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Omar KN, Coetzer A, Hamdu M, Malan AJ, Moh’d AZ, Suleiman TS, Nel LH. The Use of Dog Collars Offers Significant Benefits to Rabies Vaccination Campaigns: The Case of Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:421. [PMID: 37624359 PMCID: PMC10459019 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tools and resources that could increase dog vaccination coverage have become increasingly critical towards progressing the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. In this regard, dog collars that are fitted during vaccination campaigns could potentially enhance owner participation. The use of dog collars will, however, increase the cost per dog vaccinated and the impact and benefit of this practice should be elucidated. This study evaluated the impact of dog collars by testing the perception and related behavioural influences in communities in Zanzibar. In this cross-sectional investigation-conducted approximately two months after the implementation of a mass dog vaccination (MDV) where dog collars were provided to vaccinated dogs-data were collected from 600 respondents in 56 municipal wards in Zanzibar. Descriptive analyses and logistic regressions were undertaken to determine the impact the collars had on respondents with regards to (i) engaging with the community dogs, (ii) health seeking behaviour after exposure, and (iii) overall participation during dog vaccination campaigns. From the data, it was evident that the collars had a positive impact on the community's perception of dogs, with 57% of the respondents feeling safer around a dog with a collar, while 66% of the respondents felt less safe around a dog without a collar. Furthermore, the collars had a positive impact on participation during dog vaccination campaigns. Of the 142 respondents who owned dogs, 64% reported that the collars made them more likely to take their dogs for vaccination, and 95% felt that the collar was an important sign of the dog's vaccination status. This study demonstrated that dog collars could not only improve participation during dog vaccination campaigns, but that they could also play a significant role in the community's perception of rabies vaccination campaigns and vaccinated dogs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija N. Omar
- Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute, Zanzibar P.O. Box 104, Tanzania
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control South Africa Non-Profit Company, Pretoria 0181, South Africa
| | - Maulid Hamdu
- Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute, Zanzibar P.O. Box 104, Tanzania
| | - Ayla J. Malan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Ali Z. Moh’d
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources and Livestock, Zanzibar P.O. Box 159, Tanzania
| | - Talib S. Suleiman
- Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute, Zanzibar P.O. Box 104, Tanzania
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control South Africa Non-Profit Company, Pretoria 0181, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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de Lima JS, Mori E, Kmetiuk LB, Biondo LM, Brandão PE, Biondo AW, Maiorka PC. Cat rabies in Brazil: a growing One Health concern. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1210203. [PMID: 37538269 PMCID: PMC10394693 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review of human and cat rabies from 1986 to 2022 has shown mostly AgV3 variant in human cases with 29/45 (64.4%) reports including 23 from bats, four from cats, and two from unknown species, followed by 8/45 (17.8%) of AgV2 variant (all from dogs), 4/45 from marmoset variant (all from Callithrix jacchus), 2/45 samples compatible with wild canid variant (both from Cerdocyon thous), and one/45 of AgV1 variant from a domestic dog. Only one sample of human rabies was not typified, related to bat aggression. In addition, surveillance conducted in the state of São Paulo confirmed the presence of rabies in 7/23,839 cats (0.031%) and 3/106,637 dogs (0.003%) between 2003 and 2013, with a 10:1 overall cat-to-dog positivity ratio. This 10-fold higher infection rate for cat rabies may be explained by cats' hunting habits and predation. In addition, after 28 years of rabies-free status, a new cat rabies case was reported in the city of São Paulo in 2011. The rabid cat lived, along with other pets, in a household located near the largest downtown city park, whose owners presented animal hoarding behavior. Thus, animal hoarders and rescuers, public health agents, animal health professionals, and the general population with contact need to be aware of the risk of bat-borne rabies followed by spillover from cats to humans. In conclusion, cat rabies cases are becoming increasingly important in Brazil. This poses a One Health concern, given the overlapping of human, bat and cat populations within the same predisposed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Santos de Lima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enio Mori
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Leandro Meneguelli Biondo
- National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA), Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Current status and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus from different hosts and regions in Malawi. Arch Virol 2023; 168:61. [PMID: 36631547 PMCID: PMC9834359 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although rabies is endemic in Malawi, there have been no studies in which rabies virus was systematically investigated and characterized in multiple animal hosts in that country. In order to provide molecular epidemiological data on rabies virus in Malawi, 683 suspected rabies case reports from 2008 to 2021 were examined, and 46 (dog = 40, cow = 5, and cat = 1) viable rabies-positive brain samples archived at the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Lilongwe, Malawi, were analyzed genetically. The results showed an increase in the submission of brain samples from 2008 to 2010, with the highest number of submissions observed in 2020. Of the 683 case reports analyzed for the period under review, 38.1% (260/683) (CI: 34.44 - 41.84) were confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody test. Among the confirmed cases, 65.4% (170/260) (CI: 59.23 - 71.09) were canine rabies. Further, phylogenetic analysis revealed that sequences from different animal hosts clustered together within the Africa 1b lineage, suggesting that the strains circulating in livestock are similar to those in domestic dogs. This finding supports the hypothesis that canine rabies is spilling over to livestock and emphasizes the need for further studies to provide data for effective control of rabies in Malawi.
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Duamor CT, Hampson K, Lankester F, Lugelo A, Mpolya E, Kreppel K, Cleaveland S, Wyke S. Development, feasibility and potential effectiveness of community-based continuous mass dog vaccination delivery strategies: Lessons for optimization and replication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010318. [PMID: 36067231 PMCID: PMC9481168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dog vaccination can eliminate rabies in dogs, but annual delivery strategies do not sustain vaccination coverage between campaigns. We describe the development of a community-based continuous mass dog vaccination (CBC-MDV) approach designed to improve and maintain vaccination coverage in Tanzania and examine the feasibility of delivering this approach as well as lessons for its optimization. Methods We developed three delivery strategies of CBC-MDV and tested them against the current annual vaccination strategy following the UK Medical Research Council’s guidance: i) developing an evidence-based theoretical framework of intervention pathways and ii) piloting to test feasibility and inform optimization. For our process evaluation of CBC-MDV we collected data using non-participant observations, meeting reports and implementation audits and in-depth interviews, as well as household surveys of vaccination coverage to assess potential effectiveness. We analyzed qualitative data thematically and quantitative data descriptively. Results The final design included delivery by veterinary teams supported by village-level one health champions. In terms of feasibility, we found that less than half of CBC-MDV’s components were implemented as planned. Fidelity of delivery was influenced by the strategy design, implementer availability and appreciation of value intervention components, and local environmental and socioeconomic events (e.g. elections, funerals, school cycles). CBC-MDV activities decreased sharply after initial campaigns, partly due to lack of supervision. Community engagement and involvement was not strong. Nonetheless, the CBC-MDV approaches achieved vaccination coverage above the critical threshold (40%) all-year-round. CBC-MDV components such as identifying vaccinated dogs, which village members work as one health champions and how provision of continuous vaccination is implemented need further optimization prior to scale up. Interpretation CBC-MDV is feasible to deliver and can achieve good vaccination coverage. Community involvement in the development of CBC-MDV, to better tailor components to contextual situations, and improved supervision of activities are likely to improve vaccination coverage in future. Annual mass dog vaccination campaigns that reach at least 70% of the dog population, should maintain sufficient herd immunity (sustain vaccination coverage above 40%) between campaigns to interrupt rabies transmission. However, it is often challenging to reach 70% of the dog population with annual vaccination campaigns. We hypothesized that a community-based continuous approach to dog vaccination could better maintain high levels of vaccination coverage all-year-round. We describe the development of a community-based continuous approach to dog vaccination in Tanzania, and assessed the feasibility of delivering its components, its potential effectiveness and lessons for its optimization. We found that the approach was well accepted, as its development involved key stakeholders. Although less than half of the components of the community-based continuous approach were delivered exactly as planned, over 70% of dogs were vaccinated and the approach maintained coverage above the critical vaccination threshold throughout the year. We conclude that it is feasible to deliver a community-based continuous approach to dog vaccination, but that some components need further improvement; more supervision and community involvement should lead to better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tetteh Duamor
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha–Tanzania
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute–Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morongoro–Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Mpolya
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha–Tanzania
| | - Katharina Kreppel
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha–Tanzania
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Wyke
- School of Social and Political Sciences, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Lugelo A, Hampson K, Ferguson EA, Czupryna A, Bigambo M, Duamor CT, Kazwala R, Johnson PCD, Lankester F. Development of Dog Vaccination Strategies to Maintain Herd Immunity against Rabies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040830. [PMID: 35458560 PMCID: PMC9028497 DOI: 10.3390/v14040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rabies can be prevented through mass dog vaccination campaigns; however, in rabies endemic countries, pulsed central point campaigns do not always achieve the recommended coverage of 70%. This study describes the development of a novel approach to sustain high coverage based on decentralized and continuous vaccination delivery. A rabies vaccination campaign was conducted across 12 wards in the Mara region, Tanzania to test this approach. Household surveys were used to obtain data on vaccination coverage as well as factors influencing dog vaccination. A total 17,571 dogs were vaccinated, 2654 using routine central point delivery and 14,917 dogs using one of three strategies of decentralized continuous vaccination. One month after the first vaccination campaign, coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations was higher (64.1, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) 62.1-66%) than in areas receiving pulsed vaccinations (35.9%, 95% CIs 32.6-39.5%). Follow-up surveys 10 months later showed that vaccination coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations remained on average over 60% (60.7%, 95% CIs 58.5-62.8%) and much higher than in villages receiving pulsed vaccinations where coverage was on average 32.1% (95% CIs 28.8-35.6%). We conclude that decentralized continuous dog vaccination strategies have the potential to improve vaccination coverage and maintain herd immunity against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lugelo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78373, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania;
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Elaine A. Ferguson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Anna Czupryna
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Machunde Bigambo
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Christian Tetteh Duamor
- Department of Global Health, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania;
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania;
| | - Paul C. D. Johnson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Felix Lankester
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Sambo M, Ferguson EA, Abela-Ridder B, Changalucha J, Cleaveland S, Lushasi K, Mchau GJ, Nanai A, Nonga H, Steenson R, Johnson PCD, Hampson K. Scaling-up the delivery of dog vaccination campaigns against rabies in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010124. [PMID: 35143490 PMCID: PMC8865671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of countries are committing to meet the global target to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. Mass dog vaccination is central to this strategy. To interrupt rabies transmission from dogs to humans, the World Health Organization recommends that vaccination campaigns should be carried out every year in all dog-owning communities vaccinating 70% of their susceptible dogs. Monitoring and evaluation of dog vaccination campaigns are needed to measure progress towards elimination. In this study, we measured the delivery performance of large-scale vaccination campaigns implemented in 25 districts in south-east Tanzania from 2010 until 2017. We used regression modelling to infer the factors associated with, and potentially influencing the successful delivery of vaccination campaigns. During 2010–2017, five rounds of vaccination campaigns were carried out, vaccinating in total 349,513 dogs in 2,066 administrative vaccination units (rural villages or urban wards). Progressively more dogs were vaccinated over the successive campaigns. The campaigns did not reach all vaccination units each year, with only 16–28% of districts achieving 100% campaign completeness (where all units were vaccinated). During 2013–2017 when vaccination coverage was monitored, approximately 20% of vaccination units achieved the recommended 70% coverage, with average coverage around 50%. Campaigns were also not completed at annual intervals, with the longest interval between campaigns being 27 months. Our analysis revealed that districts with higher budgets generally achieved higher completeness, with a twofold difference in district budget increasing the odds of a vaccination unit being reached by a campaign by slightly more than twofold (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.69–3.09). However, higher budgets did not necessarily result in higher coverage within vaccination units that were reached. We recommend national programs regularly monitor and evaluate the performance of their vaccination campaigns, so as to identify factors hindering their effective delivery and to guide remedial action. Globally there are approximately 59,000 annual human rabies deaths, with more than 99% of these resulting from dog-mediated rabies. Mass dog vaccination is known to be the cornerstone of effective control of dog rabies. Empirical and theoretical evidence shows that annual vaccination campaigns need to achieve 70% coverage of the susceptible dog population to interrupt transmission and ensure the dog population is protected until the next campaign. Recently, international organizations announced their commitment to reaching the global target of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. Scaling-up of vaccinations is now underway in more than 100 rabies-endemic countries. However, there are operational and logistical challenges associated with scaling-up these operations in different geographical and cultural settings. This study monitored and evaluated the performance large-scale vaccinations in Tanzania. We found that vaccinations were not implemented in all villages, which resulted in coverage gaps. Additionally, vaccinations were not implemented annually and, as a result, coverage dropped below the critical vaccination threshold. We conclude that there is a need to improve the delivery of dog vaccinations for achieving the global target of zero dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maganga Sambo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elaine A. Ferguson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joel Changalucha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kennedy Lushasi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Geofrey Joseph Mchau
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Alphoncina Nanai
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Country Office of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hezron Nonga
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Rachel Steenson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul CD Johnson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Dahourou LD, Savadogo M, Tapsoba RAS, Kaboré BA, Konaté A, Zerbo M, Guigma HV, Ouoba LB, Ouandaogo SH, Zerbo LH, Traoré A. Dog ownership, demographics, owners' knowledge of rabies, and factors associated with canine rabies vaccination in urban and rural areas of Dedougou, Burkina Faso. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100205. [PMID: 34541377 PMCID: PMC8441072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a prioritized zoonotic disease in Burkina Faso and is known as a major zoonotic disease with high public health importance. This investigation was conducted to assess community knowledge, dog ecology and demographics, and factors associated with dog vaccination against rabies in the urban and rural areas of Dedougou. Three hundred and sixteen (316) dog-owning households were surveyed in the rural and urban areas of Dedougou using a semi-structured questionnaire. Among participants, 55.7% lived in rural area, and 59.8% were farmers. Only 34.5% of participants had satisfactory knowledge of rabies. About 22% were aware of the required age of dogs’ primo vaccination against rabies while 55.7% knew the frequency of booster vaccination. Participants living in households with less than five persons were significantly more likely to be aware of rabies than those living in households with the higher number of persons (P<0.05). Participants who were aware of rabies were more likely to vaccinate their dogs compared to those who were not aware of rabies (P<0.05). In total, 2930 persons were recorded in visited households with 60.6% from rural area, and an average household size of 9.27 persons. Three hundred and thirty seven dogs were found in surveyed households’ and 54.9% were from rural area. In overall, a dog per human ratio of 1:8.7 was determinated. Regarding dog ownership practices, the majority of respondents reported that they provided their dogs with water (84.5%) and food (84.8%). This research reported supplementary data on dog ecology and rabies, which could be useful for rabies control planning in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou
- Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural (ISEDR), Université de Dédougou, P.O box 176, Dedougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire de Biologie et santés animales (Labiosa), Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA), P.O Box 476, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Madi Savadogo
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes (LNR-G), Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique, Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), P.O Box 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etat des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), P.O Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal.,Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 6, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Rayandwendé Arnaud Stéphane Tapsoba
- Laboratoire de Biologie et santés animales (Labiosa), Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA), P.O Box 476, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Almamy Konaté
- Laboratoire de Biologie et santés animales (Labiosa), Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA), P.O Box 476, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Zerbo
- Ecole Nationale de l'Elevage et de Santé Animale (ENESA), P.O Box 7068, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Lalidia Bruno Ouoba
- Direction de la Santé Animale (DSA), Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, P.O Box 7068, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sandaogo Hamidou Ouandaogo
- Direction de la Santé Animale (DSA), Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, P.O Box 7068, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lamouni Habibata Zerbo
- Direction de la Santé Animale (DSA), Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, P.O Box 7068, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et santés animales (Labiosa), Institut de l'Environnement et de recherches Agricoles (INERA), P.O Box 476, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Using data-driven approaches to improve delivery of animal health care interventions for public health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2003722118. [PMID: 33468627 PMCID: PMC7865124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003722118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is arguably the exemplar of the One Health Agenda in which preventative health care in one species can improve health of other species. Interrogation of large epidemiology datasets offers the potential to deliver health care initiatives in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. However, real-life examples demonstrating this potential are limited. Here, we report a real-time, data-driven approach to improve cost effectiveness of dog vaccination campaigns in urban sub-Saharan African settings, which eliminates the need of expensive door-to-door vaccination by replacing them with strategically positioned fixed and roaming static points (SPs). This approach has the potential to act as a template for future successful and sustainable urban SP-only dog vaccination campaigns. Rabies kills ∼60,000 people per year. Annual vaccination of at least 70% of dogs has been shown to eliminate rabies in both human and canine populations. However, delivery of large-scale mass dog vaccination campaigns remains a challenge in many rabies-endemic countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of dogs are owned, mass vaccination campaigns have typically depended on a combination of static point (SP) and door-to-door (D2D) approaches since SP-only campaigns often fail to achieve 70% vaccination coverage. However, D2D approaches are expensive, labor-intensive, and logistically challenging, raising the need to develop approaches that increase attendance at SPs. Here, we report a real-time, data-driven approach to improve efficiency of an urban dog vaccination campaign. Historically, we vaccinated ∼35,000 dogs in Blantyre city, Malawi, every year over a 20-d period each year using combined fixed SP (FSP) and D2D approaches. To enhance cost effectiveness, we used our historical vaccination dataset to define the barriers to FSP attendance. Guided by these insights, we redesigned our vaccination campaign by increasing the number of FSPs and eliminating the expensive and labor-intensive D2D component. Combined with roaming SPs, whose locations were defined through the real-time analysis of vaccination coverage data, this approach resulted in the vaccination of near-identical numbers of dogs in only 11 d. This approach has the potential to act as a template for successful and sustainable future urban SP-only dog vaccination campaigns.
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Filla C, Rajeev M, Randriana Z, Hanitriniana C, Rafaliarison RR, Edosoa GT, Andriamananjara M, Razafindraibe NP, Nely J, Ferreira A, Yang AL, Daniel F, Clarke TA, Farris Z, Stone T, Lastdrager J, Rajaonarivelo T, Hampson K, Metcalf CJE, Valenta K. Lessons Learned and Paths Forward for Rabies Dog Vaccination in Madagascar: A Case Study of Pilot Vaccination Campaigns in Moramanga District. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020048. [PMID: 33921499 PMCID: PMC8167587 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies causes an estimated 60,000 human deaths per year, but these deaths are preventable through post-exposure prophylaxis of people and vaccination of domestic dogs. Dog vaccination campaigns targeting 70% of the population are effective at interrupting transmission. Here, we report on lessons learned during pilot dog vaccination campaigns in the Moramanga District of Madagascar. We compare two different vaccination strategies: a volunteer-driven effort to vaccinate dogs in two communes using static point vaccination and continuous vaccination as part of routine veterinary services. We used dog age data from the campaigns to estimate key demographic parameters and to simulate different vaccination strategies. Overall, we found that dog vaccination was feasible and that most dogs were accessible to vaccination. The static-point campaign achieved higher coverage but required more resources and had a limited geographic scope compared to the continuous delivery campaign. Our modeling results suggest that targeting puppies through community-based vaccination efforts could improve coverage. We found that mass dog vaccination is feasible and can achieve high coverage in Madagascar; however, context-specific strategies and an investment in dog vaccination as a public good will be required to move the country towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlynn Filla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.F.); (K.V.)
| | - Malavika Rajeev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
- Correspondence: mailto:
| | - Zoavina Randriana
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Chantal Hanitriniana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Radoniaina R. Rafaliarison
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Glenn Torrencelli Edosoa
- Chargé des Maladies Tropicales Négligées Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Mamitiana Andriamananjara
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires Ministère Chargé de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.A.); (N.P.R.)
| | - Nivohanitra P. Razafindraibe
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires Ministère Chargé de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.A.); (N.P.R.)
| | - José Nely
- Service contre les Maladies Endémo-épidémiques et Tropicales Négligées Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Angelique Ferreira
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Annie L. Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
| | - Fenomanana Daniel
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Tara A. Clarke
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107, USA
| | - Zachary Farris
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Terry Stone
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jochem Lastdrager
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Tsiky Rajaonarivelo
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.F.); (K.V.)
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
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Yoak AJ, Haile A, O'Quin J, Belu M, Birhane M, Bekele M, Murphy S, Medley A, Vincent E, Stewart D, Shiferaw ML, Tafese K, Garabed R, Pieracci EG. Barriers and opportunities for canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2021; 187:105256. [PMID: 33422971 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine rabies is endemic in Ethiopia and presents a significant burden for both animal and human health. We investigate barriers to dog vaccination in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These results can be utilized to improve and target future rabies control efforts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS During May of 2017, dog owners were surveyed during a free canine rabies vaccination programs that utilized both door-to-door (DtD) and central point (CP) vaccination methods. Surveys collected information on preferences for rabies vaccine delivery and were administered in Amharic. A total of 1057 surveys were completed. Of those surveyed, 62.4 % indicated that their dogs had been vaccinated against rabies within the last year. Commonly reported barriers to vaccination were a lack of awareness that dogs required rabies vaccines (18.1 %) and lack of knowledge about where to find vaccine (15.0 %). The median price owners were willing to pay for vaccination was 25 birr ($0.91 USD) and the median distance willing to travel was 1.0 km; however, 48.9 % of those surveyed during DtD were unwilling to travel at all. We identified 3 classes of respondents who were grouped due to their responses by latent class analysis: 'the Unaware', 'the Vaccinators', and 'the Multiple Barriers'. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although many respondents were willing to pay for rabies vaccine (94.0 %); the preferred cost (median) was less than the actual cost of providing the vaccine. This supports the need for reduced-cost or free vaccine to achieve and sustain the 70 % vaccine coverage target threshold for canine rabies elimination. Additionally, a significant portion (41.5 %) of those surveyed indicated that they were unwilling to travel in order to have their dog vaccinated. The latent class analysis provides useful guidance on how to reach target vaccination. Owners from 'the Unaware' group made up 18.1 % of respondents and their high rate of allowing their dogs to roam identifies them as a prime target for canine health and behavior education. 'The Multiple Barriers' owners reported lower degrees of dog roaming and were substantially more likely to be found by DtD campaigns, possibly because they have limited ability/interest in handling their dogs. These results demonstrate the importance of incorporating DtD vaccination as well as subsidies to maximize vaccine coverage in Addis Ababa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Yoak
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States.
| | - Abraham Haile
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Maria Belu
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Meseret Birhane
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Meseret Bekele
- Ethiopian Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sylvia Murphy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Emily Vincent
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Stewart
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Miriam L Shiferaw
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Emily G Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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11
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Collinson A, Bennett M, Brennan ML, Dean RS, Stavisky J. Evaluating the role of surgical sterilisation in canine rabies control: A systematic review of impact and outcomes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008497. [PMID: 32845886 PMCID: PMC7449413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current recommendations for the elimination of canine-mediated human rabies focus on mass dog vaccination as the most feasible and cost-effective strategy. However, attempts to control rabies are often combined with canine surgical sterilisation programmes. The added value of sterilisation is widely debated. A systematic review was undertaken to compare the outcomes and impact of vaccination and sterilisation programmes with vaccination only programmes. A systematic search of three electronic databases (CAB Abstracts, Medline and Global Health) and grey literature was performed. From 8696 abstracts found, 5554 unique studies were identified, and 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight described vaccination only programmes and eight described vaccination and sterilisation programmes. Indicators of impact measured were dog bites and/or doses of post-exposure prophylaxis administered; numbers of dog and/or human rabies cases; dog population demographic changes; changes in health and welfare of dogs, and indicators related to human behaviour change. The studies were contextually very diverse, programmes being implemented were complex, and there was variation in measurement and reporting of key indicators. Therefore, it was difficult to compare the two types of intervention, and impossible to make an evaluation of the role of sterilisation, using this evidence. Given the large number of vaccination and sterilisation programmes conducted globally, the lack of studies available for review highlights a gap in data collection or reporting, essential for impact assessment. There are several knowledge gaps concerning the impact of the sterilisation component alone, as well as subsequent effects on rabies transmission and control. Prospective studies comparing the outcomes and impact of the two interventions would be required in order to establish any additional contribution of sterilisation, as well as the underlying mechanisms driving any changes. In the absence of such evidence, the priority for rabies control objectives should be implementation of mass vaccination, as currently recommended by the World Health Organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Collinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Marnie L. Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jenny Stavisky
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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12
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Marron O, Thomas G, Burdon Bailey JL, Mayer D, Grossman PO, Lohr F, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Chikungwa P, Chulu J, Handel IG, de C Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Factors associated with mobile phone ownership and potential use for rabies vaccination campaigns in southern Malawi. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:62. [PMID: 32503667 PMCID: PMC7275584 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease, which causes an estimated 59 000 human deaths globally every year. The vast majority of human rabies cases are attributable to bites from infected domestic dogs and consequently control of rabies in the dog population through mass vaccination campaigns is considered the most effective method of eliminating the disease. Achieving the WHO target of 70% vaccination coverage has proven challenging in low-resource settings such as Sub Saharan Africa, and lack of public awareness about rabies vaccination campaigns is a major barrier to their success. In this study we surveyed communities in three districts in Southern Malawi to assess the extent of and socio-economic factors associated with mobile phone ownership and explore the attitudes of communities towards the use of short message service (SMS) to inform them of upcoming rabies vaccination clinics. METHODS This study was carried out between 1 October-3 December 2018 during the post-vaccination assessment of the annual dog rabies campaign in Blantyre, Zomba and Chiradzulu districts, Malawi. 1882 questionnaires were administered to households in 90 vaccination zones. The surveys gathered data on mobile phone ownership and use, and barriers to mobile phone access. A multivariable regression model was used to understand factors related to mobile phone ownership. RESULTS Most survey respondents owned or had use of a mobile phone, however there was evidence of an inequality of access, with higher education level, living in Blantyre district and being male positively associated with mobile phone ownership. The principal barrier to mobile phone ownership was the cost of the phone itself. Basic feature phones were most common and few owned smartphones. SMS was commonly used and the main reason for not using SMS was illiteracy. Attitudes to receiving SMS reminders about future rabies vaccination campaigns were positive. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a majority of those surveyed have the use of a mobile phone and most mobile phone owners indicated they would like to receive SMS messages about future rabies vaccination campaigns. This study provides insight into the feasibility of distributing information about rabies vaccination campaigns using mobile phones in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Marron
- Veterinary surgeon, Apt 35, The Barley House, Cork St, Dublin, 8 Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Chikungwa
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Julius Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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13
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Mazeri S, Gibson AD, de Clare Bronsvoort BM, Handel IG, Lohr F, Bailey JB, Mayer D, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ. Sociodemographic factors which predict low private rabies vaccination coverage in dogs in Blantyre, Malawi. Vet Rec 2020; 184:281. [PMID: 30819860 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although rabies kills approximately 60,000 people globally every year, vaccination of over 70 per cent of the canine population has been shown to eliminate the disease in both dogs and human beings. In some rabies endemic countries, owners are able to vaccinate their dogs through private veterinary clinics. However, uptake of dog vaccinations through private veterinary clinics is often low in many rabies endemic countries. In this study, the authors examined the sociodemographic factors which predicted low private rabies vaccination coverage in Blantyre, Malawi. Data on 23,205 dogs were recorded during a door-to-door rabies vaccination programme in 2016. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to identify factors associated with private rabies vaccination. Negative predictors of private vaccination included increasing poverty levels, higher housing densities, male dogs, pregnant or lactating dogs, and puppies and dogs allowed to roam. In contrast, neutered and healthy dogs had greater odds of being privately vaccinated. The present study demonstrated that low private rabies vaccination coverage can be accurately predicted by sociodemographic factors. This information may help inform public health interventions which deliver mass vaccination programmes in rabies endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK.,The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK.,The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barend Mark de Clare Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fred Lohr
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
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Recombinant Rabies Virus Overexpressing OX40-Ligand Enhances Humoral Immune Responses by Increasing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center B Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010144. [PMID: 32210183 PMCID: PMC7157680 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by the rabies virus (RABV), remains a serious threat to public health in most countries. Development of a single-dose and efficacious rabies vaccine is the most important method to restrict rabies virus transmission. Costimulatory factor OX40-ligand (OX40L) plays a crucial role in the T cell-dependent humoral immune responses through T-B cell interaction. In this work, a recombinant RABV overexpressing mouse OX40L (LBNSE-OX40L) was constructed, and its effects on immunogenicity were evaluated in a mouse model. LBNSE-OX40L-immunized mice generated a larger number of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasma cells (PCs) than the parent virus LBNSE-immunized mice. Furthermore, LBNSE-OX40L induced significantly higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) as early as seven days post immunization (dpi), which lasted for eight weeks, resulting in better protection for mice than LBNSE (a live-attenuated rabies vaccine strain). Taken together, our data in this study suggest that OX40L can be a novel and potential adjuvant to improve the induction of protective antibody responses post RABV immunization by triggering T cell-dependent humoral immune responses, and that LBNSE-OX40L can be developed as an efficacious and nonpathogenic vaccine for animals.
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Sánchez-Soriano C, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Bailey JLB, Mayer D, Lohr F, Chikungwa P, Chulu J, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMD, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Implementation of a mass canine rabies vaccination campaign in both rural and urban regions in southern Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008004. [PMID: 31971943 PMCID: PMC6999910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a devastating zoonotic disease causing nearly 60,000 deaths globally each year. The disease causes Malawi an economic loss of 13 million USD and kills almost 500 people annually. Domestic dogs are the main reservoir for rabies and vaccinating over 70% of the dog population is the most efficient method to reduce its incidence in both humans and canines. However, achieving such coverages is often difficult and depend on many geospatial factors. Rural and pastoral regions are considered difficult to vaccinate efficiently due to low dog densities, and reports of campaigns spanning large areas containing vastly different communities are lacking. This study describes a mass canine vaccination campaign covering rural and urban regions in southern Malawi. The campaign achieved an average vaccination coverage of 83.4% across 3 districts, and vaccinated over 89,000 dogs through a combined static point and door-to-door effort. A dog population of 107,574 dogs was estimated (dog:human ratio of 1:23). The canine population was found to be almost completely owned (99.2%) and mostly kept for security purposes (82.7%). The dogs were mainly adults, males, and not neutered. Regression analysis identified education level and proportion of young dogs as the only factors influencing (positively and negatively, respectively) whether vaccination coverage over 70% was achieved in a region, independently of variables such as population density or poverty. A second regression analysis was performed predicting absolute vaccination coverage. While education level and the proportion of confined dogs were associated with positive vaccination coverage, higher proportions of young animals and female dogs were associated with a decrease in coverage. This study confirms the feasibility of homogeneously vaccinating over 70% of the dogs in a large area including rural and urban communities. These findings can inform the logistics of future campaigns and might be used as a template to facilitate high-number, high-coverage vaccination campaigns to other regions in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Soriano
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dagmar Mayer
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Chikungwa
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Julius Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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16
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Sánchez-Soriano C, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Burdon Bailey JL, Green S, Green M, Bronsvoort BMD, Handel IG, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Development of a high number, high coverage dog rabies vaccination programme in Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:977. [PMID: 31747889 PMCID: PMC6868729 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is estimated to cause 59,000 deaths and economic losses of US$8.6 billion every year. Despite several years of rabies surveillance and awareness programmes, increased availability of post-exposure prophylaxis vaccinations and dog population control, the disease still remains prevalent in Sri Lanka. This study reports the roll-out of a high number, high coverage canine rabies vaccination campaign in Sri Lanka, providing estimates for the vaccination coverage achieved, analysing the local dog demographics, and identifying barriers of attendance to static vaccination clinics. METHODS A mass dog vaccination campaign was undertaken in Negombo, Sri Lanka. The campaign was composed of static point and door-to-door vaccination stages, with a final survey of vaccination coverage. A large volume of data on the distribution, health, and signalment of vaccinated dogs was collected through a mobile phone application. A logistic regression model was developed to investigate which socio-spatial and dog-related factors influenced attendance of owners to static vaccination points. RESULTS The campaign vaccinated over 7800 dogs achieving a vaccination coverage of 75.8%. A dog:human ratio of 1:17 was estimated. Most dogs were owned, and the dog population was mostly male, adult, and non-sterilized. Unawareness, unavailability and handling problems were the most common reasons given by owners to explain failure to attend a static vaccination point. The regression analysis showed that increasing distance to a static point, in addition to young age and poor health of the dog, were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of attendance to a static vaccination points. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of high number, high coverage vaccination campaigns in Sri Lanka. The information on dog ecology and barriers of attendance to static point vaccination clinics will facilitate development of future vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Soriano
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian UK
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset UK
| | | | | | | | - Mark Green
- Dogstar Foundation, Negombo, Western Province Sri Lanka
| | - Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian UK
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian UK
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17
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Castillo-Neyra R, Toledo AM, Arevalo-Nieto C, MacDonald H, De la Puente-León M, Naquira-Velarde C, Paz-Soldan VA, Buttenheim AM, Levy MZ. Socio-spatial heterogeneity in participation in mass dog rabies vaccination campaigns, Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007600. [PMID: 31369560 PMCID: PMC6692050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To control and prevent rabies in Latin America, mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVC) are implemented mainly through fixed-location vaccination points: owners have to bring their dogs to the vaccination points where they receive the vaccination free of charge. Dog rabies is still endemic in some Latin-American countries and high overall dog vaccination coverage and even distribution of vaccinated dogs are desired attributes of MDVC to halt rabies virus transmission. In Arequipa, Peru, we conducted a door-to-door post-campaign survey on >6,000 houses to assess the placement of vaccination points on these two attributes. We found that the odds of participating in the campaign decreased by 16% for every 100 m from the owner’s house to the nearest vaccination point (p = 0.041) after controlling for potential covariates. We found social determinants associated with participating in the MDVC: for each child under 5 in the household, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 13% (p = 0.032), and for each decade less lived in the area, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 8% (p<0.001), after controlling for distance and other covariates. We also found significant spatial clustering of unvaccinated dogs over 500 m from the vaccination points, which created pockets of unvaccinated dogs that may sustain rabies virus transmission. Understanding the barriers to dog owners’ participation in community-based dog-vaccination programs will be crucial to implementing effective zoonotic disease preventive activities. Spatial and social elements of urbanization play an important role in coverage of MDVC and should be considered during their planning and evaluation. In Peru and other dog rabies-affected countries, mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVC) are implemented primarily through fixed-location vaccination points: owners have to bring their dogs to the vaccination points where they receive the vaccination. To stop rabies virus transmission, a high and even dog vaccination coverage is desired. In Arequipa, Peru, following a MDVC, we conducted a door-to-door survey of >6,000 houses to assess how the placement of vaccination points affected coverage of the campaign. When comparing dog owners with similar characteristics, we found that the odds of participating in the MDVC was reduced by 16% for every 100 m distance from the nearest vaccination point. Some social conditions were also associated with participating in the MDVC: for each child under 5 in the household, odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 13%, and for each decade less lived in the area, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 8%. Distance to the vaccination point and variation in social conditions across the city play important roles in achieving coverage of MDVC and should be considered during campaign planning and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Amparo M. Toledo
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Hannelore MacDonald
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Micaela De la Puente-León
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Cesar Naquira-Velarde
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Buttenheim
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
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18
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Implementation of high coverage mass rabies vaccination in rural Uganda using predominantly static point methodology. Vet J 2019; 249:60-66. [PMID: 31239167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful eradication programmes in many regions, rabies remains responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually, and no country in Africa is rabies-free. Dogs are the principal reservoir of the virus in Africa and the World Health Organisation recommends that at least 70% of the dog population be vaccinated in order to break the transmission cycle. Most attempts at mass rabies vaccinations in Africa have failed to vaccinate high numbers of dogs at a high coverage. Successful studies have often used a door-to-door (DTD) approach, which is logistically challenging and expensive compared to a static point (SP) approach. Mission Rabies has successfully implemented a combined SP and DTD method in cities in India and Malawi. This campaign used a combined methodology in rural Uganda, starting with a SP campaign, followed by a DTD campaign, and then subsequent transect surveys to assess vaccination coverage. This was facilitated by the use of a smartphone application which recorded all vaccinations and survey responses along with their Global Positioning System location. A total of 4172 dogs were vaccinated in 7 days, attaining an estimated 88.4% coverage. This campaign is of particular note as 95.9% of the vaccinations were performed at SPs. The human-to-dog ratio was 4.9 with a mean dogs per house of 1.2. Most dogs were owned (93.7%). This demonstrates that high-number, high-coverage vaccination is achievable in rural Uganda and provides data that may refine future campaign approaches.
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Uzunović S, Skomorac M, Bašić F, Mijač-Musić I. Epidemiological Features of Human Cases After Bites/Scratches From Rabies-suspected Animals in Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Prev Med Public Health 2019; 52:170-178. [PMID: 31163952 PMCID: PMC6549012 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.18.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the epidemiological features of patients and animals after bites/scratches from rabies-suspected animals in Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: Data from all patients (and the causative animals) admitted to the Antirabies Service of the Institute for Health and Food Safety Zenica in the 2009-2017 period were analyzed, including age, sex, anatomical site of the bite/scratch, animal type (stray/owned/wildlife), veterinary observations of the animal, and whether antirabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was indicated and/or administered. Results: In total, 1716 patients were admitted. Bites/scratches were most frequently recorded during April and May (n=181, 10.5% and n=163, 9.5%, respectively). The persons admitted were mostly from the Zenica municipality (n=1278, 74.5%; incidence: 11.55/ 1000), which is 66.6% urbanized. Males were more frequently represented (n=1089, 63.6%). The patients were mostly 50-64 and 25-49 years of age (n=425, 24.7% and n=390, 22.7%, respectively). Dog bites were the most common cause (n=1634, 95.1%, of which n=1258, 77.0% were caused by stray dogs). PEP was indicated for 997 (58.1%) patients. Only 340 (19.9%) animals underwent veterinary observations (3.1% of stray and 76.1% of owned animals). The largest number of injuries were presented at lower extremities, 1044 (60.8%) cases. Conclusions: Zenica-Doboj Canton is a rabies-free region. Due to the high rate of stray animals not undergoing veterinary observations, the non-existence of a unique dog registry, and the consequent lack of information about stray animals in terms of number, vaccination, neutering, and euthanasia, there is an urgent need for improving the prevention and control of rabies within the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Uzunović
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, Institute for Health and Food Safety Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Skomorac
- Department for Epidemiology, Institute for Health and Food Safety Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Fatima Bašić
- Department for Epidemiology, Institute for Health and Food Safety Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivona Mijač-Musić
- Department for Epidemiology, Institute for Health and Food Safety Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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20
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Gibson A, Yale G, Vos A, Corfmat J, Airikkala-Otter I, King A, Wallace R, Gamble L, Handel I, Mellanby R, Bronsvoort BDC, Mazeri S. Oral bait handout as a method to access roaming dogs for rabies vaccination in Goa, India: A proof of principle study. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100015. [PMID: 31384737 PMCID: PMC6668228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies has profound public health, social and economic impacts on developing countries, with an estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths globally. Mass dog vaccination is effective at eliminating the disease but remains challenging to achieve in India due to the high proportion of roaming dogs that cannot be readily handled for parenteral vaccination. Two methods for the vaccination of dogs that could not be handled for injection were compared in Goa, India; the oral bait handout (OBH) method, where teams of two travelled by scooter offering dogs an empty oral bait construct, and the catch-vaccinate-release (CVR) method, where teams of seven travel by supply vehicle and use nets to catch dogs for parenteral vaccination. Both groups parenterally vaccinated any dogs that could be held for vaccination. The OBH method was more efficient on human resources, accessing 35 dogs per person per day, compared to 9 dogs per person per day through CVR. OBH accessed 80% of sighted dogs, compared to 63% by CVR teams, with OBH accessing a significantly higher proportion of inaccessible dogs in all land types. All staff reported that they believed OBH would be more successful in accessing dogs for vaccination. Fixed operational team cost of CVR was four times higher than OBH, at 127 USD per day, compared to 34 USD per day. Mean per dog vaccination cost of CVR was 2.53 USD, whilst OBH was 2.29 USD. Extrapolation to a two week India national campaign estimated that 1.1 million staff would be required using CVR, but 293,000 staff would be needed for OBH. OBH was operationally feasible, economical and effective at accessing the free roaming dog population. This study provides evidence for the continued expansion of research into the use of OBH as a supplementary activity to parenteral mass dog vaccination activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - G. Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - A. Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau – Rosslau, Germany
| | - J. Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | | | - A. King
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - R.M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - I.G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - B.M. de C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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21
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Gamble L, Gibson A, Mazeri S, de C Bronsvoort BM, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Development of non-governmental organisation-academic partnership to tackle rabies in Africa and Asia. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:18-20. [PMID: 30298519 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies kills approximately 60,000 people each year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, of which 40% of victims are less than 15 years old. Once clinical signs develop, the disease is almost invariably fatal. Globally, rabies has been estimated to cause 3∙7 million disability-adjusted life years and $8∙6B in economic losses annually. The vast majority of human rabies cases are caused by bites from rabies-infected dogs. Despite this loss of human life and resultant economic and societal costs, rabies can be prevented in both humans and dogs by vaccination. This has been demonstrated in many countries, notably in Central and South America, where large-scale, high coverage mass dog vaccination programmes have dramatically reduced the incidence of rabies. Even in parts of Africa and Asia, projects have shown that rabies can be eliminated locally. Nevertheless, rabies remains an important cause of mortality in many sub-Saharan and Asian countries. The reasons why some countries have been able to effectively eliminate rabies whereas others have not are complex and often impossible to definitively identify; commonly cited explanations include political, economic, logistical and societal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - A Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - I Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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22
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Sambo M, Hampson K, Changalucha J, Cleaveland S, Lembo T, Lushasi K, Mbunda E, Mtema Z, Sikana L, Johnson PCD. Estimating the Size of Dog Populations in Tanzania to Inform Rabies Control. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5030077. [PMID: 30205470 PMCID: PMC6164483 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of dog population sizes are a prerequisite for delivering effective canine rabies control. However, dog population sizes are generally unknown in most rabies-endemic areas. Several approaches have been used to estimate dog populations but without rigorous evaluation. We compare post-vaccination transects, household surveys, and school-based surveys to determine which most precisely estimates dog population sizes. These methods were implemented across 28 districts in southeast Tanzania, in conjunction with mass dog vaccinations, covering a range of settings, livelihoods, and religious backgrounds. Transects were the most precise method, revealing highly variable patterns of dog ownership, with human/dog ratios ranging from 12.4:1 to 181.3:1 across districts. Both household and school-based surveys generated imprecise and, sometimes, inaccurate estimates, due to small sample sizes in relation to the heterogeneity in patterns of dog ownership. Transect data were subsequently used to develop a predictive model for estimating dog populations in districts lacking transect data. We predicted a dog population of 2,316,000 (95% CI 1,573,000–3,122,000) in Tanzania and an average human/dog ratio of 20.7:1. Our modelling approach has the potential to be applied to predicting dog population sizes in other areas where mass dog vaccinations are planned, given census and livelihood data. Furthermore, we recommend post-vaccination transects as a rapid and effective method to refine dog population estimates across large geographic areas and to guide dog vaccination programmes in settings with mostly free roaming dog populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maganga Sambo
- Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | | | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Kennedy Lushasi
- Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Eberhard Mbunda
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 2870, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Zacharia Mtema
- Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
| | - Lwitiko Sikana
- Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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23
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Gibson AD, Mazeri S, Lohr F, Mayer D, Burdon Bailey JL, Wallace RM, Handel IG, Shervell K, Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Gamble L. One million dog vaccinations recorded on mHealth innovation used to direct teams in numerous rabies control campaigns. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200942. [PMID: 30048469 PMCID: PMC6062050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine transmitted rabies kills an estimated 59,000 people annually, despite proven methods for elimination through mass dog vaccination. Challenges in directing and monitoring numerous remote vaccination teams across large geographic areas remain a significant barrier to the up-scaling of focal vaccination programmes to sub-national and national level. Smartphone technology (mHealth) is increasingly being used to enhance the coordination and efficiency of public health initiatives in developing countries, however examples of successful scaling beyond pilot implementation are rare. This study describes a smartphone app and website platform, “Mission Rabies App”, used to co-ordinate rabies control activities at project sites in four continents to vaccinate over one million dogs. Methods Mission Rabies App made it possible to not only gather relevant campaign data from the field, but also to direct vaccination teams systematically in near real-time. The display of user-allocated boundaries on Google maps within data collection forms enabled a project manager to define each team’s region of work, assess their output and assign subsequent areas to progressively vaccinate across a geographic area. This ability to monitor work and react to a rapidly changing situation has the potential to improve efficiency and coverage achieved, compared to regular project management structures, as well as enhancing capacity for data review and analysis from remote areas. The ability to plot the location of every vaccine administered facilitated engagement with stakeholders through transparent reporting, and has the potential to motivate politicians to support such activities. Results Since the system launched in September 2014, over 1.5 million data entries have been made to record dog vaccinations, rabies education classes and field surveys in 16 countries. Use of the system has increased year-on-year with adoption for mass dog vaccination campaigns at the India state level in Goa and national level in Haiti. Conclusions Innovative approaches to rapidly scale mass dog vaccination programmes in a sustained and systematic fashion are urgently needed to achieve the WHO, OIE and FAO goal to eliminate canine-transmitted human deaths by 2030. The Mission Rabies App is an mHealth innovation which greatly reduces the logistical and managerial barriers to implementing large scale rabies control activities. Free access to the platform aims to support pilot campaigns to better structure and report on proof-of-concept initiatives, clearly presenting outcomes and opportunities for expansion. The functionalities of the Mission Rabies App may also be beneficial to other infectious disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dagmar Mayer
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barend M.deC. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RJM); (LG)
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RJM); (LG)
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Beyene TJ, Mindaye B, Leta S, Cernicchiaro N, Revie CW. Understanding Factors Influencing Dog Owners' Intention to Vaccinate Against Rabies Evaluated Using Health Belief Model Constructs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:159. [PMID: 30050912 PMCID: PMC6050386 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia has one of the highest incidence levels of human rabies in Africa, with 3-7 deaths per 100,000 people annually. The country has no official rabies control programme, despite the availability of an effective canine vaccine to control rabies. To support effective rabies control, an understanding of the factors affecting dog owners' voluntary intentions to vaccinate their dogs is important. As such, this study examined factors influencing dog owners' intentions to vaccinate their dogs using the constructs of health belief theory. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire, designed based on the Health Belief Model constructs was completed by 249 dog owners in 9 randomly selected wards of Bishoftu town in central Ethiopia between October and December 2016. An ordinal regression model was then fitted to explore factors which best predict the likelihood of a dog owner's intention. A classification and regression tree (CART) model was then used for recursive partitioning of the Likert scale in the significant variables to distinctively classify ordinal categories of vaccination intention. Participants' preventive intention was associated with the six constructs of the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility, readiness to action, self-efficacy, perceived threat, benefits, and barriers. Dog owner's knowledge about rabies was found to be positively associated with intention to vaccinate, whereas distance from vaccination centers and difficulty of dog transportation were found to be negatively associated to intention to vaccinate. Distance from vaccination center was found to be the best predictor for the intention to vaccinate. The results of this study have policy implications for controlling rabies including increasing dog owners' knowledge about rabies, locating vaccination centers at shorter distances from dog populations and providing suitable means to transport dogs to vaccination centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Beakal Mindaye
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Crawford W. Revie
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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