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Expression of Concern: Deletion of the Mitochondrial Flavoprotein Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) Induces β-Cell Apoptosis and Impairs β-Cell Mass. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272901. [PMID: 36006897 PMCID: PMC9409564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Rao S, Mondragón L, Pranjic B, Hanada T, Stoll G, Köcher T, Zhang P, Jais A, Lercher A, Bergthaler A, Schramek D, Haigh K, Sica V, Leduc M, Modjtahedi N, Pai TP, Onji M, Uribesalgo I, Hanada R, Kozieradzki I, Koglgruber R, Cronin SJ, She Z, Quehenberger F, Popper H, Kenner L, Haigh JJ, Kepp O, Rak M, Cai K, Kroemer G, Penninger JM. AIF-regulated oxidative phosphorylation supports lung cancer development. Cell Res 2019; 29:579-591. [PMID: 31133695 PMCID: PMC6796841 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major and still increasing cause of death in humans. Most cancer cells have a fundamentally different metabolic profile from that of normal tissue. This shift away from mitochondrial ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation towards a high rate of glycolysis, termed Warburg effect, has long been recognized as a paradigmatic hallmark of cancer, supporting the increased biosynthetic demands of tumor cells. Here we show that deletion of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in a KrasG12D-driven mouse lung cancer model resulted in a marked survival advantage, with delayed tumor onset and decreased malignant progression. Mechanistically, Aif deletion leads to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency and a switch in cellular metabolism towards glycolysis in non-transformed pneumocytes and at early stages of tumor development. Paradoxically, although Aif-deficient cells exhibited a metabolic Warburg profile, this bioenergetic change resulted in a growth disadvantage of KrasG12D-driven as well as Kras wild-type lung cancer cells. Cell-autonomous re-expression of both wild-type and mutant AIF (displaying an intact mitochondrial, but abrogated apoptotic function) in Aif-knockout KrasG12D mice restored OXPHOS and reduced animal survival to the same level as AIF wild-type mice. In patients with non-small cell lung cancer, high AIF expression was associated with poor prognosis. These data show that AIF-regulated mitochondrial respiration and OXPHOS drive the progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Rao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Blanka Pranjic
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Sorbonne, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Köcher
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peng Zhang
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Alexander Jais
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Lercher
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katharina Haigh
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Valentina Sica
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Marion Leduc
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Nazanine Modjtahedi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U1030, Villejuif, France
| | - Tsung-Pin Pai
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Masahiro Onji
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Uribesalgo
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reiko Hanada
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivona Kozieradzki
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubina Koglgruber
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shane J Cronin
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Popper
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Molecular Biomedicine, Pathology Institute for Diagnostics and Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Pathology of Laboratory Animals, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Malgorzata Rak
- INSERM, UMR1141, Hopital Robert Debre 48 Boulevard Serurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Kaican Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France.
- INSERM, U1138, 75006, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France.
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Update to Expression of Concern. Kathrin Maedler, Desiree M. Schumann, Nadine Sauter, Helga Ellingsgaard, Domenico Bosco, Reto Baertschiger, Yoichiro Iwakura, José Oberholzer, Claes B. Wollheim, Benoit R. Gauthier, and Marc Y. Donath. Low Concentration of Interleukin-1β Induces FLICE-Inhibitory Protein-Mediated β-Cell Proliferation in Human Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes 2006;55:2713-2722. DOI:10.2337/db05-1430. PMID: 17003335. Diabetes 2018; 67:2479-2480. [PMID: 30213822 PMCID: PMC6198340 DOI: 10.2337/db18-ec2018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Kadam AA, Jubin T, Mir HA, Begum R. Potential role of Apoptosis Inducing Factor in evolutionarily significant eukaryote, Dictyostelium discoideum survival. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:2942-2955. [PMID: 27663234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF), a phylogenetically conserved mitochondrial inter-membrane space flavoprotein has an important role in caspase independent cell death. Nevertheless, AIF is also essential for cell survival. It is required for mitochondrial organization and energy metabolism. Upon apoptotic stimulation, AIF induces DNA fragmentation after its mitochondrio-nuclear translocation. Although it executes critical cellular functions in a coordinated manner, the exact mechanism still remains obscure. The present study aims to understand AIF's role in cell survival, growth and development by its down-regulation in an interesting unicellular eukaryote, D. discoideum which exhibits multicellularity upon starvation. Constitutive AIF down-regulated (dR) cells exhibited slower growth and delayed developmental morphogenesis. Also, constitutive AIF dR cells manifested high intracellular ROS, oxidative DNA damage and calcium levels with lower ATP content. Interestingly, constitutive AIF dR cells showed amelioration in cell growth upon antioxidant treatment, strengthening its role as ROS regulator. Under oxidative stress, AIF dR cells showed early mitochondrial membrane depolarization followed by AIF translocation from mitochondria to nucleus and exhibited necrotic cell death as compared to paraptoptic cell death of control cells. Thus, the results of this study provide an exemplar where AIF is involved in growth and development by regulating ROS levels and maintaining mitochondrial function in D. discoideum, an evolutionarily significant model organism exhibiting caspase independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha A Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Tina Jubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Hina A Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India.
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Correction: Deletion of the Mitochondrial Flavoprotein Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) Induces β-Cell Apoptosis and Impairs β-Cell Mass. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117766. [PMID: 25954805 PMCID: PMC4425520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Anitha J, Pradeep AR, Sivaprasad V. Upregulation of Atg5 and AIF gene expression in synchronization with programmed cellular death events in integumental epithelium of Bombyx mori induced by a dipteran parasitoid infection. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:794-800. [PMID: 25246086 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the commercially important silkworm, Bombyx mori by a tachnid parasitoid, Exorista bombycis induced activation of genes and cellular responses associated with apoptosis in integumental epithelial cells. Composite cellular profile showed initial autophagy, intermediate endoplasmic reticulum degranulation and deformed nucleus as well as later DNA fragmentation indicating apoptosis. Two cell death-associated proteins, autophagy 5-like (Atg5L) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), in addition to caspase, are identified from the infected integumental epithelium through mass spectrometric analysis. Genes encoding these proteins showed age-dependent activation after the infection as revealed by quantitative expression analysis. Atg5 showed early upregulation in association with signs of autophagy whereas AIF showed late upregulation in association with DNA condensation and fragmentation. Expression of AIF showed negative correlation with that of Atg5 after the infection. On the other hand, in control, caspase expression showed positive correlation with AIF expression indicative of regulated expression in normal larval epithelium, which was absent after infection. Activation of Atg5, AIF and caspase genes in close association with different cell death events revealed the synchronized differential expression of apoptosis-associated genes in response to the macroparasitism. Enhanced expression of Atg5, AIF and caspase genes coupled with the appearance of cell death symptoms indicate parasitism-induced activation of genetic machinery to modulate cell death events in the epithelium, which was hither to unknown in invertebrate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anitha
- Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory,Central Silk Board,CSB-Kodathi Campus, Carmelram. P.O., Bangalore 560035, Karnataka,India
| | - A R Pradeep
- Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory,Central Silk Board,CSB-Kodathi Campus, Carmelram. P.O., Bangalore 560035, Karnataka,India
| | - V Sivaprasad
- Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory,Central Silk Board,CSB-Kodathi Campus, Carmelram. P.O., Bangalore 560035, Karnataka,India
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Prabhu SB, Khalsa JK, Banerjee H, Das A, Srivastava S, Mattoo HR, Thyagarajan K, Tanwar S, Das DS, Majumdar SS, George A, Bal V, Durdik JM, Rath S. Role of apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) in the T cell lineage. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:577-90. [PMID: 24434313 PMCID: PMC3928691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple checkpoints regulating finely balanced death-versus-survival decisions characterize both thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of T lymphocytes. While exploring the mechanisms of T cell death involved at various stages during the life of a T cell, we have observed and reported a variety of non-redundant roles for apoptosis inducing factor (Aif), a mitochondrial flavoprotein. Aif is ubiquitously expressed in all cell lineages and functions as an NADH oxidase in its mitochondrial location. It is released following the mitochondrial death signals, whereupon it translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA and causes large-scale DNA fragmentation. During T cell development, Aif is important for developing thymocytes to navigate the double negative (DN)3 to DN4 transition (beta-selection), via its oxidoreductase property which protects the rapidly proliferating cells from death due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In peripheral mature T cells, Aif deficiency leads to an increased susceptibility of T cell blasts to activation induced cell death (AICD), possibly mediated by its antioxidant function, and decreased sensitivity to neglect-induced death (NID). Thus, Aif seems to have pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic roles in the same lineage in different contexts and at different stages. Surprisingly, in the closely related B lymphocyte lineage, Aif deficiency does not result in any abnormality. These findings generate the possibility of specific T cell dysfunction in human disease caused by Aif deficiency, as well as in mitochondriopathies due to other causes. Also, these data raise questions regarding the basis of lineage-specific consequences of the dysfunction/deficiency of apparently ubiquitous molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savit B. Prabhu
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,Reprint requests: Dr Savit B. Prabhu / Dr Satyajit Rath, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 067, India e-mail: /
| | | | - Hridesh Banerjee
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Immunology, National Institute of Aging, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| | - Abhishek Das
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Smita Srivastava
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Smilow 901, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Hamid R. Mattoo
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,MGH Cancer Center, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Thyagarajan
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeannine M. Durdik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Satyajit Rath
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India,Reprint requests: Dr Savit B. Prabhu / Dr Satyajit Rath, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 067, India e-mail: /
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Banerjee H, Das A, Srivastava S, Mattoo HR, Thyagarajan K, Khalsa JK, Tanwar S, Das DS, Majumdar SS, George A, Bal V, Durdik JM, Rath S. A role for apoptosis-inducing factor in T cell development. J Exp Med 2012; 209:1641-53. [PMID: 22869892 PMCID: PMC3428951 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein that regulates cell metabolism and survival in many tissues. We report that aif-hypomorphic harlequin (Hq) mice show thymic hypocellularity and a cell-autonomous thymocyte developmental block associated with apoptosis at the β-selection stage, independent of T cell receptor β recombination. No abnormalities are observed in the B cell lineage. Transgenes encoding wild-type or DNA-binding-deficient mutant Aif rectify the thymic defect, but a transgene encoding oxidoreductase activity-deficient mutant Aif does not. The Hq thymic block is reversed in vivo by antioxidant treatment, and Hq T but not B lineage cells show enhanced oxidative stress. Thus, Aif, a ubiquitous protein, serves a lineage-specific nonredundant antiapoptotic role in the T cell lineage by regulating reactive oxygen species during thymic β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Das
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Shalini Tanwar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jeannine M. Durdik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Satyajit Rath
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Linkova NS, Katanugina AS, Khavinson VK. Expression of AIF and CGRP markers in epiphysis and thymus during aging. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057012030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Effects of growth hormone on the salmon pituitary proteome. J Proteomics 2012; 75:1718-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Endocrine pancreas development: effects of metabolic and intergenerational programming caused by a protein-restricted diet. Pancreas 2012; 41:1-9. [PMID: 22173830 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182236320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated an association between low birth weight and the later development of type 2 diabetes. This association could be a result of the programming process that affects pancreatic beta-cell development due to poor fetal nutrition. This mechanism may not be limited to the first generation. In rodents, endocrine cells of the pancreas are derived from cells of the endodermal dorsal and ventral anlage that migrate and gather in clusters in a process termed isletogenesis. Islet development occurs relatively late in gestation, and islets undergo substantial remodeling immediately after birth under the regulation of a transcription factor network. Furthermore, the offspring of mice fed a protein-restricted diet exhibit a reduced pancreatic beta-cell mass at birth, lower vascularization, increased apoptosis rate, and changes in glucose metabolism in later life. Although the mechanisms underlying these relationships are unclear, it has been hypothesized that in utero nutritional conditions affect epigenetic patterns of gene transcription that persist throughout life and subsequent generations. We aimed to review the process of the formation of the endocrine pancreas in rodents, the consequences of a protein-restricted diet on offspring, and the transgenerational effects of this insult on the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
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Ranta F, Leveringhaus J, Theilig D, Schulz-Raffelt G, Hennige AM, Hildebrand DG, Handrick R, Jendrossek V, Bosch F, Schulze-Osthoff K, Häring HU, Ullrich S. Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) affects proliferation of insulin-secreting cells by promoting nuclear extrusion of the cell cycle inhibitor p21Cip1/WAF1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28828. [PMID: 22216119 PMCID: PMC3246440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and palmitate-stimulated apoptosis was prevented by specific inhibition of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) in β-cells. To understand the role of PKCδ in more detail the impact of changes in PKCδ activity on proliferation and survival of insulin-secreting cells was analyzed under stress-free conditions. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, the effect of reduced and increased PKCδ activity on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation of insulin secreting cells was examined. Proteins were analyzed by Western blotting and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Increased expression of wild type PKCδ (PKCδWT) significantly stimulated proliferation of INS-1E cells with concomitant reduced expression and cytosolic retraction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(Cip1/WAF1). This nuclear extrusion was mediated by PKCδ-dependent phosphorylation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) at Ser146. In kinase dead PKCδ (PKCδKN) overexpressing cells and after inhibition of endogenous PKCδ activity by rottlerin or RNA interference phosphorylation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) was reduced, which favored its nuclear accumulation and apoptotic cell death of INS-1E cells. Human and mouse islet cells express p21(Cip1/WAF1) with strong nuclear accumulation, while in islet cells of PKCδWT transgenic mice the inhibitor resides cytosolic. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE These observations disclose PKCδ as negative regulator of p21(Cip1/WAF1), which facilitates proliferation of insulin secreting cells under stress-free conditions and suggest that additional stress-induced changes push PKCδ into its known pro-apoptotic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Ranta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Leveringhaus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Theilig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schulz-Raffelt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominic G. Hildebrand
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universita Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing, NADH-dependent oxidoreductase residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space whose specific enzymatic activity remains unknown. Upon an apoptotic insult, AIF undergoes proteolysis and translocates to the nucleus, where it triggers chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA degradation in a caspase-independent manner. Besides playing a key role in execution of caspase-independent cell death, AIF has emerged as a protein critical for cell survival. Analysis of in vivo phenotypes associated with AIF deficiency and defects, and identification of its mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear partners revealed the complexity and multilevel regulation of AIF-mediated signal transduction and suggested an important role of AIF in the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and energy metabolism. The redox activity of AIF is essential for optimal oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, the protein is proposed to regulate the respiratory chain indirectly, through assembly and/or stabilization of complexes I and III. This review discusses accumulated data with respect to the AIF structure and outlines evidence that supports the prevalent mechanistic view on the apoptogenic actions of the flavoprotein, as well as the emerging concept of AIF as a redox sensor capable of linking NAD(H)-dependent metabolic pathways to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
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Tuo Y, Wang D, Li S, Chen C. Long-term exposure of INS-1 rat insulinoma cells to linoleic acid and glucose in vitro affects cell viability and function through mitochondrial-mediated pathways. Endocrine 2011; 39:128-38. [PMID: 21161439 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity with excessive levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) is tightly linked to the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance of peripheral tissues and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction are two major pathological changes in diabetes and both are facilitated by excessive levels of FFAs and/or glucose. To gain insight into the mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms by which long-term exposure of INS-1 cells to excess FFAs causes β-cell dysfunction, the effects of the unsaturated FFA linoleic acid (C 18:2, n-6) on rat insulinoma INS-1 β cells was investigated. INS-1 cells were incubated with 0, 50, 250 or 500 μM linoleic acid/0.5% (w/v) BSA for 48 h under culture conditions of normal (11.1 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium. Cell viability, apoptosis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, Bcl-2, and Bax gene expression levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release were examined. Linoleic acid 500 μM significantly suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis when administered in 11.1 and 25 mM glucose culture medium. Compared with control, linoleic acid 500 μM significantly increased Bax expression in 25 mM glucose culture medium but not in 11.1 mM glucose culture medium. Linoleic acid also dose-dependently reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and significantly promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondria in both 11.1 mM glucose and 25 mM glucose culture medium, further reducing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which is dependent on normal mitochondrial function. With the increase in glucose levels in culture medium, INS-1 β-cell insulin secretion function was deteriorated further. The results of this study indicate that chronic exposure to linoleic acid-induced β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, which involved a mitochondrial-mediated signal pathway, and increased glucose levels enhanced linoleic acid-induced β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tuo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Ola MS, Nawaz M, Ahsan H. Role of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases in the regulation of apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 351:41-58. [PMID: 21210296 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a pivotal role in the elimination of unwanted, damaged, or infected cells in multicellular organisms and also in diverse biological processes, including development, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of cell death, and dysregulation of apoptosis results in pathological conditions including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. The Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of apoptosis, which include both anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, and a slight change in the dynamic balance of these proteins may result either in inhibition or promotion of cell death. Execution of apoptosis by various stimuli is initiated by activating either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways which lead to a series of downstream cascade of events, releasing of various apoptotic mediators from mitochondria and activation of caspases, important for the cell fate. In view of recent research advances about underlying mechanism of apoptosis, this review highlights the basics concept of apoptosis and its regulation by Bcl-2 family of protein. Furthermore, this review discusses the interplay of various apoptotic mediators and caspases to decide the fate of the cell. We expect that this review will add to the pool of basic information necessary to understand the mechanism of apoptosis which may implicate in designing better strategy to develop biomedical therapy to control apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, KSA
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16
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Stein J, Milewski WM, Hara M, Steiner DF, Dey A. GSK-3 inactivation or depletion promotes β-cell replication via down regulation of the CDK inhibitor, p27 (Kip1). Islets 2011; 3:21-34. [PMID: 21278490 PMCID: PMC3060436 DOI: 10.4161/isl.3.1.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes (T1DM and T2DM) is characterized by a deficit in β-cell mass. A broader understanding of human β-cell replication mechanism is thus important to increase β-cell proliferation for future therapeutic interventions. Here, we show that p27 (Kip1), a CDK inhibitor, is expressed abundantly in isolated adult human islets and interacts with various positive cell cycle regulatory proteins including D-type cyclins (D1, D2 and D3) and their kinase partners, CDK4 and CDK6. Also, we see interaction of cyclin E and its kinase partner, CDK2, with p27 suggesting a critical role of p27 as a negative cell cycle regulator in human islets. Our data demonstrate interaction of p27 with GSK-3 in β-cells and show, employing rodent β-cells (INS-1), isolated human islets and purified β-cells derived from human islets, that siRNA-mediated depletion of GSK-3 or p27 or 1-AKP / BIO - mediated GSK-3 inhibition results in increased β-cell proliferation. We also see reduction of p27 levels following GSK-3 inactivation or depletion. Our data show that serum induction of quiescent INS-1 cells leads to sequential phosphorylation of p27 on its S10 and T187 residues with faster kinetics for S10 corresponding with the decreased levels of p27. Altogether our findings indicate that p27 levels in β-cells are stabilized by GSK-3 and thus p27 down regulation following GSK-3 depletion / inactivation plays a critical role in promoting β-cell replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Stein
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Wieslawa M Milewski
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Manami Hara
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Donald F Steiner
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Arunangsu Dey
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
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17
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Hangen E, De Zio D, Bordi M, Zhu C, Dessen P, Caffin F, Lachkar S, Perfettini JL, Lazar V, Benard J, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Harper F, Pierron G, Vicencio JM, Bénit P, de Andrade A, Höglinger G, Culmsee C, Rustin P, Blomgren K, Cecconi F, Kroemer G, Modjtahedi N. A brain-specific isoform of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor: AIF2. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1155-66. [PMID: 20111043 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has important supportive as well as potentially lethal roles in neurons. Under normal physiological conditions, AIF is a vital redox-active mitochondrial enzyme, whereas in pathological situations, it translocates from mitochondria to the nuclei of injured neurons and mediates apoptotic chromatin condensation and cell death. In this study, we reveal the existence of a brain-specific isoform of AIF, AIF2, whose expression increases as neuronal precursor cells differentiate. AIF2 arises from the utilization of the alternative exon 2b, yet uses the same remaining 15 exons as the ubiquitous AIF1 isoform. AIF1 and AIF2 are similarly imported to mitochondria in which they anchor to the inner membrane facing the intermembrane space. However, the mitochondrial inner membrane sorting signal encoded in the exon 2b of AIF2 is more hydrophobic than that of AIF1, indicating a stronger membrane anchorage of AIF2 than AIF1. AIF2 is more difficult to be desorbed from mitochondria than AIF1 on exposure to non-ionic detergents or basic pH. Furthermore, AIF2 dimerizes with AIF1, thereby preventing its release from mitochondria. Conversely, it is conceivable that a neuron-specific AIF isoform, AIF2, may have been 'designed' to be retained in mitochondria and to minimize its potential neurotoxic activity.
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18
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Life with or without AIF. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:278-87. [PMID: 20138767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was initially discovered as a caspase-independent death effector. AIF fulfills its lethal function after its release from mitochondria and its translocation to the nucleus of the dying cell. The contribution of AIF to programmed cell death is dependent upon the cell type and apoptotic insult. Recent in vivo data indicate that, in addition to its lethal activity, AIF plays a vital mitochondrial role in healthy cells. A segment of AIF which is dispensable for its apoptotic function carries an NADH-oxidase domain that regulates the respiratory chain complex I and is required for cell survival, proliferation and mitochondrial integrity. Mice that express reduced levels of AIF constitute a reliable model of complex I deficiency. Here we discuss recent reports on the survival-related function(s) of AIF.
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