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Mejia ME, Robertson CM, Patras KA. Interspecies Interactions within the Host: the Social Network of Group B Streptococcus. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0044022. [PMID: 36975791 PMCID: PMC10112235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a pervasive neonatal pathogen accounting for a combined half a million deaths and stillbirths annually. The most common source of fetal or neonatal GBS exposure is the maternal microbiota. GBS asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa of 1 in 5 individuals globally, although its precise role in these niches is not well understood. To prevent vertical transmission, broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered to GBS-positive mothers during labor in many countries. Although antibiotics have significantly reduced GBS early-onset neonatal disease, there are several unintended consequences, including an altered neonatal microbiota and increased risk for other microbial infections. Additionally, the incidence of late-onset GBS neonatal disease remains unaffected and has sparked an emerging hypothesis that GBS-microbe interactions in developing neonatal gut microbiota may be directly involved in this disease process. This review summarizes our current understanding of GBS interactions with other resident microbes at the mucosal surface from multiple angles, including clinical association studies, agriculture and aquaculture observations, and experimental animal model systems. We also include a comprehensive review of in vitro findings of GBS interactions with other bacterial and fungal microbes, both commensal and pathogenic, along with newly established animal models of GBS vaginal colonization and in utero or neonatal infection. Finally, we provide a perspective on emerging areas of research and current strategies to design microbe-targeting prebiotic or probiotic therapeutic intervention strategies to prevent GBS disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyd E. Mejia
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Clare M. Robertson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhu L, Gong F, Liu X, Sun X, Yu Y, Shu J, Pan Z. Integrating filter paper extraction, isothermal amplification, and lateral flow dipstick methods to detect Streptococcus agalactiae in milk within 15 min. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1100246. [PMID: 36876018 PMCID: PMC9978212 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy farming, causing huge economic losses worldwide. Streptococcus agalactiae is the main pathogenic bacterium of contagious mastitis and can deliver a devastating blow to a farm's economy. Rapid detection is the key to disease control. Methods In this study, a rapid detection method for S. agalactiae was established. This method combines filter paper extraction, multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA), and lateral flow dipsticks (LFD). To simplify the extraction procedure, we designed a disposable extraction device (DED). First, DED performance was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then the lysis formula and extraction time were optimized. Second, this study compared the extraction performance of a filter paper and an automatic nucleic acid extraction instrument. After screening primers, MIRA for S. agalactiae was established and combined with LFD. Specificity and sensitivity were evaluated after optimizing the reaction conditions. Results The results showed that the lowest extraction line for DED was 0.01-0.001 ng/μl. In the specificity study, 12 different bacteria were tested, and only S. agalactiae was found to be positive. In the sensitivity study, seven dilution gradients were established, and the lowest detection line was 3.52 × 102 CFU/ml. Discussion In summary, the method established in this study does not require laboratory equipment and is suitable for on-site detection. The entire method takes only 15 min, is low in cost, has high precision and low technical requirements for operators, which is in contrast with the high cost and cumbersome operation of traditional methods, and is suitable for on-site testing in areas with limited facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengju Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Detection and Diagnosis, Guizhou Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Guizhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Sun
- Department of Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Yu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Virulence Factor Genes and Cytotoxicity of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Poland. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0222421. [PMID: 35608349 PMCID: PMC9241884 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02224-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae can produce a wide variety of virulence factors, including toxins and proteins which facilitate adhesion to and colonization and invasion of the host cells. There are few reports on the characteristics of field isolates from bovine mastitis in Poland. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of types of hemolysis on blood agar, virulence factor genes, and cytotoxicity of S. agalactiae isolates derived from cows with mastitis across Poland. The study included 68 isolates. Virulence genes were tested using standard PCR, and cytotoxicity was determined using methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests. Among the tested isolates, 89.7% were β-hemolytic, 8.8% γ-hemolytic, and 1.5% alpha-hemolytic. The only genes detected in all isolates were the cfb, cspA, hylB, and sip genes. Cytotoxicity assessment based on the LDH test revealed that isolates were cytotoxic only to Vero cells. However, according to the results obtained from the MTT test, more than half of the isolates exhibited low cytotoxicity to both SK and Vero cells, whereas the other isolates showed moderate or no cytotoxicity to both cell lines. Our research confirms the prevalence of various virulence genes in S. agalactiae isolated from Polish dairy herds, which have previously been found in isolates recovered from human and animal infections. For the first time, the presence of bac- and scpB-positive isolates of S. agalactiae was determined in Polish dairy cattle, and the cytotoxicity of bovine isolates was assessed. IMPORTANCE We believe that this manuscript is one of the few reports on the characteristics of field S. agalactiae isolates derived from cases of bovine mastitis in cows in Poland in terms of the occurrence of virulence genes and cytotoxicity. For the first time, the presence of bac- and scpB-positive isolates of S. agalactiae was determined in Polish dairy cattle, and the cytotoxicity of bovine isolates was assessed.
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae from Freshwater Fish and Pork in Hong Kong Wet Markets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030397. [PMID: 35326860 PMCID: PMC8944561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the antimicrobial resistance of 191 fish and 61 pork Group B Streptococcus (GBS) procured from Hong Kong wet markets. Two-hundred-and-fifty-two GBS strains were isolated from 992 freshwater fish and 361 pig offal during 2016–2019. The strains were isolated from homogenised samples and plated on selective media, followed by identification through MALDI-TOF-MS. Molecular characterisation, an antibiotic susceptibility test, and biofilm formation were performed on the strains. The isolation rates of the fish GBS and pig GBS were 19.3% (191 strains from 992 freshwater fish) and 16.9% (61 strains from 361 pig organs), respectively. The fish GBS was predominantly serotype Ia, ST7, while pig GBS was serotype III, ST651 (45 strains). An antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that the fish GBS were mostly antibiotic-sensitive, while the pig GBS were multidrug-resistant. A biofilm formation experiment showed that over 71% of fish GBS and all pig GBS had moderate biofilm formation ability. In general, the prevalence rate of GBS in animals and the multidrug resistance phenotype presented in the strains raise concerns about its zoonotic potential and effects on public health.
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Seligsohn D, Crestani C, Gitahi N, Lejon Flodin E, Chenais E, Zadoks RN. Investigation of extramammary sources of Group B Streptococcus reveals its unusual ecology and epidemiology in camels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252973. [PMID: 34860840 PMCID: PMC8641886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels are vital to food production in the drylands of the Horn of Africa, with milk as their main contribution to food security. A major constraint to camel milk production is mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland. The condition negatively impacts milk yield and quality as well as household income. A leading cause of mastitis in dairy camels is Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), which is also a commensal and pathogen of humans and cattle. It has been suggested that extramammary reservoirs for this pathogen may contribute to the occurrence of mastitis in camels. We explored the molecular epidemiology of GBS in camels using a cross-sectional study design for sample collection and phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic analysis of isolates. Among 88 adult camels and 93 calves from six herds in Laikipia County, Kenya, GBS was detected in 20% of 50 milk samples, 25% of 152 nasal swabs, 8% of 90 oral swabs and 3% of 90 rectal swabs, but not in vaginal swabs. Per camel herd, two to four sequence types (ST) were identified using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). More than half of the isolates belonged to ST617 or its single-locus variant, ST1652, with these STs found across all sample types. Capsular serotype VI was detected in 30 of 58 isolates. In three herds, identical STs were detected in milk and swab samples, suggesting that extramammary sources of GBS may contribute to the maintenance and spread of GBS within camel herds. This needs to be considered when developing prevention and control strategies for GBS mastitis. The high nasal carriage rate, low recto-vaginal carriage rate, and high prevalence of serotype VI for GBS in camels are in stark contrast to the distribution of GBS in humans and in cattle and reveal hitherto unknown ecological and molecular features of this bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Seligsohn
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Crestani
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nduhiu Gitahi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Churakov M, Katholm J, Rogers S, Kao RR, Zadoks RN. Assessing potential routes of Streptococcus agalactiae transmission between dairy herds using national surveillance, animal movement data and molecular typing. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105501. [PMID: 34624567 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a pathogen of humans and animals. It is an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle, causing decreased milk quality and quantity. Denmark is the only country to have implemented a national surveillance and control campaign for GBS in dairy cattle. After a significant decline in the 20th century, prevalence has increased in the 21st century. Using a unique combination of national surveillance, cattle movement data and molecular typing, we tested the hypothesis that transmission mechanisms differ between GBS strains that are almost exclusive to cattle and those that affect humans as well as cattle, which would have implications for control recommendations. Three types of S. agalactiae, sequence type (ST) 1, ST23 and ST103 were consistently the most frequent strains among isolates obtained through the national surveillance programme from 2009 to 2011. Herds infected with ST103, which is common in cattle but rarely found in people in Europe, were spatially clustered throughout the study period and across spatial scales. By contrast, strains that are also commonly found in humans, ST1 and ST23, showed no spatial clustering in most or any years of the study, respectively. Introduction of cattle from a positive herd was associated with increased risk of infection by S. agalactiae in the next year (risk ratio of 2.9 and 4.7 for 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively). Moreover, mean exposure to infection was significantly higher for newly infected herds and significantly lower for persistently susceptible herds, as compared to random simulated networks with the same properties, which suggests strong association between the cattle movement network and new infections. At strain-level, new infections with ST1 between 2009 and 2010 were significantly associated with cattle movements, while other strains showed only some degree of association. Sharing of veterinary services, which may serve as proxy for local or regional contacts at a range of scales, was not significantly associated with increased risk of introduction of S. agalactiae or one of the three predominant strains on a farm. Our findings support the reinstatement of restrictions on cattle movements from S. agalactiae positive herds, which came into effect in 2018, but provide insufficient evidence to support strain-specific control recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Churakov
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jørgen Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Voldbjergvej 14, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Simon Rogers
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rowland R Kao
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK; Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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Simões LC, Silva ACP, Santos CM, Alvim DCSS, Nery DCM, Oliveira LMA, Teixeira LM, Pinto TCA. Unusual finding of the human-adapted hypervirulent serotype III/ST17 clone in a historical bovine Group B Streptococcus isolate from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1631-1635. [PMID: 34164798 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of human neonatal infections and bovine mastitis. We report here the unusual finding of the human-adapted hypervirulent serotype III/ST17 clone in a bovine GBS isolated in 1987 in Brazil. This isolate shared several phenotypic and genotypic characteristics with serotype III/ST17 strains obtained from human sources, including PFGE pattern, pilus genes, lactose fermentation, DNase activity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile, highlighting the importance of continued tracking of GBS in the One Health scope. The study brings new evidence for the potential interspecies transmission and sheds new light into evolution aspects of the pathogen Group B Streptococcus (GBS) by reporting the occurrence of an ancient bovine GBS isolate belonging to a variant currently known to be exclusively found in human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Correa Simões
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Pires Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Crislaine Mateus Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Costa Morato Nery
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lucia Martins Teixeira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Castro Abreu Pinto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Chen J, Yang S, Li W, Yu W, Fan Z, Wang M, Feng Z, Tong C, Song B, Ma J, Cui Y. IL-17A Secreted by Th17 Cells Is Essential for the Host against Streptococcus agalactiae Infections. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:667-675. [PMID: 33879639 PMCID: PMC9706036 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2103.03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important bacterial pathogen and causative agent of diseases including neonatal sepsis and meningitis, as well as infections in healthy adults and pregnant women. Although antibiotic treatments effectively relieve symptoms, the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant strains indicate the need for an effective immunotherapy. Effector T helper (Th) 17 cells are a relatively newly discovered subpopulation of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, and which, by expressing interleukin (IL)-17A, play crucial roles in host defenses against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. However, whether S. agalactiae infection can induce the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, and whether IL-17A can play an effective role against S. agalactiae infections, are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the responses of CD4+ T cells and their defensive effects after S. agalactiae infection. The results showed that S. agalactiae infection induces not only the formation of Th1 cells expressing interferon (IFN)-γ, but also the differentiation of mouse splenic CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, which highly express IL-17A. In addition, the bacterial load of S. agalactiae was significantly increased and decreased in organs as determined by antibody neutralization and IL-17A addition experiments, respectively. The results confirmed that IL-17A is required by the host to defend against S. agalactiae and that it plays an important role in effectively eliminating S. agalactiae. Our findings therefore prompt us to adopt effective methods to regulate the expression of IL-17A as a potent strategy for the prevention and treatment of S. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wanyu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +13836962508 Fax: +0459-6031177 E-mail:
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Maity S, Ambatipudi K. Mammary microbial dysbiosis leads to the zoonosis of bovine mastitis: a One-Health perspective. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6006870. [PMID: 33242081 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a prototypic emerging and reemerging bacterial disease that results in cut-by-cut torture to animals, public health and the global economy. Pathogenic microbes causing mastitis have overcome a series of hierarchical barriers resulting in the zoonotic transmission from bovines to humans either by proximity or remotely through milk and meat. The disease control is challenging and has been attributed to faulty surveillance systems to monitor their emergence at the human-animal interface. The complex interaction between the pathogens, the hidden pathobionts and commensals of the bovine mammary gland that create a menace during mastitis remains unexplored. Here, we review the zoonotic potential of these pathogens with a primary focus on understanding the interplay between the host immunity, mammary ecology and the shift from symbiosis to dysbiosis. We also address the pros and cons of the current management strategies and the extent of the success in implementing the One-Health approach to keep these pathogens at bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, , India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, , India
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Prevalence of group B streptococcal colonization in the healthy non-pregnant population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:968-980. [PMID: 33813109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonization and transmission precede invasive group B streptococcal (GBS) disease. Data on GBS colonization prevalence, detection methods and risk factors for carriage are relevant for vaccine development and to understand GBS pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate GBS colonization prevalence after the first week of life in the healthy non-pregnant population. DATA SOURCES Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, World Health Organization Library Information System, and Scopus. Search performed 12 January 2021 with search terms related to 'GBS' and 'colonization, epidemiology, prevalence or screening' without restrictions. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All studies that reported prevalence of GBS colonization (any site) in the healthy population. PARTICIPANTS All individuals (>6 days of age), with no indication of pregnancy, invasive disease or severe underlying immunological co-morbidities. METHODS Logit transformation and a random effects model (DerSimonian and Laird) were used to pool colonization estimates. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression on a priori determined subgroups were performed. RESULTS We included 98 studies with 43 112 participants. Our search identified 9309 studies of which 8831 were excluded based on title and abstract and 380 after reading the full text. Colonization rates varied considerably between studies (I2 = 97%), which could be partly explained by differences in culture methods (R2 = 27%), culture sites (R2 = 24%), continent (R2 = 10%) and participant's age (R2 = 6%). Higher prevalence was found with selective culture methods (19%, 95% CI 16%-23% versus non-selective methods 8%, 95% CI 6%-9%; p < 0.0001). Colonization rates were highest in rectum (19%, 95% CI 15%-24%), vagina (14%, 95% CI 12%-17%) and urethra (9%, 95% CI 5%-18%). In participants with negative rectal cultures, 7% (95% CI 5%-9%) had GBS cultured from another niche. Colonization prevalence was lower in children (6 months to 16 years; 3%, 95% CI 2%-5%) compared with adults (16%, 95% CI 14%-20%; p < 0.0001). Using selective culture methods in adults resulted in a prevalence of 26% (95% CI 19%-33%) rectal, 21% (95% CI 17%-25%) vaginal and 9% (95% CI 6%-14%) urethral colonization. CONCLUSION The rectum is the most common body site colonized by GBS. The best approach to screen for any GBS colonization is to screen multiple body sites using selective culture methods.
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Tsang RSW. A Narrative Review of the Molecular Epidemiology and Laboratory Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Meningitis Agents: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus agalactiae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:449. [PMID: 33671611 PMCID: PMC7926440 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review describes the public health importance of four most common bacterial meningitis agents, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and S. agalactiae (group B Streptococcus). Three of them are strict human pathogens that normally colonize the nasopharynx and may invade the blood stream to cause systemic infections and meningitis. S. agalactiae colonizes the genito-gastrointestinal tract and is an important meningitis agent in newborns, but also causes invasive infections in infants or adults. These four bacteria have polysaccharide capsules that protect them against the host complement defense. Currently licensed conjugate vaccines (against S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, and N. meningitidis only but not S. agalactiae) can induce protective serum antibodies in infants as young as two months old offering protection to the most vulnerable groups, and the ability to eliminate carriage of homologous serotype strains in vaccinated subjects lending further protection to those not vaccinated through herd immunity. However, the serotype-specific nature of these vaccines have driven the bacteria to adapt by mechanisms that affect the capsule antigens through either capsule switching or capsule replacement in addition to the possibility of unmasking of strains or serotypes not covered by the vaccines. The post-vaccine molecular epidemiology of vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis is discussed based on findings obtained with newer genomic laboratory surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S W Tsang
- Laboratory for Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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Lin L, Huang X, Yang H, He Y, He X, Huang J, Li S, Wang X, Tang S, Liu G, Pan Z. Molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial activity, and virulence gene clustering of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from dairy cattle with mastitis in China. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4893-4903. [PMID: 33551160 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a contagious pathogen that causes bovine mastitis worldwide, resulting in considerable economic losses. In this study, we isolated 42 S. agalactiae strains in 379 milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis on 15 dairy farms in 12 Chinese provinces. Analysis based on capsular typing and multilocus sequence typing, combined with patterns of virulence gene scanning and antimicrobial resistance, identified the lineages and populations of the isolates. We grouped the 42 isolates into 7 sequence types belonging to 6 clonal complexes, mainly CC103 (31/42 isolates; 73.8%). We identified an ST-23 strain named Sa 129 for the first time on Chinese dairy farms-this strain is usually associated with human isolates. Capsular types Ia and II were predominant in capsular typing. The prevalence of virulence profile 1 (bibA, cfb, cspA, cylE, fbsA, fbsB, hylB, and pavA) was 64.3%, and represented the main trend in China. With respect to antimicrobial resistance, most isolates were susceptible to β-lactams, rifamycin, glycopeptides, and oxazolidone; resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including lincomycin, clindamycin, and doxycycline, varied in 4 different regions. Our research provides a profile for the molecular epidemiology, multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence gene clustering of S. agalactiae, and may be beneficial for the clinical monitoring, prevention, and control of mastitis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongfei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuefeng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinhu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Ningxia Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Yinchuan 750011, China
| | - Shu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Pan-GWAS of Streptococcus agalactiae Highlights Lineage-Specific Genes Associated with Virulence and Niche Adaptation. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00728-20. [PMID: 32518186 PMCID: PMC7373188 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00728-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GBS is a leading cause of mortality in newborn babies in high- and low-income countries worldwide. Different strains of GBS are characterized by different degrees of virulence, where some are harmlessly carried by humans or animals and others are much more likely to cause disease.
The genome sequences of almost 2,000 GBS samples isolated from both animals and humans in high- and low- income countries were analyzed using a pan-genome-wide association study approach. This allowed us to identify 279 genes which are associated with different lineages of GBS, characterized by a different virulence and preferred host. Additionally, we propose that the GBS now carried in humans may have first evolved in animals before expanding clonally once adapted to the human host.
These findings are essential to help understand what is causing GBS disease and how the bacteria have evolved and are transmitted. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus; GBS) is a colonizer of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, and an opportunistic pathogen of infants and adults. The worldwide population of GBS is characterized by clonal complexes (CCs) with different invasive potentials. CC17, for example, is a hypervirulent lineage commonly associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitis, while CC1 is less invasive in neonates and more commonly causes invasive disease in adults with comorbidities. The genetic basis of GBS virulence and the extent to which different CCs have adapted to different host environments remain uncertain. We have therefore applied a pan-genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to 1,988 GBS strains isolated from different hosts and countries. Our analysis identified 279 CC-specific genes associated with virulence, disease, metabolism, and regulation of cellular mechanisms that may explain the differential virulence potential of particular CCs. In CC17 and CC23, for example, we have identified genes encoding pilus, quorum-sensing proteins, and proteins for the uptake of ions and micronutrients which are absent in less invasive lineages. Moreover, in CC17, carriage and disease strains were distinguished by the allelic variants of 21 of these CC-specific genes. Together our data highlight the lineage-specific basis of GBS niche adaptation and virulence. The genome sequences of almost 2,000 GBS samples isolated from both animals and humans in high- and low- income countries were analyzed using a pan-genome-wide association study approach. This allowed us to identify 279 genes which are associated with different lineages of GBS, characterized by a different virulence and preferred host. Additionally, we propose that the GBS now carried in humans may have first evolved in animals before expanding clonally once adapted to the human host. These findings are essential to help understand what is causing GBS disease and how the bacteria have evolved and are transmitted.
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14
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Richards VP, Velsko IM, Alam MT, Zadoks RN, Manning SD, Pavinski Bitar PD, Hassler HB, Crestani C, Springer GH, Probert BM, Town CD, Stanhope MJ. Population Gene Introgression and High Genome Plasticity for the Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2572-2590. [PMID: 31350563 PMCID: PMC6805230 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence that bacterial adaptation (or niche partitioning) within species has on gene spillover and transmission among bacterial populations occupying different niches is not well understood. Streptococcus agalactiae is an important bacterial pathogen that has a taxonomically diverse host range making it an excellent model system to study these processes. Here, we analyze a global set of 901 genome sequences from nine diverse host species to advance our understanding of these processes. Bayesian clustering analysis delineated 12 major populations that closely aligned with niches. Comparative genomics revealed extensive gene gain/loss among populations and a large pan genome of 9,527 genes, which remained open and was strongly partitioned among niches. As a result, the biochemical characteristics of 11 populations were highly distinctive (significantly enriched). Positive selection was detected and biochemical characteristics of the dispensable genes under selection were enriched in ten populations. Despite the strong gene partitioning, phylogenomics detected gene spillover. In particular, tetracycline resistance (which likely evolved in the human-associated population) from humans to bovine, canines, seals, and fish, demonstrating how a gene selected in one host can ultimately be transmitted into another, and biased transmission from humans to bovines was confirmed with a Bayesian migration analysis. Our findings show high bacterial genome plasticity acting in balance with selection pressure from distinct functional requirements of niches that is associated with an extensive and highly partitioned dispensable genome, likely facilitating continued and expansive adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Richards
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Irina M Velsko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Md Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Pentlands Science Park, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI
| | - Paulina D Pavinski Bitar
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Hayley B Hassler
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Chiara Crestani
- Pentlands Science Park, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Garrett H Springer
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Brett M Probert
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | - Michael J Stanhope
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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15
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Cobo-Angel CG, Jaramillo-Jaramillo AS, Palacio-Aguilera M, Jurado-Vargas L, Calvo-Villegas EA, Ospina-Loaiza DA, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Sanchez J, Zadoks R, Ceballos-Marquez A. Potential group B Streptococcus interspecies transmission between cattle and people in Colombian dairy farms. Sci Rep 2019. [PMID: 31575879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598–019–50225–w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a leading cause of neonatal death and an emerging pathogen in adults. Additionally, GBS is a bovine pathogen causing intramammary infections. The likelihood of GBS interspecies transmission is largely unknown. We explored the potential transmission of GBS between cattle and people on dairy farms in Colombia and compared the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of isolates from both host species. Across 33 farms, throat swabs and rectal swabs were collected from 191 people, and rectal swabs and composite milk samples from 2092 cattle, yielding 60 human isolates and 301 bovine isolates. The majority (64%) of isolates belonged to shared sequence types (ST). Sequence type (ST) 1 was the most common strain in both host species, suggesting that interspecies transmission may be possible. Two members of the bovine-specific clonal complex 61/67 were detected in human samples (ST718 and ST1175), providing evidence for the lack of genuine species barriers. Apparent prevalence of penicillin resistance was surprisingly high in human and bovine isolates. Further investigation of this phenomenon is needed and could lead to modification of standard testing and treatment recommendations in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Cobo-Angel
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Ana S Jaramillo-Jaramillo
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Diego A Ospina-Loaiza
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Juan C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Ruth Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Alejandro Ceballos-Marquez
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
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16
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Potential group B Streptococcus interspecies transmission between cattle and people in Colombian dairy farms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14025. [PMID: 31575879 PMCID: PMC6773701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a leading cause of neonatal death and an emerging pathogen in adults. Additionally, GBS is a bovine pathogen causing intramammary infections. The likelihood of GBS interspecies transmission is largely unknown. We explored the potential transmission of GBS between cattle and people on dairy farms in Colombia and compared the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of isolates from both host species. Across 33 farms, throat swabs and rectal swabs were collected from 191 people, and rectal swabs and composite milk samples from 2092 cattle, yielding 60 human isolates and 301 bovine isolates. The majority (64%) of isolates belonged to shared sequence types (ST). Sequence type (ST) 1 was the most common strain in both host species, suggesting that interspecies transmission may be possible. Two members of the bovine-specific clonal complex 61/67 were detected in human samples (ST718 and ST1175), providing evidence for the lack of genuine species barriers. Apparent prevalence of penicillin resistance was surprisingly high in human and bovine isolates. Further investigation of this phenomenon is needed and could lead to modification of standard testing and treatment recommendations in human and veterinary medicine.
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17
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Sørensen UBS, Klaas IC, Boes J, Farre M. The distribution of clones of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) among herdspersons and dairy cows demonstrates lack of host specificity for some lineages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Chen SL. Genomic Insights Into the Distribution and Evolution of Group B Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31316488 PMCID: PMC6611187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a bacteria with truly protean biology. It infects a variety of hosts, among which the most commonly studied are humans, cattle, and fish. GBS holds a singular position in the history of bacterial genomics, as it was the substrate used to describe one of the first major conceptual advances of comparative genomics, the idea of the pan-genome. In this review, I describe a brief history of GBS and the major contributions of genomics to understanding its genome plasticity and evolution as well as its molecular epidemiology, focusing on the three hosts mentioned above. I also discuss one of the major recent paradigm shifts in our understanding of GBS evolution and disease burden: foodborne GBS can cause invasive infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaine L Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Infectious Diseases Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae Sequence Type 176 Strain 3966RFQB from a Dairy Herd in Selangor, Malaysia. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01618-18. [PMID: 30746526 PMCID: PMC6368661 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01618-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, commonly known as group B streptococcus (GBS), is among the most implicated pathogens in bovine mastitis worldwide. Proper control measures can curb both economic and public health effects it may cause. Streptococcus agalactiae, commonly known as group B streptococcus (GBS), is among the most implicated pathogens in bovine mastitis worldwide. Proper control measures can curb both economic and public health effects it may cause. Here, we report the sequenced genome of S. agalactiae sequence type 167 (ST167) strain 3966RFQB obtained from a bovine mastitis case at a dairy herd in Banting, Selangor, Malaysia (longitude 2.8121°N, latitude 101.5026°E).
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20
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Cobo-Ángel C, Jaramillo-Jaramillo AS, Lasso-Rojas LM, Aguilar-Marin SB, Sanchez J, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Ceballos-Márquez A, Zadoks RN. Streptococcus agalactiae is not always an obligate intramammary pathogen: Molecular epidemiology of GBS from milk, feces and environment in Colombian dairy herds. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208990. [PMID: 30532177 PMCID: PMC6287850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years Streptococcus agalactiae has been considered an obligate intramammary and strictly contagious pathogen in dairy cattle. However, recent reports of S. agalactiae isolation from extramammary sources have contradicted that premise. To gain further insight into the epidemiology of S. agalactiae infection in cattle, we examined its distribution and heterogeneity of strains in bovine milk, bovine feces, and the environment in Colombian dairy farms. First, a longitudinal study was conducted at herd level in 152 dairy herds. Bulk tank milk samples from each herd where collected twice a month for six months. A follow-up study with a cross sectional design at the cow level was conducted in a subset of 25 farms positive for S. agalactiae. Cow-level milk samples from 1712 lactatting cows and 1545 rectal samples were collected, as well as 120 environmental samples. Samples were used for S. agalactiae detection and genotyping using Multi Locus Sequence Typing. Results showed sporadic rather than repeated isolation of S. agalactiae from bulk tank milk in 40% of the positive herds, challenging the idea that S. agalactiae is a highly contagious pathogen causing chronic infections. S. agalactiae was isolated from rectal or environmental samples in 32% and 12% of cross-sectional study farms, respectively, demonstrating that the bacteria can survive in extramammary sources and that S. agalactiae is not an obligate intramammary pathogen. The same strain was isolated from rectal and bulk tank milk samples in eight farms, suggesting that fecal shedding is frequent, and contributes to the presence of S. agalactiae in bulk tank. High within-herd heterogeneity of strains was found, which is distinct from the situation in developed dairy industries. These new epidemiological findings should be considered to adjust surveillance and control recommendations for S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cobo-Ángel
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana S. Jaramillo-Jaramillo
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Laura M. Lasso-Rojas
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Sandra B. Aguilar-Marin
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Juan C. Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Alejandro Ceballos-Márquez
- Research Group in Milk Quality and Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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21
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Tavella A, Bettini A, Cocchi M, Idrizi I, Colorio S, Viel L, Zanardello C, Zanolari P. Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (Lama glama) in South Tyrol (Italy). BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:343. [PMID: 30424747 PMCID: PMC6234556 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. In dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with S. agalactiae in camels (Camelus dromedarius) as well. In humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromised patients, as well as in pregrant women and newborns. CASE PRESENTATION A 10-year old non-pregnant female llama (Lama glama) was conferred to the Institute for Animal Health Control, in Bolzano for necropsy after sudden death. The animal had not shown unusual behaviour and had a low to normal nutritional condition (body condition score 2/5). The breeder had reported a chronic suppurative subcutaneous infection in the intermandibular area, resistant to therapy (therapy unknown). After necropsy, several samples were processed for histological, bacteriological and parasitological examinations. CONCLUSIONS This report describes, to the best of our knowledge, the first isolation of S. agalactiae in llamas (Lama glama). The animal came from a herd that counts approximately 200 South American camelids (llamas, alpacas) along with several horses, chicken, rabbits, cats and dogs; this farm offers services, such as trekking and pet therapy activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tavella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ilda Idrizi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Colorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Viel
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Patrik Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Chen Y, Hammer EE, Richards VP. Phylogenetic signature of lateral exchange of genes for antibiotic production and resistance among bacteria highlights a pattern of global transmission of pathogens between humans and livestock. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 125:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Glanville DG, Han L, Maule AF, Woodacre A, Thanki D, Abdullah IT, Morrissey JA, Clarke TB, Yesilkaya H, Silvaggi NR, Ulijasz AT. RitR is an archetype for a novel family of redox sensors in the streptococci that has evolved from two-component response regulators and is required for pneumococcal colonization. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007052. [PMID: 29750817 PMCID: PMC5965902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive diverse host environments, the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae must prevent its self-produced, extremely high levels of peroxide from reacting with intracellular iron. However, the regulatory mechanism(s) by which the pneumococcus accomplishes this balance remains largely enigmatic, as this pathogen and other related streptococci lack all known redox-sensing transcription factors. Here we describe a two-component-derived response regulator, RitR, as the archetype for a novel family of redox sensors in a subset of streptococcal species. We show that RitR works to both repress iron transport and enable nasopharyngeal colonization through a mechanism that exploits a single cysteine (Cys128) redox switch located within its linker domain. Biochemical experiments and phylogenetics reveal that RitR has diverged from the canonical two-component virulence regulator CovR to instead dimerize and bind DNA only upon Cys128 oxidation in air-rich environments. Atomic structures show that Cys128 oxidation initiates a "helical unravelling" of the RitR linker region, suggesting a mechanism by which the DNA-binding domain is then released to interact with its cognate regulatory DNA. Expanded computational studies indicate this mechanism could be shared by many microbial species outside the streptococcus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Glanville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago; Maywood, IL, United States of America
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lanlan Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Maule
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Woodacre
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Devsaagar Thanki
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Tajer Abdullah
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A. Morrissey
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B. Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Ulijasz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago; Maywood, IL, United States of America
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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Botelho ACN, Ferreira AFM, Fracalanzza SEL, Teixeira LM, Pinto TCA. A Perspective on the Potential Zoonotic Role of Streptococcus agalactiae: Searching for a Missing Link in Alternative Transmission Routes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:608. [PMID: 29643850 PMCID: PMC5882794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tatiana C. A. Pinto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li L, Wang R, Huang Y, Huang T, Luo F, Huang W, Yang X, Lei A, Chen M, Gan X. High Incidence of Pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae ST485 Strain in Pregnant/Puerperal Women and Isolation of Hyper-Virulent Human CC67 Strain. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:50. [PMID: 29467722 PMCID: PMC5808242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the major pathogen causing diseases in neonates, pregnant/puerperal women, cows and fish. Recent studies have shown that GBS may be infectious across hosts and some fish GBS strain might originate from human. The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic relationship of CC103 strains that recently emerged in cows and humans, and explore the pathogenicity of clinical GBS isolates from human to tilapia. Ninety-two pathogenic GBS isolates were identified from 19 patients with different diseases and their evolution and pathogenicity to tilapia were analyzed. The multilocus sequence typing revealed that clonal complex (CC) 103 strain was isolated from 21.74% (20/92) of patients and ST485 strain was from 14.13% (13/92) patients with multiple diseases including neonates. Genomic evolution analysis showed that both bovine and human CC103 strains alternately form independent evolutionary branches. Three CC67 isolates carried gbs2018-C gene and formed one evolutionary branch with ST61 and ST67 strains that specifically infect dairy cows. Studies of interspecies transmission to tilapia found that 21/92 (22.83%) isolates including all ST23 isolates were highly pathogenic to tilapia and demonstrated that streptococci could break through the blood-brain barrier into brain tissue. In conclusions, CC103 strains are highly prevalent among pathogenic GBS from humans and have evolved into the highly pathogenic ST485 strains specifically infecting humans. The CC67 strains isolated from cows are able to infect humans through evolutionary events of acquiring CC17-specific type C gbs2018 gene and others. Human-derived ST23 pathogenic GBS strains are highly pathogenic to tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China.,Bacteria Laboratory, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Bacteria Laboratory, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Fuguang Luo
- Liuzhou's Aquaculture Technology Extending Station, Liuzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- School of Public Health, National Medical College of Right Rivers, Baise, China
| | - Aiying Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China.,Bacteria Laboratory, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
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Lyhs U, Kulkas L, Katholm J, Waller KP, Saha K, Tomusk RJ, Zadoks RN. Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype IV in Humans and Cattle, Northern Europe 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2097-2103. [PMID: 27869599 PMCID: PMC5189126 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.151447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is an emerging pathogen of nonpregnant human adults worldwide and a reemerging pathogen of dairy cattle in parts of Europe. To learn more about interspecies transmission of this bacterium, we compared contemporaneously collected isolates from humans and cattle in Finland and Sweden. Multilocus sequence typing identified 5 sequence types (STs) (ST1, 8, 12, 23, and 196) shared across the 2 host species, suggesting possible interspecies transmission. More than 54% of the isolates belonged to those STs. Molecular serotyping and pilus island typing of those isolates did not differentiate between populations isolated from different host species. Isolates from humans and cattle differed in lactose fermentation, which is encoded on the accessory genome and represents an adaptation to the bovine mammary gland. Serotype IV-ST196 isolates were obtained from multiple dairy herds in both countries. Cattle may constitute a previously unknown reservoir of this strain.
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27
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Bodi Winn C, Bakthavatchalu V, Esmail MY, Feng Y, Dzink-Fox J, Richey L, Perkins SE, Nordberg EK, Fox JG. Isolation and molecular characterization of group B Streptococcus from laboratory Long-Evans rats ( Rattus norvegicus) with and without invasive group B streptococcal disease. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:97-109. [PMID: 29160197 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae, GBS) is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that inhabits the respiratory, urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. Maternal colonization of GBS is a risk factor for a spectrum of clinical diseases in humans and a principle cause of neonatal meningitis and septicaemia.Methodology. We describe polymicrobial sepsis including GBS in two gravid adult female Long-Evans rats experiencing acute mortality from a colony of long-term breeding pairs. Fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed GBS association with pathological changes in affected tissues, including the heart and uterus.Results. Characterization of seven GBS strains obtained from clinically affected and non-affected animals indicated similar antibiotic resistance and susceptibility patterns to that of human strains of GBS. The rat strains have virulence factors known to contribute to pathogenicity, and shared serotypes with human invasive isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that one rat-derived GBS strain was more closely related to human-derived strains than other rat-derived strains, strengthening the notion that interspecies transmission is possible.Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of genotypic and phenotypic features of rat-derived GBS strains and their comparison to human- and other animal-derived GBS strains. Since GBS commonly colonizes commercially available rats, its exclusion as a potential pathogen for immunocompromised or stressed animals is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bodi Winn
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Y Esmail
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lauren Richey
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Scott E Perkins
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Eric K Nordberg
- Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Patras KA, Nizet V. Group B Streptococcal Maternal Colonization and Neonatal Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Preventative Approaches. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 29520354 PMCID: PMC5827363 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal epithelium of a significant percentage of healthy women, with potential for ascending intrauterine infection or transmission during parturition, creating a risk of serious disease in the vulnerable newborn. This review highlights new insights on the bacterial virulence determinants, host immune responses, and microbiome interactions that underpin GBS vaginal colonization, the proximal step in newborn infectious disease pathogenesis. From the pathogen perspective, the function GBS adhesins and biofilms, β-hemolysin/cytolysin toxin, immune resistance factors, sialic acid mimicry, and two-component transcriptional regulatory systems are reviewed. From the host standpoint, pathogen recognition, cytokine responses, and the vaginal mucosal and placental immunity to the pathogen are detailed. Finally, the rationale, efficacy, and potential unintended consequences of current universal recommended intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis are considered, with updates on new developments toward a GBS vaccine or alternative approaches to reducing vaginal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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29
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Population structure and virulence gene profiles of Streptococcus agalactiae collected from different hosts worldwide. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:527-536. [PMID: 29181634 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates and causes severe infections in pregnant women and nonpregnant predisposed adults, in addition to various animal species worldwide. Still, information on the population structure of S. agalactiae and the geographical distribution of different clones is limited. Further data are urgently needed to identify particularly successful clones and obtain insights into possible routes of transmission within one host species and across species borders. We aimed to determine the population structure and virulence gene profiles of S. agalactiae strains from a diverse set of sources and geographical origins. To this end, 373 S. agalactiae isolates obtained from humans and animals from five different continents were typed by DNA microarray profiling. A total of 242 different S. agalactiae strains were identified and further analyzed. Particularly successful clonal lineages, hybridization patterns, and strains were identified that were spread across different continents and/or were present in more than one host species. In particular, several strains were detected in both humans and cattle, and several canine strains were also detected in samples from human, bovine, and porcine hosts. The findings of our study suggest that although S. agalactiae is well adapted to various hosts including humans, cattle, dogs, rodents, and fish, interspecies transmission is possible and occurs between humans and cows, dogs, and rabbits. The virulence and resistance gene profiles presented enable new insights into interspecies transmission and make a crucial contribution to the identification of suitable targets for therapeutic agents and vaccines.
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30
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Kolter J, Henneke P. Codevelopment of Microbiota and Innate Immunity and the Risk for Group B Streptococcal Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1497. [PMID: 29209311 PMCID: PMC5701622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neonatal late-onset sepsis (LOD), which manifests between the third day and the third month of life, remains poorly understood. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the most important cause of LOD in infants without underlying diseases or prematurity and the third most frequent cause of meningitis in the Western world. On the other hand, GBS is a common intestinal colonizer in infants. Accordingly, despite its adaption to the human lower gastrointestinal tract, GBS has retained its potential virulence and its transition from a commensal to a dangerous pathogen is unpredictable in the individual. Several cellular innate immune mechanisms, in particular Toll-like receptors, the inflammasome and the cGAS pathway, are engaged by GBS effectors like nucleic acids. These are likely to impact on the GBS-specific host resistance. Given the long evolution of streptococci as a normal constituent of the human microbiota, the emergence of GBS as the dominant neonatal sepsis cause just about 50 years ago is remarkable. It appears that intensive usage of tetracycline starting in the 1940s has been a selection advantage for the currently dominant GBS clones with superior adhesive and invasive properties. The historical replacement of Group A by Group B streptococci as a leading neonatal pathogen and the higher frequency of other β-hemolytic streptococci in areas with low GBS prevalence suggests the existence of a confined streptococcal niche, where locally competing streptococcal species are subject to environmental and immunological selection pressure. Thus, it seems pivotal to resolve neonatal innate immunity at mucous surfaces and its impact on microbiome composition and quality, i.e., genetic heterogeneity and metabolism, at the microanatomical level. Then, designer pro- and prebiotics, such as attenuated strains of GBS, and oligonucleotide priming of mucosal immunity may unfold their potential and facilitate adaptation of potentially hazardous streptococci as part of a beneficial local microbiome, which is stabilized by mucocutaneous innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Eisenberg T, Rau J, Westerhüs U, Knauf-Witzens T, Fawzy A, Schlez K, Zschöck M, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Heydel C, Sting R, Glaeser SP, Pulami D, van der Linden M, Ewers C. Streptococcus agalactiae in elephants - A comparative study with isolates from human and zoo animal and livestock origin. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:141-150. [PMID: 28532793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) agalactiae represents a significant pathogen for humans and animals. However, there are only a few elderly reports on S. agalactiae infections in wild and zoo elephants even though this pathogen has been isolated comparatively frequently in these endangered animal species. Consequently, between 2004 and 2015, we collected S. agalactiae isolates from African and Asian elephants (n=23) living in four different zoos in Germany. These isolates were characterised and compared with isolates from other animal species (n=20 isolates) and humans (n=3). We found that the isolates from elephants can be readily identified by classical biochemistry and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Further characterisations for epidemiological issues were achieved using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, capsule typing and molecular fingerprinting (PFGE, RAPD PCR). We could demonstrate that our elephant isolate collection contained at least six different lineages that were representative for their source of origin. Despite generally broad antimicrobial susceptibility of S. agalactiae, many showed tetracycline resistance in vitro. S. agalactiae plays an important role in bacterial infections not only in cattle and humans, but also in elephants. Comparative studies were able to differentiate S. agalactiae isolates from elephants into different infectious clusters based on their epidemiological background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory, Schubertstr. 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 85-87, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Stuttgart, Schaflandstraße 3/2, 70736 Fellbach, Germany.
| | - Uta Westerhüs
- Opel-Zoo, Königsteiner Straße 35, 61476 Kronberg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Knauf-Witzens
- Wilhelma - Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Wilhelma 13, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ahmad Fawzy
- Hessian State Laboratory, Schubertstr. 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Cairo University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Giza Square 12211, Egypt; Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 85-87, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Karen Schlez
- Hessian State Laboratory, Schubertstr. 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Zschöck
- Hessian State Laboratory, Schubertstr. 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 85-87, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Heydel
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 85-87, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Sting
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Stuttgart, Schaflandstraße 3/2, 70736 Fellbach, Germany.
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Dipen Pulami
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mark van der Linden
- National Reference Laboratory on Streptococcal Diseases, Abteilung Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 85-87, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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32
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Jans C, Meile L, Kaindi DWM, Kogi-Makau W, Lamuka P, Renault P, Kreikemeyer B, Lacroix C, Hattendorf J, Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Fokou G, Bonfoh B. African fermented dairy products - Overview of predominant technologically important microorganisms focusing on African Streptococcus infantarius variants and potential future applications for enhanced food safety and security. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 250:27-36. [PMID: 28364623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a major source of nutrients, but can also be a vehicle for zoonotic foodborne diseases, especially when raw milk is consumed. In Africa, poor processing and storage conditions contribute to contamination, outgrowth and transmission of pathogens, which lead to spoilage, reduced food safety and security. Fermentation helps mitigate the impact of poor handling and storage conditions by enhancing shelf life and food safety. Traditionally-fermented sour milk products are culturally accepted and widely distributed in Africa, and rely on product-specific microbiota responsible for aroma, flavor and texture. Knowledge of microbiota and predominant, technologically important microorganisms is critical in developing products with enhanced quality and safety, as well as sustainable interventions for these products, including Africa-specific starter culture development. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge of technologically-important microorganisms of African fermented dairy products (FDP) and raw milk, taking into consideration novel findings and taxonomy when re-analyzing data of 29 publications covering 25 products from 17 African countries. Technologically-important lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius (Sii), Lactobacillus spp. and yeasts predominated in raw milk and FDP across Africa. Re-analysis of data also suggests a much wider distribution of Sii and thus a potentially longer history of use than previously expected. Therefore, evaluating the role and safety of African Sii lineages is important when developing interventions and starter cultures for FDP in Africa to enhance food safety and food security. In-depth functional genomics, epidemiologic investigations and latest identification approaches coupled with stakeholder involvement will be required to evaluate the possibility of African Sii lineages as novel food-grade Streptococcus lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jans
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, LFV C22, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Meile
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, LFV C22, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dasel Wambua Mulwa Kaindi
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wambui Kogi-Makau
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Lamuka
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pierre Renault
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, Hygiene and Bacteriology, Rostock University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, LFV C22, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Schelling
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Fokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Km 17, Adiopodoumé, Rte Dabou, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Km 17, Adiopodoumé, Rte Dabou, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Whole-Genome Sequences and Classification of Streptococcus agalactiae Strains Isolated from Laboratory-Reared Long-Evans Rats (Rattus norvegicus). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/1/e01435-16. [PMID: 28057750 PMCID: PMC5255911 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01435-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In collaboration with the CDC's Streptococcus Laboratory, we report here the whole-genome sequences of seven Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria isolated from laboratory-reared Long-Evans rats. Four of the S. agalactiae isolates were associated with morbidity accompanied by endocarditis, metritis, and fatal septicemia, providing an opportunity for comparative genomic analysis of this opportunistic pathogen.
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34
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Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16067. [PMID: 27572968 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) causes neonatal disease and stillbirth, but its burden in sub-Saharan Africa is uncertain. We assessed maternal recto-vaginal GBS colonization (7,967 women), stillbirth and neonatal disease. Whole-genome sequencing was used to determine serotypes, sequence types and phylogeny. We found low maternal GBS colonization prevalence (934/7,967, 12%), but comparatively high incidence of GBS-associated stillbirth and early onset neonatal disease (EOD) in hospital (0.91 (0.25-2.3)/1,000 births and 0.76 (0.25-1.77)/1,000 live births, respectively). However, using a population denominator, EOD incidence was considerably reduced (0.13 (0.07-0.21)/1,000 live births). Treated cases of EOD had very high case fatality (17/36, 47%), especially within 24 h of birth, making under-ascertainment of community-born cases highly likely, both here and in similar facility-based studies. Maternal GBS colonization was less common in women with low socio-economic status, HIV infection and undernutrition, but when GBS-colonized, they were more probably colonized by the most virulent clone, CC17. CC17 accounted for 267/915 (29%) of maternal colonizing (265/267 (99%) serotype III; 2/267 (0.7%) serotype IV) and 51/73 (70%) of neonatal disease cases (all serotype III). Trivalent (Ia/II/III) and pentavalent (Ia/Ib/II/III/V) vaccines would cover 71/73 (97%) and 72/73 (99%) of disease-causing serotypes, respectively. Serotype IV should be considered for inclusion, with evidence of capsular switching in CC17 strains.
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Parker RE, Laut C, Gaddy JA, Zadoks RN, Davies HD, Manning SD. Association between genotypic diversity and biofilm production in group B Streptococcus. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:86. [PMID: 27206613 PMCID: PMC4875601 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis and an important factor in premature and stillbirths. Biofilm production has been suggested to be important for GBS pathogenesis alongside many other elements, including phylogenetic lineage and virulence factors, such as pili and capsule type. A complete understanding of the confluence of these components, however, is lacking. To identify associations between biofilm phenotype, pilus profile and lineage, 293 strains from asymptomatic carriers, invasive disease cases, and bovine mastitis cases, were assessed for biofilm production using an in vitro assay. RESULTS Multilocus sequence type (ST) profile, pilus island profile, and isolate source were associated with biofilm production. Strains from invasive disease cases and/or belonging to the ST-17 and ST-19 lineages were significantly more likely to form weak biofilms, whereas strains producing strong biofilms were recovered more frequently from individuals with asymptomatic colonization. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that biofilm production is a lineage-specific trait in GBS and may promote colonization of strains representing lineages other than STs 17 and 19. The findings herein also demonstrate that biofilms must be considered in the treatment of pregnant women, particularly for women with heavy GBS colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Clare Laut
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
| | - H Dele Davies
- University of Nebraska Medical School, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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36
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Jørgensen HJ, Nordstoga AB, Sviland S, Zadoks RN, Sølverød L, Kvitle B, Mørk T. Streptococcus agalactiae in the environment of bovine dairy herds--rewriting the textbooks? Vet Microbiol 2015; 184:64-72. [PMID: 26854346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many free-stall bovine dairy herds in Norway fail to eradicate Streptococcus agalactiae despite long-term control measures. In a longitudinal study of 4 free-stall herds with automatic milking systems (AMS), milk and extramammary sites were sampled 4 times with 1-2 month intervals. Composite milk, rectal- and vaginal swabs were collected from dairy cows; rectal swabs from heifers and young stock; rectal- and tonsillar swabs from calves; and environmental swabs from the AMS, the floors, cow beds, watering and feeding equipment. A cross sectional study of 37 herds was also conducted, with 1 visit for environmental sampling. Fifteen of the herds were known to be infected with S. agalactiae while the remaining 22 had not had evidence of S. agalactiae mastitis in the preceding 2 years. All samples were cultured for S. agalactiae, and selected isolates (n=54) from positive herds were genotyped by Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Results show that the bovine gastrointestinal tract and the dairy cow environment are reservoirs of S. agalactiae, and point to the existence of 2 transmission cycles; a contagious transmission cycle via the milking machine and an oro-fecal transmission cycle, with drinking water as the most likely vehicle for transmission. Ten sequence types were identified, and results suggest that strains differ in their ability to survive in the environment and transmit within dairy herds. Measures to eradicate S. agalactiae from bovine dairy herds should take into account the extra-mammary reservoirs and the potential for environmental transmission of this supposedly exclusively contagious pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Jørgensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
| | - A B Nordstoga
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Sviland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK; Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - B Kvitle
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Mørk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PB 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
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37
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Barato P, Martins ER, Melo-Cristino J, Iregui CA, Ramirez M. Persistence of a single clone of Streptococcus agalactiae causing disease in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) cultured in Colombia over 8 years. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:1083-1087. [PMID: 25643734 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Barato
- Veterinary Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - E R Martins
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Melo-Cristino
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C A Iregui
- Veterinary Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M Ramirez
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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38
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Mahmmod YS, Klaas IC, Katholm J, Lutton M, Zadoks RN. Molecular epidemiology and strain-specific characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae at the herd and cow level. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6913-24. [PMID: 26233443 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host-adaptation of Streptococcus agalactiae subpopulations has been described whereby strains that are commonly associated with asymptomatic carriage or disease in people differ phenotypically and genotypically from those causing mastitis in dairy cattle. Based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), the most common strains in dairy herds in Denmark belong to sequence types (ST) that are also frequently found in people. The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and diagnostic characteristics of such strains in relation to bovine mastitis. Among 1,199 cattle from 6 herds, cow-level prevalence of S. agalactiae was estimated to be 27.4% based on PCR and 7.8% based on bacteriological culture. Quarter-level prevalence was estimated at 2.8% based on bacteriological culture. Per herd, between 2 and 26 isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and MLST. Within each herd, a single PFGE type and ST predominated, consistent with a contagious mode of transmission or point source infection within herds. Evidence of within-herd evolution of S. agalactiae was detected with both typing methods, although ST belonged to a single clonal complex (CC) per herd. Detection of CC23 (3 herds) was associated with significantly lower approximate count (colony-forming units) at the quarter level and significantly lower cycle threshold value at the cow level than detection of CC1 (2 herds) or CC19 (1 herd), indicating a lower bacterial load in CC23 infections. Median values for the number of infected quarters and somatic cell count (SCC) were numerically but not significantly lower for cows infected with CC23 than for cows with CC1 or CC19. For all CC, an SCC threshold of 200,000 cells/mL was an unreliable indicator of infection status, and prescreening of animals based on SCC as part of S. agalactiae detection and eradication campaigns should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Mahmmod
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt; Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - I C Klaas
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Katholm
- Knowledge Centre for Agriculture, Cattle, Agro Food Park 15, Skejby, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Lutton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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Streptococcus agalactiae isolates of serotypes Ia, III and V from human and cow are able to infect tilapia. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:129-35. [PMID: 26255553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that group B streptococcus (GBS) may be infectious across hosts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathogenicity of clinical GBS isolates with serotypes Ia, III and V from human and cow to tilapia and the evolutionary relationship among these GBS strains of different sources. A total of 27 clinical GBS isolates from human (n=10), cow (n=2) and tilapia (n=15) were analyzed using serotyping, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among them, 15 isolates were tested for their pathogenicity to tilapia. The results showed that five human GBS strains (2 serotype III, 2 serotype Ia and 1 serotype V) infected tilapia with mortality rate ranging from 56.67% to 100%, while the other five human GBS strains tested were unable to infect tilapia. In addition, two cow GBS strains C001 and C003 of serotype III infected tilapia. However, they had significantly lower pathogenicity than the five human strains. Furthermore, human GBS strains H005 and H008, which had very strong ability to infect tilapia, had the same PFGE pattern. MLST analysis showed that the five human and the two cow GBS strains that were able to infect tilapia belonged to clonal complexes CC19, CC23 and CC103. The study for the first time confirmed that human or cow GBS clonal complexes CC19, CC23 and CC103 containing strains with serotypes Ia, III and V could infect tilapia and induce clinical signs under experimental conditions.
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Springman AC, Lacher DW, Waymire EA, Wengert SL, Singh P, Zadoks RN, Davies HD, Manning SD. Pilus distribution among lineages of group b streptococcus: an evolutionary and clinical perspective. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:159. [PMID: 24943359 PMCID: PMC4074840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen in both humans and bovines. Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses have found strains belonging to certain phylogenetic lineages to be more frequently associated with invasive newborn disease, asymptomatic maternal colonization, and subclinical bovine mastitis. Pilus structures in GBS facilitate colonization and invasion of host tissues and play a role in biofilm formation, though few large-scale studies have estimated the frequency and diversity of the three pilus islands (PIs) across diverse genotypes. Here, we examined the distribution of pilus islands (PI) 1, 2a and 2b among 295 GBS strains representing 73 multilocus sequence types (STs) belonging to eight clonal complexes. PCR-based RFLP was also used to evaluate variation in the genes encoding pilus backbone proteins of PI-2a and PI-2b. Results All 295 strains harbored one of the PI-2 variants and most human-derived strains contained PI-1. Bovine-derived strains lacked PI-1 and possessed a unique PI-2b backbone protein allele. Neonatal strains more frequently had PI-1 and a PI-2 variant than maternal colonizing strains, and most CC-17 strains had PI-1 and PI-2b with a distinct backbone protein allele. Furthermore, we present evidence for the frequent gain and loss of genes encoding certain pilus types. Conclusions These data suggest that pilus combinations impact host specificity and disease presentation and that diversification often involves the loss or acquisition of PIs. Such findings have implications for the development of GBS vaccines that target the three pilus islands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Mweu MM, Nielsen SS, Halasa T, Toft N. Spatiotemporal patterns, annual baseline and movement-related incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Danish dairy herds: 2000-2009. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:219-30. [PMID: 24269038 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several decades after the inception of the five-point plan for the control of contagious mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) persists as a fundamental threat to the dairy industry in many countries. A better understanding of the relative importance of within- and between-herd sources of new herd infections coupled with the spatiotemporal distribution of the infection, may aid in effective targeting of control efforts. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the spatiotemporal patterns of infection with S. agalactiae in the population of Danish dairy herds from 2000 to 2009 and (2) to estimate the annual herd-level baseline and movement-related incidence risks of S. agalactiae infection over the 10-year period. The analysis involved registry data on bacteriological culture of all bulk tank milk samples collected as part of the mandatory Danish S. agalactiae surveillance scheme as well as live cattle movements into dairy herds during the specified 10-year period. The results indicated that the predicted risk of a herd becoming infected with S. agalactiae varied spatiotemporally; the risk being more homogeneous and higher in the period after 2005. Additionally, the annual baseline risks yielded significant yet distinctive patterns before and after 2005 - the risk of infection being higher in the latter phase. On the contrary, the annual movement-related risks revealed a non-significant pattern over the 10-year period. There was neither evidence for spatial clustering of cases relative to the population of herds at risk nor spatial dependency between herds. Nevertheless, the results signal a need to beef up within-herd biosecurity in order to reduce the risk of new herd infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal M Mweu
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren S Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Ding Y, Yi L, Ma Z, Fan H, Lu C. Molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis in Eastern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67755. [PMID: 23874442 PMCID: PMC3707890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and two Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]) isolates were collected from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis in Eastern China during 2011. Clonal groups were established by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Capsular polysaccharides (CPS), pilus and alpha-like-protein (Alp) family genes were also characterized by molecular techniques. MLST analysis revealed that these isolates were limited to three clonal groups and were clustered in six different lineages, i.e. ST (sequence type) 103, ST568, ST67, ST301, ST313 and ST570, of which ST568 and ST570 were new genotypes. PFGE analysis revealed this isolates were clustered in 27 PFGE types, of which, types 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 23 and 25 were the eight major types, comprising close to 70% (71/102) of all the isolates. The most prevalent sequence types were ST103 (58% isolates) and ST568 (31% isolates), comprising capsular genotype Ia isolates without any of the detected Alp genes, suggesting the appearance of novel genomic backgrounds of prevalent strains of bovine S. agalactiae. All the strains possessed the pilus island 2b (PI-2b) gene and the prevalent capsular genotypes were types Ia (89% isolates) and II (11% isolates), the conserved pilus type providing suitable data for the development of vaccines against mastitis caused by S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinglong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlei Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
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Chuzeville S, Puymège A, Madec JY, Haenni M, Payot S. Characterization of a new CAMP factor carried by an integrative and conjugative element in Streptococcus agalactiae and spreading in Streptococci. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48918. [PMID: 23152820 PMCID: PMC3494709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic exchanges between Streptococci occur frequently and contribute to their genome diversification. Most of sequenced streptococcal genomes carry multiple mobile genetic elements including Integrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs) that play a major role in these horizontal gene transfers. In addition to genes involved in their mobility and regulation, ICEs also carry genes that can confer selective advantages to bacteria. Numerous elements have been described in S. agalactiae especially those integrated at the 3' end of a tRNA(Lys) encoding gene. In strain 515 of S. agalactiae, an invasive neonate human pathogen, the ICE (called 515_tRNA(Lys)) is functional and carries different putative virulence genes including one encoding a putative new CAMP factor in addition to the one previously described. This work demonstrated the functionality of this CAMP factor (CAMP factor II) in Lactococcus lactis but also in pathogenic strains of veterinary origin. The search for co-hemolytic factors in a collection of field strains revealed their presence in S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, but also for the first time in S. equisimilis and S. bovis. Sequencing of these genes revealed the prevalence of a species-specific factor in S. uberis strains (Uberis factor) and the presence of a CAMP factor II encoding gene in S. bovis and S. equisimilis. Furthermore, most of the CAMP factor II positive strains also carried an element integrated in the tRNA(Lys) gene. This work thus describes a CAMP factor that is carried by a mobile genetic element and has spread to different streptococcal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chuzeville
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Anses Lyon, Lyon, France
- INRA, UMR1128 Génétique et Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bd des Aiguillettes BP70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1128 Génétique et Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bd des Aiguillettes BP70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Aurore Puymège
- INRA, UMR1128 Génétique et Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bd des Aiguillettes BP70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1128 Génétique et Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bd des Aiguillettes BP70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Anses Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Anses Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Payot
- INRA, UMR1128 Génétique et Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bd des Aiguillettes BP70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1128 Génétique et Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bd des Aiguillettes BP70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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Rato MG, Bexiga R, Florindo C, Cavaco LM, Vilela CL, Santos-Sanches I. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of streptococci from bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:286-94. [PMID: 22964008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (Group C Streptococcus, GCS) and Streptococcus uberis are relevant mastitis pathogens, a highly prevalent and costly disease in dairy industry due to antibiotherapy and loss in milk production. The aims of this study were the evaluation of antimicrobial drug resistance patterns, particularly important for streptococcal mastitis control and the identification of strain molecular features. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by disk diffusion against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefazolin, cefoperazone, pirlimycin-PRL, rifaximin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin-ERY, gentamicin, tetracycline-TET and vancomycin. Genotypic relationships were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), macrolide and/or tetracycline resistance gene profiling, GBS capsular typing, GBS virulence gene profiling and GBS and S. uberis multi locus sequence typing (MLST). The majority of the isolates were susceptible to all drugs except to aminoglycoside, macrolide, lincosamide and tetracycline. Close to half of the TET resistant isolates have tetO and tetK and almost all ERY-PRL resistant isolates have ermB. A high degree of intra-species polymorphism was found for GCS. The GBS belonged to ST-2, -554, -61, -23 lineages and five new molecular serotypes and human GBS insertion sequences in the cpsE gene were found. Also, GBS of serotype V with scpB and lmb seem to be related with GBS isolates of human origin (same ST-2 and similar PFGE). Overall our results suggested that different therapeutic programs may have been implemented in the different farms and that in most cases clones were herd-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia G Rato
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Jans C, Bugnard J, Njage PMK, Lacroix C, Meile L. Lactic acid bacteria diversity of African raw and fermented camel milk products reveals a highly competitive, potentially health-threatening predominant microflora. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolates from bovine milk. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1981-92. [PMID: 22588571 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococci are one among the major mastitis pathogens which have a considerable impact on cow health, milk quality, and productivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and virulence characteristics of streptococci from bovine milk and to assess the molecular epidemiology and population structure of the Indian isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Out of a total of 209 bovine composite milk samples screened from four herds (A-D), 30 Streptococcus spp. were isolated from 29 milk samples. Among the 30 isolates, species-specific PCR and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis identified 17 Streptococcus agalactiae arising from herd A and 13 Streptococcus uberis comprising of 5, 7, and 1 isolates from herds B, C, and D respectively. PCR based screening for virulence genes revealed the presence of the cfb and the pavA genes in 17 and 1 S. agalactiae isolates, respectively. Similarly, in S. uberis isolates, cfu gene was present in six isolates from herd C, the pau A/skc gene in all the isolates from herds B, C, and D, whereas the sua gene was present in four isolates from herd B and the only isolate from herd D. On MLST analysis, all the S. agalactiae isolates were found to be of a novel sequence type (ST), ST-483, reported for the first time and is a single locus variant of the predicted subgroup founder ST-310, while the S. uberis isolates were found to be of three novel sequence types, namely ST-439, ST-474, and ST-475, all reported for the first time. ST-474 was a double locus variant of three different STs of global clonal complex ST-143 considered to be associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis, but ST-439 and ST-475 were singletons. Unique sequence types identified for both S. agalactiae and S. uberis were found to be herd specific. On PFGE analysis, identical or closely related restriction patterns for S. agalactiae ST-483 and S. uberis ST-439 in herds A and B respectively, but an unrelated restriction pattern for S. uberis ST-474 and ST-475 isolates from herds D and C respectively, were obtained. This signifies that the isolates of particular ST may exhibit related PFGE patterns suggesting detection of a faster molecular clock by PFGE than MLST. Since all the isolates of both the species belonged to novel sequence types, their epidemiological significance in global context could not be ascertained, however, evidence suggests that they have uniquely evolved in Indian conditions. Further research would be useful for understanding the role of these pathogens in bovine sub-clinical mastitis and implementing effective control strategies in India.
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Radtke A, Bruheim T, Afset JE, Bergh K. Multiple-locus variant-repeat assay (MLVA) is a useful tool for molecular epidemiologic analysis of Streptococcus agalactiae strains causing bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:398-404. [PMID: 22266162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) were considered a major cause of mastitis in cattle until preventive measures succeeded in controlling the disease in the 1970s and 1980s. During the last 5-6 years an increasing number of cases have been observed in some Scandinavian countries. A total of 187 GBS isolates from mastitis cases were collected from 119 animals in 34 Norwegian farms in the period from April 2007 to November 2010. 133 (71%) of the isolates were from farms with automated milking systems. The strains underwent typing of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and surface proteins, and were analyzed by multi-locus variable repeat assay (MLVA) to investigate the epidemiological relationship of strains within and between farms. The GBS strains were differentiated into 12 types by CPS and surface protein analysis, with CPS types V (54%) and IV (34%) predominating. MLVA was superior to CPS and protein typing for strain differentiation, resolving the 187 strains into 37 types. In 29 of 34 farms all GBS strains had identical MLVA profiles specific for each farm. However, in one farm represented with 48 isolates, four MLVA variants with differences in one repeat locus were observed during the almost 3-year long collection period. Similar variations were observed at four other farms. This might reflect the stability of repeat loci under in vivo conditions. Farms with automated milking systems were overrepresented in this material. In conclusion, the five-loci MLVA allowed rapid high-resolution genotyping of the bovine GBS strains within and between farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Radtke
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Trondheim, Norway.
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Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:357-72. [PMID: 21968538 PMCID: PMC3208832 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. Many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or Staphylococcus chromogenes, are almost exclusively found in animals. A wide range of molecular typing methods have been used in the past two decades to investigate the epidemiology of bovine mastitis at the subspecies level. These include comparative typing methods that are based on electrophoretic banding patterns, library typing methods that are based on the sequence of selected genes, virulence gene arrays and whole genome sequencing projects. The strain distribution of mastitis pathogens has been investigated within individual animals and across animals, herds, countries and host species, with consideration of the mammary gland, other animal or human body sites, and environmental sources. Molecular epidemiological studies have contributed considerably to our understanding of sources, transmission routes, and prognosis for many bovine mastitis pathogens and to our understanding of mechanisms of host-adaptation and disease causation. In this review, we summarize knowledge gleaned from two decades of molecular epidemiological studies of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle and discuss aspects of comparative relevance to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Contreras GA, Rodríguez JM. Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:339-56. [PMID: 21947764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D202 VMC, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Richards VP, Lang P, Bitar PDP, Lefébure T, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN, Stanhope MJ. Comparative genomics and the role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of bovine adapted Streptococcus agalactiae. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1263-75. [PMID: 21536150 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to causing severe invasive infections in humans, Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), is also a major cause of bovine mastitis. Here we provide the first genome sequence for S. agalactiae isolated from a cow diagnosed with clinical mastitis (strain FSL S3-026). Comparison to eight S. agalactiae genomes obtained from human disease isolates revealed 183 genes specific to the bovine strain. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for the presence/absence of a subset of these loci in additional bovine and human strains revealed strong differentiation between the two groups (Fisher exact test: p<0.0001). The majority of the bovine strain-specific genes (∼ 85%) clustered tightly into eight genomic islands, suggesting these genes were acquired through lateral gene transfer (LGT). This bovine GBS also contained an unusually high proportion of insertion sequences (4.3% of the total genome), suggesting frequent genomic rearrangement. Comparison to other mastitis-causing species of bacteria provided strong evidence for two cases of interspecies LGT within the shared bovine environment: bovine S. agalactiae with Streptococcus uberis (nisin U operon) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (lactose operon). We also found evidence for LGT, involving the salivaricin operon, between the bovine S. agalactiae strain and either Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus salivarius. Our findings provide insight into mechanisms facilitating environmental adaptation and acquisition of potential virulence factors, while highlighting both the key role LGT has played in the recent evolution of the bovine S. agalactiae strain, and the importance of LGT among pathogens within a shared environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Richards
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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