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Wang M, Yang B, Liu T, Li P, Bai S, Zhou Z, Liu X, He M, Ling F, Wang G. Adamantoyl chloride inhibited replication of the largemouth bass virus via enhanced immunity and inhibition of apoptosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109167. [PMID: 37848154 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is a commonly encountered pathogen in aquaculture and presents significant challenges to development of the largemouth bass industry due to the lack of effective treatment methods. Here, the inhibitory potential and underlying mechanisms of adamantoyl chloride (AdCl) against LMBV were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that AdCl (IC50 = 72.35 μM) significantly inhibited replication of LMBV in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. The results of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide and cytopathic effect (CPE) assays confirmed that AdCl inhibited replication of LMBV in EPC cells and significantly reduced the CPE effect, respectively. As a potential mechanism, AdCl inhibited apoptosis as determined by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate was decreased by 69 % in the AdCl-treated group as compared to the LMBV-infected group. Additionally, AdCl inhibited viral release. In vivo, the survival rate was 16.2 % higher in the AdCl-treated group as compared to the LMBV-infected group (26.9 % vs. 10.7 %, respectively). Additionally, the results of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that AdCl significantly reduced the viral load of the fish liver, spleen, and kidneys at 3, 6, and 9 days postinfection. In addition, RT-qPCR analysis found that AdCl upregulated expression of immune-related genes to suppress replication of LMBV. Collectively, these results confirmed the anti-LMBV activities of AdCl for use in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Shangjie Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Maosheng He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Bai X, Xi S, Chen G, Fan X, Wang K, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang W, Tian Y. Multicenter, randomized controlled, open label evaluation of the efficacy and safety of arbidol hydrochloride tablets in the treatment of influenza-like cases. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:585. [PMID: 37674112 PMCID: PMC10483848 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy and safety of arbidol hydrochloride tablets as a treatment for influenza-like diseases. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, controlled, open label study, a total of 412 influenza-like cases were collected from 14 hospitals in seven regions of Hebei Province from September 2021 to March 2022. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n = 207) were administered oseltamivir phosphate capsules for five days and the experimental group (n = 205) were administered arbidol hydrochloride tablets for five days. The primary endpoint was the time to normal body temperature, and the secondary endpoints included the time to remission of influenza symptoms, incidence of influenza-like complications, and incidence of adverse reactions. RESULTS Before treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups in general conditions, blood routine, body temperature, or symptom severity. After treatment, there was no significant difference between the groups in the mean time to fever remission (59.24 h ± 25.21 vs. 61.05 h ± 29.47) or the mean time to remission of influenza symptoms (57.31 h ± 30.19 vs. 62.02 h ± 32.08). Survival analyses using Log-rank and Wilcoxon bilateral tests showed that there was no significant difference in fever relief time or influenza symptom relief time between the two groups. Regarding the incidence of complications and adverse events, there was only one case of tracheitis, one case of nausea, one case of vomiting, and one case of dizziness in the control group. In the experimental group, there was one case of nausea, one case of vomiting, and one case of drowsiness. In addition, one patient in the control group was hospitalized for urinary calculi. CONCLUSION There was no significant difference between the patients with influenza-like cases treated with arbidol hydrochloride tablets and those treated with oseltamivir phosphate capsules. Further, the patients treated with arbidol hydrochloride tablets had fewer adverse reactions, and thus, the tablets were safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Bai
- Emergency Department, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Suya Xi
- Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guiyan Chen
- Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | | | - Kaiwei Wang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Hengshui, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Yong Li
- Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Qinhuangdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Weizhan Wang
- Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Yingping Tian
- Emergency Department, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
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Kang Y, Shi Y, Xu S. Arbidol: The current demand, strategies, and antiviral mechanisms. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e984. [PMID: 37647451 PMCID: PMC10461429 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection have made it become one of the most lethal diseases threatening public health; the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against virus strains exacerbates the problem. METHODS Two independent researchers searched relevant studies using Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE databases from its inception to December 2022. RESULTS Based on the different antiviral mechanisms, current antiviral strategies can be mainly classified into virus-targeting approaches such as neuraminidase inhibitors, matrix protein 2 ion channel inhibitors, polymerase acidic protein inhibitors and other host-targeting antivirals. However, highly viral gene mutation has underscored the necessity of novel antiviral drug development. Arbidol (ARB) is a Russian-made indole-derivative small molecule licensed in Russia and China for the prevention and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections. ARB also has inhibitory effects on many other viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Coxsackie virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hantaan virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis B and C viruses. ARB is a promising drug which can not only exert activity against virus at different steps of virus replication cycle, but also directly target on hosts before infection to prevent virus invasion. CONCLUSION ARB is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits several viruses in vivo and in vitro, with high safety profile and low resistance; the antiviral mechanisms of ARB deserve to be further explored and more high-quality clinical studies are required to establish the efficacy and safety of ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of NeurodegenerationSchool of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of PharmacyJiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Silu Xu
- Department of PharmacyJiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Alnajjar R, Elmaaty AA, Binjubair FA, Al-Rashood ST, Mansour BS, Elkamhawy A, Eldehna WM, Mansour KA. Investigating the promising SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitory activity of secoiridoids isolated from Jasminum humile; in silico and in Vitro assessments with structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37505066 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2240419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic enzyme 3 C-like protease (3Clpro or Mpro) is considered the most important target for SARS-CoV-2 which could be attributed to its crucial role in viral maturation and/or replication. Besides, natural phytoconstituents from plant origin are always promising lead compounds in the drug discovery area. Herein, the previously isolated and identified seven compounds from Jasminum humile (J. humile) were examined in vitro and in silico against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. First, the Vero E6 cells were utilized to pursue the potential of the investigated compounds (both in fractions and individual isolates) using the MTT assay. The total extract (T1) displayed the most significant activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 = 29.36 µg/mL. Besides, the fractions (Fr1 and Fr3) showed good activity against the SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 70.42, and 73.09 µg/mL, respectively. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory assay was utilized to emphasize the inhibitory potential of the investigated isolates. MJN, JMD, and IJM candidates displayed prominent Mpro inhibitory potentials with IC50 = 30.44, 30.24, and 56.25 µM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking of the identified seven compounds against the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 showed that the five secoiridoids achieved superior results. MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD showed higher affinities towards the Mpro target compared to the co-crystallized antagonist. Furthermore, the most active complexes (MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD-Mpro) were subjected to MD simulations run for 150 ns and MM-GBSA calculations, compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor (O6K-Mpro). Finally, the SAR study clarified that JMD achieved the best anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity followed by MJN.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- PharmD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Faizah A Binjubair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ahmed Mansour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University in Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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Virucidal Activity of the Pyridobenzothiazolone Derivative HeE1-17Y against Enveloped RNA Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061157. [PMID: 35746629 PMCID: PMC9228864 DOI: 10.3390/v14061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridobenzothiazolone derivatives are a promising class of broad-spectrum antivirals. However, the mode of action of these compounds remains poorly understood. The HeE1-17Y derivative has already been shown to be a potent compound against a variety of flaviviruses of global relevance. In this work, the mode of action of HeE1-17Y has been studied for West Nile virus taking advantage of reporter replication particles (RRPs). Viral infectivity was drastically reduced by incubating the compound with the virus before infection, thus suggesting a direct interaction with the viral particles. Indeed, RRPs incubated with the inhibitor appeared to be severely compromised in electron microscopy analysis. HeE1-17Y is active against other enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, but not against two non-enveloped viruses, suggesting a virucidal mechanism that involves the alteration of the viral membrane.
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Drug Repurposing for COVID-19: A Review and a Novel Strategy to Identify New Targets and Potential Drug Candidates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092723. [PMID: 35566073 PMCID: PMC9099573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in the province of Wuhan, China. Since then, there have been over 400 million confirmed cases and 5.8 million deaths by COVID-19 reported worldwide. The urgent need for therapies against SARS-CoV-2 led researchers to use drug repurposing approaches. This strategy allows the reduction in risks, time, and costs associated with drug development. In many cases, a repurposed drug can enter directly to preclinical testing and clinical trials, thus accelerating the whole drug discovery process. In this work, we will give a general overview of the main developments in COVID-19 treatment, focusing on the contribution of the drug repurposing paradigm to find effective drugs against this disease. Finally, we will present our findings using a new drug repurposing strategy that identified 11 compounds that may be potentially effective against COVID-19. To our knowledge, seven of these drugs have never been tested against SARS-CoV-2 and are potential candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate their effectiveness in COVID-19 treatment.
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7
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Sarker A, Gu Z, Mao L, Ge Y, Hou D, Fang J, Wei Z, Wang Z. Influenza-existing drugs and treatment prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Novel phenolic Mannich base derivatives: synthesis, bioactivity, molecular docking, and ADME-Tox Studies. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Approaches to the Potential Therapy of COVID-19: A General Overview from the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030658. [PMID: 35163923 PMCID: PMC8838458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of advances in vaccination, control of the COVID-19 pandemic will require the use of pharmacological treatments against SARS-CoV2. Their development needs to consider the existence of two phases in the disease, namely the viral infection and the inflammatory stages. The main targets for antiviral therapeutic intervention are: (a) viral proteins, including the spike (S) protein characteristic of the viral cover and the viral proteases in charge of processing the polyprotein arising from viral genome translation; (b) host proteins, such as those involved in the processes related to viral entry into the host cell and the release of the viral genome inside the cell, the elongation factor eEF1A and importins. The use of antivirals targeted at host proteins is less developed but it has the potential advantage of not being affected by mutations in the genome of the virus and therefore being active against all its variants. Regarding drugs that address the hyperinflammatory phase of the disease triggered by the so-called cytokine storm, the following strategies are particularly relevant: (a) drugs targeting JAK kinases; (b) sphingosine kinase 2 inhibitors; (c) antibodies against interleukin 6 or its receptor; (d) use of the traditional anti-inflammatory corticosteroids.
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Douillet C, Moloney M, Di Rocco M, Elliott C, Danaher M. Development and validation of a quantitative method for 15 antiviral drugs in poultry muscle using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1665:462793. [PMID: 35030475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a quantitative multi-residue method for analysing antiviral drug residues and their metabolites in poultry meat samples. Antiviral drugs are not licensed for the treatment of influenza in food producing animals. However, there have been some reports indicating their illegal use in poultry. In this study, a method was developed for the analysis of 15 antiviral drug residues in poultry muscle (chicken, duck, quail and turkey) using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This included 13 drugs against influenza and associated metabolites, but also two drugs employed for the treatment of herpes (acyclovir and ganciclovir). The method required the development of a novel chromatographic separation using a hydrophilic interaction chromatographic (HILIC) BEH amide column, which was necessary to retain the highly polar compounds. The analytes were detected using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive electrospray ionization mode. A range of different sample preparation protocols suitable for polar compounds were evaluated. The most effective procedure was based on a simple acetonitrile-based protein precipitation step followed by a further dilution in a methanol/water solution. The confirmatory method was validated according to the EU 2021/808 guidelines on different species including chicken, duck, turkey and quail. The validation was performed using various calibration curves ranging from 0.1 µg kg-1to 200 µg kg-1, according to the analyte. Depending on the analyte sensitivity, decision limits achieved ranged from 0.12 µg kg-1 for arbidol to 34.7 µg kg-1 for ribavirin. Overall, the reproducibility precision values ranged from 2.8% to 22.7% and the recoveries from 84% to 127%. The method was applied to 120 commercial poultry samples from the Irish market, which were all found to be residue-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Douillet
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland
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Freidel M, Armen RS. Modeling the Structure-Activity Relationship of Arbidol Derivatives and Other SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Inhibitors Targeting the S2 Segment of the Spike Protein. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5906-5922. [PMID: 34898207 PMCID: PMC8691200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Umifenovir (Arbidol) has been reported to exhibit some degree of efficacy in multiple clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 as a monotherapy. It has also demonstrated synergistic inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 with other direct-acting antivirals such as Remdesivir. A computational approach was used to identify the most favorable binding site to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 segment and to perform virtual screening. Compounds selected from modeling were evaluated in a live SARS-CoV-2 infection assay. An Arbidol (ARB) derivative with substitutions at both the C-4 and C-6 positions was found to exhibit a modest improvement in activity and solubility properties in comparison to ARB. However, all of the derivatives were found to only be partial inhibitors, rather than full inhibitors in a virus-induced cytopathic effect-based assay. The binding mode is also corroborated by parallel modeling of a series of oleanolic acid trisaccharide saponin fusion inhibitors shown to bind to the S2 segment. Recently determined experimental structures of the Spike protein allowed atomic resolution modeling of fusion inhibitor binding as a function of pH, and the implications for the molecular mechanism of direct-acting fusion inhibitors targeting the S2 segment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
R. Freidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson
University, 901 Walnut St. Suite 918, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19170, United States
| | - Roger S. Armen
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson
University, 901 Walnut St. Suite 918, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19170, United States
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Yu M, Wang DC, Li S, Lei YH, Wei J, Huang LY. Meta-analysis of arbidol versus lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1513-1522. [PMID: 34837230 PMCID: PMC9011863 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of arbidol and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) using a meta‐analysis method. Methods The China Knowledge Network, VIP database, WanFang database PubMed database, Embase database, and Cochrane Library were searched for a collection of comparative studies on arbidol and lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID‐19. Meta‐analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Arbidol and lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID‐19. Results The results of the systematic review indicated that Arbidol had a higher positive‐to‐negative conversion rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nucleic acid on Day 7 (p = 0.03), a higher positive‐to‐negative conversion rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid on Day 14 (p = 0.006), a higher improvement rate of chest computed tomography on Day 14 (p = 0.02), a lower incidence of adverse reactions (p = 0.002) and lower rate of mortality (p = 0.007). There was no difference in the rate of cough disappearance on Day 14 (p = 0.24) or the rate of severe/critical illness (p = 0.07) between the two groups. Conclusions Arbidol may be superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID‐19. However, due to the small number of included studies and the number of patients, high‐quality multicenter large‐sample randomized double‐blind controlled trials are still needed for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Deng-Chao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue-Hua Lei
- Department of General Surgery, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Yan Huang
- Department of Pathology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zehnder J, Cadalbert R, Yulikov M, Künze G, Wiegand T. Paramagnetic spin labeling of a bacterial DnaB helicase for solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 332:107075. [PMID: 34597956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Labeling of biomolecules with a paramagnetic probe for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy enables determining long-range distance restraints, which are otherwise not accessible by classically used dipolar coupling-based NMR approaches. Distance restraints derived from paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) can facilitate the structure determination of large proteins and protein complexes. We herein present the site-directed labeling of the large oligomeric bacterial DnaB helicase from Helicobacter pylori with cysteine-reactive maleimide tags carrying either a nitroxide radical or a lanthanide ion. The success of the labeling reaction was followed by quantitative continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments performed on the nitroxide-labeled protein. PREs were extracted site-specifically from 2D and 3D solid-state NMR spectra. A good agreement with predicted PRE values, derived by computational modeling of nitroxide and Gd3+ tags in the low-resolution DnaB crystal structure, was found. Comparison of experimental PREs and model-predicted spin label-nucleus distances indicated that the size of the "blind sphere" around the paramagnetic center, in which NMR resonances are not detected, is slightly larger for Gd3+ (∼14 Å) than for nitroxide (∼11 Å) in 13C-detected 2D spectra of DnaB. We also present Gd3+-Gd3+ dipolar electron-electron resonance EPR experiments on DnaB supporting the conclusion that DnaB was present as a hexameric assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxim Yulikov
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Künze
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical School, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Biswas P, Hasan MM, Dey D, Dos Santos Costa AC, Polash SA, Bibi S, Ferdous N, Kaium MA, Rahman MDH, Jeet FK, Papadakos S, Islam K, Uddin MS. Candidate antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and their environmental implications: a comprehensive analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59570-59593. [PMID: 34510341 PMCID: PMC8435122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging from Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 is the new global threat that killed millions of people, and many are still suffering. This pandemic has not only affected people but also caused economic crisis throughout the world. Researchers have shown good progress in revealing the molecular insights of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and developing vaccines, but effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are yet to be found. Several vaccines are available and used in many countries, while many others are still in clinical or preclinical studies. However, this involves a long-term process, considering the safety procedures and requirements and their long-term protection capacity and in different age groups are still questionable. Therefore, at present, the drug repurposing of the existing therapeutics previously designed against other viral diseases seems to be the only practical approach to mitigate the current situation. The safety of most of these therapeutic agents has already been tested. Recent clinical reports revealed promising therapeutic efficiency of several drugs such as remdesivir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, baricitinib, and cepharanthine. Besides, plasma therapies were used to treat patients and prevent fatal outcomes. Thus, in this article, we have summarized the epidemiological and clinical data from several clinical trials conducted since the beginning of the pandemic, emphasizing the efficiency of the known agents against SARS-CoV-2 and their harmful side effects on the human body as well as their environmental implications. This review shows a clear overview of the current pharmaceutical perspective on COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Dipta Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Nadim Ferdous
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Kaium
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - M D Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Fardin Kamal Jeet
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Stavros Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Khairul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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15
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Lu JZ, Ye D, Chen L, Ma BL. Pharmacokinetic comparison of four arbidol hydrochloride preparations in beagle dogs. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5245. [PMID: 34532879 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of four preparations (dispersible tablets, ordinary tablets, capsules and granules) of arbidol hydrochloride, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, in beagle dogs. Briefly, a single dose of 100 mg of the four preparations of arbidol hydrochloride was orally administered to dogs; blood was then collected from the veins of the foreleg at different times after administration to prepare plasma samples. The plasma concentration of arbidol hydrochloride was measured using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that when orally administered with dispersible tablets, ordinary tablets, capsules and granules suspended with water, there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters (including peak time, peak concentration, elimination half-life, area under the curve (AUC0-t ), and mean retention time) of arbidol hydrochloride. However, in the case of the dispersible tablets, the pharmacokinetics of arbidol hydrochloride was significantly affected by the mode of administration. Compared with direct feeding, peak time [0.50 (0.13, 0.50) vs. 1.00 (0.50, 2.00)] was significantly shortened (P = 0.033) and the AUC0-48 h (8726.5 ± 2509.3 vs. 3650.8 ± 1536.9 ng h/ml) was significantly increased (P = 0.012) when the dispersible tablets were orally administered as water dispersion. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of four preparations of arbidol hydrochloride were not significant different in beagle dogs. However, compared with direct feeding, the absorption of arbidol hydrochloride was faster and the bioavailability was better when the dispersible tablets were orally administered as water dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ze Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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The Antiviral and Virucidal Activities of Voacangine and Structural Analogs Extracted from Tabernaemontana cymosa Depend on the Dengue Virus Strain. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071280. [PMID: 34201900 PMCID: PMC8309144 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no specific licensed antiviral exists for treating the illness caused by dengue virus (DENV). Therefore, the search for compounds of natural origin with antiviral activity is an important area of research. In the present study, three compounds were isolated and identified from seeds of Tabernaemontana cymosa plants. The in vitro antiviral effect of those compounds and voacangine against different DENV strains was assessed using different experimental approaches: compounds added before the infection (Pre), at the same time with the virus (Trans), after the infection (Post) or compounds present in all moments of the experiment (Pre-Trans-Post, Combined treatment). In silico studies (docking and molecular dynamics) were also performed to explain the possible antiviral mechanisms. The identified compounds were three structural analogs of voacangine (voacangine-7-hydroxyindolenine, rupicoline and 3-oxo-voacangine). In the Pre-treatment, only voacangine-7-hydroxyindolenine and rupicoline inhibited the infection caused by the DENV-2/NG strain (16.4% and 29.6% infection, respectively). In the Trans-treatment approach, voacangine, voacangine-7-hydroxyindolenine and rupicoline inhibited the infection in both DENV-2/NG (11.2%, 80.4% and 75.7% infection, respectively) and DENV-2/16681 infection models (73.7%, 74.0% and 75.3% infection, respectively). The latter strain was also inhibited by 3-oxo-voacangine (82.8% infection). Moreover, voacangine (most effective virucidal agent) was also effective against one strain of DENV-1 (DENV-1/WestPac/74) and against the third strain of DENV-2 (DENV-2/S16803) (48.5% and 32.4% infection, respectively). Conversely, no inhibition was observed in the post-treatment approach. The last approach (combined) showed that voacangine, voacangine-7-hydroxyindolenine and rupicoline inhibited over 90% of infections (3.5%, 6.9% and 3.5% infection, respectively) of both strains (DENV-2/NG and DENV-2/16681). The free energy of binding obtained with an in silico approach was favorable for the E protein and compounds, which ranged between −5.1 and −6.3 kcal/mol. Finally, the complex formed between DENV-2 E protein and the best virucidal compound was stable for 50 ns. Our results show that the antiviral effect of indole alkaloids derived from T. cymose depends on the serotype and the virus strain.
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17
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Brief review on repurposed drugs and vaccines for possible treatment of COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173977. [PMID: 33639193 PMCID: PMC7905377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has claimed more than a million lives. Various in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies are being conducted to understand the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the cellular metabolism of humans and the various drugs and drug-targets that may be used. In this review, we discuss protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between viral and human proteins as well as viral targets like proteases. We try to understand the molecular mechanism of various repurposed antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, their combination therapies, drug dosage regimens, and their adverse effects along with possible alternatives like non-toxic antiviral phytochemicals. Ultimately, randomized controlled trials are needed to identify which of these compounds has the required balance of efficacy and safety. We also focus on the recent advancements in diagnostic methods and vaccine candidates developed around the world to fight against Covid-19.
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18
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Zhuo LS, Wang MS, Yang JF, Xu HC, Huang W, Shang LQ, Yang GF. Insights into SARS-CoV-2: Medicinal Chemistry Approaches to Combat Its Structural and Functional Biology. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:23. [PMID: 33886017 PMCID: PMC8061463 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still a pandemic around the world. Currently, specific antiviral drugs to control the epidemic remain deficient. Understanding the details of SARS-CoV-2 structural biology is extremely important for development of antiviral agents that will enable regulation of its life cycle. This review focuses on the structural biology and medicinal chemistry of various key proteins (Spike, ACE2, TMPRSS2, RdRp and Mpro) in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, as well as their inhibitors/drug candidates. Representative broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, especially those against the homologous virus SARS-CoV, are summarized with the expectation they will drive the development of effective, broad-spectrum inhibitors against coronaviruses. We are hopeful that this review will be a useful aid for discovery of novel, potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs with excellent therapeutic results in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Sheng Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Qing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Sorouri F, Emamgholipour Z, Keykhaee M, Najafi A, Firoozpour L, Sabzevari O, Sharifzadeh M, Foroumadi A, Khoobi M. The situation of small molecules targeting key proteins to combat SARS-CoV-2: Synthesis, metabolic pathway, mechanism of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:273-311. [PMID: 33687881 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210308144302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the global epidemic and high mortality of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there is an immediate need to discover drugs that can help before a vaccine becomes available. Given that the process of producing new drugs is so long, the strategy of repurposing existing drugs is one of the promising options for the urgent treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19 disease. Although FDA has approved Remdesivir for the use in hospitalized adults and pediatric patients suffering from COVID-19, no fully effective and reliable drug has been yet identified worldwide to treat COVID-19 specifically. Thus, scientists are still trying to find antivirals specific to COVID-19. This work reviews the chemical structure, metabolic pathway, mechanism of action of existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications for COVID-19. Further, we summarized the molecular docking stimulation of the medications related to key protein targets. These already drugs could be developed for further clinical trials to supply suitable therapeutic options for patients suffering from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sorouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Zahra Emamgholipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Maryam Keykhaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
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20
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Padhi AK, Seal A, Khan JM, Ahamed M, Tripathi T. Unraveling the mechanism of arbidol binding and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2: Insights from atomistic simulations. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 894:173836. [PMID: 33387467 PMCID: PMC7773528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly and poses an unprecedented threat to the global economy and human health. Broad-spectrum antivirals are currently being administered to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). China's prevention and treatment guidelines suggest the use of an anti-influenza drug, arbidol, for the clinical treatment of COVID-19. Reports indicate that arbidol could neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Monotherapy with arbidol is superior to lopinavir-ritonavir or favipiravir for treating COVID-19. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, arbidol acts by interfering with viral binding to host cells. However, the detailed mechanism by which arbidol induces the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 is not known. Here, we present atomistic insights into the mechanism underlying membrane fusion inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by arbidol. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation-based analyses demonstrate that arbidol binds and stabilizes at the receptor-binding domain (RBD)/ACE2 interface with a high affinity. It forms stronger intermolecular interactions with the RBD than ACE2. Analyses of the detailed decomposition of energy components and binding affinities revealed a substantial increase in the affinity between the RBD and ACE2 in the arbidol-bound RBD/ACE2 complex, suggesting that arbidol generates favorable interactions between them. Based on our MD simulation results, we propose that the binding of arbidol induces structural rigidity in the viral glycoprotein, thus restricting the conformational rearrangements associated with membrane fusion and virus entry. Furthermore, key residues of the RBD and ACE2 that interact with arbidol were identified, opening the door for developing therapeutic strategies and higher-efficacy arbidol derivatives or lead drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Padhi
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aniruddha Seal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Khurda, Odisha, India,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India,Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry North-Eastern Hill University Shillong- 793022, India
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21
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Leowattana W. COVID-19: Potential Repurposing Drugs. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e110122191924. [PMID: 33645490 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210301143441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most infectious diseases and caused coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). It has been widely spread worldwide and infected more than 28 million peoples in 215 countries, and more than 920,000 have now died from COVID-19. To date, no effective antiviral drugs or specific vaccines have been discovered yet. In this bewilderment, the potential therapeutic antiviral drug targets for the COVID-19 are repurposing to speed up the discovery of effective treatment. The most potential drug targets are continuously published, especially Favipiravir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Remdesivir. Moreover, the antiviral target proteins and anti-host target proteins were reported continuously. This review summarized the current research studies of potential therapeutic drug targets being tested against the SARS-CoV-2. It will provide information relative to potential repurposing drugs to overcome the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Leowattana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajavithi road, Rachatawee, Bangkok 10400. Thailand
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22
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Jirasko V, Lends A, Lakomek N, Fogeron M, Weber ME, Malär AA, Penzel S, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Dimer Organization of Membrane‐Associated NS5A of Hepatitis C Virus as Determined by Highly Sensitive
1
H‐Detected Solid‐State NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alons Lends
- Physical Chemistry ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Labex Ecofect UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 1 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases Molecular Virology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Heidelberg partner site Heidelberg Germany
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Physical Chemistry ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Labex Ecofect UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 1 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
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23
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Jirasko V, Lends A, Lakomek N, Fogeron M, Weber ME, Malär AA, Penzel S, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Dimer Organization of Membrane-Associated NS5A of Hepatitis C Virus as Determined by Highly Sensitive 1 H-Detected Solid-State NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5339-5347. [PMID: 33205864 PMCID: PMC7986703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is a membrane-associated protein involved in multiple steps of the viral life cycle. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting NS5A are a cornerstone of antiviral therapy, but the mode-of-action of these drugs is poorly understood. This is due to the lack of information on the membrane-bound NS5A structure. Herein, we present the structural model of an NS5A AH-linker-D1 protein reconstituted as proteoliposomes. We use highly sensitive proton-detected solid-state NMR methods suitable to study samples generated through synthetic biology approaches. Spectra analyses disclose that both the AH membrane anchor and the linker are highly flexible. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PRE) reveal that the dimer organization in lipids requires a new type of NS5A self-interaction not reflected in previous crystal structures. In conclusion, we provide the first characterization of NS5A AH-linker-D1 in a lipidic environment shedding light onto the mode-of-action of clinically used NS5A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alons Lends
- Physical ChemistryETH Zurich8093ZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRSUniversité de Lyon 17 passage du Vercors69367LyonFrance
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMolecular VirologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 34569120HeidelbergGermany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)Heidelberg partner siteHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRSUniversité de Lyon 17 passage du Vercors69367LyonFrance
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24
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Dongol K, Neupane Y, Das Dutta H, Raj Gyawali B, Kharel B. Prevalence of Foreign Body Aspiration in Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59:111-115. [PMID: 34506471 PMCID: PMC8959221 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Foreign body aspiration is a common problem in children with significant mortality and morbidity. This study aims to determine the prevalence of foreign body aspiration in children in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from April 2010 to March 2016 after obtaining ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number- 08(6-11)E277/78). All children of age up to 15 years with suspected foreign body aspiration were included. The data was collected from the medical record section and entered in Microsoft Excel. The descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: A total of 26,294 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of foreign body aspiration in children was found to be 98 (0.37%). On rigid bronchoscopy, 82 patients (83.6%) were confirmed to have a foreign body in the airway. The peak incidence of foreign body aspiration was seen in patients of age group one to two years. The commonest foreign body in the airway was a peanut. Conclusions: The prevalence of foreign body aspiration in children was low, which is similar to other studies. Foreign body aspiration may lead to dreadful complications. Therefore, both the clinicians and the public need to be cautious about it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Dongol
- Department of ENT, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yogesh Neupane
- Department of ENT, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Heempali Das Dutta
- Department of ENT, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bigyan Raj Gyawali
- Department of ENT, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya Kharel
- Department of ENT, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
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25
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Bhattacharjee A, Saha M, Halder A, Debnath A, Mukherjee O. Therapeutics and Vaccines: Strengthening Our Fight Against the Global Pandemic COVID-19. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:435-448. [PMID: 33392670 PMCID: PMC7779084 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health concern globally posing a significant threat to human health and economy and creating an unprecedented crisis in all spheres of the global life. Emergence of new genotypes of SARS-CoV during the last few years has pointed out the limited efficacy of available vaccines and antivirals, constraining the global response to the COVID-19 outburst to largely monitoring/containment. There is high priority for treatment regimes and new potential therapeutic and vaccine strategies. Several candidates have shown promising outcomes in various in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, clinical trials are in progress to test conceivable therapies showing promising outcomes in various in vivo studies. Unfortunately, very little information is available in the scientific scope which offers details to the diverse strategies being targeted to fight the pandemic, particularly with respect to the molecular targets. This review article summarizes and highlights the ongoing advances and approaches that are being carried out across the globe in designing vaccines and novel therapeutics, with particular reference to the previous knowledge gained from other viral infections like with the earlier SARS and MERS-CoV. A detailed knowledge may pave the way to combat this pandemic COVID-19 as well as prevent similar deadly epidemics in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A-Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Manish Saha
- Department of Cardiology, R.G Kar Medical College & Hospital, 1, Khudiram Bose Sarani, Bidhan Sarani, Shyam Bazar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700004, India
| | - Arpita Halder
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A-Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Arka Debnath
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Potheri, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A-Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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26
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Kichloo A, Albosta M, Kumar A, Aljadah M, Mohamed M, El-Amir Z, Wani F, Jamal S, Singh J, Kichloo A. Emerging therapeutics in the management of COVID-19. World J Virol 2021; 10:1-29. [PMID: 33585175 PMCID: PMC7852573 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) pandemic has placed a tremendous burden on healthcare systems globally. Therapeutics for treatment of the virus are extremely inconsistent due to the lack of time evaluating drug efficacy in clinical trials. Currently, there is a deficiency of published literature that comprehensively discusses all therapeutics being considered for the treatment of COVID-19. A review of the literature was performed for articles related to therapeutics and clinical trials in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. We used PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov to search for articles relative to the topic of interest. We used the following keywords: "COVID-19", "therapeutics", "clinical trials", "treatment", "FDA", "ICU", "mortality", and "management". In addition, searches through the references of retrieved articles was also performed. In this paper, we have elaborated on the therapeutic strategies that have been hypothesized or trialed to-date, the mechanism of action of each therapeutic, the clinical trials finished or in-process that support the use of each therapeutic, and the adverse effects associated with each therapeutic. Currently, there is no treatment that has been proven to provide significant benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality. There are many clinical trials for numerous different therapeutic agents currently underway. By looking back and measuring successful strategies from previous pandemics in addition to carrying out ongoing research, we provide ourselves with the greatest opportunity to find treatments that are beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kichloo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY 13601, United States
| | - Michael Albosta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Michael Aljadah
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Zain El-Amir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Farah Wani
- Department of Family Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY 13601, United States
| | - Shakeel Jamal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Transplant Nephrology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Sayre, PA 18510, United States
| | - Akif Kichloo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Saraswathi Institue of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh 245304, India
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Majumder J, Minko T. Recent Developments on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:14. [PMID: 33400058 PMCID: PMC7784226 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made a serious public health threat worldwide with millions of people at risk in a growing number of countries. Though there are no clinically approved antiviral drugs and vaccines for COVID-19, attempts are ongoing for clinical trials of several known antiviral drugs, their combination, as well as development of vaccines in patients with confirmed COVID-19. This review focuses on the latest approaches to diagnostics and therapy of COVID-19. We have summarized recent progress on the conventional therapeutics such as antiviral drugs, vaccines, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody treatments, and convalescent plasma therapy which are currently under extensive research and clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. The developments of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches have been also discussed for COVID-19. We have assessed recent literature data on this topic and made a summary of current development and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Majumder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA. .,Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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28
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Laws M, Surani YM, Hasan MM, Chen Y, Jin P, Al-Adhami T, Chowdhury M, Imran A, Psaltis I, Jamshidi S, Nahar KS, Rahman KM. Current Trends and Future Approaches in Small-Molecule Therapeutics for COVID-19. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3803-3824. [PMID: 32693756 PMCID: PMC7611096 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200721161840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has created a global public health emergency. The pandemic is causing substantial morbidity, mortality and significant economic loss. Currently, no approved treatments for COVID-19 are available, and it is likely to takes at least 12-18 months to develop a new vaccine. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutics that can be progressed to clinical development as soon as possible. Repurposing regulatory agency-approved drugs and experimental drugs with known safety profiles can provide important repositories of compounds that can be fast-tracked to clinical development. Globally, over 500 clinical trials involving repurposed drugs have been registered, and over 150 have been initiated, including some backed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). This review is intended as a guide to research into small-molecule therapies to treat COVID-19; it discusses the SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle and identifies promising viral therapeutic targets, reports on a number of promising pre-approved small-molecule drugs with reference to over 150 clinical trials worldwide, and offers a perspective on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Yasmin M. Surani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Md. Mahbub Hasan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Yiyuan Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peiqin Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Taha Al-Adhami
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Madiha Chowdhury
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Aqeel Imran
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ioannis Psaltis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Kazi S. Nahar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Mulaw Belete T. An Up-to-Date Overview of Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease. Clin Pharmacol 2020; 12:203-212. [PMID: 33363416 PMCID: PMC7753885 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s284809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has a great potential to overwhelm the world healthcare systems that may lead to high morbidity and mortality. It also affects world economic development in the future. Currently, no proven effective drugs or vaccines are available for the management of COVID-19 disease. The pace of normal drug development progression is unacceptable in the context of the current pandemic. Therefore, repurposing the existing drugs that were used for the treatment of malaria, Ebola, and influenza helps rapid drug development for COVID-19. Currently, several repurposing candidate drugs are in a clinical trial including, chloroquine monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, interferon, and antiviral therapies. Antiviral drugs like arbidol, remdesiv and favirnavir are the most promising due to the similarities of the viruses regarding viral entry, fusion, uncoating, and replication. This review article provides an overview of the potential therapeutic agent, which displayed better clinical treatment outcomes. Moreover, with further understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, new drugs targeting specific SARS-CoV-2 viral components arise, and investigations on these novels anti-SARSCoV- 2 agents are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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30
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Yadav M, Dhagat S, Eswari JS. Emerging strategies on in silico drug development against COVID-19: challenges and opportunities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105522. [PMID: 32827661 PMCID: PMC7438372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of coronaviruses as human pathogen has been highlighted by the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 leading to the search of suitable drugs to overcome respiratory infections caused by the virus. Due to the lack of specific drugs against coronavirus, the existing antiviral and antimalarial drugs are currently being administered to the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The scientists are also considering repurposing of some of the existing drugs as a suitable option in search of effective drugs against coronavirus till the establishment of a potent drug and/or vaccine. Computer-aided drug discovery provides a promising attempt to enable scientists to develop new and target specific drugs to combat any disease. The discovery of novel targets for COVID-19 using computer-aided drug discovery tools requires knowledge of the structure of coronavirus and various target proteins present in the virus. Targeting viral proteins will make the drug specific against the virus, thereby, increasing the chances of viral mortality. Hence, this review provides the structure of SARS-CoV-2 virus along with the important viral components involved in causing infection. It also focuses on the role of various target proteins in disease, the mechanism by which currently administered drugs act against the virus and the repurposing of few drugs. The gap arising from the absence of specific drugs is addressed by proposing potential antiviral drug targets which might provide insights into structure-based drug development against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, C.G., 492010, India
| | - Swasti Dhagat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, C.G., 492010, India
| | - J Satya Eswari
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, C.G., 492010, India.
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Simabuco FM, Tamura RE, Pavan ICB, Morale MG, Ventura AM. Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological interventions in the replication cycle of human coronaviruses. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 44:e20200212. [PMID: 33237152 PMCID: PMC7731901 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), as well as SARS-CoV from 2003 along with MERS-CoV from 2012, is a member of the Betacoronavirus genus of the Nidovirales order and is currently the cause of the pandemic called COVID-19 (or Coronavirus disease 2019). COVID-19, which is characterized by cough, fever, fatigue, and severe cases of pneumonia, has affected more than 23 million people worldwide until August 25th, 2020. Here, we present a review of the cellular mechanisms associated with human coronavirus replication, including the unique molecular events related to the replication transcription complex (RTC) of coronaviruses. We also present information regarding the interactions between each viral protein and cellular proteins associated to known host-pathogen implications for the coronavirus biology. Finally, a specific topic addresses the current attempts for pharmacological interventions against COVID-19, highlighting the possible effects of each drug on the molecular events of viral replication. This review intends to aid future studies for a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and the development of pharmacological approaches targeting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (FCA), Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Alimentos e Saúde (LABMAS), Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (FCA), Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Alimentos e Saúde (LABMAS), Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (FCF), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian Galliote Morale
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Oncologia Translacional, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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32
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Chan SW. Current and Future Direct-Acting Antivirals Against COVID-19. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587944. [PMID: 33262747 PMCID: PMC7688518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented global crisis. The etiological agent is a new virus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of October, 2020 there have been 45.4 million confirmed cases with a mortality rate of 2.6% globally. With the lack of a vaccine and effective treatments, the race is on to find a cure for the virus infection using specific antivirals. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, proteases, spike protein-host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding and fusion have presented as attractive targets for pan-coronavirus and broad spectrum direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This review presents a perspective on current re-purposing treatments and future DAAs.
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Fang J, Li H, Du W, Yu P, Guan YY, Ma SY, Liu D, Chen W, Shi GC, Bian XL. Efficacy of Early Combination Therapy With Lianhuaqingwen and Arbidol in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:560209. [PMID: 33071781 PMCID: PMC7530276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.560209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan City, China, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. However, no special therapeutic drugs have been identified for COVID-19. The aim of this study was to search for drugs to effectively treat COVID-19. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a total of 162 adult inpatients (≥18 years old) from Ruijin Hospital (Shanghai, China) and Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China) between January 27, 2020, and March 10, 2020. The enrolled COVID-19 patients were first divided into the Lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) monotherapy group and the LHQW + Arbidol combination therapy group. Then, these two groups were further classified into moderate and severe groups according to the clinical classification of COVID-19. Results The early combined usage of LHQW and Arbidol can significantly accelerate the recovery of patients with moderate COVID-19 by reducing the time to conversion to nucleic acid negativity, the time to chest CT improvement, and the length of hospital stay. However, no benefit was observed in severe COVID-19 patients treated with the combination of LHQW + Arbidol. In this study, both Arbidol and LHQW were well tolerated without serious drug-associated adverse events. Conclusion The early combined usage of LHQW and Arbidol may accelerate recovery and improve the prognosis of patients with moderate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Disease, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Yun Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yu Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Disease, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Disease, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Chao Shi
- Department of Respiration and Critical Care Disease, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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34
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Huang B, Ling R, Cheng Y, Wen J, Dai Y, Huang W, Zhang S, Lu X, Luo Y, Jiang YZ. Characteristics of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 and related Therapeutic Options. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:367-375. [PMID: 32665963 PMCID: PMC7311344 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. COVID-19 is affecting millions of patients, and the infected number keeps increasing. SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious, has a long incubation period, and causes a relatively high death rate, resulting in severe health problems all over the world. Currently there is no effective proven drug for the treatment of COVID-19; therefore, development of effective therapeutic drugs to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. In this review, we first summarize the structure and genome features of SARS-CoV-2 and introduce its infection and replication process. Then, we review the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options of COVID-19 patients. We further discuss the potential molecular targets and drug development strategies for treatment of the emerging COVID-19. Finally, we summarize clinical trials of some potential therapeutic drugs and the results of vaccine development. This review provides some insights for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongsong Ling
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqi Wen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yarong Dai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Homeostasis, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yifeng Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
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35
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Huang B, Ling R, Cheng Y, Wen J, Dai Y, Huang W, Zhang S, Lu X, Luo Y, Jiang YZ. Characteristics of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 and related Therapeutic Options. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020. [PMID: 32665963 DOI: 10.1016/2fj.omtm.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. COVID-19 is affecting millions of patients, and the infected number keeps increasing. SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious, has a long incubation period, and causes a relatively high death rate, resulting in severe health problems all over the world. Currently there is no effective proven drug for the treatment of COVID-19; therefore, development of effective therapeutic drugs to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. In this review, we first summarize the structure and genome features of SARS-CoV-2 and introduce its infection and replication process. Then, we review the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options of COVID-19 patients. We further discuss the potential molecular targets and drug development strategies for treatment of the emerging COVID-19. Finally, we summarize clinical trials of some potential therapeutic drugs and the results of vaccine development. This review provides some insights for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongsong Ling
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqi Wen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yarong Dai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Homeostasis, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yifeng Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
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36
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Pan X, Dong L, Yang L, Chen D, Peng C. Potential drugs for the treatment of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in China. Virus Res 2020; 286:198057. [PMID: 32531236 PMCID: PMC7282797 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fight against the novel coronavirus pneumonia (namely COVID-19) that seriously harms human health is a common task for all mankind. Currently, development of drugs against the novel coronavirus (namely SARS-CoV-2) is quite urgent. Chinese medical workers and scientific researchers have found some drugs to play potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19 at the cellular level or in preliminary clinical trials. However, more fundamental studies and large sample clinical trials need to be done to ensure the efficacy and safety of these drugs. The adoption of these drugs without further testing must be careful. The relevant articles, news, and government reports published on the official and Preprint websites, PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases from December 2019 to April 2020 were searched and manually filtered. The general pharmacological characteristics, indications, adverse reactions, general usage, and especially current status of the treatment of COVID-19 of those potentially effective drugs, including chemical drugs, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), and biological products in China were summarized in this review to guide reasonable medication and the development of specific drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Pan
- School of Public Health and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lan Dong
- The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Lian Yang
- School of Public Health and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Dayi Chen
- School of Public Health and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Public Health and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Pandey A, Nikam AN, Shreya AB, Mutalik SP, Gopalan D, Kulkarni S, Padya BS, Fernandes G, Mutalik S, Prassl R. Potential therapeutic targets for combating SARS-CoV-2: Drug repurposing, clinical trials and recent advancements. Life Sci 2020; 256:117883. [PMID: 32497632 PMCID: PMC7263255 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has been a tough task for the whole world to deal with. With the absence of specific drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the situation is very difficult to control. Apart from the absence of specific therapies, the lack of knowledge about potential therapeutic targets and individual perception is adding to the complications. The present review describes the novel SARS-CoV-2 structure, surface proteins, asymptomatic and symptomatic transmission in addition to the genotype and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 along with genetic strains and similarity between SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2. Therapeutic strategies such as inhibition of the endocytic pathway and suppressing RNA polymerase activity by metal ions, which could be quite beneficial for controlling COVID-19, are outlined. The drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 is discussed in detail along with therapeutic classes such as antivirals, antibiotics, and amino quinolones and their probable role in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 with reference to case studies. The ongoing clinical trials both with respect to drug repurposing and vaccines are summarized along with a brief description. The recent advancements and future perspective of ongoing research for therapy and detection of SARS-CoV-2 are provided. The review, in brief, summarizes epidemiology, therapy and the current scenario for combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhjieet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India; Gottfried Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ajjappla Basavaraj Shreya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sadhana P Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Divya Gopalan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Bharath Singh Padya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Gasper Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576106, Karnataka State, India.
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria..
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Malik S, Gupta A, Zhong X, Rasmussen TP, Manautou JE, Bahal R. Emerging Therapeutic Modalities against COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E188. [PMID: 32784499 PMCID: PMC7465781 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread worldwide, bringing the whole world as well as the economy to a standstill. As the world is struggling to minimize the transmission of this devastating disease, several strategies are being actively deployed to develop therapeutic interventions. Pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers are relentlessly working to investigate experimental, repurposed or FDA-approved drugs on a compassionate basis and novel biologics for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and treatment. Presently, a tremendous surge of COVID-19 clinical trials are advancing through different stages. Among currently registered clinical efforts, ~86% are centered on testing small molecules or antibodies either alone or in combination with immunomodulators. The rest ~14% of clinical efforts are aimed at evaluating vaccines and convalescent plasma-based therapies to mitigate the disease's symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic modalities being evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 virus in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Anisha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA;
| | - Xiaobo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Theodore P. Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Jose E. Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
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Rohilla S. Designing therapeutic strategies to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 disease: COVID-19. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:12-26. [PMID: 33216381 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A highly contagious coronavirus disease COVID-19 caused by a recently identified severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initially detected in Wuhan, China has spread worldwide and become a major health crisis in the absence of specific vaccine or antiviral drugs. SARS-CoV-2 infection has resulted in overwhelming number of reported deaths. Unfortunately it is still spreading uncontrollably despite implementing stringent protective measures. Rapid development of effective therapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of infection is crucially required. Although genomic characterization has assisted in unfolding various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 but development of specific antiviral drugs and vaccine against COVID-19 is still a worldwide challenge. Understanding the disease pathological course underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is imperative to identify the vital targets for drug development. SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to enter the host cell and primarily target type II alveolar cells. COVID-19 disease progression is associated with distressed immune functions and hyper active inflammatory system leading to development of cytokine storm which is a vital factor involved in disease advancement. The current review elucidates the disease pathology and summarizes the possible therapeutic options to battle against COVID-19 on the basis of current state of understanding about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic pathways and knowledge gained from previous SARS and MERS-CoV epidemics. Therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent infection as well as to suppress the disease progression to reduce severity and mortality rate is discussed. Drug candidates currently under consideration and undergoing clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Rohilla
- SGT College of Pharmacy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S, Aliter KF. Potential Anti-COVID-19 Therapeutics that Block the Early Stage of the Viral Life Cycle: Structures, Mechanisms, and Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5224. [PMID: 32718020 PMCID: PMC7432953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is being caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease continues to present significant challenges to the health care systems around the world. This is primarily because of the lack of vaccines to protect against the infection and the lack of highly effective therapeutics to prevent and/or treat the illness. Nevertheless, researchers have swiftly responded to the pandemic by advancing old and new potential therapeutics into clinical trials. In this review, we summarize potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics that block the early stage of the viral life cycle. The review presents the structures, mechanisms, and reported results of clinical trials of potential therapeutics that have been listed in clinicaltrials.gov. Given the fact that some of these therapeutics are multi-acting molecules, other relevant mechanisms will also be described. The reviewed therapeutics include small molecules and macromolecules of sulfated polysaccharides, polypeptides, and monoclonal antibodies. The potential therapeutics target viral and/or host proteins or processes that facilitate the early stage of the viral infection. Frequent targets are the viral spike protein, the host angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the host transmembrane protease serine 2, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis process. Overall, the review aims at presenting update-to-date details, so as to enhance awareness of potential therapeutics, and thus, to catalyze their appropriate use in combating the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - Srabani Kar
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - Kholoud F. Aliter
- Department of Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA;
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Yu T, Tian C, Chu S, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Luo S, Hu D, Fan H. COVID-19 patients benefit from early antiviral treatment: A comparative, retrospective study. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2675-2683. [PMID: 32492205 PMCID: PMC7300891 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID‐19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, started in December 2019, Wuhan, China. We aimed to figure out the time‐point and duration of using antiviral drugs for receiving the maximal effects in patients with COVID‐19. In this study, we enrolled 129 confirmed COVID‐19 mild to moderate patients who had been treated with antiviral drugs during their hospitalization in Wuhan Union Hospital China. The patients were divided into an early antiviral treatment group and late antiviral treatment group. The demographic data, laboratory tests, the virus clearance time, chest computed tomography scans, and so forth were extracted, calculated, and compared between two groups. Our data showed that the median time from illness onset to initiation of antiviral treatment was 6 days in all patients. The group with early antiviral treatment demonstrated 7 days shorter in the virus clearance time when compared to the group with late antiviral treatment. After virus clearance, the group with early antiviral treatment showed milder illness than the group with late antiviral treatment. Early antiviral treatment could effectively shorten the virus clearance time, and prevent the rapid progression of COVID‐19. Therefore, the COVID‐19 patients should receive combined therapies with antiviral treatment at an early stage. The group with early antiviral treatment demonstrated 7 days shorter in the virus clearance time when compared to the group with late antiviral treatment, and the time was further shortened after optimizing the duration of antivirals medication. After virus clearance, the group with early antiviral treatment showed milder illness than the group with late antiviral treatment. Controlling the duration of antiviral medication within 7 days could effectively clear virus, and slow down the replication of the virus in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Tian
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Chu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical Collegexs, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical Collegexs, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Luo Z, Ang MJY, Chan SY, Yi Z, Goh YY, Yan S, Tao J, Liu K, Li X, Zhang H, Huang W, Liu X. Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:6925296. [PMID: 32607499 PMCID: PMC7315394 DOI: 10.34133/2020/6925296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV, a pandemic, as the coronavirus has now infected over 2.6 million people globally and caused more than 185,000 fatalities as of April 23, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a respiratory illness with symptoms such as dry cough, fever, sudden loss of smell, and, in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. To date, there is no specific vaccine or treatment proven effective against this viral disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is thus critical to curbing its spread and improving health outcomes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is commonly used to detect the presence of COVID-19. Other techniques, such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and microfluidics, have allowed better disease diagnosis. Here, as part of the effort to expand screening capacity, we review advances and challenges in the rapid detection of COVID-19 by targeting nucleic acids, antigens, or antibodies. We also summarize potential treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 and discuss ongoing clinical trials of interventions to reduce viral progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Melgious Jin Yan Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhigao Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yi Yiing Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shuangqian Yan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jun Tao
- Sports Medical Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350807, China
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, first emerged in late 2019 in China. It has since infected more than 870,000 individuals and caused more than 43,000 deaths globally. Here, we discuss therapeutic and prophylactic interventions for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on vaccine development and its challenges. Vaccines are being rapidly developed but will likely come too late to affect the first wave of a potential pandemic. Nevertheless, critical lessons can be learned for the development of vaccines against rapidly emerging viruses. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be essential to reducing morbidity and mortality if the virus establishes itself in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Ma N, Shen M, Chen T, Liu Y, Mao Y, Chen L, Xiong H, Hou W, Liu D, Yang Z. Assessment of a new arbidol derivative against herpes simplex virus II in human cervical epithelial cells and in BALB/c mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109359. [PMID: 31545243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the highly contagious forms, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) commonly caused severe genital diseases and closely referred to the HIV infection. The lack of effective vaccines and drug-resistance proclaimed the preoccupation for alternative antiviral agents against HSV-2. Molecules bearing indole nucleus presented diverse biological properties involving antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, one of the indole molecules, arbidol derivative (ARD) was designed and synthesized prior to the evaluation of its anti-HSV-2 activity. Our data showed that the ARD effectively suppressed HSV-2-induced cytopathic effects and the generation of progeny virus, with 50% effective concentrations of 3.386 and 1.717 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the time-course assay suggested that the ARD operated in a dual antiviral way by interfering virus entry and impairing the earlier period of viral cycle during viral DNA synthesis. The ARD-mediated HSV-2 inhibition was partially attained by blocking NF-κB pathways and down-regulating the expressions of several inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that oral administration of ARD protected BALB/c mice from intravaginal HSV-2 challenge by alleviating serious vulval lesions and histopathological changes in the target organs. Besides, the treatment with ARD also made the levels of viral protein, NF-κB protein and inflammatory cytokines lower, in consistent with the in-vitro studies. Collectively, ARD unveiled therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of HSV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mengxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yidong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liangjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hairong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dongying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Zhanqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, National Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Biological evaluation of molecules of the azaBINOL class as antiviral agents: Inhibition of HIV-1 RNase H activity by 7-isopropoxy-8-(naphth-1-yl)quinoline. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3595-3604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Herod MR, Adeyemi OO, Ward J, Bentley K, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, Polyak SJ. The broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus genome replication. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1293-1302. [PMID: 31162013 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbidol (ARB, also known as umifenovir) is used clinically in several countries as an anti-influenza virus drug. ARB inhibits multiple enveloped viruses in vitro and the primary mode of action is inhibition of virus entry and/or fusion of viral membranes with intracellular endosomal membranes. ARB is also an effective inhibitor of non-enveloped poliovirus types 1 and 3. In the current report, we evaluate the antiviral potential of ARB against another picornavirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the genus Aphthovirus and an important veterinary pathogen. ARB inhibits the replication of FMDV RNA sub-genomic replicons. ARB inhibition of FMDV RNA replication is not a result of generalized inhibition of cellular uptake of cargo, such as transfected DNA, and ARB can be added to cells up to 3 h post-transfection of FMDV RNA replicons and still inhibit FMDV replication. ARB prevents the recovery of FMDV replication upon withdrawal of the replication inhibitor guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Although restoration of FMDV replication is known to require de novo protein synthesis upon GuHCl removal, ARB does not suppress cellular translation or FMDV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-driven translation. ARB also inhibits infection with the related Aphthovirus, equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV). Collectively, the data demonstrate that ARB can inhibit some non-enveloped picornaviruses. The data are consistent with inhibition of picornavirus genome replication, possibly via the disruption of intracellular membranes on which replication complexes are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Oluwapelumi O Adeyemi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Current Address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02185-18. [PMID: 30700611 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02185-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral therapies that impede virus entry are attractive because they act on the first phase of the infectious cycle. Drugs that target pathways common to multiple viruses are particularly desirable when laboratory-based viral identification may be challenging, e.g., in an outbreak setting. We are interested in identifying drugs that block both Ebola virus (EBOV) and Lassa virus (LASV), two unrelated but highly pathogenic hemorrhagic fever viruses that have caused outbreaks in similar regions in Africa and share features of virus entry: use of cell surface attachment factors, macropinocytosis, endosomal receptors, and low pH to trigger fusion in late endosomes. Toward this goal, we directly compared the potency of eight drugs known to block EBOV entry with their potency as inhibitors of LASV entry. Five drugs (amodiaquine, apilimod, arbidol, niclosamide, and zoniporide) showed roughly equivalent degrees of inhibition of LASV and EBOV glycoprotein (GP)-bearing pseudoviruses; three (clomiphene, sertraline, and toremifene) were more potent against EBOV. We then focused on arbidol, which is licensed abroad as an anti-influenza drug and exhibits activity against a diverse array of clinically relevant viruses. We found that arbidol inhibits infection by authentic LASV, inhibits LASV GP-mediated cell-cell fusion and virus-cell fusion, and, reminiscent of its activity on influenza virus hemagglutinin, stabilizes LASV GP to low-pH exposure. Our findings suggest that arbidol inhibits LASV fusion, which may partly involve blocking conformational changes in LASV GP. We discuss our findings in terms of the potential to develop a drug cocktail that could inhibit both LASV and EBOV.IMPORTANCE Lassa and Ebola viruses continue to cause severe outbreaks in humans, yet there are only limited therapeutic options to treat the deadly hemorrhagic fever diseases they cause. Because of overlapping geographic occurrences and similarities in mode of entry into cells, we seek a practical drug or drug cocktail that could be used to treat infections by both viruses. Toward this goal, we directly compared eight drugs, approved or in clinical testing, for the ability to block entry mediated by the glycoproteins of both viruses. We identified five drugs with approximately equal potencies against both. Among these, we investigated the modes of action of arbidol, a drug licensed abroad to treat influenza infections. We found, as shown for influenza virus, that arbidol blocks fusion mediated by the Lassa virus glycoprotein. Our findings encourage the development of a combination of approved drugs to treat both Lassa and Ebola virus diseases.
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Edwards MR, Basler CF. Current status of small molecule drug development for Ebola virus and other filoviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:42-56. [PMID: 31003196 PMCID: PMC6556423 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The filovirus family includes some of the deadliest viruses known, including Ebola virus and Marburg virus. These viruses cause periodic outbreaks of severe disease that can be spread from person to person, making the filoviruses important public health threats. There remains a need for approved drugs that target all or most members of this virus family. Small molecule inhibitors that target conserved functions hold promise as pan-filovirus therapeutics. To date, compounds that effectively target virus entry, genome replication, gene expression, and virus egress have been described. The most advanced inhibitors are nucleoside analogs that target viral RNA synthesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, United States
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, United States.
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Mono- and Disubstituted 4-Hydroxyacetophenone Derivatives via Mannich Reaction: Synthesis, XRD and HS-Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030590. [PMID: 30736403 PMCID: PMC6384783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient microwave-assisted one-step synthetic route toward Mannich bases is developed from 4-hydroxyacetophenone and different secondary amines in quantitative yields, via a regioselective substitution reaction. The reaction takes a short time and is non-catalyzed and reproducible on a gram scale. The environmentally benign methodology provides a novel alternative, to the conventional methodologies, for the synthesis of mono- and disubstituted Mannich bases of 4-hydroxyacetophenone. All compounds were well-characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The structures of 1-{4-hydroxy-3-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]phenyl}ethan-1-one (2a) and 1-{4-hydroxy-3-[(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}ethan-1-one (3a) were determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Compound 2a and 3a crystallize in monoclinic, P21/n, and orthorhombic, Pbca, respectively. The most characteristic features of the molecular structure of 2a is that the morpholine fragment adopts a chair conformation with strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Compound 3a exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding, too. Furthermore, the computed Hirshfeld surface analysis confirms H-bonds and π–π stack interactions obtained by XRD packing analyses.
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50
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Du Q, Gu Z, Leneva I, Jiang H, Li R, Deng L, Yang Z. The antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2) in a mouse model of vaginitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 68:58-67. [PMID: 30612085 PMCID: PMC7106079 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective HSV-2 infection has increased significantly in recent years, which is closely associated with cervical cancer and HIV infection. The lack of success in vaccine development and the emergence of drug resistance to commonly used drugs emphasize the urgent need for alternative antivirals against HSV-2 infection. Arbidol (ARB) has been demonstrated to be a broad spectrum antiviral drug that exhibits immunomodulatory properties that affect the HSV-2 life cycle. This study investigated the efficacy and mechanism of ARB against HSV-2 in vivo and in vitro to further explore the clinical application of ARB. Methods The efficacy of ARB on HSV-2 infection in vitro was examined by CPE and MTT assays. A vaginitis model was established to monitor changes in histopathology and inflammatory cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β) expression by H&E staining and ELISA, respectively, and the efficacy of ARB was evaluated accordingly. Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of the vaginitis animals. Considering the balance of efficacy and pharmacokinetics, ARB ointment was strictly prepared to observe formulation efficacy differences compared to the oral dosing form. Results The results showed that, in vitro, the TC50 and IC50 of ARB were 32.32 μg/mL and 4.77 μg/mL (SI = 6.82), respectively, indicating that ARB presents effective activity against HSV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the time-course assay suggested that 25 μg/mL ARB affected the late stage of HSV-2 replication. However, ARB did not inhibit viral attachment or cell penetration. The in vivo results showed that ARB ointment can improve the survival rate, prolong the survival time and reduce the reproductive tract injury in mice infected with HSV-2, regulate cytokine expression; and balance the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in the peripheral blood to participate in the regulation of immune response. Conclusion ARB showed anti-HSV-2 activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and played a role in inhibiting the late replication cycle of the virus. The vaginitis model was successfully established, according to immunomodulation outcomes, responded better to ARB in ointment form than in oral form. ARB showed anti-HSV-2 activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. ARB inhibited the late replication cycle of HSV-2. ARB ointment participated in the regulation of immune response to reduce the reproductive tract injury. ARB in ointment form responded to vaginitis better than in oral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China; Luke Medical Center, Rua de Joao de Almeida No 10 LJB RC, Macau SAR, PR China
| | - Irina Leneva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera", Moscow, Russia
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China.
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