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Rastogi I, McNeel DG. B cells require licensing by dendritic cells to serve as primary antigen-presenting cells for plasmid DNA. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2212550. [PMID: 37205983 PMCID: PMC10190194 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2212550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been an attractive approach for treating cancer patients, however have demonstrated modest immunogenicity in human clinical trials. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to cross-present DNA-encoded antigens expressed in bystander cells. However, we have previously reported that B cells, and not DCs, serve as primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs) following passive uptake of plasmid DNA. Here we sought to understand the requirements for B cells to present DNA-encoded antigens, to ultimately increase the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Using ovalbumin-specific OT-1 CD8+ T cells and isolated APC populations, we demonstrated that following passive uptake of plasmid DNA, B cells but not DC, can translate the encoded antigen. However, CD8 T cells were only activated by B cells when they were co-cultured with DCs. We found that a cell-cell contact is required between B cells and DCs. Using MHCI KO and re-purification studies, we demonstrated that B cells were the primary APCs and DCs serve to license this function. We further identified that the gene expression profiles of B cells that have been licensed by DCs, compared to the B cells that have not, are vastly different and have signatures similar to B cells activated with a TLR7/8 agonist. Our data demonstrate that B cells transcribe and translate antigens encoded by plasmid DNA following passive uptake, however require licensing by live DC to present antigen to CD8 T cells. Further study of the role of B cells as APCs will be important to improve the immunological efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichwaku Rastogi
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Jeon D, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonist combinations augment mouse T-cell anti-tumor immunity via IL-12- and interferon ß-mediated suppression of immune checkpoint receptor expression. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2054758. [PMID: 35340661 PMCID: PMC8942433 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2054758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that activated CD8+ T-cells increase expression of PD-1, which can be attenuated in the presence of specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, mediated by IL-12 secreted by professional antigen-presenting cells. While these CD8+ T-cells had greater anti-tumor activity, T-cells stimulated by different TLR had different gene expression profiles. Consequently, we sought to determine whether combinations of TLR agonists might further affect the expression of T-cell checkpoint receptors and improve T-cell anti-tumor immunity. Activation of CD8+ T-cells in the presence of specific TLR ligands resulted in decreased expression of PD-1, LAG-3, and CD160, notably with combinations of TLR1/2, TLR3, and TLR9 agonists. Immunization of E.G7-OVA or TRAMP-C1 tumor-bearing mice with peptide or DNA vaccines, co-administered with combination of TLR3 and TLR9 agonists, showed greater suppression of tumor growth. The anti-tumor effect of TLR1/2 and/or TLR9, but not TLR3, was abrogated in IL-12KO mice. RNA sequencing of TLR-conditioned CD8+ T-cells revealed IL-12 pathway activation, and type 1 IFN pathway activation following TLR3 stimulation. Our results provide a mechanistic rationale for the choice of optimal combinations of TLR ligands to use as adjuvants to improve the efficacy of anti-tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Chiou SJ, Ko HJ, Hwang CC, Hong YR. The Double-Edged Sword of Beta2-Microglobulin in Antibacterial Properties and Amyloid Fibril-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126330. [PMID: 34199259 PMCID: PMC8231965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin (B2M) a key component of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, which aid cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response. However, the majority of studies of B2M have focused only on amyloid fibrils in pathogenesis to the neglect of its role of antimicrobial activity. Indeed, B2M also plays an important role in innate defense and does not only function as an adjuvant for CTL response. A previous study discovered that human aggregated B2M binds the surface protein structure in Streptococci, and a similar study revealed that sB2M-9, derived from native B2M, functions as an antibacterial chemokine that binds Staphylococcus aureus. An investigation of sB2M-9 exhibiting an early lymphocyte recruitment in the human respiratory epithelium with bacterial challenge may uncover previously unrecognized aspects of B2M in the body’s innate defense against Mycobactrium tuberculosis. B2M possesses antimicrobial activity that operates primarily under pH-dependent acidic conditions at which B2M and fragmented B2M may become a nucleus seed that triggers self-aggregation into distinct states, such as oligomers and amyloid fibrils. Modified B2M can act as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against a wide range of microbes. Specifically, these AMPs disrupt microbe membranes, a feature similar to that of amyloid fibril mediated cytotoxicity toward eukaryotes. This study investigated two similar but nonidentical effects of B2M: the physiological role of B2M, in which it potentially acts against microbes in innate defense and the role of B2M in amyloid fibrils, in which it disrupts the membrane of pathological cells. Moreover, we explored the pH-governing antibacterial activity of B2M and acidic pH mediated B2M amyloid fibrils underlying such cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-J.C.); (Y.-R.H.)
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-J.C.); (Y.-R.H.)
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4
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Zahm CD, Moseman JE, Delmastro LE, G Mcneel D. PD-1 and LAG-3 blockade improve anti-tumor vaccine efficacy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1912892. [PMID: 33996265 PMCID: PMC8078506 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1912892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent blockade of different checkpoint receptors, notably PD-1 and CTLA-4, elicits greater anti-tumor activity for some tumor types, and the combination of different checkpoint receptor inhibitors is an active area of clinical research. We have previously demonstrated that anti-tumor vaccination, by activating CD8 + T cells, increases the expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3 and other inhibitory receptors, and the anti-tumor efficacy of vaccination can be increased with checkpoint blockade. In the current study, we sought to determine whether anti-tumor vaccination might be further improved with combined checkpoint blockade. Using an OVA-expressing mouse tumor model, we found that CD8 + T cells activated in the presence of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) expressed multiple checkpoint receptors; however, T cells activated without APCs expressed LAG-3 alone, suggesting that LAG-3 might be a preferred target in combination with vaccination. Using three different murine tumor models, and peptide or DNA vaccines targeting three tumor antigens, we assessed the effects of vaccines with blockade of PD-1 and/or LAG-3 on tumor growth. We report that, in each model, the anti-tumor efficacy of vaccination was increased with PD-1 and/or LAG-3 blockade. However, combined PD-1 and LAG-3 blockade elicited the greatest anti-tumor effect when combined with vaccination in a MycCaP prostate cancer model in which PD-1 blockade alone with vaccination targeting a “self” tumor antigen had less efficacy. These results suggest anti-tumor vaccination might best be combined with concurrent blockade of both PD-1 and LAG-3, and potentially other checkpoint receptors whose expression is increased on CD8 + T cells following vaccine-mediated activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Zahm
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jena E Moseman
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lauren E Delmastro
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Douglas G Mcneel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Abstract
It could be argued that we understand the immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes better than the immunity elicited by any other bacteria. L. monocytogenes are Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically tractable and easy to cultivate in vitro, and the mouse model of intravenous (i.v.) inoculation is highly reproducible. For these reasons, immunologists frequently use the mouse model of systemic listeriosis to dissect the mechanisms used by mammalian hosts to recognize and respond to infection. This article provides an overview of what we have learned over the past few decades and is divided into three sections: "Innate Immunity" describes how the host initially detects the presence of L. monocytogenes and characterizes the soluble and cellular responses that occur during the first few days postinfection; "Adaptive Immunity" discusses the exquisitely specific T cell response that mediates complete clearance of infection and immunological memory; "Use of Attenuated Listeria as a Vaccine Vector" highlights the ways that investigators have exploited our extensive knowledge of anti-Listeria immunity to develop cancer therapeutics.
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Listeria Monocytogenes: A Model Pathogen Continues to Refine Our Knowledge of the CD8 T Cell Response. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020055. [PMID: 29914156 PMCID: PMC6027175 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection induces robust CD8 T cell responses, which play a critical role in resolving Lm during primary infection and provide protective immunity to re-infections. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to delineate the CD8 T cell response after Lm infection. In this review, the generation of the CD8 T cell response to Lm infection will be discussed. The role of dendritic cell subsets in acquiring and presenting Lm antigens to CD8 T cells and the events that occur during T cell priming and activation will be addressed. CD8 T cell expansion, differentiation and contraction as well as the signals that regulate these processes during Lm infection will be explored. Finally, the formation of memory CD8 T cell subsets in the circulation and in the intestine will be analyzed. Recently, the study of CD8 T cell responses to Lm infection has begun to shift focus from the intravenous infection model to a natural oral infection model as the humanized mouse and murinized Lm have become readily available. Recent findings in the generation of CD8 T cell responses to oral infection using murinized Lm will be explored throughout the review. Finally, CD8 T cell-mediated protective immunity against Lm infection and the use of Lm as a vaccine vector for cancer immunotherapy will be highlighted. Overall, this review will provide detailed knowledge on the biology of CD8 T cell responses after Lm infection that may shed light on improving rational vaccine design.
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Johnson LE, Brockstedt D, Leong M, Lauer P, Theisen E, Sauer JD, McNeel DG. Heterologous vaccination targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using DNA and Listeria vaccines elicits superior anti-tumor immunity dependent on CD4+ T cells elicited by DNA priming. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1456603. [PMID: 30221049 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1456603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Sipuleucel T, an autologous cell-based vaccine targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. DNA vaccines encoding PAP and live attenuated Listeria vaccines have entered clinical trials for patients with prostate cancer, and have advantages in terms of eliciting predominantly Th1-biased immunity. In this study, we investigated whether the immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacy of a DNA and Listeria vaccine, each encoding PAP, could be enhanced by using them in a heterologous prime/boost approach. Methods. Transgenic mice expressing HLA-A2.01 and HLA-DRB1*0101 were immunized alone or with a heterologous prime/boost strategy. Splenocytes were evaluated for MHC class I and II-restricted, PAP-specific immune responses by IFNγ ELISPOTs. Anti-tumor activity to a syngeneic, PAP-expressing tumor line was evaluated. Results. PAP-specific cellular immunity and anti-tumor activity were elicited in mice after immunization with DNA- or listeria-based vaccines. Greater CD4+ and CD8+ responses, and anti-tumor responses, were elicited when mice were immunized first with DNA and boosted with Listeria, but not when administered in the opposite order. This was found to be dependent on CD4+ T cells elicited with DNA priming, and was not due to inflammatory signals by Listeria itself or due to B cells serving as antigen-presenting cells for DNA during priming. Conclusions. Heterologous prime/boost vaccination using DNA priming with Listeria boosting may provide better anti-tumor immunity, similar to many reports evaluating DNA priming with vaccines targeting foreign microbial antigens. These findings have implications for the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Johnson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | - Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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8
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Colluru VT, McNeel DG. B lymphocytes as direct antigen-presenting cells for anti-tumor DNA vaccines. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67901-67918. [PMID: 27661128 PMCID: PMC5356528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of remarkable preclinical efficacy, DNA vaccination has demonstrated low immunogenicity in humans. While efforts have focused on increasing cross-presentation of DNA-encoded antigens, efforts to increase DNA vaccine immunogenicity by targeting direct presentation have remained mostly unexplored. In these studies, we compared the ability of different APCs to present antigen to T cells after simple co-culture with plasmid DNA. We found that human primary peripheral B lymphocytes, and not monocytes or in vitro derived dendritic cells (DCs), were able to efficiently encode antigen mRNA and expand cognate tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells ex vivo. Similarly, murine B lymphocytes co-cultured with plasmid DNA, and not DCs, were able to prime antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Moreover, B lymphocyte-mediated presentation of plasmid antigen led to greater Th1-biased immunity and was sufficient to elicit an anti-tumor effect in vivo. Surprisingly, increasing plasmid presentation by B cells, and not cross presentation of peptides by DCs, further augmented traditional plasmid vaccination. Together, these data suggest that targeting plasmid DNA to B lymphocytes, for example through transfer of ex vivo plasmidloaded B cells, may be novel means to achieve greater T cell immunity from DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswa Teja Colluru
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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9
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Abstract
DNA vaccines offer many advantages over other anti-tumor vaccine approaches due to their simplicity, ease of manufacturing, and safety. Results from several clinical trials in patients with cancer have demonstrated that DNA vaccines are safe and can elicit immune responses. However, to date few DNA vaccines have progressed beyond phase I clinical trial evaluation. Studies into the mechanism of action of DNA vaccines in terms of antigen-presenting cell types able to directly present or cross-present DNA-encoded antigens, and the activation of innate immune responses due to DNA itself, have suggested opportunities to increase the immunogenicity of these vaccines. In addition, studies into the mechanisms of tumor resistance to anti-tumor vaccination have suggested combination approaches that can increase the anti-tumor effect of DNA vaccines. This review focuses on these mechanisms of action and mechanisms of resistance using DNA vaccines, and how this information is being used to improve the anti-tumor effect of DNA vaccines. These approaches are then specifically discussed in the context of human prostate cancer, a disease for which DNA vaccines have been and continue to be explored as treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Zahm
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Viswa Teja Colluru
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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10
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Noronha SAACD, Noronha SMRD, Lanziani LE, Ferreira LM, Gragnani A. Innate and adaptive immunity gene expression of human keratinocytes cultured of severe burn injury. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 29 Suppl 3:60-7. [PMID: 25351159 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014001700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the expression profile of genes related to Innate and Adaptive Immune System (IAIS) of human Primary Epidermal keratinocytes (hPEKP) of patients with severe burns. METHODS After obtaining viable fragments of skin with and without burning, culture hKEP was initiated by the enzymatic method using Dispase (Sigma-Aldrich). These cells were treated with Trizol(r) (Life Technologies) for extraction of total RNA. This was quantified and analyzed for purity for obtaining cDNA for the analysis of gene expression using specific IAIS PCR Arrays plates (SA Biosciences). RESULTS After the analysis of gene expression we found that 63% of these genes were differentially expressed, of which 77% were repressed and 23% were hyper-regulated. Among these, the following genes (fold increase or decrease): IL8 (41), IL6 (32), TNF (-92), HLA-E (-86), LYS (-74), CCR6 (- 73), CD86 (-41) and HLA-A (-35). CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying wound infection caused by the burn. Furthermore, it may provide new strategies to restore normal expression of these genes and thereby change the healing process and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Gragnani
- Department of Surgery, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Lee SH, Carrero JA, Uppaluri R, White JM, Archambault JM, Lai KS, Chan SR, Sheehan KCF, Unanue ER, Schreiber RD. Identifying the initiating events of anti-Listeria responses using mice with conditional loss of IFN-γ receptor subunit 1 (IFNGR1). JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:4223-34. [PMID: 24048899 PMCID: PMC3874833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although IFN-γ is required for resolution of Listeria monocytogenes infection, the identities of the IFN-γ-responsive cells that initiate the process remain unclear. We addressed this question using novel mice with conditional loss of IFN-γR (IFNGR1). Itgax-cre(+)Ifngr1(f/f) mice with selective IFN-γ unresponsiveness in CD8α(+) dendritic cells displayed increased susceptibility to infection. This phenotype was due to the inability of IFN-γ-unresponsive CD8α(+) dendritic cells to produce the initial burst of IL-12 induced by IFN-γ from TNF-α-activated NK/NKT cells. The defect in early IL-12 production resulted in increased IL-4 production that established a myeloid cell environment favoring Listeria growth. Neutralization of IL-4 restored Listeria resistance in Itgax-cre(+)Ifngr1(f/f) mice. We also found that Itgax-cre(+)Ifngr1(f/f) mice survived infection with low-dose Listeria as the result of a second wave of IL-12 produced by Ly6C(hi) monocytes. Thus, an IFN-γ-driven cascade involving CD8α(+) dendritic cells and NK/NKT cells induces the rapid production of IL-12 that initiates the anti-Listeria response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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12
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Prendergast KA, Kirman JR. Dendritic cell subsets in mycobacterial infection: control of bacterial growth and T cell responses. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 93:115-22. [PMID: 23167967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-mycobacterial immunity is guided by specialised antigen presenting cells known as dendritic cells, which are essential for both initiating and maintaining T cell immune responses during infection. The dendritic cell population can be divided into functionally distinct subsets that differ in their ability to present antigen and produce key TH1 cytokines, such as IL-12. This review discusses recent studies, in murine models, investigating which dendritic cell populations are important for mycobacterial control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Prendergast
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Newtown, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
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13
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Williams MA, Schmidt RL, Lenz LL. Early events regulating immunity and pathogenesis during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:488-95. [PMID: 22677184 PMCID: PMC3440530 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is both a life-threatening pathogen of humans and a model organism that is widely used to dissect the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune resistance to infection. Specific aspects of the immune response to systemic Lm infection can be protective, neutral, or in some cases deleterious. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of the early events during Lm infection that dictate or regulate host innate and adaptive immune responses. We highlight several recent developments that add to our understanding of the complex interplay between inflammatory responses, host susceptibility to infection, and the development of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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14
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Pontiroli F, Dussurget O, Zanoni I, Urbano M, Beretta O, Granucci F, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Cossart P, Foti M. The timing of IFNβ production affects early innate responses to Listeria monocytogenes and determines the overall outcome of lethal infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43455. [PMID: 22912878 PMCID: PMC3422257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells are essential components of the innate immunity and play a crucial role in the first phase of host defense against infections and tumors. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an intracellular pathogen that colonizes the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Recent findings have shown Lm specifically in splenic CD8a+ DCs shortly after intravenous infection. We examined gene expression profiles of mouse DCs exposed to Lm to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying DCs interaction with Lm. Using a functional genomics approach, we found that Lm infection induced a cluster of late response genes including type I IFNs and interferon responsive genes (IRGs) in DCs. Type I INFs were produced at the maximal level only at 24 h post infection indicating that the regulation of IFNs in the context of Lm infection is delayed compared to the rapid response observed with viral pathogens. We showed that during Lm infection, IFNγ production and cytotoxic activity were severely impaired in NK cells compared to E. coli infection. These defects were restored by providing an exogenous source of IFNβ during the initial phase of bacterial challenge. Moreover, when treated with IFNβ during early infection, NK cells were able to reduce bacterial titer in the spleen and significantly improve survival of infected mice. These findings show that the timing of IFNβ production is fundamental to the efficient control of the bacterium during the early innate phase of Lm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pontiroli
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U604, Paris, France
- INRA USC2020, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Urbano
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio Beretta
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Genopolis Consortium, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U604, Paris, France
- INRA USC2020, Paris, France
| | - Maria Foti
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Genopolis Consortium, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
Active immunotherapy targeting dendritic cells (DCs) has shown great promise in preclinical models and in human clinical trials for the treatment of malignant disease. Sipuleucel-T (Provenge, Dendreon, Seattle, WA), which consists of antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs), recently became the first targeted therapeutic cancer vaccine to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, ex vivo therapies such as Provenge have practical limitations and elicit an immune response with limited scope. By contrast, live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) naturally targets DCs in vivo and stimulates both innate and adaptive cellular immunity. Lm-based vaccines engineered to express cancer antigens have demonstrated striking efficacy in several animal models and have resulted in encouraging anecdotal survival benefit in early human clinical trials. Two different Lm-based vaccine platforms have advanced into phase II clinical trials in cervical and pancreatic cancer. Future Lm-based clinical vaccine candidates are expected to feature polyvalent antigen expression and to be used in combination with other immunotherapies or conventional therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy to augment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung T Le
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lemire P, Houde M, Lecours MP, Fittipaldi N, Segura M. Role of capsular polysaccharide in Group B Streptococccus interactions with dendritic cells. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1064-76. [PMID: 22683668 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) type III is an important agent of life-threatening invasive infections. Albeit the immune system plays a dual role in development and protection against disease, mechanisms leading to an efficient immune response against GBS remain obscure. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and primary spleen DCs were used to evaluate GBS capacity to modulate the functions of these important antigen-presenting cells. The role of capsular polysaccharide (CPS), one of the most important GBS virulence factors, in bacterial-DC interactions was evaluated by using a non-encapsulated mutant. Phagocytosis assays, confocal and electron microscopy showed that DCs efficiently internalize encapsulated GBS, but the latter possesses strong intracellular survival capacity. GBS devoid of CPS was internalized and killed at higher and faster rates than encapsulated GBS early after infection. Among several cytokines tested, GBS internalization was required for modulation of IL-12, IL-10 and CXCL10 pathways. In contrast, GBS induced DC expression of co-stimulatory molecules in a phagocytosis-independent manner. Finally, the production of pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines by GBS-stimulated DCs was differentially modulated by CPS expression, depending on DC origin. Our data suggest multiple mechanisms involved in GBS modulation of DC functions, which were selectively regulated by the presence of CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lemire
- Laboratory of Immunology, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2 Québec, Canada
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The prolyl isomerase Pin1 modulates development of CD8+ cDC in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29808. [PMID: 22238658 PMCID: PMC3251613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pin1 has previously been described to regulate cells that participate in both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus far, however, no role for Pin1 has been described in modulating conventional dendritic cells, innate antigen presenting cells that potently activate naïve T cells, thereby bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Methodology/Principal Findings When challenged with LPS, Pin1-null mice failed to accumulate spleen conventional dendritic cells (cDC). Analysis of steady-state spleen DC populations revealed that Pin1-null mice had fewer CD8+ cDC. This defect was recapitulated by culturing Pin1-null bone marrow with the DC-instructive cytokine Flt3 Ligand. Additionally, injection of Flt3 Ligand for 9 days failed to induce robust expansion of CD8+ cDC in Pin1-null mice. Upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes, Pin1-null mice were defective in stimulating proliferation of adoptively transferred WT CD8+ T cells, suggesting that decreases in Pin1 null CD8+ cDC may affect T cell responses to infection in vivo. Finally, upon analyzing expression of proteins involved in DC development, elevated expression of PU.1 was detected in Pin1-null cells, which resulted from an increase in PU.1 protein half-life. Conclusions/Significance We have identified a novel role for Pin1 as a modulator of CD8+ cDC development. Consistent with reduced numbers of CD8+ cDC in Pin1-null mice, we find that the absence of Pin1 impairs CD8+ T cell proliferation in response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. These data suggest that, via regulation of CD8+ cDC production, Pin1 may serve as an important modulator of adaptive immunity.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a unique collection of innate immune cells present throughout the body as distinct subpopulations generally sharing the functions of pathogen recognition, cytokine production, and antigen presentation. A large body of work in recent years has examined DC functions during infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), particularly in the murine model. Here, I review several aspects of DC biology in this model, with particular emphasis on the role DCs play in the establishment of a productive Lm infection and the role of DCs as cytokine producers and antigen-presenting cells in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Edelson BT, Bradstreet TR, Hildner K, Carrero JA, Frederick KE, KC W, Belizaire R, Aoshi T, Schreiber RD, Miller MJ, Murphy TL, Unanue ER, Murphy KM. CD8α(+) dendritic cells are an obligate cellular entry point for productive infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Immunity 2011; 35:236-48. [PMID: 21867927 PMCID: PMC3172670 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8α(+) dendritic cells (DCs) prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes during viral infections and produce interleukin-12 in response to pathogens. Although the loss of CD8α(+) DCs in Batf3(-/-) mice increases their susceptibility to several pathogens, we observed that Batf3(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced resistance to the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In wild-type mice, Listeria organisms, initially located in the splenic marginal zone, migrated to the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) where they grew exponentially and induced widespread lymphocyte apoptosis. In Batf3(-/-) mice, however, Listeria organisms remain trapped in the marginal zone, failed to traffic into the PALS, and were rapidly cleared by phagocytes. In addition, Batf3(-/-) mice, which lacked the normal population of hepatic CD103(+) peripheral DCs, also showed protection from liver infection. These results suggest that Batf3-dependent CD8α(+) and CD103(+) DCs provide initial cellular entry points within the reticuloendothelial system by which Listeria establishes productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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