1
|
Pang R, Li S, Chen W, Yuan L, Xiao H, Xing K, Li Y, Zhang Z, He X, Zhang W. Insecticide resistance reduces the profitability of insect-resistant rice cultivars. J Adv Res 2024; 60:1-12. [PMID: 37499938 PMCID: PMC11156607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preventing crop yield loss caused by pests is critical for global agricultural production. Agricultural pest control has largely relied on chemical pesticides. The interaction between insecticide resistance and the adaptation of herbivorous pests to host plants may represent an emerging threat to future food security. OBJECTIVES This study aims to unveil genetic evidence for the reduction in the profitability of resistant cultivars derived from insecticide resistance in target pest insects. METHODS An experimental evolution system encompassing resistant rice and its major monophagous pest, the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, was constructed. Whole genome resequencing and selective sweep analysis were utilized to identify the candidate gene loci related to the adaptation. RNA interference and induced expression assay were conducted to validate the function of the candidate loci. RESULTS We found that the imidacloprid-resistant population of N. lugens rapidly adapted to resistant rice IR36. Gene loci related to imidacloprid resistance may contribute to this phenomenon. Multiple alleles in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-7-like and P450 CYP4C61 were significantly correlated with changes in virulence to IR36 rice and insecticide resistance of N. lugens. One avirulent/susceptible genotype and two virulent/resistant genotypes could be inferred from the corresponding alleles. Importantly, we found that the virulent/resistant genotypes already exist in the wild in China, exhibiting increasing frequencies along with insecticide usage. We validated the relevance of these genotypes and the virulence to three more resistant rice cultivars. Knockdown of the above two genes in N. lugens significantly decreased both the resistance to imidacloprid and the virulence towards resistant rice. CONCLUSION Our findings provide direct genetic evidence to the eco-evolutionary consequence of insecticide resistance, and suggest an urgent need for the implementation of predictably sustainable pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanxiang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenfei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Du J, Ding G, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Zhou D, Sun Y, Liu X, Shen B. Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a bacteriophage targeting Culex pipiens pallens resistance-associated Aeromonas hydrophila. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:222. [PMID: 38745242 PMCID: PMC11094981 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex pipiens pallens is a well-known mosquito vector for several diseases. Deltamethrin, a commonly used pyrethroid insecticide, has been frequently applied to manage adult Cx. pipiens pallens. However, mosquitoes can develop resistance to these insecticides as a result of insecticide misuse and, therefore, it is crucial to identify novel methods to control insecticide resistance. The relationship between commensal bacteria and vector resistance has been recently recognized. Bacteriophages (= phages) are effective tools by which to control insect commensal bacteria, but there have as yet been no studies using phages on adult mosquitoes. In this study, we isolated an Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH that specifically targets resistance-associated symbiotic bacteria in mosquitoes. We investigated the impact of Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH in an abundance of Aeromonas hydrophila in the gut of Cx. pipiens pallens and its effect on the status of deltamethrin resistance. METHODS Phages were isolated on double-layer agar plates and their biological properties analyzed. Phage morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after negative staining. The phage was then introduced into the mosquito intestines via oral feeding. The inhibitory effect of Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH on Aeromonas hydrophila in mosquito intestines was assessed through quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Deltamethrin resistance of mosquitoes was assessed using WHO bottle bioassays. RESULTS An Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH was isolated from sewage and identified as belonging to the Myoviridae family in the order Caudovirales using TEM. Based on biological characteristics analysis and in vitro antibacterial experiments, Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH was observed to exhibit excellent stability and effective bactericidal activity. Sequencing revealed that the Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH genome comprises 43,663 bp (51.6% CG content) with 81 predicted open reading frames. No integrase-related gene was detected in the vB AH-LH genome, which marked it as a potential biological antibacterial. Finally, we found that Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH could significantly reduce deltamethrin resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens, in both the laboratory and field settings, by decreasing the abundance of Aeromonas hydrophila in their midgut. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that Aeromonas phage vB AhM-LH could effectively modulate commensal bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila in adult mosquitoes, thus representing a promising strategy to mitigate mosquito vector resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajia Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangshuo Ding
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxing Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinghui Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidan Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aarumugam P, Kovendan K, Kamalakannan S, Jebanesan A. Chemical Exposure of Synthetic Pyrethroid on Deltamethrin Under the Selection Pressure over the Generations: A Reproductive Potential Study of Anopheles stephensi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04911-9. [PMID: 38512550 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Biochemical synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin are presently used insecticides for the control of mosquito vector-borne diseases in worldwide. Mosquito re-emergence with diseases becoming a serious problem due to development of insecticide resistance. The comprehensive knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of resistance against deltamethrin is required for implementation of an efficient vector control programme. The assessment of the biological fitness of a mosquito strain exposed to insecticide pressure is extremely vital because it provides information on the development of resistance. In the present study, the adult stage of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, was designated for the study of deltamethrin resistance (F40 generations). The non-blood-fed, laboratory-reared females to sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin (0.004%, 0.005%, 0.007%, or 0.01%) exposed to every generation for up to F40. The adult mosquito susceptibility was performed by WHO standard method for evaluation. After 24 h, mortality was recorded in both treated and control groups. Therefore, the biological fitness characteristics such as feeding, fecundity, hatchability, egg retention, immature duration, adult emergence, and adult life span were studied to assess the exposed deltamethrin under selection pressure as compared to the unexposed (control) population. The laboratory selection of An. stephensi exposed deltamethrin over the generations were diminished its biological fitness. Information on biological fitness including reproductive potential of mosquito strain under selection pressure against deltamethrin is incredibly necessary because it would facilitate in resistance management. Baseline information gives in this experiment will guide for future studies on the susceptibilities of wild malaria mosquito populations in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palani Aarumugam
- P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vijay Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Nallampalli Papparapatty Road, Balajangamanhalli, Dharmapuri, 636 807, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalimuthu Kovendan
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Siva Kamalakannan
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 22-Sham Nath Marg, Civil Line, Delhi, 110 054, India
| | - Arulsamy Jebanesan
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sy ND, Cao M, Hall M, Kaur P, Shi Q, Xiong Y, Gan J. Distribution of pyrethroid insecticides in urban storm drain structures: Catch basins, open channels, and outfalls. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122733. [PMID: 37875189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface water runoff can transport contaminants offsite to downstream aquatic ecosystems. The prevalence of impervious surfaces in urban areas enhances surface runoff and contributes to contamination of urban surface streams. Urban areas have complex drainage systems for the conveyance of drainage water, however, there is a dearth of information on the distribution of contaminants within storm drain system structures. Pyrethroid insecticides are among the most used insecticides in urban areas, and trace levels of pyrethroids are known to exert toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. To investigate pyrethroid occurrence and distribution throughout an urban drainage system, samples of water, sediment, algae, and biofilm were collected from catch basins, open channels, and outfalls in Los Angeles County, California, during the dry season. From 3 catch basins, 7 open channels, and 7 outfalls, a total of 28 water samples, 4 sediment samples, 8 algae samples, and 4 biofilm samples were collected and analyzed. Pyrethroid concentrations above the reporting limit were detected in 89% of water samples and all sediment, algae, and biofilm samples, with bifenthrin and cyfluthrin being the most frequently detected compounds. The median total pyrethroid concentrations in water, sediments, algae, and biofilms were 27 ng/L, 88 ng/g, 356 ng/g, and 3556 ng/g, respectively. Bifenthrin concentrations in catch basins were found to be significantly higher than those in open channels or outfalls. Significant correlations were found for various metrics, including between pyrethroid partitioning in water samples and total suspended solids. These findings highlight the role of underground catch basins as a sink as well as a secondary source for contaminants such as pyrethroid insecticides. Prevention of the input of these urban originated contaminants to catch basins is crucial for protecting the water quality of urban surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Sy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Meixian Cao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Matthew Hall
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yaxin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nihad PPM, Subramanian M, Gunasekaran K, Kumar A. Response to insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in the field populations of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puducherry, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:393-400. [PMID: 38174517 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Mosquito-borne diseases are major threats to human health worldwide. Successful control of vector mosquitoes requires periodic updates on their response to the insecticides that are in use. Different classes of neurotoxic insecticides have been used in vector control programs. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the primary vectors of dengue and have developed resistance to organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids that are used in vector control programs. Monitoring insecticide pressure and studying the underlying mechanisms of resistance in the field populations of Aedes aegypti are important to formulate resistant management strategies for their control programs. Methods Aedes aegypti were collected from study sites Lawspet and Abishegapakkam and F1 progeny was subject to biochemical assays to determine the enzyme activity. Insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted to determine vector susceptibility/resistance to malathion and deltamethrin. Adult dried mosquitoes were subjected to multiplex PCR to detect point mutation in the VGSC gene. Results Insecticide susceptibility test results revealed that Aedes aegypti is resistant to malathion and incipient resistance to deltamethrin has emerged. It was observed that β-esterase and monoxygense activity were significantly higher in Lawspet sample than the laboratory strain, whereas it was comparatively lower in Abishegapakkam sample than laboratory strain. Multiplex PCR assays showed no kdr mutation in all Ae. aegypti strains. Interpretation & conclusion Monitoring insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti would help the local health authorities to implement a rationalized approach for insecticide use in vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Gunasekaran
- Unit of Vector Biology and Control, Puducherry, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Y, Hu K, Zhou J, Xie Z, Zhao Y, Zhao S, Gu J, Zhou X, Yan G, James AA, Chen XG. The dynamics of deltamethrin resistance evolution in Aedes albopictus has an impact on fitness and dengue virus type-2 vectorial capacity. BMC Biol 2023; 21:194. [PMID: 37704988 PMCID: PMC10500878 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide invasion and expansion of Aedes albopictus, an important vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, has become a serious concern in global public health. Chemical insecticides are the primary means currently available to control the mosquito populations. However, long-term and large-scale use of insecticides has selected for resistance in the mosquito that is accompanied by a genetic load that impacts fitness. RESULTS A number of laboratory strains representing different resistance mechanisms were isolated and identified from laboratory-derived, deltamethrin-resistant Ae. albopictus recovered in previous work. Resistance levels and fitness costs of the strains were evaluated and compared to characterize the evolution of the resistance genotypes and phenotypes. The heterozygous F1534S mutation (1534F/S) in the voltage gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene product (VGSC), first detected in early stages of resistance evolution, not only confers high-level resistance, but also produces no significant fitness costs, leading to the rapid spread of resistance in the population. This is followed by the increase in frequency of homozygous F1534S (1534S/S) mosquitoes that have significant fitness disadvantages, prompting the emergence of an unlinked I1532T mutation with fewer side effects and a mating advantage better adapted to the selection and reproductive pressures imposed in the experiments. Metabolic resistance with no significant fitness cost and mediating a high-tolerance resistance phenotype may play a dominant role in the subsequent evolution of resistance. The different resistant strains had similar vector competence for dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2). Furthermore, a comparative analysis of vectorial capacity revealed that increased survival due to deltamethrin resistance balanced the negative fitness cost effects and contributed to the risk of dengue virus (DENV) transmission by resistant populations. The progressive evolution of resistance results in mosquitoes with both target-site insensitivity and metabolic resistance with lower fitness costs, which further leads to resistant populations with both high resistance levels and vectorial capacity. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a possible mechanism for the evolution of deltamethrin resistance in Aedes albopictus. These findings will help guide practical strategies for insecticide use, resistance management and the prevention and control of mosquito-borne disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingni Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yijie Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A James
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4025, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA.
- , Irvine, USA.
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kouadio FPA, Sika AN, Fodjo BK, Sadia CG, Oyou SK, Ouattara AF, Mouhamadou CS. Phenotypic resistance to pyrethroid associated to metabolic mechanism in Vgsc-L995F-resistant Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquitoes. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:118. [PMID: 37396200 PMCID: PMC10308139 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19126.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The indiscriminate use of insecticides in agriculture and public health lead to a selection of resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors compromising vector control tools and strategies. This study investigated the metabolic response in the Vgsc-L995F Anopheles gambiae Tiassalé resistance strain after long-term exposure of larvae and adults to deltamethrin insecticide. Methods: Vgsc-L995F An. gambiae Tiassalé strain larvae were exposed over 20 generations to deltamethrin (LS) and adults to PermaNet 2.0 (AS) and combining exposure at larvae and adult stages (LAS) and compared to unexposed (NS) group. All four groups were subjected to the standard World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility tube tests using deltamethrin (0.05%), bendiocarb (0.1%) and malathion (5%). Vgsc-L995F/S knockdown-resistance ( kdr) mutation frequency was screened using multiplex assays based on Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Additionally, expression levels of detoxification enzymes associated to pyrethroid resistance, including CYP4G16, CYP6M2, CYP6P1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4, CYP6Z1 and CYP9K1, and glutathione S-transferase GSTe2 were measured. Results: Our results indicated that deltamethrin resistance was a response to insecticide selection pressure in LS, AS and LAS groups, while susceptibility was observed in NS group. The vectors showed varied mortality rates with bendiocarb and full susceptibility to malathion throughout the selection with LS, AS and LAS groups. Vgsc-L995F mutation stayed at high allelic frequency level in all groups with a frequency between 87% and 100%. Among the overexpressed genes, CYP6P4 gene was the most overexpressed in LS, AS and LAS groups. Conclusion: Long-term exposure of larvae and adults of Vgsc-L995F resistant- An. gambiae Tiassalé strain to deltamethrin and PermaNet 2.0 net induced resistance to deltamethrin under a significant effect of cytochromes P450 detoxification enzymes. These outcomes highlight the necessity of investigating metabolic resistance mechanisms in the target population and not solely kdr resistance mechanisms prior the implementation of vector control strategies for a better impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- France-Paraudie A. Kouadio
- Environment and Health, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
- Natural Sciences, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Angèle N. Sika
- Natural Sciences, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Behi K. Fodjo
- Environment and Health, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
- Natural Sciences, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Christabelle G. Sadia
- Environment and Health, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
- Natural Sciences, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Sébastien K. Oyou
- Environment and Health, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Allassane F. Ouattara
- Environment and Health, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
- Natural Sciences, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Chouaïbou S. Mouhamadou
- Environment and Health, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zang C, Wang X, Cheng P, Liu L, Guo X, Wang H, Lou Z, Lei J, Wang W, Wang Y, Gong M, Liu H. Evaluation of the evolutionary genetics and population structure of Culex pipiens pallens in Shandong province, China based on knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and the mtDNA-COI gene. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:145. [PMID: 36964519 PMCID: PMC10039558 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are important vectors for a range of diseases, contributing to high rates of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Culex pipiens pallens is dominant species of Culex mosquito in northern China and a major vector for both West Nile virus and Bancroftian filariasis. Insecticide application were largely applied to control the mosquito-mediated spread of these diseases, contributing to increasing rates of resistance in the mosquito population. The voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene is the target site of pyrethroids, and mutations in this gene cause knockdown resistance (kdr). While these kdr mutations are known to be critical to pyrethroid resistance, their evolutionary origins remain poorly understood. Clarifying the origins of these mutations is potential to guide further vector control and disease prevention efforts. Accordingly, the present study was designed to study the evolutionary genetics of kdr mutations and their association with the population structure of Cx. p. pallens in Shandong province, China. METHODS Adult Culex females were collected from Shandong province and subjected to morphological identification under a dissection microscope. Genomic DNA were extracted from the collected mosquitoes, the Vgsc gene were amplified via PCR and sequenced to assess kdr allele frequencies, intron polymorphisms, and kdr codon evolution. In addition, population genetic diversity and related population characteristics were assessed by amplifying and sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene. RESULTS Totally, 263 Cx. p. pallens specimens were used for DNA barcoding and sequencing analyses to assess kdr allele frequencies in nine Culex populations. The kdr codon L1014 in the Vgsc gene identified two non-synonymous mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the analyzed population. These mutations were present in the eastern hilly area and west plain region of Shandong Province. However, only L1014F mutation was detected in the southern mountainous area and Dongying city of Shandong Province, where the mutation frequency was low. Compared to other cities, population in Qingdao revealed significant genetic differentiation. Spatial kdr mutation patterns are likely attributable to some combination of prolonged insecticide-mediated selection coupled with the genetic isolation of these mosquito populations. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that multiple kdr alleles associated with insecticide resistance are present within the Cx. p. pallens populations of Shandong Province, China. The geographical distributions of kdr mutations in this province are likely that the result of prolonged and extensive insecticide application in agricultural contexts together with frequent mosquito population migrations. In contrast, the low-frequency kdr mutation detected in central Shandong Province populations may originate from the limited selection pressure in this area and the relative genetic isolation. Overall, the study compares the genetic patterns revealed by a functional gene with a neutral marker and demonstrates the combined impact of demographic and selection factors on population structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Zang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Lou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Lei
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kouadio FPA, Sika AN, Fodjo BK, Sadia CG, Oyou SK, Ouattara AF, Mouhamadou CS. Phenotypic resistance to pyrethroid associated to metabolic mechanism in Vgsc-L995F-resistant Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquitoes. Wellcome Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19126.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The indiscriminate use of insecticides in agriculture and public health lead to a selection of resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors compromising vector control tools and strategies. This study investigated the metabolic response in the Vgsc-L995F Anopheles gambiae Tiassalé resistance strain after long-term exposure of larvae and adults to deltamethrin insecticide. Methods: We exposed, over 20 generations, Vgsc-L995F An. gambiae Tiassalé strain larvae to deltamethrin (LS) and adults to PermaNet 2.0 (AS) and combining exposure at larvae and adult stages (LAS) and compared to unexposed (NS) group. All four groups were subjected to the standard World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility tube tests using deltamethrin (0.05%), bendiocarb (0.1%) and malathion (5%). Vgsc-L995F/S knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutation frequency was screened using multiplex assays based on Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Additionally, expression levels of detoxification enzymes associated to pyrethroid resistance, including CYP4G16, CYP6M2, CYP6P1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4, CYP6Z1 and CYP9K1, and glutathione S-transferase GSTe2 were measured. Results: Our results indicated that deltamethrin resistance was a response to insecticide selection pressure in LS, AS and LAS groups, while susceptibility was observed in NS group. The vectors showed varied mortality rates with bendiocarb and full susceptibility to malathion throughout the selection with LS, AS and LAS groups. Vgsc-L995F mutation stayed at high allelic frequency level in all groups with a frequency between 87% and 100%. Among the overexpressed genes, CYP6P4 gene was the most overexpressed in LS, AS and LAS groups. Conclusion: Long-term exposure of larvae and adults of Vgsc-L995F resistant-An. gambiae Tiassalé strain to deltamethrin and PermaNet 2.0 net induced resistance to deltamethrin under a significant effect of cytochromes P450 detoxification enzymes. These outcomes highlight the necessity of investigating metabolic resistance mechanisms in the target population and not solely kdr resistance mechanisms prior the implementation of vector control strategies for a better impact.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sy ND, Wheeler SS, Reed M, Haas-Stapleton E, Reyes T, Bear-Johnson M, Kluh S, Cummings RF, Su T, Xiong Y, Shi Q, Gan J. Pyrethroid insecticides in urban catch basins: A potential secondary contamination source for urban aquatic systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120220. [PMID: 36152708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination is a threat to many aquatic habitats, and runoff from residential homes is a major contributor of these chemicals in urban surface streams and estuaries. Improved understanding of their fate and transport can help identify areas of concern for monitoring and management. In many urban areas, runoff water congregates in numerous underground catch basins before draining into the open environment; however, at present essentially no information is available on pesticide presence in these systems. In this study, we collected water samples from a large number of underground urban catch basins in different regions of California during the active pest management season to determine the occurrence and profile of the widely used pyrethroid insecticides. Detectable levels of pyrethroids were found in 98% of the samples, and the detection frequency of individual pyrethroids ranged from no detection for fenpropathrin to 97% for bifenthrin. In the aqueous phase, total pyrethroid concentrations ranged from 3 to 726 ng/L, with a median value of 32 ng/L. Pyrethroids were found to be enriched on suspended solids, with total concentrations ranging from 42 to 93,600 ng/g and a median value of 2,350 ng/g. In approximately 89% of the samples, whole water concentrations of bifenthrin were predicted to have toxic units >1 for sensitive aquatic invertebrates. The high detection frequency of bifenthrin and overall pyrethroid concentrations, especially for particle-bound residues, suggest that underground urban catch basins constitute an important secondary source for extended and widespread contamination of downstream surface waters by pesticides such as pyrethroids in urban regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Sy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Sarah S Wheeler
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito & Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA, 95624, USA
| | - Marcia Reed
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito & Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA, 95624, USA
| | | | - Trinidad Reyes
- Madera County Mosquito & Vector Control District, Madera, CA, 93637, USA
| | - Mir Bear-Johnson
- Delta Mosquito & Vector Control District, Visalia, CA, 93291, USA
| | - Susanne Kluh
- Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Santa Fe Springs, CA, 90670, USA
| | - Robert F Cummings
- Orange County Mosquito & Vector Control District, Garden Grove, CA, 92843, USA
| | - Tianyun Su
- West Valley Mosquito & Vector Control District, Ontario, CA, 91761, USA
| | - Yaxin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tchouakui M, Oruni A, Assatse T, Manyaka CR, Tchoupo M, Kayondo J, Wondji CS. Fitness cost of target-site and metabolic resistance to pyrethroids drives restoration of susceptibility in a highly resistant Anopheles gambiae population from Uganda. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271347. [PMID: 35881658 PMCID: PMC9321773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance threatens the effectiveness of malaria vector control, calling for an urgent need to design suitable resistance management strategies. Here, we established the resistance profiling of an Ugandan Anopheles gambiae population to insecticides using WHO procedures and assessed the potential restoration of susceptibility in the hybrid line Mayuge/KISUMU in an insecticide-free environment for eighteen (18) generations. RESULTS This An gambiae population exhibited a very high intensity of resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and alphacypermethrin with a consistent loss of efficacy of all long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) tested including PBO-based and new generation nets Interceptor G2 (IG2) and Royal guard. Molecular analysis revealed a fixation of the L1014S-kdr mutation together with the overexpression of some P450 metabolic genes (CYP6Z1, CYP9K1, CYP6P1, 3 & 4) besides the cuticular resistance-related genes (CYP4G16) and sensorial appendage proteins (SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3) but no GSTe2 overexpression. In the absence of selection pressure, the mortality rate after exposure to insecticides increased significantly over generations, and restoration of susceptibility was observed for most of the insecticides in less than 10 generations. Accordingly, a significant reduction in the frequency of KdrE was observed after 13 generations coupled with reduced expression of most metabolic resistance genes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that the high intensity of pyrethroid resistance observed in An gambiae from Uganda associated with the loss of efficacy of LLINs could compromise vector control efforts. The study also highlights that an early rotation of insecticides could help manage resistance to insecticides by restoring the susceptibility. However, the persistence of Kdr mutation together with overexpression of some metabolic genes after many generations in the absence of selection pressure indicates the potential implication of modifiers alleviating the cost of resistance which needs to be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambrose Oruni
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Tatiane Assatse
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Claudine R Manyaka
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Micareme Tchoupo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jonathan Kayondo
- Entomology Department, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Messenger LA, Impoinvil LM, Derilus D, Yewhalaw D, Irish S, Lenhart A. A whole transcriptomic approach provides novel insights into the molecular basis of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103655. [PMID: 34562591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is of increasing concern in Ethiopia because of its potential implications for vector control failure. To better elucidate the specificity of resistance mechanisms and to facilitate the design of control strategies that minimize the likelihood of selecting for cross-resistance, a whole transcriptomic approach was used to explore gene expression patterns in a multi-insecticide resistant population of Anopheles arabiensis from Oromia Region, Ethiopia. This field population was resistant to the diagnostic doses of malathion (average mortality of 71.9%) and permethrin (77.4%), with pools of survivors and unexposed individuals analyzed using Illumina RNA-sequencing, alongside insecticide susceptible reference strains. This population also demonstrated deltamethrin resistance but complete susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin, bendiocarb and propoxur, providing a phenotypic basis for detecting insecticide-specific resistance mechanisms. Transcriptomic data revealed overexpression of genes including cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases and carboxylesterases (including CYP4C36, CYP6AA1, CYP6M2, CYP6M3, CYP6P4, CYP9K1, CYP9L1, GSTD3, GSTE2, GSTE3, GSTE4, GSTE5, GSTE7 and two carboxylesterases) that were shared between malathion and permethrin survivors. We also identified nineteen highly overexpressed cuticular-associated proteins (including CYP4G16, CYP4G17 and chitinase) and eighteen salivary gland proteins (including D7r4 short form salivary protein), which may be contributing to a non-specific resistance phenotype by either enhancing the cuticular barrier or promoting binding and sequestration of insecticides, respectively. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in this lesser well-characterized major malaria vector species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N Street, NW Washington, DC, 20036, USA; Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Mackenzie Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dieunel Derilus
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seth Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zoh MG, Bonneville JM, Tutagata J, Laporte F, Fodjo BK, Mouhamadou CS, Sadia CG, McBeath J, Schmitt F, Horstmann S, Reynaud S, David JP. Experimental evolution supports the potential of neonicotinoid-pyrethroid combination for managing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19501. [PMID: 34593941 PMCID: PMC8484614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of neonicotinoids for managing insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is of high interest as they interact with a biochemical target not previously used in public health. In this concern, Bayer developed a combination of the neonicotinoid clothianidin and the pyrethroid deltamethrin (brand name Fludora Fusion) as a new vector control tool. Although this combination proved to be efficient against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, its ability to prevent the selection of pyrethroid and neonicotinoid resistance alleles was not investigated. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the dynamics and the molecular mechanisms of resistance of An. gambiae to the separated or combined components of this combination. A field-derived An. gambiae line carrying resistance alleles to multiple insecticides at low frequencies was used as a starting for 33 successive generations of controlled selection. Resistance levels to each insecticide and target site mutation frequencies were monitored throughout the selection process. Cross resistance to other public health insecticides were also investigated. RNA-seq was used to compare gene transcription variations and polymorphisms across all lines. This study confirmed the potential of this insecticide combination to impair the selection of resistance as compared to its two separated components. Deltamethrin selection led to the rapid enrichment of the kdr L1014F target-site mutation. Clothianidin selection led to the over-transcription of multiple cytochrome P450s including some showing high homology with those conferring neonicotinoid resistance in other insects. A strong selection signature associated with clothianidin selection was also observed on a P450 gene cluster previously associated with resistance. Within this cluster, the gene CYP6M1 showed the highest selection signature together with a transcription profile supporting a role in clothianidin resistance. Modelling the impact of point mutations selected by clothianidin on CYP6M1 protein structure showed that selection retained a protein variant with a modified active site potentially enhancing clothianidin metabolism. In the context of the recent deployment of neonicotinoids for mosquito control and their frequent usage in agriculture, the present study highlights the benefit of combining them with other insecticides for preventing the selection of resistance and sustaining vector control activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gonse Zoh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordan Tutagata
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Frederic Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de La Recherche Scientifique (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Christabelle Gba Sadia
- Centre Suisse de La Recherche Scientifique (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Justin McBeath
- Bayer CropScience Ltd, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Stephane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang L, Li J, Peng L, Xie R, Su X, He P, Xu J, Jia Z, Luo X, Chen XG, Li H. The Differential Metabolic Profiles Between Deltamethrin-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) by 1H-NMR. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1256-1263. [PMID: 33367827 PMCID: PMC8122240 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics can indicate the physiological and biochemical responses of mosquitoes to different stimulants, including insecticides, which allow them to adapt to different inhospitable environments. Though metabolic differences between insecticide-resistant and -susceptible strains have been established for other mosquito species, such as Anopheles and Culex, it is yet to be done for Aedes albopictus (Skuse). In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis performed on Ae. albopictus deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible strains showed significant differences in amino acid, organic acid, and sugar metabolism. Concentrations of neutral amino acids and sugars tended to be lower in the deltamethrin-resistant strain than in the deltamethrin-suceptible strain, but the concentration of basic and acidic amino acids and organic acids increased. All these changes might accommodate biochemical and physiological needs in deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes, such as enzyme synthesis and detoxification. This was further confirmed by the predictable draft metabolic map. This is the first report using NMR spectroscopy to investigate the metabolic differences between deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus. To a certain degree, this demonstrates how Ae. albopictus develop insecticide resistance by metabolic reprograming to survive under the insecticide pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianfen Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lilan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruili Xie
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing He
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Phenotypic, genotypic and biochemical changes during pyrethroid resistance selection in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19063. [PMID: 33149227 PMCID: PMC7642378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The directional selection for insecticide resistance due to indiscriminate use of insecticides in public health and agricultural system favors an increase in the frequency of insecticide-resistant alleles in the natural populations. Similarly, removal of selection pressure generally leads to decay in resistance. Past investigations on the emergence of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes mostly relied on field survey of resistance in vector populations that typically had a complex history of exposure to various public health and agricultural pest control insecticides in nature, and thus the effect of specific insecticides on rate of resistance emergency or resistance decay rate is not known. This study examined the phenotypic, genotypic, and biochemical changes that had occurred during the process of selection for pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae, the most important malaria vector in Africa. In parallel, we also examined these changes in resistant populations when there is no selection pressure applied. Through repeated deltamethrin selection in adult mosquitoes from a field population collected in western Kenya for 12 generations, we obtained three independent and highly pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae populations. Three susceptible populations from the same parental population were generated by removing selection pressure. These two lines of mosquito populations differed significantly in monooxygenase and beta-esterase activities, but not in Vgsc gene mutation frequency, suggesting metabolic detoxification mechanism plays a major role in generating moderate-intensity resistance or high-intensity resistance. Pre-exposure to the synergist piperonyl butoxide restored the susceptibility to insecticide among the highly resistant mosquitoes, confirming the role of monooxygenases in pyrethroid resistance. The rate of resistance decay to become fully susceptible from moderate-intensity resistance took 15 generations, supporting at least 2-years interval is needed when the rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action is considered for resistance management.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fahmy NT, Osman A, Badr MS, Morcos N, Diclaro JW, Abd-ElSamie EM. Deciphering pyrethroid resistance in Cx. pipiens (L): Implications of cytochrome P450; expression profiling and regulatory microRNA. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 52:101579. [PMID: 32339604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the extensive use of pyrethroids insecticides for vector control has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. Cytochrome P450 has been recognized to play a critical role in the metabolic detoxification of insecticides. In the current study, Culex pipiens mosquitoes were collected from Giza Governorate in Egypt and tested for insecticide susceptibility against deltamethrin. First detection of Knockdown resistance gene (Kdr) mutations in field collected mosquitoes was performed. Activities of cytochrome oxidase P450 detoxification enzyme that synchronized with the resistance development, was assessed. Expression profiles of cytochrome P450s and their putative corresponding regulating miRNAs, which was previously reported in Cx. pipiens pallens were evaluated in pyrethroid resistant field-collected Cx. pipiens using RT-qPCR and stem-loop RT-qPCR, respectively. Specific stem-loop reverse transcription primers and forward primers were designed for miRNAs profiling. Our results elucidated the pyrethroid resistance development and revealed its relation to the metabolic and target site modification mechanisms with a first report of L1014F-kdr mutation detection. RT-qPCR results have showed an up-regulation in the expression of the studied P450 transcripts. Negative correlations were found between the expression of P450s and their regulatory miRNAs except for CYP9J35, where positive correlation was found with its corresponding miR-13. Interestingly, our data was the first to detect negative correlation between miR-285 and its putative CYP6Cp1 target gene. These findings highlighted the significance of identifying P450 gene along with regulatory miRNAs as a key mechanism implicated in pyrethroid resistance in field Culex vector population. The elucidation of this mechanism would shed light on the development of insecticide resistance and would help in shaping strategies to combat such vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Egypt Japan University of Science Technology, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Badr
- Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nadia Morcos
- Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Emtithal M Abd-ElSamie
- Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Borrero-Landazabal MA, Duque JE, Mendez-Sanchez SC. Model to design insecticides against Aedes aegypti using in silico and in vivo analysis of different pharmacological targets. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 229:108664. [PMID: 31707089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Compounds having insecticidal activity can be used to control Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, a major worldwide vector, and several plants have a source of such molecules. A principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to determine the criterion to select larvicidal metabolites. The insecticidal activity of seven selected metabolites by PCA was validated by determining its lethal concentrations 50 (LC50) by probit analysis. Six of the seven evaluated molecules presented LC50 values <100 ppm. The effects of these six molecules on acetylcholinesterase and the respiratory chain complexes of the mitochondria of Ae. aegypti were evaluated. Four metabolites presenting the highest inhibition effects on these targets were mixed in 11 different combinations, and the percentage of mortality of each mixture on Ae. aegypti larvae were determined. Secondary metabolites such as geranyl acetate, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, geraniol, nerol, and n-octanol presented LC50 values under 100 ppm (44, 41, 48, 84, 87, and 98 ppm, respectively), whereas 1,8-cineole presented a LC50 value of 183 ppm. We found that, geranyl acetate, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, nerol, n-octanol, and geraniol inhibited at least one of the six targets with an efficiency between 25 and 41%. Overall, the evaluation of the different mixtures revealed a synergistic effect between geranyl acetate and geraniol, and an antagonistic effect between α-humulene and β-caryophyllene compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A Borrero-Landazabal
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga A.A. 678, Colombia; Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales - CINTROP, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander Parque Tecnológico y de Investigaciones Guatiguara, Km 2 Vía El Refugio, Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia
| | - Jonny E Duque
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales - CINTROP, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander Parque Tecnológico y de Investigaciones Guatiguara, Km 2 Vía El Refugio, Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia.
| | - Stelia C Mendez-Sanchez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga A.A. 678, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Souza D, Jiménez AV, Sarath G, Meinke LJ, Miller NJ, Siegfried BD. Enhanced metabolism and selection of pyrethroid-resistant western corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:165-172. [PMID: 32284123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Western corn rootworm (WCR) pyrethroid resistance has been previously reported in the United States (US) western Corn Belt, and cross-resistance and synergism studies suggested that both target site insensitivity and enhanced metabolism may be conferring WCR resistance to pyrethroids. The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of WCR pyrethroid resistance and to estimate the heritability of the resistance trait. Biochemical assays using model substrates and spectrophotometry revealed 2-4-fold higher activity of P450s and esterases in pyrethroid-resistant WCR populations, whereas the biological activity of glutathione S-transferase was similar between populations tested. No mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel was detected in pyrethroid-resistant WCR individuals by sequencing PCR products containing the para-homologous L1014, T929, and M918 amino acid positions that are commonly associated with target site mutations in other pyrethroid-resistant insects. A pilot estimation of pyrethroid resistance heritability obtained during laboratory selection of a WCR population suggested a major genetic component of the resistance trait and predicted a 10-fold increase in WCR bifenthrin resistance within ~7 generations of insecticide lethal exposure. Results support earlier indirect evidence that enhanced metabolism may be contributing to WCR resistance to pyrethroids and illustrates the potential of WCR pyrethroid resistance evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariane Souza
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, Lincoln 68583, United States of America.
| | - Arnubio V Jiménez
- Universidad de Caldas, Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Gautam Sarath
- USDA-ARS, Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln 68583, United States of America
| | - Lance J Meinke
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Entomology, Lincoln 68583, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Miller
- Illinois Institute of Technology, College of Science, Chicago 60616, United States of America
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, Gainesville 32611, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Ziapour SP, Ghorbani F, Salim-Abadi Y, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Enayati AA. First Report of Biochemical Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in the Field Population of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sari, Mazandaran, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2019; 13:378-390. [PMID: 32368555 PMCID: PMC7188772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex pipiens play an important role in transmission of infectious diseases. Vector control by chemical pesticides, leads inevitably to resistance development. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanisms can help improve the control programmes and insecticide resistance management. METHODS The total contents of cytochrome p450s and the activities of glutathione S-transferases, alpha- and beta-esterases and inhibition rates of acetylcholine esterase (by propoxur) were measured in the field population of Cx. pipiens collected from Sari County, North of Iran, in 2016 and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible strain according to the biochemical assay methods of WHO for adult mosquitoes. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean values of enzyme activities/contents between filed and laboratory susceptible populations. RESULTS The enzyme ratio of cytochrome p450s, alpha- and beta-esterases in the field population was 2.07, 3.72 and 1.36 respectively when compared with the results of the laboratory population. Although not statistically significant, the mean GSTs activities in the field population was marginally less than the laboratory population (ER=0.92). Acetylcholinesterase was insensitive to propoxur in 62.82% of the individuals of the tested field population. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between all values of the activities/contents of the enzyme in the field population except for GSTs compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. The highest enzyme activity was related to alpha esterase. CONCLUSION The present study showed a range of metabolic mechanisms, comprising p450s and esterases combined with target site insensitivity of AChE, contributing to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the field population of Cx. pipiens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Parasitology, Zoonosis Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Ahmad Ali Enayati, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lipase is associated with deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:23-30. [PMID: 31760499 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The wide application of pyrethroids has led to the rapid development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, leading to a rise in mosquito-borne diseases. We previously identified five differentially expressed lipase family genes upon evaluating the transcriptomes of deltamethrin-resistant and deltamethrin-susceptible strains of Culex pipiens pallens. Herein, the gene expression levels were verified by quantitative real-time PCR, and two lipase family genes, lipase A and pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase A, were chosen for further investigations. Using cell viability assays and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassays, lipase A was found to increase the resistance of mosquitoes against deltamethrin both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicate that lipase A is involved in conferring deltamethrin resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu H, Xie L, Cheng P, Xu J, Huang X, Wang H, Song X, Liu L, Wang H, Kou J, Yan G, Chen XG, Gong M. Trends in insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens over 20 years in Shandong, China. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:167. [PMID: 30975185 PMCID: PMC6460514 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex pipiens pallens is the most abundant Culex mosquito species in northern China and is an important vector of bancroftian filariasis and, potentially, West Nile virus. Insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, are widely used for adult mosquito control. Insecticide resistance has become common in several mosquito species, and vector control is the main method currently available to prevent disease transmission. The voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene is the target site of pyrethroids, and mutations in this gene cause knockdown resistance (kdr). Methods Culex pipiens pallens larvae were collected from May to November over two decades, from 1992 to 2018, in four cities in Shandong Province, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard resistance bioassay was applied to test the resistance levels of Cx. p. pallens larvae to five different insecticides and to test deltamethrin resistance in adults, using the F1 generation. Mutations at Vgsc codon 1014 were also screened in 471 adult samples collected in 2014 to determine the association between kdr mutations and phenotypic resistance. Results Larval resistance against deltamethrin showed an increasing trend from the 1990s until 2018, which was statistically significant in all populations; resistance to cypermethrin increased significantly in mosquitoes from the Zaozhuang population. However, larval resistance to other insecticides remained relatively stable. Larval resistance against deltamethrin was consistent with adult bioassays in 2014, in which all tested populations were highly resistant, with mortality rates ranging from 39.4 to 55.23%. The L1014S and L1014F mutations were both observed in five Cx. p. pallens populations, with L1014F significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance. Conclusions The long-term dataset from Shandong demonstrates major increases in pyrethroid resistance over a 20-year period. The L1014F kdr mutation may be considered a viable molecular marker for monitoring pyrethroid resistance in Cx. p. pallens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3416-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihua Xie
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiwei Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Kou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272033, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guntay O, Yikilmaz MS, Ozaydin H, Izzetoglu S, Suner A. Evaluation of Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex pipiens of Northern Izmir Province, Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2018; 12:370-377. [PMID: 30918906 PMCID: PMC6423456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes, being a nuisance species, are considered as one of the most important species in public health control programs due to their role as a vector in mosquito-borne diseases observed in humans and animals. We evaluated the susceptibility status of Culex pipiens collected from northern Izmir, Turkey in 2011-16. METHODS Mosquito larvae, collected from three different locations in northern İzmir, were reared in the laboratory. Adult susceptibility bioassays were performed using the WHO insecticide-impregnated papers including deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, α-cypermethrin 0.05% and cyfluthrin 0.15%. In addition, adult bioassays were performed after the pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to determine the contribution of P450 detoxification enzymes to the phenotypic resistance. RESULTS In all of the three populations, high levels of resistance were observed (mortalities<63%) to all of the four pyrethroids. Different pyrethroids but with the same mode of action can exhibit significantly different phenotypic resistance in a single population. PBO bioassays also showed that P450 detoxification enzymes can have diverse effects on different pyrethroids. CONCLUSION Using just one chemical in a class of insecticide can be misleading for resistance studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Guntay
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Salih Yikilmaz
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Ozaydin
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Savas Izzetoglu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey,Corresponding author: Dr Savas Izzetoglu, E-mail:
| | - Asli Suner
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhou D, Xu Y, Zhang C, Hu MX, Huang Y, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu CL. ASGDB: a specialised genomic resource for interpreting Anopheles sinensis insecticide resistance. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:32. [PMID: 29321052 PMCID: PMC5763776 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in Southeast Asia. The widespread emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito species poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control measures, particularly in China. Recently, the whole-genome sequencing and de novo assembly of An. sinensis (China strain) has been finished. A series of insecticide-resistant studies in An. sinensis have also been reported. There is a growing need to integrate these valuable data to provide a comprehensive database for further studies on insecticide-resistant management of An. sinensis. RESULTS A bioinformatics database named An. sinensis genome database (ASGDB) was built. In addition to being a searchable database of published An. sinensis genome sequences and annotation, ASGDB provides in-depth analytical platforms for further understanding of the genomic and genetic data, including visualization of genomic data, orthologous relationship analysis, GO analysis, pathway analysis, expression analysis and resistance-related gene analysis. Moreover, ASGDB provides a panoramic view of insecticide resistance studies in An. sinensis in China. In total, 551 insecticide-resistant phenotypic and genotypic reports on An. sinensis distributed in Chinese malaria-endemic areas since the mid-1980s have been collected, manually edited in the same format and integrated into OpenLayers map-based interface, which allows the international community to assess and exploit the high volume of scattered data much easier. The database has been given the URL: http://www.asgdb.org /. CONCLUSIONS ASGDB was built to help users mine data from the genome sequence of An. sinensis easily and effectively, especially with its advantages in insecticide resistance surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xue Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Liang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ye W, Zhang C, Xu N, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhou D, Zhu C. Carbonic anhydrase II confers resistance to deltamethrin in Culex pipiens pallens. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:e21428. [PMID: 29086997 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metabolic enzymes that regulate the physiological equilibrium in a variety of organisms. In this study, we investigated the function of CA II in Culex pipiens pallens using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and double-stranded RNA injection. CA II transcripts were more abundant in the deltamethrin-susceptible strain than the deltamethrin-resistant strain. The activities of metabolic enzymes increased when the CA II expression was silenced. These findings suggest CA II regulates deltamethrin resistance by altering metabolic enzyme activity, and could serve as a potential genetic marker for monitoring deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Ye
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Endersby-Harshman NM, Wuliandari JR, Harshman LG, Frohn V, Johnson BJ, Ritchie SA, Hoffmann AA. Pyrethroid Susceptibility Has Been Maintained in the Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), in Queensland, Australia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1649-1658. [PMID: 28981684 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although pesticide resistance is common in insect vectors of human diseases, the evolution of resistance might be delayed if management practices are adopted that limit selection of resistance alleles. Outbreaks of dengue fever have occurred in Queensland, Australia, since the late 1800s, leading to ongoing attempts to control the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti (L.). Since the 1990s, pyrethroid insecticides have been used for this purpose, but have been applied in a strategic manner with a variety of delivery methods including indoor residual spraying, lethal ovitraps, and use of insect growth regulators as larvicides. Separate selection experiments on mosquitoes from Queensland using Type I and Type II pyrethroids did not produce resistant lines of Ae. aegypti, and bioassays of field material from Queensland showed only weak tolerance in comparison with a susceptible line. There was no evidence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Ae. aegypti from Queensland, in stark contrast to the situation in nearby southeast Asia. We suspect that careful management of pyrethroid insecticide use combined with surveillance and interception of exotic incursions has helped to maintain pyrethroid (and particularly kdr-based) susceptibility in Ae. aegypti in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Endersby-Harshman
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd., Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Juli Rochmijati Wuliandari
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd., Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lawrence G Harshman
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences, Manter Hall, 1104 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588-0118
| | - Verena Frohn
- South Westphalia University of Applied Science, Frauenstuhlweg 31, 58644, Iserlohn, Germany
| | - Brian J Johnson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, 88 McGregor Rd., Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, 88 McGregor Rd., Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd., Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen X, Tie M, Chen A, Ma K, Li F, Liang P, Liu Y, Song D, Gao X. Pyrethroid resistance associated with M918 L mutation and detoxifying metabolism in Aphis gossypii from Bt cotton growing regions of China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2353-2359. [PMID: 28544677 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is a destructive pest that affects numerous crops throughout the world. Pyrethroid resistance has become endemic in A. gossypii populations in the cotton growing areas of China due to wide- spread application of insecticides. To assess the extent of pyrethroid resistance, bioassays were conducted on field populations collected from several cotton cultivation areas from 2010 to 2015. The frequency of a known resistance-associated sodium channel mutation (M918 L) in A. gossypii was evaluated and the bioassay of bifenthrin with or without the synergist was performed to illuminate the mechanisms underlying resistance to pyrethroids. RESULTS The field populations exhibited very high levels of resistance to both beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Pretreatment with synergists, DEF and PBO, significantly increased the toxicity of bifenthrin to cotton aphid populations collected from Bt cotton fields in China. Further, 96.8-100% of individuals with the M918 L mutation (including both RR and RS individuals) were observed in various populations, and only 2.8-3.2% of individuals with wild-type homozygotes (SS) were detected. CONCLUSION The mutation M918 L in the voltage-gated sodium channel along with detoxifying metabolism was contributed to the pyrethroid resistance in the field populations of Aphis gossypii from cotton growing regions of China. And insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended for the control of A. gossypii in the future. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Chen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minyuan Tie
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangsheng Ma
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhuo Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo J, Ye W, Liu X, Sun X, Guo Q, Huang Y, Ma L, Sun Y, Shen B, Zhou D, Zhu C. piRNA-3312: A Putative Role for Pyrethroid Resistance in Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1013-1018. [PMID: 28399266 PMCID: PMC5850355 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a newly identified class of small noncoding RNAs. They are associated with chromatin organization, messenger RNA stability, and genome structure. Although the overexpression of piRNA-3312 in deltamethrin-susceptible (DS) strain of Culex pipiens pallens (L.) was observed in our previous large-scale transcriptome data, the roles of piRNA in insecticide resistance have not been clearly defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate how piRNA-3312 is involved in insecticide resistance. The lower expression level of piRNA-3312 in deltamethrin-resistant (DR) strain of Cx. pipiens pallens was confirmed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Overexpression of piRNA-3312 in the DR strain made the mosquitoes more sensitive to deltamethrin, whereas inhibiting the expression of piRNA-3312 in the DS strain made the mosquitoes more resistant to deltamethrin. Piwi-interacting RNA-3312 was also found to bind 3' UTR (Untranslated Regions) of gut esterase 1 gene and could induce its degradation. In addition, knockdown of gut esterase 1 gene increased the sensitivity of DR strain to deltamethrin. In conclusion, we found that piRNA-3312 targeted the gut esterase 1 gene to negatively regulate the insecticide resistance. This finding facilitates the understanding of various functions of piRNAs and their association with insecticide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juxin Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Wenyun Ye
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Xianmiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Xueli Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park Y, Kyo Jung J, Kim Y. A Mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis With Xenorhabdus nematophila -Cultured Broth Enhances Toxicity Against Mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1086-1093. [PMID: 27018440 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae) can synthesize and release secondary metabolites that play crucial roles in their pathogenicity by suppressing the immunity of target insects. The insect immunity contributes to defense against the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This study tested a hypothesis that bacterial immunosuppresants could enhance the susceptibility of mosquitoes ( Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens ) to Bt. Three symbiotic bacteria [ X. nematophila (Xn), X. hominickii (Xh), and P. temperata temperata (Ptt)] were cultured in nutrient broth to allow them to produce secondary metabolites. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BtI) was highly toxic to both culicid mosquitoes with median lethal concentration (LC 50 , spores/ml) of 2.9 × 10 5 and 2.2 × 10 5 at 16 h after treatment, respectively. Addition of each bacteria-cultured broth enhanced BtI toxicity to these mosquito larvae. The LC 50 values of BtI to Ae. albopictus larvae were reduced to 1.5 × 10 5 in Xn mixture, 1.7 × 10 5 in Xh mixture, and 1.9 × 10 5 in Ptt mixture. The LC 50 values of BtI to Cx. pipiens pallens larvae were also reduced to 1.2 × 10 5 in Xn mixture, 1.3 × 10 5 in Xh mixture, and 1.5 × 10 5 in Ptt mixture. Adding benzylideneacetone or oxindole produced from Xn and Ptt also enhanced BtI toxicities to these mosquito larvae. Based on these results, we developed a new mosquitocidal Bt formulation called "Dip-Kill" consisting of 80% Xn-cultured broth, 10% BtI (10 10 spores/ml), and 10% preservative. Dip-Kill at 1,000 ppm was superior to a commercial BtI product at its recommended dose.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou D, Liu X, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu C. Genomic Analysis of Detoxification Supergene Families in the Mosquito Anopheles sinensis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143387. [PMID: 26588704 PMCID: PMC4654499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in China and other Southeast Asian countries, and the emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control programs. The recently published An. sinensis genome and transcriptome provide an opportunity to understand the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Analysis of the An. sinensis genome revealed 174 detoxification genes, including 93 cytochrome P450s (P450s), 31 glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and 50 choline/carboxylesterases (CCEs). The gene number was similar to that in An. gambiae, but represented a decrease of 29% and 42% compared with Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. The considerable contraction in gene number in Anopheles mosquitoes mainly occurred in two detoxification supergene families, P450s and CCEs. The available An. sinensis transcriptome was also re-analyzed to further identify key resistance-associated detoxification genes. Among 174 detoxification genes, 124 (71%) were detected. Several candidate genes overexpressed in a deltamethrin-resistant strain (DR-strain) were identified as belonging to the CYP4 or CYP6 family of P450s and the Delta GST class. These generated data provide a basis for identifying the resistance-associated genes of An. sinensis at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Xianmiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (BS); (CZ)
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (BS); (CZ)
| |
Collapse
|