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Benzo Y, Prada JG, Dattilo MA, Bigi MM, Castillo AF, Mori Sequeiros Garcia MM, Poderoso C, Maloberti PM. Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 modulates mitochondrial function in breast cancer cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30639. [PMID: 38756582 PMCID: PMC11096749 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that respond to cellular stress through changes in global mass, interconnection, and subcellular location. As mitochondria play an important role in tumor development and progression, alterations in energy metabolism allow tumor cells to survive and spread even in challenging conditions. Alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics have been recently proposed as a hallmark of cancer, and positive regulation of lipid metabolism constitutes one of the most common metabolic changes observed in tumor cells. Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is an enzyme catalyzing the activation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with a strong substrate preference for arachidonic acid (AA). High ACSL4 expression has been related to aggressive cancer phenotypes, including breast cancer, and its overexpression has been shown to positively regulate the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, involved in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism genes. However, little is known about the role of ACSL4 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolism in cancer cells. In this context, our objective was to study whether mitochondrial function and metabolism, processes usually altered in tumors, are modulated by ACSL4 in breast cancer cells. Using ACSL4 overexpression in MCF-7 cells, we demonstrate that this enzyme can increase the mRNA and protein levels of essential mitochondrial regulatory proteins such as nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and respiratory chain Complex III. Furthermore, respiratory parameters analysis revealed an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and in spare respiratory capacity (SRC), among others. ACSL4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells led to the decrease in OCR and in SCR, supporting the role of ACSL4 in the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, ACSL4 overexpression induced an increase in glycolytic function, in keeping with an increase in mitochondrial respiratory activity. Finally, there was a decrease in mitochondrial mass detected in cells that overexpressed ACSL4, while the knockdown of ACSL4 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells showed the opposite effect. Altogether, these results unveil the role of ACSL4 in mitochondrial function and metabolism and expand the knowledge of ACSL4 participation in pathological processes such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Benzo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica G. Prada
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina A. Dattilo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Bigi
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana F. Castillo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Mori Sequeiros Garcia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Poderoso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M. Maloberti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Kwon YS, Lee MG, Kim NY, Nam GS, Nam KS, Jang H, Kim S. Overcoming radioresistance of breast cancer cells with MAP4K4 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7410. [PMID: 38548749 PMCID: PMC10978830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. In this study, we explored the biological function of MAP4K4 in radioresistant breast cancer cells using two MAP4K4 inhibitors, namely PF06260933 and GNE-495. Radioresistant SR and MR cells were established by exposing SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to 48-70 Gy of radiation delivered at 4-5 Gy twice a week over 10 months. Surprisingly, although radioresistant cells were derived from two different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines, MAP4K4 was significantly elevated regardless of subtype. Inhibition of MAP4K4 with PF06260933 or GNE-495 selectively targeted radioresistant cells and improved the response to irradiation. Furthermore, MAP4K4 inhibitors induced apoptosis through the accumulation of DNA damage by inhibiting DNA repair systems in radioresistant cells. Notably, Inhibition of MAP4K4 suppressed the expressions of ACSL4, suggesting that MAP4K4 functioned as an upstream effector of ACSL4. This study is the first to report that MAP4K4 plays a crucial role in mediating the radioresistance of breast cancer by acting upstream of ACSL4 to enhance DNA damage response and inhibit apoptosis. We hope that our findings provide a basis for the development of new drugs targeting MAP4K4 to overcome radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Suk Kwon
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Jeju, Jeju-do, 63240, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gu Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Yi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Suk Nam
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Honam University, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, 62399, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pohang St. Mary's Hospital, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37661, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Gupta A, Das D, Taneja R. Targeting Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Cancer with Pharmacological Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1313. [PMID: 38610991 PMCID: PMC11010992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic plasticity is recognised as a hallmark of cancer cells, enabling adaptation to microenvironmental changes throughout tumour progression. A dysregulated lipid metabolism plays a pivotal role in promoting oncogenesis. Oncogenic signalling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Hippo, and NF-kB, intersect with the lipid metabolism to drive tumour progression. Furthermore, altered lipid signalling in the tumour microenvironment contributes to immune dysfunction, exacerbating oncogenesis. This review examines the role of lipid metabolism in tumour initiation, invasion, metastasis, and cancer stem cell maintenance. We highlight cybernetic networks in lipid metabolism to uncover avenues for cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity and NUS Centre for Cancer Research Translation Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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4
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Wang H, Liu Y, Che S, Li X, Tang D, Lv S, Zhao H. Deciphering the link: ferroptosis and its role in glioma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346585. [PMID: 38322268 PMCID: PMC10844450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma, as the most frequently occurring primary malignancy in the central nervous system, significantly impacts patients' quality of life and cognitive abilities. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of cell death, is characterized by significant iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. This process is fundamentally dependent on iron. Various factors inducing ferroptosis can either directly or indirectly influence glutathione peroxidase, leading to reduced antioxidant capabilities and an increase in lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, culminating in oxidative cell death. Recent research indicates a strong connection between ferroptosis and a range of pathophysiological conditions, including tumors, neurological disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, kidney damage, and hematological diseases. The regulation of ferroptosis to intervene in the progression of these diseases has emerged as a major area of interest in etiological research and therapy. However, the exact functional alterations and molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis remain to be extensively studied. The review firstly explores the intricate relationship between ferroptosis and glioma, highlighting how ferroptosis contributes to glioma pathogenesis and how glioma cells may resist this form of cell death. Then, we discuss recent studies that have identified potential ferroptosis inducers and inhibitors, which could serve as novel therapeutic strategies for glioma. We also examine the current challenges in targeting ferroptosis in glioma treatment, including the complexity of its regulation and the need for precise delivery methods. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on ferroptosis in glioma, offering insights into future therapeutic strategies and the broader implications of this novel cell death pathway in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yingfeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianshui First People's Hospital, Tianshui, China
| | - Shusheng Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dongxue Tang
- Department of Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shaojing Lv
- Department of Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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5
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Kennedy BM, Harris RE. Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Gene Expression in the Inflammogenesis of Colorectal Cancer: Correlated Expression of EGFR, JAK STAT and Src Genes, and a Natural Antisense Transcript, RP11-C67.2.2. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082380. [PMID: 37190308 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the expression of major inflammatory genes, cyclooxygenase-1, 2 (COX1, COX2), arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), and arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase activating protein (ALOX5AP) among 469 tumor specimens of colorectal cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Among 411 specimens without mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, the mean expression of each of the inflammatory genes ranked above the 80th percentile, and the overall mean cyclooxygenase expression (COX1+COX2) ranked in the upper 99th percentile of all genes. Similar levels were observed for 58 cases with MMR mutations. Pearson correlation coefficients exceeding r = 0.70 were observed between COX and LOX mRNA levels with genes of major cell-signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis (Src, JAK STAT, MAPK, PI3K). We observed a novel association (r = 0.78) between ALOX5 expression and a natural antisense transcript (NAT), RP11-67C2.2, a long non-coding mRNA gene, 462 base pairs in length that is located within the terminal intron of the ALOX5 gene on chromosome 10q11.21. Tumor-promoting genes highly correlated with the expression of COX1, COX2, ALOX5 and ALOX5AP are known to increase mitogenesis, mutagenesis, angiogenesis, cell survival, immunosuppression and metastasis in the inflammogenesis of colorectal cancer. These genes and the novel NAT, RP1167C2.2 are potential molecular targets for chemoprevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kennedy
- Colleges of Public Health and Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1351, USA
| | - Randall E Harris
- Colleges of Public Health and Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1351, USA
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6
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ACSL3 and ACSL4, Distinct Roles in Ferroptosis and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235896. [PMID: 36497375 PMCID: PMC9739553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase (ACSLs) family of enzymes contributes significantly to lipid metabolism and produces acyl-coenzyme A by catalyzing fatty acid oxidation. The dysregulation of ACSL3 and ACSL4, which belong to the five isoforms of ACSLs, plays a key role in cancer initiation, development, metastasis, and tumor immunity and may provide several possible therapeutic strategies. Moreover, ACSL3 and ACSL4 are crucial for ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death triggered by the accumulation of membrane lipid peroxides due to iron overload. Here, we present a summary of the current knowledge on ACSL3 and ACSL4 and their functions in various cancers. Research on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferroptosis is critical to developing targeted therapies for cancer.
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7
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Luo Y, Tian G, Fang X, Bai S, Yuan G, Pan Y. Ferroptosis and Its Potential Role in Glioma: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2123. [PMID: 36358495 PMCID: PMC9686959 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common intracranial malignant tumor, and the current main standard treatment option is a combination of tumor surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the terribly poor five-year survival rate of patients with gliomas and the high recurrence rate of gliomas, some new and efficient therapeutic strategies are expected. Recently, ferroptosis, as a new form of cell death, has played a significant role in the treatment of gliomas. Specifically, studies have revealed key processes of ferroptosis, including iron overload in cells, occurrence of lipid peroxidation, inactivation of cysteine/glutathione antiporter system Xc- (xCT) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In the present review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and introduced the application and challenges of ferroptosis in the development and treatment of gliomas. Moreover, we highlighted the therapeutic opportunities of manipulating ferroptosis to improve glioma treatments, which may improve the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guopeng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shengwei Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yawen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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8
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Helfenberger KE, Argentino GF, Benzo Y, Herrera LM, Finocchietto P, Poderoso C. Angiotensin II Regulates Mitochondrial mTOR Pathway Activity Dependent on Acyl-CoA Synthetase 4 in Adrenocortical Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6763139. [PMID: 36256598 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two well-known protein complexes in mammalian cells, mTOR type 1 and type 2 (mTORC1/2) are involved in several cellular processes such as protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and commonly dysregulated in cancer. An acyl-CoA synthetase type 4 (ACSL4) is one of the most recently mTORC1/2 regulators described, in breast cancer cells. The expression of ACSL4 is hormone-regulated in adrenocortical cells and required for steroid biosynthesis. mTORC1/2 have been reported to be crucial in the proliferation of human adrenocortical tumor cells H295R and interestingly reported at several subcellular locations, which has brought cell biology to the vanguard of the mTOR signaling field. In the present work, we study the regulation of mTORC1/2 activation by angiotensin II (Ang II)-the trophic hormone for adrenocortical cells-the subcellular localization of mTORC1/2 signaling proteins and the role of ACSL4 in the regulation of this pathway, in H295R cells. Ang II promotes activation by phosphorylation of mTORC1/2 pathway proteins in a time-dependent manner. Mitochondrial pools of ribosomal protein S6, protein kinase B (Akt) in threonine 308, and serine 473 and Rictor are phosphorylated and activated. Glycogen synthase kinase type 3 (GSK3) is phosphorylated and inactivated in mitochondria, favoring mTORC1 activation. Epidermal growth factor, a classic mTORC1/2 activator, promoted unique activation kinetics of mTORC1/2 pathway, except for Akt phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that ACSL4 is necessary for mTORC1/2 effectors phosphorylation and H295R proliferation, triggered by Ang II. Ang II promotes activation of mitochondrial mTORC1/2 signaling proteins, through ACSL4, with a direct effect on adrenocortical cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia E Helfenberger
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Giuliana F Argentino
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Yanina Benzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Lucía M Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Paola Finocchietto
- Laboratorio del Metabolismo del Oxígeno. Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Poderoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
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9
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Hou J, Jiang C, Wen X, Li C, Xiong S, Yue T, Long P, Shi J, Zhang Z. ACSL4 as a Potential Target and Biomarker for Anticancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949863. [PMID: 35910359 PMCID: PMC9326356 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem around the world and the key leading cause of death in the world. It is well-known that glucolipid metabolism, immunoreaction, and growth/death pattern of cancer cells are markedly different from normal cells. Recently, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family 4 (ACSL4) is found be participated in the activation of long chain fatty acids metabolism, immune signaling transduction, and ferroptosis, which can be a promising potential target and biomarker for anticancer. Specifically, ACSL4 inhibits the progress of lung cancer, estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer, cervical cancer and the up-regulation of ACSL4 can improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis by enhancing the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, it is undeniable that the high expression of ACSL4 in ER negative breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer can also be related with tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In the present review, we provide an update on understanding the controversial roles of ACSL4 in different cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiao Tong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changqing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengming Li
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqiang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiao Tong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Yue
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiao Tong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Pan Long, ; Jianyou Shi, ; Zhen Zhang,
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Pan Long, ; Jianyou Shi, ; Zhen Zhang,
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Third People’s Hospital/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiao Tong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Pan Long, ; Jianyou Shi, ; Zhen Zhang,
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10
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Ma F, Zou Y, Ma L, Ma R, Chen X. Evolution, characterization, and immune response function of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under hypoxic stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 260:110737. [PMID: 35385771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (Acsls), members of the acyl-activating enzyme superfamily, haves been systematically characterized in mammals and certain fishes, but the research on their involvement in reproductive development and hypoxic stress response in rainbow trout remains limited. In this study, we investigated the acsl gene structure and physical and chemical characteristics and the evolutionary relationship among acsl genes using the NCBI/Ensembl database. Using hypoxia treatment experiment, acsl gene expression in various organs and its regulation were investigated. A total of 11 acsl genes were identified in rainbow trout. Phylogenetic analyses found that acsl genes in rainbow trout were clustered into two clades: acsl3/4 and acsl1/2/5/6, and the additional gene duplication observed resulted from the third round of genome duplication unique to teleosts. Multiple sequence alignment and conserved motif analyses showed that the sequence of acsl proteins was highly conserved. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that the acsl genes were highly expressed in immune tissues (liver and head kidney). Under hypoxia, the expression of acsl genes was upregulated, suggesting that they enhance the tolerance to hypoxia and are involved in the immune response in rainbow trout. Our study provides valuable insights into teleost evolution and effects of hypoxia on biological immunity and form a basis for further research on the functional characteristics of acsl genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste in Gansu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu Province, PR China.
| | - Yali Zou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste in Gansu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Langfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste in Gansu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Ruilin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste in Gansu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste in Gansu Province, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu Province, PR China
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11
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Kast RE, Alfieri A, Assi HI, Burns TC, Elyamany AM, Gonzalez-Cao M, Karpel-Massler G, Marosi C, Salacz ME, Sardi I, Van Vlierberghe P, Zaghloul MS, Halatsch ME. MDACT: A New Principle of Adjunctive Cancer Treatment Using Combinations of Multiple Repurposed Drugs, with an Example Regimen. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2563. [PMID: 35626167 PMCID: PMC9140192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In part one of this two-part paper, we present eight principles that we believe must be considered for more effective treatment of the currently incurable cancers. These are addressed by multidrug adjunctive cancer treatment (MDACT), which uses multiple repurposed non-oncology drugs, not primarily to kill malignant cells, but rather to reduce the malignant cells' growth drives. Previous multidrug regimens have used MDACT principles, e.g., the CUSP9v3 glioblastoma treatment. MDACT is an amalgam of (1) the principle that to be effective in stopping a chain of events leading to an undesired outcome, one must break more than one link; (2) the principle of Palmer et al. of achieving fractional cancer cell killing via multiple drugs with independent mechanisms of action; (3) the principle of shaping versus decisive operations, both being required for successful cancer treatment; (4) an idea adapted from Chow et al., of using multiple cytotoxic medicines at low doses; (5) the idea behind CUSP9v3, using many non-oncology CNS-penetrant drugs from general medical practice, repurposed to block tumor survival paths; (6) the concept from chess that every move creates weaknesses and strengths; (7) the principle of mass-by adding force to a given effort, the chances of achieving the goal increase; and (8) the principle of blocking parallel signaling pathways. Part two gives an example MDACT regimen, gMDACT, which uses six repurposed drugs-celecoxib, dapsone, disulfiram, itraconazole, pyrimethamine, and telmisartan-to interfere with growth-driving elements common to cholangiocarcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, and non-small-cell lung cancer. gMDACT is another example of-not a replacement for-previous multidrug regimens already in clinical use, such as CUSP9v3. MDACT regimens are designed as adjuvants to be used with cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Alfieri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland; (A.A.); (M.-E.H.)
| | - Hazem I. Assi
- Naef K. Basile Cancer Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1100, Lebanon;
| | - Terry C. Burns
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Ashraf M. Elyamany
- Oncology Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, SECI Assiut University Egypt/King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Cao
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, Dexeus University Hospital, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Christine Marosi
- Clinical Division of Medical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Michael E. Salacz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Iacopo Sardi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Mohamed S. Zaghloul
- Children’s Cancer Hospital & National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt;
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland; (A.A.); (M.-E.H.)
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12
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Liang H, Tang T, Huang H, Li T, Gao C, Han Y, Yuan B, Gao S, Wang H, Zhou ML. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ameliorates neuronal ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury in mice by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114100. [PMID: 35490721 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the multiple kinds of neuronal cell death triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI), ferroptosis, an iron-dependent lipid peroxidative regulatory cell death, has a critical role. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates lipid metabolism and suppresses neuronal inflammation. However, the role of PPARγ in neuronal ferroptosis induced by TBI remains unclear. Here, we investigated the regulatory effect of PPARγ on neuronal ferroptosis in a weight-drop TBI model in vivo and an RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3)-activated ferroptotic neuronal model in vitro. PPARγ was mainly localized in the nucleus of neurons and was decreased in both the in vivo TBI model and the in vitro ferroptotic neuronal model. The addition of a specific agonist, pioglitazone, activated PPARγ, which protected neuronal function post-TBI in vivo and increased the viability of ferroptotic neurons in vitro. Further investigation suggested that PPARγ probably attenuates neuronal ferroptosis by downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) protein expression levels in vivo and in vitro. This study revealed the relationship among PPARγ, ferroptosis and TBI and identified a potential target for comprehensive TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ting Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hanyu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chaochao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yanling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shengqing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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13
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Mozihim AK, Chung I, Said NABM, Jamil AHA. Reprogramming of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Gynaecological Cancers: Is There a Role for Oestradiol? Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040350. [PMID: 35448537 PMCID: PMC9031151 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynaecological cancers are among the leading causes of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to sustain the production of energy and macromolecules required for cell growth, division and survival. Emerging evidence has provided significant insights into the integral role of fatty acids on tumourigenesis, but the metabolic role of high endogenous oestrogen levels and increased gynaecological cancer risks, notably in obesity, is less understood. This is becoming a renewed research interest, given the recently established association between obesity and incidence of many gynaecological cancers, including breast, ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers. This review article, hence, comprehensively discusses how FA metabolism is altered in these gynaecological cancers, highlighting the emerging role of oestradiol on the actions of key regulatory enzymes of lipid metabolism, either directly through its classical ER pathways, or indirectly via the IGIFR pathway. Given the dramatic rise in obesity and parallel increase in the prevalence of gynaecological cancers among premenopausal women, further clarifications of the complex mechanisms underpinning gynaecological cancers are needed to inform future prevention efforts. Hence, in our review, we also highlight opportunities where metabolic dependencies can be exploited as viable therapeutic targets for these hormone-responsive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azilleo Kristo Mozihim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (N.A.B.M.S.)
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Akmarina B. M. Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (N.A.B.M.S.)
| | - Amira Hajirah Abd Jamil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (N.A.B.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-7967-4909
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14
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Chen K, Zhang S, Jiao J, Zhao S. Ferroptosis and Its Potential Role in Lung Cancer: Updated Evidence from Pathogenesis to Therapy. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7079-7090. [PMID: 34992407 PMCID: PMC8709579 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, and its occurrence is associated with many types of cell death. As a new form of regulated cell death, ferroptosis is an iron- dependent pattern of cell death and characterized by lethal accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is different from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy at both the morphological and biochemical levels. It plays an important role in the development of lung cancer and induction of ferroptosis in lung cancer cells has become a new strategy for anti- lung cancer treatment. However, a few reviews summarized ferroptosis and its role in lung cancer has not been elucidated, and the precise mechanism of ferroptosis modeling lung cancer has not yet been revealed till date. Herein, we review the latest literature on the process of ferroptosis regarding lung cancer, including basic molecular or biology mechanistic studies both in vivo and in vitro, as well as human studies with a more translational or clinical approach. This review provides a practical, concise and updated outline on the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies in lung cancer with ferroptosis alterations. Looking ahead, further studies are required to uncover the possible modulatory relationship between ferroptosis and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatic Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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15
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Cui C, Li T, Xie Y, Yang J, Fu C, Qiu Y, Shen L, Ni Q, Wang Q, Nie A, Ning G, Wang W, Gu Y. Enhancing Acsl4 in absence of mTORC2/Rictor drove β-cell dedifferentiation via inhibiting FoxO1 and promoting ROS production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166261. [PMID: 34455055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin insensitive companion of mechanistic target of Rapamycin (Rictor), the key component of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), controls both β-cell proliferation and function. We sought to study whether long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (Acsl4) worked downstream of Rictor/mTORC2 to maintain β-cell functional mass. We found Acsl4 was positively regulated by Rictor at transcriptional and posttranslational levels in mouse β-cell. Infecting adenovirus expressing Acsl4 in β-cell-specific-Rictor-knockout (βRicKO) islets and Min6 cells knocking down Rictor with lentivirus-expressing siRNA-oligos targeting Rictor(siRic), recovered the β-cell dysplasia but not dysfunction. Cell bioenergetic experiment performed with Seahorse XF showed that Acsl4 could not rescue the dampened glucose oxidation in Rictor-lacking β-cell, but further promoted lipid oxidation. Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC) and H3K27Ac chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing studies reflected the epigenetic elevated molecular signature for β-cell dedifferentiation and mitigated oxidative defense/response. These results were confirmed by the observations of elevated acetylation and ubiquitination of FoxO1, increased protein levels of Gpx1 and Hif1an, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and diminished MafA in Acsl4 overexpressed Rictor-lacking β-cells. In these cells, antioxidant treatment significantly recovered MafA level and insulin content. Inducing lipid oxidation alone could not mimic the effect of Acsl4 in Rictor lacking β-cell. Our study suggested that Acsl4 function in β-cell was context dependent and might facilitate β-cell dedifferentiation with attenuated Rictor/mTORC2 activity or insulin signaling via posttranslational inhibiting FoxO1 and epigenetically enhancing ROS induced MafA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canqi Cui
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Fu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Qiu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Shen
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aifang Nie
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Emerging role of ferroptosis in breast cancer: New dawn for overcoming tumor progression. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107992. [PMID: 34606782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become a serious threat to women's health. Cancer progression is mainly derived from resistance to apoptosis induced by procedures or therapies. Therefore, new drugs or models that can overcome apoptosis resistance should be identified. Ferroptosis is a recently identified mode of cell death characterized by excess reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation. Since ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, its induction successfully eliminates cancer cells that are resistant to other modes of cell death. Therefore, ferroptosis may become a new direction around which to design breast cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the complete appearance of ferroptosis in breast cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, whether ferroptosis inducers can be used in combination with traditional anti- breast cancer drugs is still unknown. Moreover, a summary of ferroptosis in breast cancer progression and therapy is currently not available. In this review, we discuss the roles of ferroptosis-associated modulators glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, iron, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2, superoxide dismutases, lipoxygenase and coenzyme Q in breast cancer. Furthermore, we provide evidence that traditional drugs against breast cancer induce ferroptosis, and that ferroptosis inducers eliminate breast cancer cells. Finally, we put forward prospect of using ferroptosis inducers in breast cancer therapy, and predict possible obstacles and corresponding solutions. This review will deepen our understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and breast cancer, and provide new insights into breast cancer-related therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Kwon YS, Lee MG, Baek J, Kim NY, Jang H, Kim S. Acyl-CoA synthetase-4 mediates radioresistance of breast cancer cells by regulating FOXM1. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114718. [PMID: 34358518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of radioresistance during radiotherapy is a major cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis. To provide new insights of the mechanisms underlying radioresistance, we established radioresistant cell lines derived from two different subtypes of breast cancer cells, HER2-positive SK-BR-3 and ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells, by exposing cells to 48 ~ 70 Gy of radiation delivered at 4-5 Gy twice weekly over 9 ~ 10 months. The established radioresistant SK-BR-3 (SR) and MCF-7 (MR) cells were resistant not only to a single dose of radiation (2 Gy or 4 Gy) but also to fractionated radiation delivered at 2 Gy/day for 5 days. Furthermore, these cells exhibited tumor-initiating potential in vivo and high CD24-/CD44 + ratio. To identify novel therapeutic molecular targets, we analyzed differentially expressed genes in both radioresistant cell lines and found that the expression of ACSL4 was significantly elevated in both cell lines. Targeting ACSL4 improved response to irradiation and inhibited migration activities. Furthermore, inhibition of ACLS4 using ASCL4 siRNA or triacsin C suppressed FOXM1 expression, whereas inhibition of FOXM1 using thiostrepton did not affect ACSL4 expression. Targeting the ACSL4-FOXM1 signaling axis by inhibiting ASCL4 or FOXM1 overcame the radioresistance by suppressing DNA damage responses and inducing apoptosis. This is the first study to report that ACSL4 plays a crucial role in mediating the radioresistance of breast cancer by regulating FOXM1. We propose the ACSL4-FOXM1 signaling axis be considered a novel therapeutic target in radioresistant breast cancer and suggest treatment strategies targeting this signaling axis might overcome breast cancer radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Suk Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gu Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Baek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Yi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Zhang Y, Li S, Li F, Lv C, Yang QK. High-fat diet impairs ferroptosis and promotes cancer invasiveness via downregulating tumor suppressor ACSL4 in lung adenocarcinoma. Biol Direct 2021; 16:10. [PMID: 34053456 PMCID: PMC8166005 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-4 (ACSL4) is involved in fatty acid metabolism, and aberrant ACSL4 expression could be either tumorigenic or tumor-suppressive in different tumor types. However, the function and clinical significance of ACSL4 in lung adenocarcinoma remain elusive. RESULTS ACSL4 was frequently downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma when analyzing both the TCGA database and the validation samples, and the lower ACSL4 expression was correlated with a worse prognosis. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we found that high ACSL4 expression was frequently associated with the oxidative stress pathway, especially ferroptosis-related proteins. In vitro functional studies showed that knockdown of ACSL4 increased tumor survival/invasiveness and inhibited ferroptosis, while ACSL4 overexpression exhibited the opposite effects. Moreover, high-fat treatment could also inhibit erastin-induced ferroptosis by affecting ACSL4 expression. The anti-tumor effects of ferroptosis inducers and the anti-ferroptosis effects of the high-fat diet were further validated using the mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS ACSL4 plays a tumor-suppressive role in lung adenocarcinoma by suppressing tumor survival/invasiveness and promoting ferroptosis. Our study provided a theoretical reference for the application of ferroptotic inducers and dietary guidance for lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medicine University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Liaoning, 116000, Dalian, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Lvshun South Road, Liaoning, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Fengzhou Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medicine University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Liaoning, 116000, Dalian, China
| | - Changsheng Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medicine University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Liaoning, 116000, Dalian, China.
| | - Qing-Kai Yang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Lvshun South Road, Liaoning, 116044, Dalian, China.
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19
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Immunohistochemical staining reveals differential expression of ACSL3 and ACSL4 in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic gastrointestinal metastases. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222647. [PMID: 32286604 PMCID: PMC7198044 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetases (ACSLs) activate fatty acids by CoA addition thus facilitating their intracellular metabolism. Dysregulated ACSL expression features in several cancers and can affect processes such as ferroptosis, fatty acid β-oxidation, prostaglandin biosynthesis, steroidogenesis and phospholipid acyl chain remodelling. Here we investigate long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSL3) and long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) expression in liver malignancies. The expression and subcellular localisations of the ACSL3 and ACSL4 isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and hepatic metastases were assessed by immunohistochemical analyses of multiple tumour tissue arrays and by subcellular fractionation of cultured HepG2 cells. The expression of both enzymes was increased in HCC compared with normal liver. Expression of ACSL3 was similar in HCC and hepatic metastases but lower in healthy tissue. Increased ACSL3 expression distinguished HCC from CCA with a sensitivity of 87.2% and a specificity of 75%. ACSL4 expression was significantly greater in HCC than in all other tumours and distinguished HCC from normal liver tissue with a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 93.6%. Combined ACSL3 and ACSL4 staining scores distinguished HCC from hepatic metastases with 80.1% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity. These enzymes had partially overlapping intracellular distributions, ACSL4 localised to the plasma membrane and both isoforms associated with lipid droplets and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In conclusion, analysis of ACSL3 and ACSL4 expression can distinguish different classes of hepatic tumours.
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20
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Castillo AF, Orlando UD, Maloberti PM, Prada JG, Dattilo MA, Solano AR, Bigi MM, Ríos Medrano MA, Torres MT, Indo S, Caroca G, Contreras HR, Marelli BE, Salinas FJ, Salvetti NR, Ortega HH, Lorenzano Menna P, Szajnman S, Gomez DE, Rodríguez JB, Podesta EJ. New inhibitor targeting Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 reduces breast and prostate tumor growth, therapeutic resistance and steroidogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2893-2910. [PMID: 33068124 PMCID: PMC11072814 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is an isoenzyme of the fatty acid ligase-coenzyme-A family taking part in arachidonic acid metabolism and steroidogenesis. ACSL4 is involved in the development of tumor aggressiveness in breast and prostate tumors through the regulation of various signal transduction pathways. Here, a bioinformatics analysis shows that the ACSL4 gene expression and proteomic signatures obtained using a cell model was also observed in tumor samples from breast and cancer patients. A well-validated ACSL4 inhibitor, however, has not been reported hindering the full exploration of this promising target and its therapeutic application on cancer and steroidogenesis inhibition. In this study, ACSL4 inhibitor PRGL493 was identified using a homology model for ACSL4 and docking based virtual screening. PRGL493 was then chemically characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The inhibitory activity was demonstrated through the inhibition of arachidonic acid transformation into arachidonoyl-CoA using the recombinant enzyme and cellular models. The compound blocked cell proliferation and tumor growth in both breast and prostate cellular and animal models and sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapeutic and hormonal treatment. Moreover, PGRL493 inhibited de novo steroid synthesis in testis and adrenal cells, in a mouse model and in prostate tumor cells. This work provides proof of concept for the potential application of PGRL493 in clinical practice. Also, these findings may prove key to therapies aiming at the control of tumor growth and drug resistance in tumors which express ACSL4 and depend on steroid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulises D Orlando
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M Maloberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica G Prada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina A Dattilo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angela R Solano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Bigi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mayra A Ríos Medrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María T Torres
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Indo
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Graciela Caroca
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector R Contreras
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belkis E Marelli
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Facundo J Salinas
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia R Salvetti
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lorenzano Menna
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Gomez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan B Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ernesto J Podesta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Bhattarai S, Saini G, Gogineni K, Aneja R. Quadruple-negative breast cancer: novel implications for a new disease. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:127. [PMID: 33213491 PMCID: PMC7678108 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the androgen receptor (AR) expression, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) can be subdivided into AR-positive TNBC and AR-negative TNBC, also known as quadruple-negative breast cancer (QNBC). QNBC characterization and treatment is fraught with many challenges. In QNBC, there is a greater paucity of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets than AR-positive TNBC. Although the prognostic role of AR in TNBC remains controversial, many studies revealed that a lack of AR expression confers a more aggressive disease course. Literature characterizing QNBC tumor biology and uncovering novel biomarkers for improved management of the disease remains scarce. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current QNBC landscape and propose avenues for future research, suggesting potential biomarkers and therapeutic strategies that warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Bhattarai
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Geetanjali Saini
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Keerthi Gogineni
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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22
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Li Z, Chen L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Hu D, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhuo W, Mao M, Zhang X, Xu L, Wang L, Zhou J. Targeting ferroptosis in breast cancer. Biomark Res 2020; 8:58. [PMID: 33292585 PMCID: PMC7643412 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered distinct type of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid-based ROS. Metabolism and expression of specific genes affect the occurrence of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage cancer. Here, we describe the current status of ferroptosis studies in breast cancer and trace the key regulators of ferroptosis back to previous studies. We also compare ferroptosis to common regulated cell death patterns and discuss the sensitivity to ferroptosis in different subtypes of breast cancer. We propose that viewing ferroptosis-related studies from a historical angle will accelerate the development of ferroptosis-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Lini Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Dengdi Hu
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Wenying Zhuo
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Misha Mao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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23
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Fernández LP, Merino M, Colmenarejo G, Moreno-Rubio J, Sánchez-Martínez R, Quijada-Freire A, Gómez de Cedrón M, Reglero G, Casado E, Sereno M, Ramírez de Molina A. Metabolic enzyme ACSL3 is a prognostic biomarker and correlates with anticancer effectiveness of statins in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3135-3152. [PMID: 33030783 PMCID: PMC7718959 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers, still characterized by high mortality rates. As lipid metabolism contributes to cancer metabolic reprogramming, several lipid metabolism genes are considered prognostic biomarkers of cancer. Statins are a class of lipid-lowering compounds used in treatment of cardiovascular disease that are currently studied for their antitumor effects. However, their exact mechanism of action and specific conditions in which they should be administered remains unclear. Here, we found that simvastatin treatment effectively promoted antiproliferative effects and modulated lipid metabolism-related pathways in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and that the antiproliferative effects of statins were potentiated by overexpression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 (ACSL3). Moreover, ACSL3 overexpression was associated with worse clinical outcome in patients with high-grade NSCLC. Finally, we found that patients with high expression levels of ACSL3 displayed a clinical benefit of statins treatment. Therefore, our study highlights ACSL3 as a prognostic biomarker for NSCLC, useful to select patients who would obtain a clinical benefit from statin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Merino
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Moreno-Rubio
- Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Guillermo Reglero
- Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Casado
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sereno
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Wang J, Wang Z, Yuan J, Wang J, Shen X. The positive feedback between ACSL4 expression and O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the growth and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7786-7800. [PMID: 32357142 PMCID: PMC7244051 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4) has been reported to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to enhance cell proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of ACSL4 in HCC progression remain largely unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate whether and how O-GlcNAcylation and ACSL4 regulate each other and HCC progression. The clinical significance of ACSL4, O-GlcNAc and GLUT1 in HCC was determined by Pearson chi-squared test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. CCK-8, flow cytometry and in vivo tumour formation assays were performed to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. IP technology was used to evaluate the relationship between ACSL4 and O-GlcNAc. ACSL4, GLUT1 and O-GlcNAc levels were elevated in HCC tissues and predicted poor prognosis in HCC patients. ACSL4 overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and inhibited cell apoptosis, whereas these effects were all obviously impaired when mTOR signalling was repressed or GLUT1 was downregulated. ACSL4 could be O-GlcNAcylated, and silencing of ACSL4 abolished the effects of O-GlcNAcylation on cell growth promotion and apoptosis inhibition. Collectively, this study demonstrates that ACSL4 contributes to the growth and survival of HCC by enhancing GLUT1-mediated O-GlcNAcylation. In turn, O-GlcNAcylation promotes HCC growth partially by increasing ACSL4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yuan
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinsheng Shen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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25
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Dattilo MA, Benzo Y, Herrera LM, Prada JG, Castillo AF, Orlando UD, Podesta EJ, Maloberti PM. Regulatory mechanisms leading to differential Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 expression in breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10324. [PMID: 31311992 PMCID: PMC6635356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) overexpression plays a causal role in the aggressiveness of triple negative breast cancer. In turn, a negative correlation has been established between ACSL4 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression. However, the upstream regulatory mechanisms leading to differential ACSL4 expression between triple negative breast cancer and ERα-positive cells remained unknown. We performed the characterization of the human ACSL4 promoter and the identification of transcription factors involved. Deletional analysis demonstrated the proximal 43 base pairs of the promoter are involved in overexpression. By site directed mutagenesis we describe that retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), Sp1 and E2F elements are involved in the promoter activity. We established for the first time that estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is a transcription factor involved in the higher activation of the human ACSL4 promoter in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, a combination of inhibitors of ACSL4 and ERRα produced a synergistic decrease in MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. We also demonstrated that ERα restoration in triple negative breast cancer cells downregulates ACSL4 expression. The results presented in this manuscript demonstrated transcriptional mechanism is involved in the different expression of ACSL4 in human breast cancer cell lines of different aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina A Dattilo
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Benzo
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía M Herrera
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica G Prada
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana F Castillo
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulises D Orlando
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ernesto J Podesta
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M Maloberti
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Singh AB, Kan CFK, Kraemer FB, Sobel RA, Liu J. Liver-specific knockdown of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 reveals its key role in VLDL-TG metabolism and phospholipid synthesis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E880-E894. [PMID: 30721098 PMCID: PMC6580179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00503.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) has a unique substrate specificity for arachidonic acid. Hepatic ACSL4 is coregulated with the phospholipid (PL)-remodeling enzyme lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) acyltransferase 3 by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ to modulate the plasma triglyceride (TG) metabolism. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of hepatic ACSL4 deficiency on lipid metabolism in adult mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Adenovirus-mediated expression of a mouse ACSL4 shRNA (Ad-shAcsl4) in the liver of HFD-fed mice led to a 43% reduction of hepatic arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase activity and a 53% decrease in ACSL4 protein levels compared with mice receiving control adenovirus (Ad-shLacZ). Attenuated ACSL4 expression resulted in a substantial decrease in circulating VLDL-TG levels without affecting plasma cholesterol. Lipidomics profiling revealed that knocking down ACSL4 altered liver PL compositions, with the greatest impact on accumulation of abundant LPC species (LPC 16:0 and LPC 18:0) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) species (LPE 16:0 and LPE 18:0). In addition, fasting glucose and insulin levels were higher in Ad-shAcsl4-transduced mice versus control (Ad-shLacZ). Glucose tolerance testing further indicated an insulin-resistant phenotype upon knockdown of ACSL4. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that ACSL4 plays a role in plasma TG and glucose metabolism and hepatic PL synthesis of hyperlipidemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar B Singh
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Chin Fung K Kan
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Raymond A Sobel
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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27
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Oguh-Olayinka L, Agarwal V, Ranatunge D, Campbell A, Laufer S, Cawkwell L, Lind MJ. The Investigation of Lipoxygenases as Therapeutic Targets in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:985-995. [PMID: 30941737 PMCID: PMC7242492 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has an extremely poor prognosis with limited chemotherapy options, therefore the identification of new therapeutic targets would aid in disease management. Arachidonic acid is metabolised by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. The lipoxygenase isoenzymes 5-LOX and 12-LOX have been implicated in carcinogenesis. We aimed to examine 5-LOX and 12-LOX protein expression in a large retrospective series of mesothelioma samples. Further to this, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors were investigated in mesothelioma cells. Archival samples from 83 patients with MPM were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of the 5-LOX and 12-LOX proteins. The MTS assay was used to assess cell viability following 72 h treatment with the lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors baicalein, licofelone, MK-886 and zileuton in the MPM cell lines NCI-H2052, NCI-H2452 and MSTO-211H. Positive 12-LOX protein expression was recorded in 69/83 (83%) and positive 5-LOX expression was observed in 56/77 (73%) of MPM tissue samples. Co-expression of 5-LOX with 12-LOX was seen in 46/78 (58%) of MPM samples. Positive expression of 5-LOX, 12-LOX and COX-2 proteins was identified in the NCI-H2052, NCI-H2452 and MSTO-211H MPM cell lines. Baicalein (12-LOX and 15-LOX inhibitor) was effective in 3/3 MPM cell lines at low concentrations with an IC50 range of 9.6 μM to 20.7 μM. We have demonstrated that the 5-LOX and 12-LOX proteins are expressed in a significant proportion of MPM samples (73% and 83% respectively) and may represent novel therapeutic targets in this disease. We have demonstrated that the inhibition of the LOX pathway using baicalein may be effective as a novel treatment for MPM, however further human pharmacokinetic studies are required in order to establish whether the concentration used in vitro is clinically achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Oguh-Olayinka
- Research Laboratories, Hull York Medical School, Daisy Building, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK.
| | - Vijay Agarwal
- Research Laboratories, Hull York Medical School, Daisy Building, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK.,Queens Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Dulani Ranatunge
- Research Laboratories, Hull York Medical School, Daisy Building, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - Anne Campbell
- Histopathology Department, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lynn Cawkwell
- Research Laboratories, Hull York Medical School, Daisy Building, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Michael J Lind
- Research Laboratories, Hull York Medical School, Daisy Building, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK.,Queens Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull, UK
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28
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Orlando UD, Castillo AF, Medrano MAR, Solano AR, Maloberti PM, Podesta EJ. Acyl-CoA synthetase-4 is implicated in drug resistance in breast cancer cell lines involving the regulation of energy-dependent transporter expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 159:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Tang Y, Zhou J, Hooi SC, Jiang YM, Lu GD. Fatty acid activation in carcinogenesis and cancer development: Essential roles of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1390-1396. [PMID: 30008815 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of fatty acid metabolism in cancer initiation and development is increasingly accepted by scientists and the public due to the high prevalence of overweight and obese individuals. Fatty acids have different turnovers in the body: Either breakdown into acetyl-CoA to aid ATP generation through catabolic metabolism or incorporation into triacylglycerol and phospholipid through anabolic metabolism. However, these two distinct pathways require a common initial step known as fatty acid activation. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs), which are responsible for activation of the most abundant long-chain fatty acids, are commonly deregulated in cancer. This deregulation is also associated with poor survival in patients with cancer. Fatty acids physiologically regulate ACSL expression, but cancer cells could hijack certain involved regulatory mechanisms to deregulate ACSLs. Among the five family isoforms, ACSL1 and ACSL4 are able to promote ungoverned cell growth, facilitate tumor invasion and evade programmed cell death, while ACSL3 may have relatively complex functions in different types of cancer. Notably, ACSL4 is also essential for the induction of ferroptosis (another form of programmed cell death) by facilitating arachidonic acid oxidation, which makes the enzyme a desirable cancer target. The present review thus evaluates the functions of deregulated ACSLs in cancer, the possible molecular mechanisms involved and the chemotherapeutic potentials to target ACSLs. A better understanding of the pathological effects of ACSLs in cancer and the involved molecular mechanisms will aid in delineating the exact role of fatty acid metabolism in cancer and designing precise cancer prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shing Chuan Hooi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lim School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education of China, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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30
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Kennedy BM, Harris RE. Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase gene expression in the inflammogenesis of breast cancer. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:10.1007/s10787-018-0489-6. [PMID: 29736687 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression of major inflammatory genes, cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX1, COX2) and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in 1090 tumor samples of invasive breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Mean cyclooxygenase expression (COX1 + COX2) ranked in the upper 99th percentile of all 20,531 genes and surprisingly, the mean expression of COX1 was more than tenfold higher than COX2. Highly significant correlations were observed between COX2 with eight tumor-promoting genes (EGR2, IL6, RGS2, B3GNT5, SGK1, SLC2A3, SFRP1 and ETS2) and between ALOX5 and ten tumor promoter genes (CD33, MYOF1, NLRP1, GAB3, CD4, IFR8, CYTH4, BTK, FGR, CD37). Expression of CYP19A1 (aromatase) was significantly correlated with COX2, but only in tumors positive for ER, PR and HER2. Tumor-promoting genes correlated with the expression of COX1, COX2, and ALOX5 are known to effectively increase mitogenesis, mutagenesis, angiogenesis, cell survival, immunosuppression and metastasis in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kennedy
- Colleges of Public Health and Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue (306 Cunz Hall), Columbus, OH, 43210-1351, USA
| | - Randall E Harris
- Colleges of Public Health and Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue (306 Cunz Hall), Columbus, OH, 43210-1351, USA.
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31
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Monaco ME. Fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer subtypes. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29487-29500. [PMID: 28412757 PMCID: PMC5438746 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism is recognized as a component of malignant transformation in many different cancers, including breast; yet the potential for targeting this pathway for prevention and/or treatment of cancer remains unrealized. Evidence indicates that proteins involved in both synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids play a pivotal role in the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. The following essay summarizes data implicating specific fatty acid metabolic enzymes in the genesis and progression of breast cancer, and further categorizes the relevance of specific metabolic pathways to individual intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Based on mRNA expression data, the less aggressive luminal subtypes appear to rely on a balance between de novo fatty acid synthesis and oxidation as sources for both biomass and energy requirements, while basal-like, receptor negative subtypes overexpress genes involved in the utilization of exogenous fatty acids. With these differences in mind, treatments may need to be tailored to individual subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Monaco
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Wu X, Zhi F, Lun W, Deng Q, Zhang W. Baicalin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced hepatic stellate cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and activation via the miR-3595/ACSL4 axis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1992-2002. [PMID: 29393361 PMCID: PMC5810201 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a physiological response to liver injury that includes a range of cell types. The pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis currently focuses on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation into muscle fiber cells and fibroblasts. Baicalin is a flavone glycoside. It is the glucuronide of baicalein, which is extracted from the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Previous work focused on the anti-viral, -inflammatory and -tumor properties of baicalin. However, the potential anti-fibrotic effects and mechanisms of baicalin are not known. The present study demonstrated that baicalin influenced the activation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced activated HSC-T6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of baicalin, a one-color micro (mi)RNA array and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were used. Results demonstrated that baicalin increased the expression of the miRNA, miR-3595. In addition, the inhibition of miR-3595 substantially reversed the anti-fibrotic effect of baicalin. The present data also suggested that miR-3595 negatively regulates the long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4). Furthermore, ACSL4 acted in a baicalin-dependent manner to exhibit anti-fibrotic effects. Taken together, it was concluded that baicalin induces miR-3595 expression that modulates the expression levels of ACSL4. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that baicalin induces overexpression of human miR-3595, and subsequently decreases the expression of ACSL4, resulting in an anti-fibrotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Weijian Lun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qiliang Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wendi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Belkaid A, Ouellette RJ, Surette ME. 17β-estradiol-induced ACSL4 protein expression promotes an invasive phenotype in estrogen receptor positive mammary carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:402-410. [PMID: 28334272 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain acyl-CoA synthase-4 (ACSL4) expression has been associated with an aggressive phenotype in breast carcinoma cells, whereas its role in ERα-positive breast cancer has not been studied. ACSL4 prefers 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) substrates, and along with other ACSLs has been associated with cellular uptake of exogenous fatty acids. 17β-estradiol induces proliferation and invasive capacities in ERα+ve breast carcinoma that is associated with modifications of cellular lipid metabolism. In this study, treatment of steroid-starved ERα-positive MCF-7 and T47D mammary carcinoma cells with 17β-estradiol resulted in increased cellular uptake of the PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), important building blocks for cellular membranes, and increased ACSL4 protein levels. There was no change in the expression of the ACSL1, ACSL3 and ACSL6 protein isotypes. Increased ACSL4 protein expression was not accompanied by changes in ACSL4 mRNA expression, but was associated with a significant increase in the protein half-life compared to untreated cells. ERα silencing reversed the impact of 17β-estradiol on ACSL4 protein levels and half-life. Silencing of ACSL4 eliminated the 17β-estradiol-induced increase in AA and EPA uptake, as well as the 17β-estradiol-induced cell migration, proliferation and invasion capacities. ASCL4 silencing also prevented the 17β-estradiol induced increases in p-Akt and p-GSK3β, and decrease in E-cadherin expression, important events in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ACSL4 is a target of 17β-estradiol-stimulated ERα and is required for the cellular uptake of exogenous PUFA and the manifestation of a more malignant phenotype in ERα+ve breast carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Belkaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada and.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | | | - Marc E Surette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada and
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Wu X, Deng F, Li Y, Daniels G, Du X, Ren Q, Wang J, Wang LH, Yang Y, Zhang V, Zhang D, Ye F, Melamed J, Monaco ME, Lee P. ACSL4 promotes prostate cancer growth, invasion and hormonal resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44849-63. [PMID: 26636648 PMCID: PMC4792596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in fatty acid metabolism have been demonstrated to promote the growth and survival of a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we examine the expression and function of the fatty acid activating enzyme, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4), in PCa. Ectopic expression of ACSL4 in ACSL4-negative PCa cells increases proliferation, migration and invasion, while ablation of ACSL4 in PCa cells expressing endogenous ACSL4 reduces cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The cell proliferative effects were observed both in vitro, as well as in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of human PCa tissue samples indicated ACSL4 expression is increased in malignant cells compared with adjacent benign epithelial cells, and particularly increased in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) when compared with hormone naive PCa. In cell lines co-expressing both ACSL4 and AR, proliferation was independent of exogenous androgens, suggesting that ACSL4 expression may lead to CRPC. In support for this hypothesis, ectopic ACSL4 expression induced resistance to treatment with Casodex, via decrease in apoptosis. Our studies further indicate that ACSL4 upregulates distinct pathway proteins including p-AKT, LSD1 and β-catenin. These results suggest ACSL4 could serve as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinxin Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qinghu Ren
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling Hang Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valerio Zhang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie E Monaco
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Orlando UD, Castillo AF, Dattilo MA, Solano AR, Maloberti PM, Podesta EJ. Acyl-CoA synthetase-4, a new regulator of mTOR and a potential therapeutic target for enhanced estrogen receptor function in receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42632-50. [PMID: 26536660 PMCID: PMC4767459 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the role of acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) in mediating an aggressive phenotype is well accepted, there is little evidence as to the early steps through which ACSL4 increases tumor growth and progression. In this study, and by means of the stable transfection of MCF-7 cells with ACSL4 using the tetracycline Tet-Off system (MCF-7 Tet-Off/ACSL4), we identify the mTOR pathway as one of the main specific signatures of ACSL4 expression and demonstrate the partial involvement of the lipoxygenase pathway in the activation of mTOR. The specificity of ACSL4 action on mTOR signaling is also determined by doxycycline inhibition of ACSL4 expression in MCF-7 Tet-Off/ACSL4 cells, by the expression of ACSL4 in the non-aggressive T47D breast cancer cell line and by knocking down this enzyme expression in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which constitutively express ACSL4. ACSL4 regulates components of the two complexes of the mTOR pathway (mTORC1/2), along with upstream regulators and substrates. We show that mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and ACSL4 inhibitor rosiglitazone can act in combination to inhibit cell growth. In addition, we demonstrate a synergistic effect on cell growth inhibition by the combination of rosiglitazone and tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor α (ERα) inhibitor. Remarkably, this synergistic effect is also evident in the triple negative MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that ACSL4 could be a target to restore tumor hormone dependence in tumors with poor prognosis for disease-free and overall survival, in which no effective specifically targeted therapy is readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises D Orlando
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana F Castillo
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina A Dattilo
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angela R Solano
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M Maloberti
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ernesto J Podesta
- Biomedical Research Institute, INBIOMED, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hon JDC, Singh B, Sahin A, Du G, Wang J, Wang VY, Deng FM, Zhang DY, Monaco ME, Lee P. Breast cancer molecular subtypes: from TNBC to QNBC. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1864-1872. [PMID: 27725895 PMCID: PMC5043099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment protocols for breast cancer depend predominantly on receptor status with respect to estrogen (estrogen receptor alpha), progesterone (progesterone receptor) and human epidermal growth factor [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)]. The presence of one or more of these receptors suggests that a treatment targeting these pathways might be effective, while the absence of, or in the case of HER2, lack of overexpression of, all of these receptors, termed triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), indicates a need for the more toxic chemotherapy. In an effort to develop targeted therapies for TNBC, it will be necessary to differentiate among specific TNBC subtypes. The subset of TNBC that expresses androgen receptor (AR) has been determined to express genes consistent with a luminal subtype and therefore may be amenable to therapies targeting either AR, itself, or other pathways typical of a luminal subtype. Recent investigations of the AR signal pathway within breast cancer lead to AR as a significant target for breast cancer therapy with several clinical trials currently in progress. The subclass of TNBC that lacks AR, which we have termed quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC) currently lacks a defined targetable pathway. Unlike AR-positive TNBC, QNBC predominantly exhibits a basal-like molecular subtype. Several subtypes and related pathway proteins are preferentially expressed in QNBC that may serve as effective targets for treatment, such as ACSL4, SKP2 and EGFR. ACSL4 expression has been demonstrated to be inversely correlated with expression of hormone/growth factor receptors and may thus serve as a biomarker for QNBC as well as a target for therapy. In the following review we summarize some of the current efforts to develop alternatives to chemotherapy for TNBC and QNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Date C Hon
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Aysegul Sahin
- Department of Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Du
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Y Wang
- Association of Chinese American PhysiciansFlushing, NY, USA
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Association of Chinese American PhysiciansFlushing, NY, USA
| | - David Y Zhang
- Association of Chinese American PhysiciansFlushing, NY, USA
| | - Marie E Monaco
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare SystemNew York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Association of Chinese American PhysiciansFlushing, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare SystemNew York, NY, USA
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Wang H, Xu B, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Chang X. PADI2 gene confers susceptibility to breast cancer and plays tumorigenic role via ACSL4, BINC3 and CA9 signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:61. [PMID: 27478411 PMCID: PMC4966586 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) post-translationally converts arginine residues to citrulline residues. Recent studies have suggested that PADI2 (PAD isoform 2), a member of the PAD family, is involved in the tumorigenic process of some tumors, especially breast cancer. However, little is known about the mechanisms of PADI2 in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to elucidate the tumorigenic role and regulatory pathway of PADI2 in breast tumors. METHODS The Sequenom MassARRAY and TaqMan genotyping methods were used to investigate the correlation between PADI2 gene SNPs and various tumor risks. PCR array analyses, including cancer pathway finder and signal transduction PCR arrays, were performed to investigate the tumorigenic pathway of PADI2 in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line following treatment with anti-PADI2 siRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and transwell migration assays were performed to observe the effect of PADI2 in MCF-7 cells treated with anti-PADI2 siRNA. RESULTS Both Sequenom MassARRAY and TaqMan genotyping assays demonstrated that SNP rs10788656 in the PADI2 gene was significantly associated with breast cancer. PCR arrays indicated that inhibiting PADI2 expression significantly increased expression of CA9 and decreased expression of ACSL4 and BIRC3 in MCF-7 cells, which was verified using real-time PCR. Inhibiting PADI2 expression also significantly decreased the migration ability of MCF-7 cells but did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The PADI2 gene confers susceptibility to breast cancer. PADI2 expression contributes to abnormal migration of breast tumor cells. PADI2 affects tumorigenesis in breast tumor cells by regulating the expression of ACSL4, BINC3 and CA9, which are known to promote abnormal lipid metabolism and cell invasion of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China ; Taian City Central Hospital, Longtan Road 29, Taian, 271000 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory of PKUCare Luzhong Hospital, Taigong Road 65, Zibo, 250400 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
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38
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Chen WC, Wang CY, Hung YH, Weng TY, Yen MC, Lai MD. Systematic Analysis of Gene Expression Alterations and Clinical Outcomes for Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Family in Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155660. [PMID: 27171439 PMCID: PMC4865206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism contributes to cancer progression. Our previous study indicates that long-chain fatty acyl-Co A synthetase (ACSL) 3 is essential for lipid upregulation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this report, we aimed to identify the role of ACSL family in cancer with systematic analysis and in vitro experiment. We explored the ACSL expression using Oncomine database to determine the gene alteration during carcinogenesis and identified the association between ACSL expression and the survival of cancer patient using PrognoScan database. ACSL1 may play a potential oncogenic role in colorectal and breast cancer and play a potential tumor suppressor role in lung cancer. Co-expression analysis revealed that ACSL1 was coexpressed with MYBPH, PTPRE, PFKFB3, SOCS3 in colon cancer and with LRRFIP1, TSC22D1 in lung cancer. In accordance with PrognoScan analysis, downregulation of ACSL1 in colon and breast cancer cell line inhibited proliferation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth. In contrast, increase of oncogenic property was observed in lung cancer cell line by attenuating ACSL1. High ACSL3 expression predicted a better prognosis in ovarian cancer; in contrast, high ACSL3 predicted a worse prognosis in melanoma. ACSL3 was coexpressed with SNUPN, TRIP13, and SEMA5A in melanoma. High expression of ACSL4 predicted a worse prognosis in colorectal cancer, but predicted better prognosis in breast, brain and lung cancer. ACSL4 was coexpressed with SERPIN2, HNRNPCL1, ITIH2, PROCR, LRRFIP1. High expression of ACSL5 predicted good prognosis in breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. ACSL5 was coexpressed with TMEM140, TAPBPL, BIRC3, PTPRE, and SERPINB1. Low ACSL6 predicted a worse prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. ACSL6 was coexpressed with SOX6 and DARC. Altogether, different members of ACSLs are implicated in diverse types of cancer development. ACSL-coexpressed molecules may be used to further investigate the role of ACSL family in individual type of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ching Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsuan Hung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Yang Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Chi Yen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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Ye X, Zhang Y, He B, Meng Y, Li Y, Gao Y. Quantitative proteomic analysis identifies new effectors of FOXM1 involved in breast cancer cell migration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:15836-15844. [PMID: 26884854 PMCID: PMC4730067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) transcription factor plays important roles in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis in multiple human carcinomas. However, the underlying mechanisms for FOXM1 function remain to be classified. In the present study, we employed quantitative proteomic approach to search new downstream targets of FOXM1 in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. A total of 4125 proteins were identified and quantified by label-free quantitation, of which 318 proteins were significantly changed (with P-value <0.05) between FOXM1 knockdown cells and control cells. Among them, three proteins ACSL4, CGGBP1 and PGRMC2 were significantly downregulated with FOXM1 reduction by western blot analysis. Further functional assays revealed that knockdown of the three proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells attenuated the ability of cell migration, consistent with the phenotype of FOXM1 knockdown. These results suggest that new potential downstream effectors of FOXM1 were identified by proteomic approach, and may provide new potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ye
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityShanghai 200120, China
| | - Bin He
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
| | - Yuesheng Meng
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200120, China
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40
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Yu HM, Newell M, Subedi K, Weselake RJ, Mazurak V, Field CJ. Bypassing the Δ6-desaturase enzyme and directly providing n-3 and n-6 PUFA pathway intermediates reduces the survival of two human breast cancer cell lines. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howe-Ming Yu
- Division of Nutrition; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Marnie Newell
- Division of Nutrition; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Kalpana Subedi
- Division of Nutrition; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Randall J. Weselake
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Vera Mazurak
- Division of Nutrition; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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41
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Kan CFK, Singh AB, Dong B, Shende VR, Liu J. PPARδ activation induces hepatic long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 expression in vivo and in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:577-87. [PMID: 25645621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid preferred long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is a key enzyme for fatty acid metabolism in various metabolic tissues. In this study, we utilized hamsters fed a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet or a high cholesterol and high fat diet (HCHFD) as animal models to explore novel transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for ACSL4 expression under hyperlipidemic conditions. Through cloning hamster ACSL4 homolog and tissue profiling ACSL4 mRNA and protein expressions we observed a selective upregulation of ACSL4 in testis and liver of HCHFD fed animals. Examination of transcriptional activators of the ACSL family revealed an increased hepatic expression of PPARδ but not PPARα in HCHFD fed hamsters. To explore a role of PPARδ in dietary cholesterol-mediated upregulation of ACSL4, we administered a PPARδ specific agonist L165041 to normolipidemic and dyslipidemic hamsters. We observed significant increases of hepatic ACSL4 mRNA and protein levels in all L165041-treated hamsters as compared to control animals. The induction of ACSL4 expression by L165041 in liver tissue in vivo was recapitulated in human primary hepatocytes and hepatocytes isolated from hamster and mouse. Moreover, employing the approach of adenovirus-mediated gene knockdown, we showed that depletion of PPARδ in hamster hepatocytes specifically reduced ACSL4 expression. Finally, utilizing HepG2 as a model system, we demonstrate that PPARδ activation leads to increased ACSL4 promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression, and consequently higher arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase activity. Taken together, we have discovered a novel PPARδ-mediated regulatory mechanism for ACSL4 expression in liver tissue and cultured hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fung Kelvin Kan
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Amar Bahadur Singh
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Vikram Ravindra Shende
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States.
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42
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Mariani F, Sena P, Roncucci L. Inflammatory pathways in the early steps of colorectal cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9716-9731. [PMID: 25110410 PMCID: PMC4123361 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death in many countries. Colorectal carcinogenesis is a stepwise process which, from normal mucosa leads to malignancy. Many factors have been shown to influence this process, however, at present, several points remain obscure. In recent years some hypotheses have been considered on the mechanisms involved in cancer development, expecially in its early stages. Tissue injury resulting from infectious, mechanical, or chemical agents may elicit a chronic immune response resulting in cellular proliferation and regeneration. Chronic inflammation of the large bowel (as in inflammatory bowel diseases), has been associated with the subsequent development of colorectal cancer. In this review we examine the inflammatory pathways involved in the early steps of carcinogenesis, with particular emphasis on colorectal. Firstly, we describe cells and proteins recently suggested as central in the mechanism leading to tumor development. Macrophages and neutrophils are among the cells mostly involved in these processes and proteins, as cyclooxygenases and resolvins, are crucial in these inflammatory pathways. Indeed, the activation of these pathways establishes an oxidative and anaerobic microenvironment with DNA damage to epithelial cells, and shifting from an aerobic to an anaerobic metabolism. Many cellular mechanisms, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy are altered causing failure to control normal mucosa repair and renewal.
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43
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Wu X, Daniels G, Lee P, Monaco ME. Lipid metabolism in prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:111-120. [PMID: 25374912 PMCID: PMC4219300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of cells requires adaptations across multiple metabolic processes to satisfy the energy required for their increased rate of proliferation. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism has been a hallmark of the malignant phenotype; increased lipid accumulation secondary to changes in the levels of a variety of lipid metabolic enzymes has been documented in a variety of tumors, including prostate. Alterations in prostate lipid metabolism include upregulation of several lipogenic enzymes as well as of enzymes that function to oxidize fatty acids as an energy source. Cholesterol metabolism and phospholipid metabolism are also affected. With respect to lipogenesis, most studies have concentrated on increased expression and activity ofthe de novo fatty acid synthesis enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FASN), with suggestions that FASN might function as an oncogene. A central role for fatty acid oxidation in supplying energy to the prostate cancer cell is supported by the observation that the peroxisomal enzyme, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which facilitates the transformation of branched chain fatty acids to a form suitable for β-oxidation, is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate. Exploitation of the alterations in lipid metabolic pathways in prostate cancer could result in the development of new therapeutic modalities as well as provide candidates for new prognostic and predictive biomarkers. AMACR has already proven to be a valuable biomarker in distinguishing normal from malignant prostate tissue, and is used routinely in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology,Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology,Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology,Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare SystemNew York, NY, USA
| | - Marie E Monaco
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare SystemNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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44
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Jiang M, Huang O, Xie Z, Wu S, Zhang X, Shen A, Liu H, Chen X, Wu J, Lou Y, Mao Y, Sun K, Hu S, Geng M, Shen K. A novel long non-coding RNA-ARA: adriamycin resistance-associated. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:254-83. [PMID: 24184505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as an integral functional component of human genome and have been investigated as critical regulators in molecular biology of cancer. A recent study reported that lncRNA-UCA1 induced drug resistance in adriamycin chemotherapy. However, the contributions of lncRNAs to adriamycin resistance in cancers remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide lncRNA microarray analysis in adriamycin resistant MCF-7/ADR and parental MCF-7 cells, and revealed differential expression of lncRNAs in distinct category and chromosome distribution patterns. A specific differentially expressed lncRNA (Adriamycin Resistance Associated, termed ARA) was validated in MCF-7/ADR and HepG2/ADR cells. ARA is derived from an intron of PAK3 gene, predicted to contain several stable hairpins in secondary structure and has conservative sequences in primates. ARA expression is significantly associated with adriamycin sensitivity in a panel of breast and liver cancer cell lines and is markedly up-regulated in parental sensitive MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines after receiving adriamycin treatment. The functions of ARA were assessed by silencing this lncRNA in vitro, and we found that ARA knockdown reduced the proliferation, induced cell death, G2/M arrest and migration defects. Furthermore, microarray transcriptomic analysis was carried out to comprehensively depict the ARA-regulated genes. We showed that ARA can modulate multiple signalling pathways, including MAPK signalling pathway, metabolism pathways, cell cycle and cell adhesion-related biological pathways, and regulate cellular processes, including transcriptional processes and protein binding function. Overall, our results indicate novel insights of adriamycin resistance in lncRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ou Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuchao Wu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Aijun Shen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Lou
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shudong Hu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Kunwei Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Wu X, Li Y, Wang J, Wen X, Marcus MT, Daniels G, Zhang DY, Ye F, Wang LH, Du X, Adams S, Singh B, Zavadil J, Lee P, Monaco ME. Long chain fatty Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 is a biomarker for and mediator of hormone resistance in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77060. [PMID: 24155918 PMCID: PMC3796543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) in breast cancer. Public databases were utilized to analyze the relationship between ACSL4 mRNA expression and the presence of steroid hormone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in both breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples. In addition, cell lines were utilized to assess the consequences of either increased or decreased levels of ACSL4 expression. Proliferation, migration, anchorage-independent growth and apoptosis were used as biological end points. Effects on mRNA expression and signal transduction pathways were also monitored. A meta-analysis of public gene expression databases indicated that ACSL4 expression is positively correlated with a unique subtype of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the absence of androgen receptor (AR) and therefore referred to as quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC). Results of experiments in breast cancer cell lines suggest that simultaneous expression of ACSL4 and a receptor is associated with hormone resistance. Forced expression of ACSL4 in ACSL4-negative, estrogen receptor α (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells resulted in increased growth, invasion and anchorage independent growth, as well as a loss of dependence on estrogen that was accompanied by a reduction in the levels of steroid hormone receptors. Sensitivity to tamoxifen, triacsin C and etoposide was also attenuated. Similarly, when HER2-positive, ACSL4-negative, SKBr3 breast cancer cells were induced to express ACSL4, the proliferation rate increased and the apoptotic effect of lapatinib was reduced. The growth stimulatory effect of ACSL4 expression was also observed in vivo in nude mice when MCF-7 control and ACSL4-expressing cells were utilized to induce tumors. Our data strongly suggest that ACSL4 can serve as both a biomarker for, and mediator of, an aggressive breast cancer phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Coenzyme A Ligases/genetics
- Coenzyme A Ligases/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Max T. Marcus
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Y. Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ling Hang Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xinxin Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
- *E-mail: (MM); (PL)
| | - Marie E. Monaco
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
- *E-mail: (MM); (PL)
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46
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Robichaud PP, Boulay K, Munganyiki JÉ, Surette ME. Fatty acid remodeling in cellular glycerophospholipids following the activation of human T cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2665-77. [PMID: 23894206 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in fatty acid (FA) and glycerophospholipid (GPL) metabolism associated with cell cycle entry are not fully understood. In this study FA-GPL remodeling was investigated in resting and proliferating primary human T cells. Significant changes were measured in the composition and distribution of FAs in GPLs following receptor activation of human T cells. The FA distribution of proliferating T cells was very similar to that of the human Jurkat T cell line and when the stimulus was removed from proliferating T cells, they stopped proliferating and the FA distribution largely reverted back to that of resting T cells. The cellular content of saturated and monounsaturated FAs was significantly increased in proliferating cells, which was associated with an induction of FA synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 gene expression. Additionally, cellular arachidonate was redistributed in GPLs in a distinct pattern that was unlike any other FAs. This redistribution was associated with an induction of CoA-dependent and CoA-independent remodeling. Accordingly, significant changes in the expression of several acyl-CoA synthetases, lysophospholipid acyltransferases, and phospholipase A2 were measured. Overall, these results suggest that metabolic pathways are activated in proliferating T cells that may represent fundamental changes associated with human cell proliferation.
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47
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Orlando U, Cooke M, Cornejo Maciel F, Papadopoulos V, Podestá EJ, Maloberti P. Characterization of the mouse promoter region of the acyl-CoA synthetase 4 gene: role of Sp1 and CREB. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:15-26. [PMID: 23376217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (Acsl4) is involved in several cellular functions including steroidogenesis, synaptic development and cancer metastasis. Although the expression of Acsl4 seems to be regulated by tissue- and cell-specific factors as well as pituitary hormones and growth factors, the transcriptional mechanisms involved remain unknown. We demonstrated hCG and cAMP regulation of Acsl4 mRNA in mouse steroidogenic MA-10 Leydig cells. We characterized the transcription initiation site and promoter of the Acsl4 mouse gene and identified three alternative splice variants present in MA-10 cells. Sequence analysis of a 1.5-kb fragment of the Acsl4 promoter revealed the absence of a TATA box and the presence of many putative binding sites for transcription factors including Sp1 and CREB. Functional characterization revealed that the specificity protein/Krüppel-like factor Sp1 binding site in the proximal promoter is involved in basal activity and that the cAMP response element-binding site is involved in cAMP stimulation of Acsl4 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Orlando
- Institute of Biomedical Investigations (INBIOMED), Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, National Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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