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Che B, Zhang W, Xu S, Yin J, He J, Huang T, Li W, Yu Y, Tang K. Prostate Microbiota and Prostate Cancer: A New Trend in Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:805459. [PMID: 34956913 PMCID: PMC8702560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.805459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have gradually begun to decline in the past few years, it is still one of the leading causes of death from malignant tumors in the world. The occurrence and development of prostate cancer are affected by race, family history, microenvironment, and other factors. In recent decades, more and more studies have confirmed that prostate microflora in the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of prostate cancer. Microorganisms or their metabolites may affect the occurrence and metastasis of cancer cells or regulate anti-cancer immune surveillance. In addition, the use of tumor microenvironment bacteria in interventional targeting therapy of tumors also shows a unique advantage. In this review, we introduce the pathway of microbiota into prostate cancer, focusing on the mechanism of microorganisms in tumorigenesis and development, as well as the prospect and significance of microorganisms as tumor biomarkers and tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Che
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingju Yin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Medical Science of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Lin D, He H, Sun J, He X, Long W, Cui X, Sun Y, Zhao S, Zheng X, Zeng Z, Zhang K, Wang H. Co-delivery of PSMA antigen epitope and mGM-CSF with a cholera toxin-like chimeric protein suppressed prostate tumor growth via activating dendritic cells and promoting CTL responses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1609-1620. [PMID: 33612342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines derived from tumor antigens play a role in tumor therapy because of their unique advantages. However, because of the weak immunogenicity of peptides in subunit vaccines, it is difficult to trigger an effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, which is critical for cancer therapy. A requirement for the activation of CTL cells by exogenous antigens is the stimulation of antigen presenting cells (APC) with the help of adjuvants and cross-presentation to T lymphocytes. Standard nonconjugated adjuvant-peptide mixtures do not ensure co-targeting of the antigen and the adjuvant to the same APC, which limits the effects of adjuvants. In this study, a fusion protein consisting of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) fused with CTA2 (A2 subunit of cholera toxin) was generated and assembled with CTB-PSMA624-632 (prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) peptide 624-632 fused to CTB) to obtain a cholera toxin-like protein. The chimeric protein retained the biological activity of mGM-CSF and had stronger GM1 binding activity than (CTB-PSMA624-632)5. C57BL/6J mice immunized with the CT-like chimeric protein exhibited delayed tumor growth following challenge with human PSMA-EGFP-expressing RM-1 cells. Experiment results showed that the CT-like chimeric protein could induce the maturation of DC cells and improve CTL responses. Overall, these results indicate that the nasal administration of a CT-like chimeric protein vaccine results in the development of effective immunity against prostate tumor cells and might be useful for future clinical anti-tumoral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmin Lin
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huafeng He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xianying He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Long
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiping Cui
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunxiao Sun
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, PR China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Biotechnology and Health, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Huaqian Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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3
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Qin L, Wang S, Dominguez D, Long A, Chen S, Fan J, Ahn J, Skakuj K, Huang Z, Lee A, Mirkin C, Zhang B. Development of Spherical Nucleic Acids for Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1333. [PMID: 32733447 PMCID: PMC7362897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the strategy of therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of prostate cancer has advanced to and is available in the clinic (Sipuleucel-T), the efficacy of such therapy remains limited. Here, we develop Immunostimulatory Spherical Nucleic Acid (IS-SNA) nanostructures comprised of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvant and prostate cancer peptide antigens, and evaluate their antitumor efficacy in syngeneic mouse models of prostate cancer. IS-SNAs with the specific structural feature of presenting both antigen and adjuvant CpG on the surface (hybridized model (HM) SNAs) induce stronger cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated antigen-specific killing of target cells than that for IS-SNAs with CpG on the surface and antigen encapsulated within the core (encapsulated model (EM) SNAs). Mechanistically, HM SNAs increase the co-delivery of CpG and antigen to dendritic cells over that for EM SNAs or admixtures of linear CpG and peptide, thereby improving cross-priming of antitumor CD8+ T cells. As a result, vaccination with HM SNAs leads to more effective antitumor immune responses in two prostate cancer models. These data demonstrate the importance of the structural positioning of peptide antigens together with adjuvants within IS-SNAs to the efficacy of IS-SNA-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shuya Wang
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Donye Dominguez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alan Long
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Siqi Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jie Fan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jihae Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kacper Skakuj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Ziyin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Chad Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,The International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Sharma PK, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Raes G, Li L, Kim SW, Lu ZH, Arbeit JM, Fleming TP, Kaliberov SA, Goedegebuure SP, Curiel DT, Gillanders WE. Development of an adenovirus vector vaccine platform for targeting dendritic cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:27-38. [PMID: 29242639 PMCID: PMC5972836 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-017-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vector vaccines represent one of the most promising modern vaccine platforms, and Ad vector vaccines are currently being investigated in human clinical trials for infectious disease and cancer. Our studies have shown that specific targeting of adenovirus to dendritic cells dramatically enhanced vaccine efficacy. However, this was achieved using a molecular adapter, thereby necessitating a two component vector approach. To address the mandates of clinical translation of our strategy, we here sought to accomplish the goal of DC targeting with a single-component adenovirus vector approach. To redirect the specificity of Ad vector vaccines, we replaced the Ad fiber knob with fiber-fibritin chimeras fused to DC1.8, a single-domain antibody (sdAb) specific for murine immature DC. We engineered a fiber-fibritin-sdAb chimeric molecule using the coding sequence for DC1.8, and then replaced the native Ad5 fiber knob sequence by homologous recombination. The resulting Ad5 virus, Ad5FF1.8, expresses the chimeric fiber-fibritin sdAb chimera. Infection with Ad5FF1.8 dramatically enhances transgene expression in DC2.4 dendritic cells compared with infection with native Ad5. Ad5FF1.8 infection of bone marrow-derived DC demonstrates that Ad5FF1.8 selectively infects immature DC consistent with the known specificity of DC1.8. Thus, sdAb can be used to selectively redirect the tropism of Ad5 vector vaccines, providing the opportunity to engineer Ad vector vaccines that are specifically targeted to DC, or specific DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel W Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Lu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Arbeit
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sergey A Kaliberov
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Shi Y, Halperin SA, Lee SF. Expression, purification, and functional analysis of an antigen-targeting fusion protein composed of CD40 ligand and the C-terminal fragment of ovalbumin. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 142:37-44. [PMID: 28974444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Delivering antigen via molecules specifically targeting receptors on the surface of antigen-presenting cells is a strategy to improve immune responses. In this study, an antigen-targeting fusion protein (OVA-CD40LS) composed of the C-terminal fragment of ovalbumin and the extracellular domain of mouse CD40 ligand was constructed by genetic fusion. The OVA-CD40LS and the control OVA (rOVA) genes were cloned in Escherichia coli and over-expressed as insoluble proteins. The rOVA protein was purified from the insoluble fraction of E. coli cell lysate by nickel affinity chromatography and refolded by step-wise dialysis to give a yield of 11.8 mg/L of culture. The OVA-CD40LS was purified by a 'two-round' nickel affinity and on-column protein-refolding chromatography. The yield was 528 μg/L of culture. The purified OVA-CD40LS, but not the rOVA, was able to simulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulate cell surface marker proteins in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The purified OVA-CD40LS elicited a robust immune response when injected submucosally in the oral cavity of mice. Collectively, the results indicate that the OVA-CD40LS fusion protein was biologically active, functioning as an antigen-targeting protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunnuo Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Song F Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Termini JM, Gupta S, Raffa FN, Guirado E, Fischl MA, Niu L, Kanagavelu S, Stone GW. Epstein Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein-1 enhances dendritic cell therapy lymph node migration, activation, and IL-12 secretion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184915. [PMID: 28910387 PMCID: PMC5599068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a promising cell type for cancer vaccines due to their high immunostimulatory capacity. However, improper maturation of DC prior to treatment may account for the limited efficacy of DC vaccine clinical trials. Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus was examined for its ability to mature and activate DC as a gene-based molecular adjuvant for DC vaccines. DC were transduced with an adenovirus 5 vector (Ad5) expressing LMP1 under the control of a Tet-inducible promoter. Ad5-LMP1 was found to mature and activate both human and mouse DC. LMP1 enhanced in vitro migration of DC toward CCL19, as well as in vivo migration of DC to the inguinal lymph nodes of mice following intradermal injection. LMP1-transduced DC increased T cell proliferation in a Pmel-1 adoptive transfer model and enhanced survival in B16-F10 melanoma models. LMP1-DC also enhanced protection in a vaccinia-Gag viral challenge assay. LMP1 induced high levels of IL-12p70 secretion in mouse DC when compared to standard maturation protocols. Importantly, LMP1-transduced human DC retained the capacity to secrete IL-12p70 and TNF in response to DC restimulation. In contrast, DC matured with Monocyte Conditioned Media-Mimic cocktail (Mimic) were impaired in IL-12p70 secretion following restimulation. Overall, LMP1 matured and activated DC, induced migration to the lymph node, and generated high levels of IL-12p70 in a murine model. We propose LMP1 as a promising molecular adjuvant for DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Termini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Francesca N. Raffa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Guirado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Fischl
- Department of Medicine and Miami Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Liguo Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Saravana Kanagavelu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey W. Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Evans JC, Malhotra M, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of the prostate specific membrane antigen/glutamate carboxypeptidase II (PSMA/GCPII) in cancer and neurological disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3041-3079. [PMID: 27526115 PMCID: PMC5056232 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) otherwise known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane bound protein that is highly expressed in prostate cancer and in the neovasculature of a wide variety of tumours including glioblastomas, breast and bladder cancers. This protein is also involved in a variety of neurological diseases including schizophrenia and ALS. In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of both diagnostics and therapeutics that take advantage of the expression and activity of PSMA/GCPII. These include gene therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we discuss the biological roles that PSMA/GCPII plays, both in normal and diseased tissues, and the current therapies exploiting its activity that are at the preclinical stage. We conclude by giving an expert opinion on the future direction of PSMA/GCPII based therapies and diagnostics and hurdles that need to be overcome to make them effective and viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Evans
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Dendritic cells serve as a "Trojan horse" for oncolytic adenovirus delivery in the treatment of mouse prostate cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1121-8. [PMID: 27345628 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer, in which replication of the virus itself is the anticancer method. However, the success of this novel therapy is limited due to inefficient delivery of the virus to the target sites. In this study, we used dendritic cells (DCs) as carriers for conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) in targeting prostate carcinoma (PCa). METHODS Four types of CRAds, including Ad-PC (without PCa-specific promoter and a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor, rmhTNF, sequence), Ad-PC-rmhTNF (without PCa-specific promoter), Ad-PPC-NCS (without an rmhTNF sequence) and Ad-PPC-rmhTNF, were constructed. The androgen-insensitive mouse PCa RM-1 cells were co-cultured with CRAd-loading DCs, and the viability of RM-1 cells was examined using MTT assay. The in vivo effects of CRAd-loading DCs on PCa were evaluated in RM-1 xenograft mouse model. RESULTS Two PCa-specific CRAds (Ad-PPC-NCS, Ad-PPC-rmhTNF) exhibited more potent suppression on the viability of RM-1 cells in vitro than the PCa-non-specific CRAds (Ad-PC, Ad-PC-rmhTNF). In PCa-bearing mice, intravenous injection of the PCa-specific CRAd-loading DCs significantly inhibited the growth of xenografted tumors, extended the survival time, and induced T-cell activation. Additionally, the rmhTNF-containing CRAds exhibited greater tumor killing ability than CRAds without rmhTNF. CONCLUSION DCs may be an effective vector for the delivery of CRAds in the treatment of PCa.
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Evans JC, Malhotra M, Guo J, O'Shea JP, Hanrahan K, O'Neill A, Landry WD, Griffin BT, Darcy R, Watson RW, O'Driscoll CM. Folate-targeted amphiphilic cyclodextrin.siRNA nanoparticles for prostate cancer therapy exhibit PSMA mediated uptake, therapeutic gene silencing in vitro and prolonged circulation in vivo. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2341-2351. [PMID: 27389146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a folate targeted cyclodextrin (CD) nanoparticle was prepared by co-formulating CD.siRNA complexes with DSPE-PEG5000-folate to target the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Targeted formulations showed increased uptake, relative to untargeted controls, in two prostate cancer cell lines expressing PSMA (VCaP and LNCaP). Competitive uptake studies, using excess folate, significantly reduced uptake of targeted nanoparticles in PSMA positive cell lines (P<0.001). Relative to untreated controls, folate-targeted nanoparticles significantly reduced the levels of RelA mRNA in VCaP and LNCaP cells by 44% and 22% respectively (P<0.001). In contrast there was no significant reduction in RelA mRNA in these cell lines by untargeted complexes. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data indicated that the incorporation of PEG into the formulation increased the circulation time of siRNA 8-fold. This study highlights the ability of incorporating a folate ligand into CD.siRNA nanoparticles to allow for targeted delivery of siRNA to prostate cancer cells via the PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Evans
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph P O'Shea
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen Hanrahan
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda O'Neill
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William D Landry
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R William Watson
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
The use of gene delivery systems for the expression of antigenic proteins is an established means for activating a patient’s own immune system against the cancer they carry. Since tumor cells are poor antigen-presenting cells, cross-presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) is essential for the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. A number of polymer-based nanomedicines have been developed to deliver genes into DCs, primarily by incorporating tumor-specific, antigen-encoding plasmid DNA with polycationic molecules to facilitate DNA loading and intracellular trafficking. Direct in vivo targeting of plasmid DNA to DC surface receptors can induce high transfection efficiency and long-term gene expression, essential for antigen loading onto major histocompatibility complex molecules and stimulation of T-cell responses. This chapter summarizes the physicochemical properties and biological information on polymer-based non-viral vectors used for targeting DCs, and discusses the main challenges for successful in vivo gene transfer into DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Howard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gen, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (i, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Biophysical I, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dan Peer
- Britannia Bldg, 2nd Fl, Rm 226, Tel-Aviv Univ, Dept Cell Research, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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11
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Functional Specialty of CD40 and Dendritic Cell Surface Lectins for Exogenous Antigen Presentation to CD8(+) and CD4(+) T Cells. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:46-58. [PMID: 27077111 PMCID: PMC4816850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that can efficiently prime and cross-prime antigen-specific T cells. Delivering antigen to DCs via surface receptors is thus an appealing strategy to evoke cellular immunity. Nonetheless, which DC surface receptor to target to yield the optimal CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses remains elusive. Herein, we report the superiority of CD40 over 9 different lectins and scavenger receptors at evoking antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. However, lectins (e.g., LOX-1 and Dectin-1) were more efficient than CD40 at eliciting CD4+ T cell responses. Common and distinct patterns of subcellular and intracellular localization of receptor-bound αCD40, αLOX-1 and αDectin-1 further support their functional specialization at enhancing antigen presentation to either CD8+ or CD4+ T cells. Lastly, we demonstrate that antigen targeting to CD40 can evoke potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in human CD40 transgenic mice. This study provides fundamental information for the rational design of vaccines against cancers and viral infections. Antigen delivery to DCs via CD40 is more efficient than through nine other receptors at eliciting CD8 T+ cell response. Antigen delivery via lectins (e.g., LOX-1 and Dectin-1) is more efficient than CD40 at eliciting CD4+ T cell responses.
The success of an immunotherapeutic vaccine for cancer is largely dependent on its ability to evoke potent cellular immunity. Although targeting antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) has been known to be an efficient strategy to evoke cellular immunity, which targeted receptors yield the optimal cellular immunity remained elusive. We report that targeting CD40, compared to 9 other DC receptors, results in the greatest levels of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, while targeting lectins results in enhanced CD4+ helper T cell responses. The findings of this study will assist us in the rational design of immunotherapeutic vaccines against cancers.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AP, alkaline phosphatase
- APC, antigen-presenting cells
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CD40
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Coh, cohesin
- Cross-presentation
- DC, dendritic cell
- Dendritic cell
- Doc, dockerin
- EEA1, early endosome antigen 1
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ELISpot, enzyme-linked immunospot
- Flu.M1, influenza virus matrix protein 1
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HA1, hemagglutinin subunit 1
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- JaCoP, Just another Colocalization Plugin
- LAMP-1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1
- Lectins
- MART-1, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Mo-DC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell
- NHP, non-human primate
- NP, nucleoprotein
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PSA, prostate specific antigen
- Poly(I:C), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TMB, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Vaccine
- hCD40Tg, human CD40 transgenic
- i.p., intraperitoneal(ly)
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mDC, myeloid dendritic cell
- pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- s.c., subcutaneous(ly)
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Abstract
Human adenovirus (Ad) has been used extensively to develop gene transfer vectors for vaccine and gene therapy applications. A major factor limiting the efficacy of the current generation of Ad vectors is their inability to accomplish specific gene delivery to the cells of interest. Transductional targeting strategies seek to redirect virus binding to the appropriate cellular receptor to increase infection efficiency in selected cell types to achieve therapeutic intervention. These efforts mainly focused on incorporating targeting ligands by means of chemical conjugation or genetic modification of Ad capsid proteins and using bispecific adapter molecules to mediate virus recognition of target cells. This review summarizes current progress in Ad tropism modification maneuvers that embody genetic capsid modification and adapter-based approaches that have encouraging implications for further development of advanced vectors suitable for clinical translation.
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Dendritic cell targeting vaccine for HPV-associated cancer. CANCER CELL & MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 3:e1482. [PMID: 28133621 PMCID: PMC5267343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen presenting cells that can efficiently prime and activate cellular immune responses. Delivering antigens to in vivo DCs has thus been considered as a promising strategy that could allow us to mount T cell-mediated therapeutic immunity against cancers in patients. Successful development of such types of cancer vaccines that can target in vivo DCs, however, requires a series of outstanding questions that need to be addressed. These include the proper selection of which DC surface receptors, specific DC subsets and DC activators that can further enhance the efficacy of vaccines by promoting effector T cell infiltration and retention in tumors and their actions against tumors. Supplementing these areas of research with additional strategies that can counteract tumor immune evasion mechanisms is also expected to enhance the efficacy of such therapeutic vaccines against cancers. After more than a decade of study, we have concluded that antigen targeting to DCs via CD40 to evoke cellular responses is more efficient than targeting antigens to the same types of DCs via eleven other DC surface receptors tested. In recent work, we have further demonstrated that a prototype vaccine (anti-CD40-HPV16.E6/7, a recombinant fusion protein of anti-human CD40 and HPV16.E6/7 protein) for HPV16-associated cancers can efficiently activate HPV16.E6/7-specific T cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, from the blood of HPV16+ head-and-neck cancer patients. Moreover, anti-CD40-HPV16.E6/7 plus poly(I:C) can mount potent therapeutic immunity against TC-1 tumor expressing HPV16.E6/7 protein in human CD40 transgenic mice. In this manuscript, we thus highlight our recent findings for the development of novel CD40 targeting immunotherapeutic vaccines for HPV16-associated malignancies. In addition, we further discuss several of key questions that still remain to be addressed for enhancing therapeutic immunity elicited by our prototype vaccine against HPV16-associated malignancies.
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Pros and Cons of Antigen-Presenting Cell Targeted Tumor Vaccines. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:785634. [PMID: 26583156 PMCID: PMC4637118 DOI: 10.1155/2015/785634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In therapeutic antitumor vaccination, dendritic cells play the leading role since they decide if, how, when, and where a potent antitumor immune response will take place. Since the disentanglement of the complexity and merit of different antigen-presenting cell subtypes, antitumor immunotherapeutic research started to investigate the potential benefit of targeting these subtypes in situ. This review will discuss which antigen-presenting cell subtypes are at play and how they have been targeted and finally question the true meaning of targeting antitumor-based vaccines.
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Versatile polyion complex micelles for peptide and siRNA vectorization to engineer tolerogenic dendritic cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:216-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Incorporation of porcine adenovirus 4 fiber protein enhances infectivity of adenovirus vector on dendritic cells: implications for immune-mediated cancer therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125851. [PMID: 25933160 PMCID: PMC4416912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy in cancer immunotherapy is to capitalize on the key immunoregulatory and antigen presenting capabilities of dendritic cells (DCs). This approach is dependent on efficient delivery of tumor specific antigens to DCs, which subsequently induce an anti-tumor T-cell mediated immune response. Human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV5) has been used in human studies for gene delivery, but has limited infection in DCs, which lack the proper receptors. Addition of the porcine fiber knob (PK) from porcine adenovirus type 4 to HAdV5 allows the virus to deliver genetic material via binding to glycosylated surface proteins and bypasses the coxsackie-and-adenovirus receptor required by wild-type HAdV5. In this study we explored the potential therapeutic applications of an adenovirus with PK-based tropism against cancers expressing mesothelin. Infectivity and gene transfer assays were used to compare Ad5-PK to wild-type HAdV5. Mouse models were used to demonstrate peptide specificity and T-cell responses. We show that the PK modification highly augmented infection of DCs, including the CD141+ DC subset, a key subset for activation of naïve CD8+ T-cells. We also show that Ad5-PK increases DC infectivity and tumor specific antigen expression. Finally, vaccination of mice with the Ad5-PK vector resulted in enhanced T-cell-mediated interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release in response to both mesothelin peptide and a tumor line expressing mesothelin. Ad5-PK is a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy as it improves infectivity, gene transfer, protein expression, and subsequent T-cell activation in DCs compared to wild-type HAdV5 viruses.
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Meyers JD, Jay PY, Rentschler S. Reprogramming the conduction system: Onward toward a biological pacemaker. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 26:14-20. [PMID: 25937044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the cardiac conduction system can be debilitating and deadly. Electronic pacemakers are incredibly effective in the treatment of sinus and AV node dysfunction, yet there remain important limitations and complications. These issues have driven interest in the development of a biological pacemaker. Here, we review experimental progress in animal models and discuss future directions, with a focus on reprogramming endogenous cells in the heart to treat defects of rhythm and conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Meyers
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Patrick Y Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
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Wei SM, Fei JX, Tao F, Pan HL, Shen Q, Wang L, Wu YJ, Zhou L, Zhu SX, Liao WB, Ji H, Xin ZL. Anti-CD27 Antibody Potentiates Antitumor Effect of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine in Prostate Cancer-Bearing Mice. Int Surg 2015; 100:155-63. [PMID: 25594656 PMCID: PMC4301282 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated whether anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody can enhance the antitumor efficacy of a dendritic cell-based vaccine in prostate cancer-bearing mice. The overall therapeutic effect of a dendritic cell-based vaccine for prostate cancer remains moderate. A prostate cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of RM-1 tumor cells into male C57BL/6 mice on day 0. After 4 days, tumor-bearing mice were treated with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (i.e., dendritic cell-based vaccine), anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody, or a combination of RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells with anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody. Mice were killed at 21 days after tumor cell implantation. Tumor size was measured for assessment of antitumor effect. Spleens were collected for analysis of antitumor immune responses. The antitumor immune responses were evaluated by measuring the proliferation and activity of T cells, which have the ability to kill tumor cells. The combination therapy with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells and anti-CD27 antibody significantly enhanced T-cell proliferation and activity, and significantly reduced tumor growth, compared with monotherapy with RM-1 tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells or anti-CD27 antibody. Our results suggest that combined treatment can strengthen antitumor efficacy by improving T-cell proliferation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Wei
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hang-Li Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Sheng-Xin Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Wei-Bin Liao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hua Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Xin
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou City, China
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, China
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Yang YF, Xue SY, Lu ZZ, Xiao FJ, Yin Y, Zhang QW, Wu CT, Wang H, Wang LS. Antitumor effects of oncolytic adenovirus armed with PSA-IZ-CD40L fusion gene against prostate cancer. Gene Ther 2014; 21:723-31. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Peptide-based technologies to alter adenoviral vector tropism: ways and means for systemic treatment of cancer. Viruses 2014; 6:1540-63. [PMID: 24699364 PMCID: PMC4014709 DOI: 10.3390/v6041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the fundamental progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and the arrival of the post-genomic era, increasing numbers of therapeutic genes and cellular targets are available for gene therapy. Meanwhile, the most important challenge is to develop gene delivery vectors with high efficiency through target cell selectivity, in particular under in situ conditions. The most widely used vector system to transduce cells is based on adenovirus (Ad). Recent endeavors in the development of selective Ad vectors that target cells or tissues of interest and spare the alteration of all others have focused on the modification of the virus broad natural tropism. A popular way of Ad targeting is achieved by directing the vector towards distinct cellular receptors. Redirecting can be accomplished by linking custom-made peptides with specific affinity to cellular surface proteins via genetic integration, chemical coupling or bridging with dual-specific adapter molecules. Ideally, targeted vectors are incapable of entering cells via their native receptors. Such altered vectors offer new opportunities to delineate functional genomics in a natural environment and may enable efficient systemic therapeutic approaches. This review provides a summary of current state-of-the-art techniques to specifically target adenovirus-based gene delivery vectors.
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Lukashevich IS, Shirwan H. Adenovirus-Based Vectors for the Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines. NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1818-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases as well as cancer pose great global health impacts on the society. Vaccines have emerged as effective treatments to prevent or reduce the burdens of already developed diseases. This is achieved by means of activating various components of the immune system to generate systemic inflammatory reactions targeting infectious agents or diseased cells for control/elimination. DNA virus-based genetic vaccines gained significant attention in the past decades owing to the development of DNA manipulation technologies, which allowed engineering of recombinant viral vectors encoding sequences for foreign antigens or their immunogenic epitopes as well as various immunomodulatory molecules. Despite tremendous progress in the past 50 years, many hurdles still remain for achieving the full clinical potential of viral-vectored vaccines. This chapter will present the evolution of vaccines from “live” or “attenuated” first-generation agents to recombinant DNA and viral-vectored vaccines. Particular emphasis will be given to human adenovirus (Ad) for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Ad biological properties related to vaccine development will be highlighted along with their advantages and potential hurdles to be overcome. In particular, we will discuss (1) genetic modifications in the Ad capsid protein to reduce the intrinsic viral immunogenicity, (2) antigen capsid incorporation for effective presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, (3) modification of the hexon and fiber capsid proteins for Ad liver de-targeting and selective retargeting to cancer cells, (4) Ad-based vaccines carrying “arming” transgenes with immunostimulatory functions as immune adjuvants, and (5) oncolytic Ad vectors as a new therapeutic approach against cancer. Finally, the combination of adenoviral vectors with other non-adenoviral vector systems, the prime/boost strategy of immunization, clinical trials involving Ad-based vaccines, and the perspectives for the field development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicolog Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
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Mou Y, Xie H, Huang X, Han W, Ni Y, Su H, Wang Z, Hu Q. Immunological suppression of head and neck carcinoma by dendritic cell tumor fusion vaccine. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1799-1803. [PMID: 24260079 PMCID: PMC3833945 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of cancer with dendritic cell (DC) tumor vaccine is highly dependent on the efficacy of antigen presentation and T cell activation. In the present study, a novel vaccine of DCs fused with autologous tumor cells was introduced, which had a marked ability to suppress head and neck carcinoma. DCs generated from the bone marrow of mice were fused with an autologous tumor cell line using polyethylene glycol (PEG). To observe the fused cells, confocal microscopy and FACS analysis were performed. Subsequently, the activation and proliferation of T cells, as well as animal experiments, were examined. The efficiency of DC/tumor fusion was 18.03% and T cells were well-activated by the hybrids. The volumes of tumors on the tumor-bearing mice were controlled, survival time of tumor-bearing mice was prolonged and the level of IFN-γ in serum was significantly increased compared with the control group and lysate-pulsed DC group. The results indicate that the DC/tumor fusion vaccine appears to be more effective than DCs pulsed with tumor lysate for the treatment of head and neck carcinoma, which may be useful in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Mou
- Center Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Fraga-Silva TFDC, Venturini J, de Arruda MSP. Trafficking of phagocytic peritoneal cells in hypoinsulinemic-hyperglycemic mice with systemic candidiasis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:147. [PMID: 23521724 PMCID: PMC3616899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candidemia is a severe fungal infection that primarily affects hospitalized and/or immunocompromised patients. Mononuclear phagocytes have been recognized as pivotal immune cells which act in the recognition of pathogens, phagocytosis, inflammation, polarization of adaptive immune response and tissue repair. Experimental studies have showed that the systemic candidiasis could be controlled by activated peritoneal macrophages. However, the mechanism to explain how these cells act in distant tissue during a systemic fungal infection is still to be elucidated. In the present study we investigate the in vivo trafficking of phagocytic peritoneal cells into infected organs in hypoinsulinemic-hyperglycemic (HH) mice with systemic candidiasis. Methods The red fluorescent vital dye PKH-26 PCL was injected into the peritoneal cavity of Swiss mice 24 hours before the intravenous inoculation with Candida albicans. After 24 and 48 hours and 7 days of infection, samples of the spleen, liver, kidneys, brain and lungs were submitted to the microbiological evaluation as well as to phagocytic peritoneal cell trafficking analyses by fluorescence microscopy. Results In the present study, PKH+ cells were observed in the peritoneum, kidney, spleen and liver samples from all groups. In infected mice, we also found PKH+ cells in the lung and brain. The HH condition did not affect this process. Conclusions In the present study we have observed that peritoneal phagocytes migrate to tissues infected by C. albicans and the HH condition did not interfere in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental (LIPE), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
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