and parasite burden in mice infected with resistant parasites are greater than those of L. amazonensis control cells. Furthermore, our data established a relationship between the increase in ecto-ATPase activity and greater infectivity and severity of the disease caused by vinblastine-resistant L. amazonensis promastigotes. Taken together, these data suggest that ecto-enzymes could be potential therapeutic targets in the struggle against the spread of leishmaniasis, a neglected world-wide public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira Lígia Lima Giarola
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souza Silveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro IFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - Lisvane Paes Vieira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil.
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Mota CM, Ferreira MD, Costa LF, Barros PSC, Silva MV, Santiago FM, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Fluorescent ester dye-based assays for the in vitro measurement of Neospora caninum proliferation. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:14-9. [PMID: 25095733 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for the measurement of parasite loads in different experimental models have evolved throughout the years. The quantification of stained slides using regular cytological stains is currently the most common technique. However, this modality of evaluation is labor-intensive, and the interpretation of the results is subjective because the successes of the assays mainly rely on the abilities of the professionals involved. Moreover, the novel genetic manipulation techniques that are commonly applied for closely related Toxoplasma gondii have not yet been developed for Neospora caninum. Thus, we aimed to develop a simple protocol for parasite quantification using pre-stained N. caninum tachyzoites and fluorescent probes based on ester compounds (i.e., CFSE and DDAO). For this purpose, we employed a quantification procedure based on flow cytometry analysis. Pre-stained parasites were also examined with a fluorescent microscope, which revealed that both dyes were detectable. Direct comparison of the numbers of CFSE+ and DDAO+ cells to the values obtained with classical cytology techniques yielded statistically comparable results that also accorded with genomic DNA amplification results. Although the fluorescence emitted by DDAO was more intense and provided better discrimination between the populations of parasitized cells, CFSE+ tachyzoites were detected for several days. In conclusion, this study describes a simple, fast, low-cost and reproducible protocol for N. caninum quantification that is based on parasite pre-staining with fluorescent ester-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mota
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcela D Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourenço F Costa
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrício S C Barros
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Murilo V Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Santiago
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José R Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, Campus Umuarama, 38405-320 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Rodriguez-Pinto D, Saravia NG, McMahon-Pratt D. CD4 T cell activation by B cells in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:108. [PMID: 24568275 PMCID: PMC3937821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective adaptive immune response requires activation of specific CD4 T cells. The capacity of B cells to activate CD4 T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) has not been evaluated. Methods CD4 T cell activation by B cells of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was evaluated by culture of PBMCs or purified B cells and CD4 T cells with Leishmania panamensis antigens. CD4 T cell and B cell activation markers were evaluated by flow cytometry and 13 cytokines were measured in supernatants with a bead-based capture assay. The effect of Leishmania antigens on BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin was evaluated in the Ramos human B cell line by targeting the antigen with anti-IgM-biotin and anti-biotin-ovalbumin-FITC. Results Culture of PBMCs from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with Leishmania antigens resulted in upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 as well as increased frequency of CD25hiCD127- cells among CD4 T cells. Concomitantly, B cells upregulated the costimulatory molecule CD86. These changes were not observed in PBMCs from healthy subjects, indicating participation of Leishmania-specific lymphocytes expanded in vivo. Purified B cells from these patients, when interacting with purified CD4 T cells and Leishmania antigens, were capable of inducing significant increases in CD25 and CD69 expression and CD25hiCD127- frequency in CD4 T cells. These changes were associated with upregulation of CD86 in B cells. Comparison of changes in CD4 T cell activation parameters between PBMC and B cell/CD4 T cell cultures showed no statistically significant differences; further, significant secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 was induced in both types of cultures. Additionally, culture with Leishmania antigens enhanced BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin in Ramos human B cells. Conclusions The capacity of B cells specific for Leishmania antigens in peripheral blood of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients to activate CD4 T cells and induce cytokine secretion is similar to that of all cell populations present in PBMCs. This capacity implicates B cells as a plausible target for modulation of the immune response to Leishmania infection as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Pinto
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.
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Freitas-Mesquita AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Ecto-nucleotidases and Ecto-phosphatases from Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:217-252. [PMID: 24264248 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecto-enzymes can be defined as membrane-bound proteins that have their active site facing the extracellular millieu. In trypanosomatids, the physiological roles of these enzymes remain to be completed elucidated; however, many important events have already been related to them, such as the survival of parasites during their complex life cycle and the successful establishment of host infection. This chapter focuses on two remarkable classes of ecto-enzymes: ecto-nucleotidases and ecto-phosphatases, summarizing their occurrence and possible physiological roles in Leishmania and Trypanosoma genera. Ecto-nucleotidases are characterized by their ability to hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides, playing an important role in purinergic signaling. By the action of these ecto-enzymes, parasites are capable of modulating the host immune system, which leads to a successful parasite infection. Furthermore, ecto-nucleotidases are also involved in the purine salvage pathway, acting in the generation of nucleosides that are able to cross plasma membrane via specialized transporters. Another important ecto-enzyme present in a vast number of pathogenic organisms is the ecto-phosphatase. These enzymes are able to hydrolyze extracellular phosphorylated substrates, releasing free inorganic phosphate that can be internalized by the cell, crossing the plasma membrane through a Pi-transporter. Ecto-phosphatases are also involved in the invasion and survival of parasite in the host cells. Several alternative functions have been suggested for these enzymes in parasites, such as participation in their proliferation, differentiation, nutrition and protection. In this context, the present chapter provides an overview of recent discoveries related to the occurrence of ecto-nucleotidase and ecto-phosphatase activities in Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites.
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Role of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in experimental Leishmania braziliensis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1575-84. [PMID: 23439309 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01401-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression has been found in granulomas of lesions in L. braziliensis-infected individuals. L. braziliensis inoculation in mice induces very small lesions that are self-healing, whereas deficiency in the TLR adaptor molecule, MyD88, renders mice susceptible to infection. The TLR involved has not been identified, prompting us to investigate if TLR9 triggering by the parasite contributes to the strong resistance to infection observed in L. braziliensis-inoculated mice. The parasites activated wild-type (WT) dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro but not DCs derived from TLR9(-/-) mice. TLR9(-/-) mice inoculated with L. braziliensis exhibited a transient susceptibility characterized by increased lesion size and parasite burden compared to those of WT mice. Surprisingly, elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured at the site of infection and in draining lymph node T cells of TLR9(-/-) mice at the peak of susceptibility, suggesting that unlike observations in vitro, the parasite could induce DC activation leading to the development of Th1 cells in the absence of TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data show that TLR9 signaling is important for the early control of lesion development and parasite burden but is dispensable for the differentiation of Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ, and the high levels of this cytokine are not sufficient to control early parasite replication following L. braziliensis infection.
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