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Nagai K, Muto Y, Miura S, Takahashi K, Naruse Y, Hiruta R, Hashimoto Y, Uzuki M, Haga Y, Fujii R, Ueda K, Kawaguchi Y, Fujii M, Kitazume S. Brain-specific glycosylation enzyme GnT-IX maintains levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPRZ, thereby mediating glioma growth. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105128. [PMID: 37543361 PMCID: PMC10480537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary tumor of the central nervous system. Despite advances in imaging technologies, neurosurgical techniques, and radiotherapy, a cure for high-grade glioma remains elusive. Several groups have reported that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is highly expressed in glioblastoma, and that targeting PTPRZ attenuates tumor growth in mice. PTPRZ is modified with diverse glycan, including the PTPRZ-unique human natural killer-1 capped O-mannosyl core M2 glycans. However, the regulation and function of these unique glycans are unclear. Using CRISPR genome-editing technology, we first demonstrated that disruption of the PTPRZ gene in human glioma LN-229 cells resulted in profoundly reduced tumor growth in xenografted mice, confirming the potential of PTPRZ as a therapeutic target for glioma. Furthermore, multiple glycan analyses revealed that PTPRZ derived from glioma patients and from xenografted glioma expressed abundant levels of human natural killer-1-capped O-Man glycans via extrinsic signals. Finally, since deficiency of O-Man core M2 branching enzyme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IX (GnT-IX) was reported to reduce PTPRZ protein levels, we disrupted the GnT-IX gene in LN-229 cells and found a significant reduction of glioma growth both in vitro and in the xenograft model. These results suggest that the PTPR glycosylation enzyme GnT-IX may represent a promising therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yui Muto
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Miura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Naruse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryo Hiruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miwa Uzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Haga
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Fujii
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
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2
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Koss KM, Son T, Li C, Hao Y, Cao J, Churchward MA, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Derda R, Todd KG. Toward discovering a novel family of peptides targeting neuroinflammatory states of brain microglia and astrocytes. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.15840. [PMID: 37171455 PMCID: PMC10640667 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune-derived cells critical to the development and healthy function of the brain and spinal cord, yet are implicated in the active pathology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. A range of functional phenotypes associated with the healthy brain or disease states has been suggested from in vivo work and were modeled in vitro as surveying, reactive, and primed sub-types of primary rat microglia and mixed microglia/astrocytes. It was hypothesized that the biomolecular profile of these cells undergoes a phenotypical change as well, and these functional phenotypes were explored for potential novel peptide binders using a custom 7 amino acid-presenting M13 phage library (SX7) to identify unique peptides that bind differentially to these respective cell types. Surveying glia were untreated, reactive were induced with a lipopolysaccharide treatment, recovery was modeled with a potent anti-inflammatory treatment dexamethasone, and priming was determined by subsequently challenging the cells with interferon gamma. Microglial function was profiled by determining the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. After incubation with the SX7 phage library, populations of SX7-positive microglia and/or astrocytes were collected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, SX7 phage was amplified in Escherichia coli culture, and phage DNA was sequenced via next-generation sequencing. Binding validation was done with synthesized peptides via in-cell westerns. Fifty-eight unique peptides were discovered, and their potential functions were assessed using a basic local alignment search tool. Peptides potentially originated from proteins ranging in function from a variety of supportive glial roles, including synapse support and pruning, to inflammatory incitement including cytokine and interleukin activation, and potential regulation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Koss
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - T Son
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - J Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - M A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Z J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - J A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - K G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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3
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Papadimitriou E, Kanellopoulou VK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Zeta 1 as a Potential Target in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098093. [PMID: 37175798 PMCID: PMC10178973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta 1 (PTPRZ1) is a type V transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed during embryonic development, while its expression during adulthood is limited. PTPRZ1 is highly detected in the central nervous system, affecting oligodendrocytes' survival and maturation. In gliomas, PTPRZ1 expression is significantly upregulated and is being studied as a potential cancer driver and as a target for therapy. PTPRZ1 expression is also increased in other cancer types, but there are no data on the potential functional significance of this finding. On the other hand, low PTPRZ1 expression seems to be related to a worse prognosis in some cancer types, suggesting that in some cases, it may act as a tumor-suppressor gene. These discrepancies may be due to our limited understanding of PTPRZ1 signaling and tumor microenvironments. In this review, we present evidence on the role of PTPRZ1 in angiogenesis and cancer and discuss the phenomenal differences among the different types of cancer, depending on the regulation of its tyrosine phosphatase activity or ligand binding. Clarifying the involved signaling pathways will lead to its efficient exploitation as a novel therapeutic target or as a biomarker, and the development of proper therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki K Kanellopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Schmitd LB, Perez-Pacheco C, Bellile EL, Wu W, Casper K, Mierzwa M, Rozek LS, Wolf GT, Taylor JM, D'Silva NJ. Spatial and Transcriptomic Analysis of Perineural Invasion in Oral Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3557-3572. [PMID: 35819260 PMCID: PMC9560986 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perineural invasion (PNI), a common occurrence in oral squamous cell carcinomas, is associated with poor survival. Consequently, these tumors are treated aggressively. However, diagnostic criteria of PNI vary and its role as an independent predictor of prognosis has not been established. To address these knowledge gaps, we investigated spatial and transcriptomic profiles of PNI-positive and PNI-negative nerves. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tissue sections from 142 patients were stained with S100 and cytokeratin antibodies. Nerves were identified in two distinct areas: tumor bulk and margin. Nerve diameter and nerve-to-tumor distance were assessed; survival analyses were performed. Spatial transcriptomic analysis of nerves at varying distances from tumor was performed with NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler Transcriptomic Atlas. RESULTS PNI is an independent predictor of poor prognosis among patients with metastasis-free lymph nodes. Patients with close nerve-tumor distance have poor outcomes even if diagnosed as PNI negative using current criteria. Patients with large nerve(s) in the tumor bulk survive poorly, suggesting that even PNI-negative nerves facilitate tumor progression. Diagnostic criteria were supported by spatial transcriptomic analyses of >18,000 genes; nerves in proximity to cancer exhibit stress and growth response changes that diminish with increasing nerve-tumor distance. These findings were validated in vitro and in human tissue. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in human cancer with high-throughput gene expression analysis in nerves with striking correlations between transcriptomic profile and clinical outcomes. Our work illuminates nerve-cancer interactions suggesting that cancer-induced injury modulates neuritogenesis, and supports reclassification of PNI based on nerve-tumor distance rather than current subjective criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia B. Schmitd
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cindy Perez-Pacheco
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily L. Bellile
- Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Bioinformatics Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Keith Casper
- Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle Mierzwa
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura S. Rozek
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory T. Wolf
- Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeremy M.G. Taylor
- Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nisha J. D'Silva
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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5
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Zhou QJ, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang R, Yin T, Li X, Li G, He Y, Ding Z, Ma P, Wang SZ, Mao B, Zhang S, Wang GD. A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of the dog hippocampus reveals the potential relationship between specific cell types and domestication. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac147. [PMID: 36569494 PMCID: PMC9772819 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of domestication has led to dramatic differences in behavioral traits between domestic dogs and gray wolves. Whole-genome research found that a class of putative positively selected genes were related to various aspects of learning and memory, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression. In this study, we constructed a single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of the dog hippocampus to illustrate its cell types, cell lineage and molecular features. Using the transcriptomes of 105 057 nuclei from the hippocampus of a Beagle dog, we identified 26 cell clusters and a putative trajectory of oligodendrocyte development. Comparative analysis revealed a significant convergence between dog differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and putative positively selected genes (PSGs). Forty putative PSGs were DEGs in glutamatergic neurons, especially in Cluster 14, which is related to the regulation of nervous system development. In summary, this study provides a blueprint to understand the cellular mechanism of dog domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tingting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Genomic Center of Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Guimei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Genomic Center of Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zhaoli Ding
- Genomic Center of Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Shi-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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6
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Targeting microglia–oligodendrocyte crosstalk in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2562-2573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z in Central Nervous System Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084414. [PMID: 35457233 PMCID: PMC9024684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most common tumors of the central nervous system and include highly malignant subtypes, such as glioblastoma, which are associated with poor prognosis. Effective treatments are therefore urgently needed. Despite the recent advances in neuroimaging technologies, differentiating gliomas from other brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis remains challenging in some patients, and often requires invasive brain biopsy. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein that is highly expressed in the central nervous system. Several reports analyzing mouse tumor models suggest that PTPRZ may have potential as a therapeutic target for gliomas. A soluble cleaved form of PTPRZ (sPTPRZ) in the cerebrospinal fluid is markedly upregulated in glioma patients, making it another promising diagnostic biomarker. Intriguingly, PTPRZ is also involved in the process of remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Indeed, lowered PTPRZ glycosylation by deletion of the glycosyltransferase gene leads to reduced astrogliosis and enhanced remyelination in mouse models of demyelination. Here, we review the expression, molecular structure, and biological roles of PTPRZ. We also discuss glioma and demyelinating diseases, as well as the pathological role of PTPRZ and its application as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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8
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Tasdemir-Yilmaz OE, Druckenbrod NR, Olukoya OO, Dong W, Yung AR, Bastille I, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Sitko AA, Hale EB, Vigneau S, Gimelbrant AA, Kharchenko PV, Goodrich LV, Segal RA. Diversity of developing peripheral glia revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2516-2535.e8. [PMID: 34469751 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system responds to a wide variety of sensory stimuli, a process that requires great neuronal diversity. These diverse neurons are closely associated with glial cells originating from the neural crest. However, the molecular nature and diversity among peripheral glia are not understood. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile developing and mature glia from somatosensory dorsal root ganglia and auditory spiral ganglia. We found that glial precursors (GPs) in these two systems differ in their transcriptional profiles. Despite their unique features, somatosensory and auditory GPs undergo convergent differentiation to generate molecularly uniform myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. By contrast, somatosensory and auditory satellite glial cells retain system-specific features. Lastly, we identified a glial signature gene set, providing new insights into commonalities among glia across the nervous system. This survey of gene expression in peripheral glia constitutes a resource for understanding functions of glia across different sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge E Tasdemir-Yilmaz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noah R Druckenbrod
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Weixiu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isle Bastille
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria F Pazyra-Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Austen A Sitko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan B Hale
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sébastien Vigneau
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Reyes-Mata PM, Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Carrera-Quintanar L, González-Castillo C, Mireles-Ramírez MA, Guerrero-García JDJ, Ortuño-Sahagún D. Pleiotrophin serum level is increased in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis and correlates with sex, BMI and treatment. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:59-68. [PMID: 34247888 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease mainly affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS). 80% of MS patients present the Relapsing-Remitting form (RRMS). Pleiotrophin (PTN), a cytokine previously associated with other autoimmune and neurological diseases, could play a role in the pathophysiology of RRMS due to its neuro and immunomodulatory effect. However, PTN has never been explored in RRMS patients. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine PTN serum levels in patients with RRMS, treated with Glatiramer acetate (GA) or Interferon-beta (IFN-β), as well as in non-treated patients and healthy controls as a first attempt to explore PTN in RRMS. METHODS PTN serum levels were quantified by ELISA in 57 patients and 18 controls. RESULTS We demonstrated that PTN serum levels are significantly higher in RRMS patients. In IFN-β treated patients alone, PTN correlated positively with time of disease evolution and time of IFN-β use and correlated negatively with the MS severity score (MSSS). When comparing groups according to weight status, we observed that PTN is statistically increased in overweight female patients and that weight does not affect male patients. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was higher for males compared to females. CONCLUSION PTN serum level is higher in RRMS patients and that is associated with sex, BMI and IFN-β treatment. Therefore, we propose that PTN could be playing a role in MS. Further studies must be performed to identify the exact role of PTN in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina María Reyes-Mata
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Argelia Esperanza Rojas-Mayorquín
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | | | - Mario Alberto Mireles-Ramírez
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - José de Jesús Guerrero-García
- Banco de Sangre Central, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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10
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Hughes AN. Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661486. [PMID: 34046407 PMCID: PMC8144722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a functional nervous system requires the coordinated actions of many glial cells. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons to increase conduction velocity and provide trophic support. Myelination can be modified by local signaling at the axon-myelin interface, potentially adapting sheaths to support the metabolic needs and physiology of individual neurons. However, neurons and oligodendrocytes are not wholly responsible for crafting the myelination patterns seen in vivo. Other cell types of the CNS, including microglia and astrocytes, modify myelination. In this review, I cover the contributions of non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells to the formation, maintenance, and pruning of myelin sheaths. I address ways that these cell types interact with the oligodendrocyte lineage throughout development to modify myelination. Additionally, I discuss mechanisms by which these cells may indirectly tune myelination by regulating neuronal activity. Understanding how glial-glial interactions regulate myelination is essential for understanding how the brain functions as a whole and for developing strategies to repair myelin in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Hughes
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Freuchet A, Salama A, Remy S, Guillonneau C, Anegon I. IL-34 and CSF-1, deciphering similarities and differences at steady state and in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:771-796. [PMID: 33600012 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1120-773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL-34 and CSF-1 share actions as key mediators of monocytes/macrophages survival and differentiation, they also display differences that should be identified to better define their respective roles in health and diseases. IL-34 displays low sequence homology with CSF-1 but has a similar general structure and they both bind to a common receptor CSF-1R, although binding and subsequent intracellular signaling shows differences. CSF-1R expression has been until now mainly described at a steady state in monocytes/macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells, as well as in some cancers. IL-34 has also 2 other receptors, protein-tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPζ) and CD138 (Syndecan-1), expressed in some epithelium, cells of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in numerous cancers. While most, if not all, of CSF-1 actions are mediated through monocyte/macrophages, IL-34 has also other potential actions through PTPζ and CD138. Additionally, IL-34 and CSF-1 are produced by different cells in different tissues. This review describes and discusses similarities and differences between IL-34 and CSF-1 at steady state and in pathological situations and identifies possible ways to target IL-34, CSF-1, and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Freuchet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Apolline Salama
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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12
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Adams KL, Dahl KD, Gallo V, Macklin WB. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 116:16-24. [PMID: 34110985 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are highly specialized glial cells, responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). The multi-stage process of oligodendrocyte development is tightly regulated to ensure proper lineage progression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to mature myelin producing oligodendrocytes. This developmental process involves complex interactions between several intrinsic signaling pathways that are modulated by an array of extrinsic factors. Understanding these regulatory processes is of crucial importance, as it may help to identify specific molecular targets both to enhance plasticity in the normal CNS and to promote endogenous recovery following injury or disease. This review describes two major regulators that play important functional roles in distinct phases of oligodendrocyte development: OPC proliferation and differentiation. Specifically, we highlight the roles of the extracellular astrocyte/radial glia-derived protein Endothelin-1 in OPC proliferation and the intracellular Akt/mTOR pathway in OPC differentiation. Lastly, we reflect on how recent advances in neuroscience and scientific technology will enable greater understanding into how intrinsic and extrinsic regulators interact to generate oligodendrocyte diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Adams
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kristin D Dahl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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13
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Serum ROCK2, miR-300 and miR-450b-5p levels in two different clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis: Relation to patient disability and disease progression. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577356. [PMID: 32781341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most prevalent MS subtype. Years after disease onset, most of RRMS patients show transition into secondary progressive form (SPMS). Currently, no biomarkers are available for tracking disease progression. Here, we observed marked elevation of Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) along with significant downregulation of miRNAs 300 and 450b-5p expressions in the serum of 39 RRMS and 35 SPMS Egyptian patients compared to healthy controls. More pronounced alterations were found in SPMS versus RRMS patients. Our findings also suggest relations between elevated ROCK2 and reduced expression of both miRNAs with the degree of disability and disease progression. Notably, these biomarkers effectively discriminated RRMS from SPMS patients with miR-450b-5p showing the highest prognostic power.
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15
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Aguiar RS, Pohl F, Morais GL, Nogueira FCS, Carvalho JB, Guida L, Arge LWP, Melo A, Moreira MEL, Cunha DP, Gomes L, Portari EA, Velasquez E, Melani RD, Pezzuto P, de Castro FL, Geddes VEV, Gerber AL, Azevedo GS, Schamber-Reis BL, Gonçalves AL, Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Nishiyama MY, Ho PL, Schanoski AS, Schuch V, Tanuri A, Chimelli L, Vasconcelos ZFM, Domont GB, Vasconcelos ATR, Nakaya HI. Molecular alterations in the extracellular matrix in the brains of newborns with congenital Zika syndrome. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaay6736. [PMID: 32518143 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay6736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause a set of severe abnormalities in the fetus known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Experiments with animal models and in vitro systems have substantially contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of ZIKV infection. Here, to investigate the molecular basis of CZS in humans, we used a systems biology approach to integrate transcriptomic, proteomic, and genomic data from the postmortem brains of neonates with CZS. We observed that collagens were greatly reduced in expression in CZS brains at both the RNA and protein levels and that neonates with CZS had several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in collagen-encoding genes that are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis. These findings were validated by immunohistochemistry and comparative analysis of collagen abundance in ZIKV-infected and uninfected samples. In addition, we showed a ZIKV-dependent increase in the expression of cell adhesion factors that are essential for neurite outgrowth and axon guidance, findings that are consistent with the neuronal migration defects observed in CZS. Together, these findings provide insights into the underlying molecular alterations in the ZIKV-infected brain and reveal host genes associated with CZS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pohl
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Morais
- National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, LNCC/MCTI, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseane B Carvalho
- National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, LNCC/MCTI, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Letícia Guida
- Fernandes Figueira Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis W P Arge
- National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, LNCC/MCTI, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriana Melo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Professor Amorim Neto, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela P Cunha
- Fernandes Figueira Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes
- Fernandes Figueira Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Velasquez
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Melani
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Pezzuto
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L de Castro
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor E V Geddes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra L Gerber
- National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, LNCC/MCTI, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Girlene S Azevedo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Professor Amorim Neto, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Schamber-Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Campina Grande, Núcleo de Genética Médica, Centro Universitário UniFacisa, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alessandro L Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Y Nishiyama
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo L Ho
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Schuch
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Chimelli
- Laboratório de Neuropatologia, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ana T R Vasconcelos
- National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, LNCC/MCTI, Petrópolis, Brazil.
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Fujikawa A, Sugawara H, Tanga N, Ishii K, Kuboyama K, Uchiyama S, Suzuki R, Noda M. A head-to-toe dimerization has physiological relevance for ligand-induced inactivation of protein tyrosine receptor type Z. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14953-14965. [PMID: 31416834 PMCID: PMC6791311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) receptor type Z (PTPRZ) has two receptor isoforms, PTPRZ-A and -B, containing tandem intracellular PTP-D1 and -D2 domains, with only D1 being active. Pleiotrophin (PTN) binding to the extracellular PTPRZ region leads to inactivation of its PTPase activity, thereby facilitating oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms responsible for PTN-induced PTPRZ inactivation remain unclear. We herein report that the crystal structure of the intracellular region of PTPRZ (PTPRZ-ICR) shows a "head-to-toe"-type dimer conformation, with D2 masking the catalytic site of D1. MS analyses revealed that PTPRZ-ICR proteins remain in monomer-dimer equilibrium in aqueous solution and that a substrate-derived inhibitory peptide or competitive inhibitor (SCB4380) specifically bind to the monomer form in a 1:1 ratio. A D2 deletion (ΔD2) or dimer interface mutation (DDKK) disrupted dimer formation, but SCB4380 binding was maintained. Similar to WT PTPRZ-B, monomer-biased PTPRZ-B-ΔD2 and PTPRZ-B-DDKK variants efficiently dephosphorylated p190RhoGAP at Tyr-1105 when co-expressed in BHK-21 cells. The catalytic activities of these variants were not suppressed by PTN treatment, but were inhibited by the cell-permeable PTPase inhibitor NAZ2329. Of note, the PTN treatment did not enhance OPC differentiation in primary cultured glial cells from ΔD2 or PTPase-inactive PTPRZ-B (CS) mutant knock-in mice. Our results thus indicate that PTN-induced PTPRZ inactivation results from dimer formation of the intracellular tandem PTP domains in a head-to-toe configuration, which is physiologically relevant to the control of OPC differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugawara
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishii
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan,Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Institute of Innovative Research (IIR), Tokyo Institute of Technology, S2 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan. Tel.:
81-45-924-5537; E-mail:
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17
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Fujikawa A, Noda Y, Yamamoto H, Tanga N, Sakaguchi G, Hattori S, Song WJ, Sora I, Nabeshima T, Katsuura G, Noda M. Mice deficient in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) show reduced responsivity to methamphetamine despite an enhanced response to novelty. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221205. [PMID: 31430310 PMCID: PMC6701799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a commonly abused drug, elevates extracellular dopamine (DA) levels by inducing DA efflux through the DA transporter (DAT). Emerging evidence in rodent models suggests that locomotor responses to a novel inescapable open field may predict behavioral responses to abused drugs; METH produces more potent stimulant effects in high responders to novelty than in low responders. We herein found that mice deficient in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (Ptprz-KO) exhibited an enhanced behavioral response to novelty; however, METH-induced hyperlocomotion was significantly lower in Ptprz-KO than in wild-type mice when METH was administered at a non-toxic dose of 1 mg per kg body weight (bdw). Single-cell RT-PCR revealed that the majority of midbrain DA neurons expressed PTPRZ. No histological alterations were observed in the mesolimbic or nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways in Ptprz-KO brains; however, a significant decrease was noted in brain DA turnover, suggesting functional alterations. In vivo microdialysis experiments revealed that METH-evoked DA release in the nucleus accumbens was significantly lower in Ptprz-KO mice than in wild-type mice. Consistent with this result, Ptprz-KO mice showed significantly fewer cell surface DAT as well as weaker DA uptake activity in striatal synaptosomes prepared 1 hr after the administration of METH than wild-type mice, while no significant differences were observed in the two groups treated with saline. These results indicate that the high response phenotype of Ptprz-KO mice to novelty may not be simply attributed to hyper-dopaminergic activity, and that deficits in PTPRZ reduce the effects of METH by reducing DAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideko Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Gaku Sakaguchi
- Biomarker R&D Dept., SHIONOGI & CO. LTD., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wen-Jie Song
- Department of Sensory and Cognitive Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Psychiatry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Goro Katsuura
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences & University Hospital, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Matjašič A, Zupan A, Boštjančič E, Pižem J, Popović M, Kolenc D. A novel PTPRZ1-ETV1 fusion in gliomas. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:226-234. [PMID: 31381204 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggressive nature of malignant gliomas and their genetic and clinical heterogeneity present a major challenge in their diagnosis and treatment. Development of targeted therapy brought attention on detecting novel gene fusions, since they represent promising therapeutic targets (eg, TRK inhibitors in NTRK fusion-positive tumors). Using targeted next-generation sequencing, we prospectively analyzed 205 primary brain tumors and detected a novel PTPRZ1-ETV1 fusion transcript in 11 of 191 (5.8%) gliomas, including nine glioblastomas, one anaplastic oligodendroglioma and one pilocytic astrocytoma. PTPRZ1-ETV1 fusion was confirmed by RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing, and in-silico analysis predicted a potential driver role. The newly detected fusion consists of the PTPRZ1 promoter in frame with the highly conserved DNA-binding domain of ETV1 transcription factor. The ETV1 and PTPRZ1 genes are known oncogenes, involved in processes of tumor development. ETV1 is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, already known oncogenic drivers in Ewing sarcoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, but not in gliomas. Its overexpression contributes to tumor growth and more aggressive tumor behavior. PTPRZ1 is already considered to be a tumor growth promoting oncogene in gliomas. In 8%-16% of gliomas, PTPRZ1 is fused to the MET oncogene, resulting in a PTPRZ1-MET fusion, which is associated with poorer prognosis but is also a positive predictive biomarker for treatment with kinase inhibitors. In view of the oncogenic role that the two fusion partners, PTPRZ1 and ETV1, exhibit in other malignancies, PTPRZ1-ETV1 fusion might present a novel potential therapeutic target in gliomas. Although histopathological examination of PTPRZ1-ETV1 fusion-positive gliomas did not reveal any specific or unique pathological features, and the follow-up period was too short to assess prognostic value of the fusion, careful monitoring of patients and their response to therapy might provide additional insights into the prognostic and predictive value of this novel fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Matjašič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Zupan
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Boštjančič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Pižem
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mara Popović
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijela Kolenc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Tanga N, Kuboyama K, Kishimoto A, Kihara M, Kiyonari H, Watanabe T, Fujikawa A, Noda M. Behavioral and neurological analyses of adult mice carrying null and distinct loss-of-receptor function mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217880. [PMID: 31194769 PMCID: PMC6563982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system as two transmembrane receptor isoforms PTPRZ-A/B and one secretory isoform PTPRZ-S. Ptprz-knockout mice lacking the expression of all three isoforms show behavioral, learning, and neurological abnormalities, including increased exploratory activities to novelty, deficits in spatial and contextual learning, and reduced responses to methamphetamine, relative to wild-type mice. To investigate whether PTPRZ isoforms play distinct physiological roles, we herein performed behavioral studies on two knock-in mouse lines: One expresses the catalytically inactive Cys-1930 to Ser (CS) mutants of PTPRZ-A/B, while the other generated in the present study expresses catalytically active mutants of PTPRZ-A/B lacking the negative regulatory PTP-D2 domain and C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (ΔD2) instead of wild-type PTPRZ-A/-B. In contrast to Ptprz-knockout mice, neither increased responses to novelty in the open field nor memory impairments in the inhibitory-avoidance task were observed in Ptprz-CS or Ptprz-ΔD2 mice. However, the effects of methamphetamine on locomotor activity were significantly weaker in Ptprz-KO mice and CS mutant mice than in wild-type mice, but were normal in ΔD2 mutant mice. Furthermore, microdialysis experiments revealed that methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in Ptprz-KO mice and CS mutant mice. These results suggest that the extracellular region of PTPRZ, including the secretory isoform, is crucial for behavioral responses to novelty and the formation of aversive memories, whereas the PTPase activities of PTPRZ receptor isoforms are involved in regulating the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayako Kishimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya-nishi-machi, Nara, Japan
| | - Miho Kihara
- Laboratories Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratories Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya-nishi-machi, Nara, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Sakuda K, Kanekiyo K, Taniguchi N, Kitazume S. The Role of Branched <i>O</i>-Mannosyl Glycan in Demyelination. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2019. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1959.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Sakuda
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Kenji Kanekiyo
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Central Biomedical Laboratory, Aino University School of Health Science
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Osaka International Cancer Institute
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University
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21
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Sakuda K, Kanekiyo K, Taniguchi N, Kitazume S. The Role of Branched <i>O</i>-Mannosyl Glycan in Demyelination. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2019. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1959.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Sakuda
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Kenji Kanekiyo
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Central Biomedical Laboratory, Aino University School of Health Science
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Osaka International Cancer Institute
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Disease Glycomics Team, System Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN
- Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University
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22
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Tanga N, Kuboyama K, Kishimoto A, Kiyonari H, Shiraishi A, Suzuki R, Watanabe T, Fujikawa A, Noda M. The PTN-PTPRZ signal activates the AFAP1L2-dependent PI3K-AKT pathway for oligodendrocyte differentiation: Targeted inactivation of PTPRZ activity in mice. Glia 2019; 67:967-984. [PMID: 30667096 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) maintains oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in an undifferentiated state. The inhibition of PTPase by its ligand pleiotrophin (PTN) promotes OPC differentiation; however, the substrate molecules of PTPRZ involved in the differentiation have not yet been elucidated in detail. We herein demonstrated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP1L2, paxillin, ERBB4, GIT1, p190RhoGAP, and NYAP2 was enhanced in OPC-like OL1 cells by a treatment with PTN. AFAP1L2, an adaptor protein involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway, exhibited the strongest response to PTN. PTPRZ dephosphorylated AFAP1L2 at tyrosine residues in vitro and in HEK293T cells. In OL1 cells, the knockdown of AFAP1L2 or application of a PI3K inhibitor suppressed cell differentiation as well as the PTN-induced phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. We generated a knock-in mouse harboring a catalytically inactive Cys to Ser (CS) mutation in the PTPase domain. The phosphorylation levels of AFAP1L2, AKT, and mTOR were higher, and the expression of oligodendrocyte markers, including myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin regulatory factor (MYRF), was stronger in CS knock-in brains than in wild-type brains on postnatal day 10; however, these differences mostly disappeared in the adult stage. Adult CS knock-in mice exhibited earlier remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination through the accelerated differentiation of OPCs. These phenotypes in CS knock-in mice were similar to those in Ptprz-deficient mice. Therefore, we conclude that the PTN-PTPRZ signal stimulates OPC differentiation partly by enhancing the tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP1L2 in order to activate the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cuprizone/toxicity
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Disease Models, Animal
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Myelin Proteins/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/metabolism
- Signal Detection, Psychological/drug effects
- Signal Detection, Psychological/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- X-Ray Microtomography
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayako Kishimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aki Shiraishi
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Research Center for Cell Biology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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23
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Lou ZY, Cheng J, Wang XR, Zhao YF, Gan J, Zhou GY, Liu ZG, Xiao BG. The inhibition of CB 1 receptor accelerates the onset and development of EAE possibly by regulating microglia/macrophages polarization. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 317:37-44. [PMID: 29501084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) regulates the neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative damages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanism by which CB1R inhibition exerts inflammatory effects is still unclear. Here, we explored the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CB1R in the treatment of EAE by using a specific and selective CB1R antagonist SR141716A. Our study demonstrated that SR141716A accelerated the clinical onset and development of EAE, accompanied by body weight loss. SR141716A significantly up-regulated the expression of toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and nuclear factor-kappaB/p65 (NF-κB/p65) on microglia/macrophages of EAE mice as well as levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1, CX3CL1), accompanied by the shifts of cytokines from Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) to Th1 (IFN-γ)/Th17 (IL-17) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Similar changes happened on splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) except chemokine CX3CL1. Consistently, SR141716A promoted BV-2 microglia to release inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) while inhibited the production of IL-10 and chemokines (MCP-1, CX3CL1). Furthermore, when splenic CD4+ T cells co-cultured with SR141716A-administered BV-2 microglia, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased while production of IL-17 and IFN-γ increased significantly. Our research indicated that inhibition of CB1R induced M1 phenotype-Th17 axis changed of microglia/macrophages through TLR-4 and NF-κB/p65 which accelerated the onset and development of EAE. Therefore, CB1R may be a promising target for the treatment of MS/EAE, but its complexity remains to be carefully considered and studied in further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yin Lou
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Fei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, JinShan Hospital, Fudan Univeristy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yu Zhou
- Department of Geriatric, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Ohtake Y, Saito A, Li S. Diverse functions of protein tyrosine phosphatase σ in the nervous and immune systems. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:196-204. [PMID: 29374568 PMCID: PMC6275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a common means of regulating protein functions and signal transduction in multiple cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large family of signaling enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues of target proteins and change their functions. Among them, receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) exhibit a distinct spatial pattern of expression and play essential roles in regulating neurite outgrowth, axon guidance, and synaptic organization in developmental nervous system. Some RPTPs function as essential receptors for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that inhibit axon regeneration following CNS injury. Interestingly, certain RPTPs are also important to regulate functions of immune cells and development of autoimmune diseases. PTPσ, a RPTP in the LAR subfamily, is expressed in various immune cells and regulates their differentiation, production of various cytokines and immune responses. In this review, we highlight the physiological and pathological significance of PTPσ and related molecules in both nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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25
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Kuboyama K, Tanga N, Suzuki R, Fujikawa A, Noda M. Protamine neutralizes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-mediated inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189164. [PMID: 29216327 PMCID: PMC5720700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are enriched in demyelinating plaques in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), impair remyelination by inhibiting the migration and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). We herein show that protamine (PRM, also known as a heparin antagonist) effectively neutralizes the inhibitory activities of CSPGs, thereby enhancing OPC differentiation and (re)myelination in mice. Cell-based assays using mouse OPC-like OL1 cells revealed that the PRM treatment exerted masking effects on extracellular CSPGs and improved oligodendrocyte differentiation on inhibitory CSPG-coated substrates. PRM also bound to the extracellular region of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ), a membrane-spanning CSPG predominantly expressed in OPCs, and functioned as a ligand mimetic of PTPRZ, thereby suppressing its negative regulatory activity on oligodendrocyte differentiation. In primary cultures, the differentiation of OPCs from wild-type and Ptprz-deficient mice was equally enhanced by PRM. Moreover, the intranasal administration of PRM accelerated myelination in the developing mouse brain, and its intracerebroventricular administration stimulated remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. These results indicate that PRM has CSPG-neutralizing activity which promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation under developmental and morbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (MN); (AF)
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (MN); (AF)
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26
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Fujikawa A, Chow JPH, Matsumoto M, Suzuki R, Kuboyama K, Yamamoto N, Noda M. Identification of novel splicing variants of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z. J Biochem 2017; 162:381-390. [PMID: 28992190 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ, also known as PTPζ or RPTPβ) is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). PTPRZ plays important roles during development and adulthood in CNS myelination, learning and memory. Three splicing isoforms for PTPRZ have been identified to date: two receptor type isoforms, PTPRZ-A and PTPRZ-B, and one secretory isoform, PTPRZ-S. We herein identified novel PTPRZ receptor sub-isoforms without a seven-amino acid sequence encoded by exon 16. This sequence forms a part of the helix-turn-helix segment called the 'wedge' structure, which is located at the N-terminal region in the membrane-proximal protein tyrosine phosphatase domain. In contrast to conventional receptor isoforms with uniform expression, the deleted isoforms were expressed in the brain, but not in the retina, indicating the tissue-specific splicing of exon 16. Biochemical analyses of PTPRZ intracellular regions revealed differences in the characteristics of the deleted form, namely, stronger binding activity to postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and greater enrichment in the postsynaptic density fraction than the full-length form. Furthermore, the exon 16-deleted form exhibited higher catalytic efficiency in vitro. These results suggest that sub-isoforms of PTPRZ have different functions because of variations in the wedge structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Jeremy Pak Hong Chow
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology.,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Histochemistry, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology.,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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27
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Ohtake Y, Kong W, Hussain R, Horiuchi M, Tremblay ML, Ganea D, Li S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ regulates autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:111-124. [PMID: 28559011 PMCID: PMC6275552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in regulating signaling events in multiple cells by tyrosine dephosphorylation. One of them, PTPσ, appears important in regulating function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Here we report that PTPσ deletion in knockout mice and inhibition with a selective antagonist peptide exacerbated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by enhancing axon and myelin damage in the spinal cord. PTPσ-/- mice displayed pro-inflammatory profiles in the spinal cord and lymphoid organs following MOG peptide immunization. PTPσ deletion promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype in conventional DCs and directly regulated differentiation of CD4+ T cells. It also facilitated infiltration of T lymphocytes, activation of macrophages in the CNS and development of EAE. Therefore, PTPσ is a key negative regulator in EAE initiation and progression, which acts by regulating functions of DCs, T cells, and other immune cells. PTPσ may become an important molecular target for treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rashad Hussain
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Makoto Horiuchi
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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28
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Targeting PTPRZ inhibits stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5609. [PMID: 28717188 PMCID: PMC5514153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The R5 subfamily of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) comprises PTPRZ and PTPRG. A recent study on primary human glioblastomas suggested a close association between PTPRZ1 (human PTPRZ) expression and cancer stemness. However, the functional roles of PTPRZ activity in glioma stem cells have remained unclear. In the present study, we found that sphere-forming cells from the rat C6 and human U251 glioblastoma cell lines showed high expression levels of PTPRZ-B, the short receptor isoform of PTPRZ. Stable PTPRZ knockdown altered the expression levels of stem cell transcription factors such as SOX2, OLIG2, and POU3F2 and decreased the sphere-forming abilities of these cells. Suppressive effects on the cancer stem-like properties of the cells were also observed following the knockdown of PTPRG. Here, we identified NAZ2329, a cell-permeable small molecule that allosterically inhibits both PTPRZ and PTPRG. NAZ2329 reduced the expression of SOX2 in C6 and U251 cells and abrogated the sphere-forming abilities of these cells. Tumor growth in the C6 xenograft mouse model was significantly slower with the co-treatment of NAZ2329 with temozolomide, an alkylating agent, than with the individual treatments. These results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of R5 RPTPs is a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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29
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Majerova P, Barath P, Michalicova A, Katina S, Novak M, Kovac A. Changes of Cerebrospinal Fluid Peptides due to Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:507-520. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Barath
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Michalicova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Katina
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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30
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Reactivity of anti-HNK-1 antibodies to branched O- mannose glycans associated with demyelination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:450-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Song GJ, Kim J, Kim JH, Song S, Park H, Zhang ZY, Suk K. Comparative Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Regulating Microglial Activation. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:252-261. [PMID: 27790059 PMCID: PMC5081471 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulatory factors in inflammatory signaling pathways. Although PTPs have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in neuroinflammation. In the present study, we examined the expression of 6 different PTPs (PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, MEG2, LYP, and RPTPβ) and their role in glial activation and neuroinflammation. All PTPs were expressed in brain and glia. The expression of PTP1B, SHP2, and LYP was enhanced in the inflamed brain. The expression of PTP1B, TC-PTP, and LYP was increased after treating microglia cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To examine the role of PTPs in microglial activation and neuroinflammation, we used specific pharmacological inhibitors of PTPs. Inhibition of PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, LYP, and RPTPβ suppressed nitric oxide production in LPS-treated microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, and RPTPβ inhibitors downregulated microglial activation in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation model. Our results indicate that multiple PTPs are involved in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, with different expression patterns and specific functions. Thus, PTP inhibitors can be exploited for therapeutic modulation of microglial activation in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Seungeun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
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32
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Bourgonje AM, Verrijp K, Schepens JTG, Navis AC, Piepers JAF, Palmen CBC, van den Eijnden M, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Wesseling P, Leenders WPJ, Hendriks WJAJ. Comprehensive protein tyrosine phosphatase mRNA profiling identifies new regulators in the progression of glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:96. [PMID: 27586084 PMCID: PMC5009684 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltrative behavior of diffuse gliomas severely reduces therapeutic potential of surgical resection and radiotherapy, and urges for the identification of new drug-targets affecting glioma growth and migration. To address the potential role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), we performed mRNA expression profiling for 91 of the 109 known human PTP genes on a series of clinical diffuse glioma samples of different grades and compared our findings with in silico knowledge from REMBRANDT and TCGA databases. Overall PTP family expression levels appeared independent of characteristic genetic aberrations associated with lower grade or high grade gliomas. Notably, seven PTP genes (DUSP26, MTMR4, PTEN, PTPRM, PTPRN2, PTPRT and PTPRZ1) were differentially expressed between grade II-III gliomas and (grade IV) glioblastomas. For DUSP26, PTEN, PTPRM and PTPRT, lower expression levels correlated with poor prognosis, and overexpression of DUSP26 or PTPRT in E98 glioblastoma cells reduced tumorigenicity. Our study represents the first in-depth analysis of PTP family expression in diffuse glioma subtypes and warrants further investigations into PTP-dependent signaling events as new entry points for improved therapy.
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Kuboyama K, Fujikawa A, Suzuki R, Tanga N, Noda M. Role of Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) Modification in the Regulation of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z (PTPRZ) Activity: PLEIOTROPHIN-PTPRZ-A SIGNALING IS INVOLVED IN OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18117-28. [PMID: 27445335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is predominantly expressed in the developing brain as a CS proteoglycan. PTPRZ has long (PTPRZ-A) and short type (PTPRZ-B) receptor forms by alternative splicing. The extracellular CS moiety of PTPRZ is required for high-affinity binding to inhibitory ligands, such as pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine, and interleukin-34; however, its functional significance in regulating PTPRZ activity remains obscure. We herein found that protein expression of CS-modified PTPRZ-A began earlier, peaking at approximately postnatal days 5-10 (P5-P10), and then that of PTN peaked at P10 at the developmental stage corresponding to myelination onset in the mouse brain. Ptn-deficient mice consistently showed a later onset of the expression of myelin basic protein, a major component of the myelin sheath, than wild-type mice. Upon ligand application, PTPRZ-A/B in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells exhibited punctate localization on the cell surface instead of diffuse distribution, causing the inactivation of PTPRZ and oligodendrocyte differentiation. The same effect was observed with the removal of CS chains with chondroitinase ABC but not polyclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain of PTPRZ. These results indicate that the negatively charged CS moiety prevents PTPRZ from spontaneously clustering and that the positively charged ligand PTN induces PTPRZ clustering, potentially by neutralizing electrostatic repulsion between CS chains. Taken altogether, these data indicate that PTN-PTPRZ-A signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in vivo, in which the CS moiety of PTPRZ receptors maintains them in a monomeric active state until its ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuboyama
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Naomi Tanga
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and the School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and the School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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Ruiz-López FJ, Blanquer M. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells as neuroprotective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:568-9. [PMID: 27212914 PMCID: PMC4870910 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- Hematopoietic Progenitors Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital, Murcia University, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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Fujikawa A, Noda M. Role of pleiotrophin-protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z signaling in myelination. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:549-51. [PMID: 27212906 PMCID: PMC4870902 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Chitu V, Gokhan Ş, Nandi S, Mehler MF, Stanley ER. Emerging Roles for CSF-1 Receptor and its Ligands in the Nervous System. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:378-393. [PMID: 27083478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) kinase regulates tissue macrophage homeostasis, osteoclastogenesis, and Paneth cell development. However, recent studies in mice have revealed that CSF-1R signaling directly controls the development and maintenance of microglia, and cell autonomously regulates neuronal differentiation and survival. While the CSF-1R-cognate ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34) compete for binding to the CSF-1R, they are expressed in a largely non-overlapping manner by mature neurons. The recent identification of a dominantly inherited, adult-onset, progressive dementia associated with inactivating mutations in the CSF-1R highlights the importance of CSF-1R signaling in the brain. We review the roles of the CSF-1R and its ligands in microglial and neural development and function, and their relevance to our understanding of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gokhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sayan Nandi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Luna S, Mingo J, Aurtenetxe O, Blanco L, Amo L, Schepens J, Hendriks WJ, Pulido R. Tailor-Made Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: In Vitro Site-Directed Mutagenesis of PTEN and PTPRZ-B. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1447:79-93. [PMID: 27514801 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3746-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is a commonly used approach to experimentally analyze PTP functions at the molecular and cellular level and to establish functional correlations with PTP alterations found in human disease. Here, using the tumor-suppressor PTEN and the receptor-type PTPRZ-B (short isoform from PTPRZ1 gene) phosphatases as examples, we provide a brief insight into the utility of specific mutations in the experimental analysis of PTP functions. We describe a standardized, rapid, and simple method of mutagenesis to perform single and multiple amino acid substitutions, as well as deletions of short nucleotide sequences, based on one-step inverse PCR and DpnI restriction enzyme treatment. This method of SDM is generally applicable to any other protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Olaia Aurtenetxe
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Lorena Blanco
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Laura Amo
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jan Schepens
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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Inactivation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z by Pleiotrophin Promotes Remyelination through Activation of Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12162-71. [PMID: 26338327 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2127-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disorder associated with myelin destruction and neurodegeneration. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) present in demyelinated lesions gradually fail to differentiate properly, so remyelination becomes incomplete. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ), one of the most abundant protein tyrosine phosphatases expressed in OPCs, is known to suppress oligodendrocyte differentiation and maintain their precursor cell stage. In the present study, we examined the in vivo mechanisms for remyelination using a cuprizone-induced demyelination model. Ptprz-deficient and wild-type mice both exhibited severe demyelination and axonal damage in the corpus callosum after cuprizone feeding. The similar accumulation of OPCs was observed in the lesioned area in both mice; however, remyelination was significantly accelerated in Ptprz-deficient mice after the removal of cuprizone. After demyelination, the expression of pleiotrophin (PTN), an inhibitory ligand for PTPRZ, was transiently increased in mouse brains, particularly in the neurons involved, suggesting its role in promoting remyelination by inactivating PTPRZ activity. In support of this view, oligodendrocyte differentiation was augmented in a primary culture of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells from wild-type mice in response to PTN. In contrast, these cells from Ptprz-deficient mice showed higher oligodendrocyte differentiation without PTN and differentiation was not enhanced by its addition. We further demonstrated that PTN treatment increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of p190 RhoGAP, a PTPRZ substrate, using an established line of OPCs. Therefore, PTPRZ inactivation in OPCs by PTN, which is secreted from demyelinated axons, may be the mechanism responsible for oligodendrocyte differentiation during reparative remyelination in the CNS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that destroys myelin, the insulation that surrounds axons. Associated damages to oligodendrocytes (the cells that produce myelin) and nerve fibers produce neurological disability. Most patients with MS have an initial relapsing-remitting course for 5-15 years. Remyelination during the early stages of the disease process has been documented; however, the molecular mechanism underlying remyelination has not been understood. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase preferentially expressed in the CNS. This study shows that pleiotrophin, an inhibitory ligand for PTPRZ, is transiently expressed and released from demyelinated neurons to inactivate PTPRZ in oligodendrocyte precursor cells present in the lesioned part, thereby allowing their differentiation for remyelination.
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Karus M, Ulc A, Ehrlich M, Czopka T, Hennen E, Fischer J, Mizhorova M, Qamar N, Brüstle O, Faissner A. Regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor maintenance by chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycans. Glia 2015; 64:270-86. [PMID: 26454153 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been proven to inhibit morphological maturation of oligodendrocytes as well as their myelination capabilities. Yet, it remained unclear, whether CSPGs and/or their respective chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) side chains also regulate the oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Here, we initially show that CS-GAGs detected by the monoclonal antibody 473HD are expressed by primary rat NG2-positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and O4-positive immature oligodendrocytes. CS-GAGs become down-regulated with ongoing oligodendrocyte differentiation. Enzymatic removal of the CS-GAG chains by the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promoted spontaneous differentiation of proliferating rat OPCs toward O4-positive immature oligodendrocytes. Upon forced differentiation, the enzymatic removal of the CS-GAGs accelerated oligodendrocyte differentiation toward both MBP-positive and membrane forming oligodendrocytes. These processes were attenuated on enriched CSPG fractions, mainly consisting of Phosphacan/RPTPβ/ζ and to less extent of Brevican and NG2. To qualify CS-GAGs as universal regulators of oligodendrocyte biology, we finally tested the effect of CS-GAG removal on OPCs from different sources such as mouse cortical oligospheres, mouse spinal cord neurospheres, and most importantly human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived radial glia-like neural precursor cells. For all culture systems used, we observed a similar inhibitory effect of CS-GAGs on oligodendrocyte differentiation. In conclusion, this study clearly suggests an important fundamental principle for complex CS-GAGs to regulate the oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Moreover, the use of ChABC in order to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation toward myelin gene expressing cells might be an applicable therapeutic option to enhance white matter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karus
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Ulc
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Czopka
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eva Hennen
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marija Mizhorova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Naila Qamar
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Key modulators in the developing and pathologic central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:169-87. [PMID: 25900055 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major component of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical role in the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord. Developmentally, CSPGs provide guidance cues for growth cones and contribute to the formation of neuronal boundaries in the developing CNS. Their presence in perineuronal nets plays a crucial role in the maturation of synapses and closure of critical periods by limiting synaptic plasticity. Following injury to the CNS, CSPGs are dramatically upregulated by reactive glia which form a glial scar around the lesion site. Increased level of CSPGs is a hallmark of all CNS injuries and has been shown to limit axonal plasticity, regeneration, remyelination, and conduction after injury. Additionally, CSPGs create a non-permissive milieu for cell replacement activities by limiting cell migration, survival and differentiation. Mounting evidence is currently shedding light on the potential benefits of manipulating CSPGs in combination with other therapeutic strategies to promote spinal cord repair and regeneration. Moreover, the recent discovery of multiple receptors for CSPGs provides new therapeutic targets for targeted interventions in blocking the inhibitory properties of CSPGs following injury. Here, we will provide an in depth discussion on the impact of CSPGs in normal and pathological CNS. We will also review the recent preclinical therapies that have been developed to target CSPGs in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and the Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Specific dephosphorylation at tyr-554 of git1 by ptprz promotes its association with paxillin and hic-5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119361. [PMID: 25742295 PMCID: PMC4351203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interactor 1 (Git1) is involved in cell motility control by serving as an adaptor that links signaling proteins such as Pix and PAK to focal adhesion proteins. We previously demonstrated that Git1 was a multiply tyrosine-phosphorylated protein, its primary phosphorylation site was Tyr-554 in the vicinity of the focal adhesion targeting-homology (FAH) domain, and this site was selectively dephosphorylated by protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (Ptprz). In the present study, we showed that Tyr-554 phosphorylation reduced the association of Git1 with the FAH-domain-binding proteins, paxillin and Hic-5, based on immunoprecipitation experiments using the Tyr-554 mutants of Git1. The Tyr-554 phosphorylation of Git1 was higher, and its binding to paxillin was consistently lower in the brains of Ptprz-deficient mice than in those of wild-type mice. We then investigated the role of Tyr-554 phosphorylation in cell motility control using three different methods: random cell motility, wound healing, and Boyden chamber assays. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous Git1 impaired cell motility in A7r5 smooth muscle cells. The motility defect was rescued by the exogenous expression of wild-type Git1 and a Git1 mutant, which only retained Tyr-554 among the multiple potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites, but not by the Tyr-554 phosphorylation-defective or phosphorylation-state mimic Git1 mutant. Our results suggested that cyclic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation at Tyr-554 of Git1 was crucial for dynamic interactions between Git1 and paxillin/Hic-5 in order to ensure coordinated cell motility.
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Luessi F, Kuhlmann T, Zipp F. Remyelinating strategies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1315-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.969241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zhao L, Guo Y, Ji X, Zhang M. The neuroprotective effect of picroside II via regulating the expression of myelin basic protein after cerebral ischemia injury in rats. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:25. [PMID: 24524292 PMCID: PMC3926676 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the neuroprotective effect and optimize the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II by orthogonal test and the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) was used to establish forebrain ischemia models. The successful rat models were grouped according to orthogonal experimental design and injected picroside II intraperitoneally at different ischemic time with different doses. Myelin sheath fast green staining(FGS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe nerve fiber myelin; the expression of MBP was tested qualitatively and quantitatively by immunohistochemical assay (IHC) and Western blot (WB); Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the transcription level of MBP mRNA. Results The protective effect of picroside II was presented by increasing the expression of MBP and decreasing demyelination after cerebral ischemic injury. The best therapeutic time window and dose was (1) ischemia 2.0 h with picroside II 10 mg/kg body weight according to the results of FGS, IHC and WB; (2) ischemia 1.5 h with picroside II 20 mg/kg according to the analysis of RT-PCR. Conclusion Given the principle of the longest time window and the lowest therapeutic dose, the optimized therapeutic dose and time window should be injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with 10-20 mg/kg body weight at ischemia 1.5-2.0 h in cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Harlow DE, Macklin WB. Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs. Exp Neurol 2013; 251:39-46. [PMID: 24200549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After inflammation-induced demyelination, such as in the disease multiple sclerosis, endogenous remyelination often fails. However, in animal models of demyelination induced with toxins, remyelination can be quite robust. A significant difference between inflammation-induced and toxin-induced demyelination is the response of local cells within the lesion, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and NG2+ cells, which respond to inflammatory stimuli with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) production and deposition. Here, we summarize current knowledge of ECM changes in demyelinating lesions, as well as oligodendrocyte responses to aberrant ECM proteins and CSPGs after various types of demyelinating insults. The discovery that CSPGs act through the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and the Rho-ROCK pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte process extension and myelination, but not oligodendrocyte differentiation (Pendleton et al., Experimental Neurology (2013) vol. 247, pp. 113-121), highlights the need to better understand the ECM changes that accompany demyelination and their influence on oligodendrocytes and effective remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Pendleton JC, Shamblott MJ, Gary DS, Belegu V, Hurtado A, Malone ML, McDonald JW. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inhibit oligodendrocyte myelination through PTPσ. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:113-21. [PMID: 23588220 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CNS damage often results in demyelination of spared axons due to oligodendroglial cell death and dysfunction near the injury site. Although new oligodendroglia are generated following CNS injury and disease, the process of remyelination is typically incomplete resulting in long-term functional deficits. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in CNS grey and white matter following injury and disease and are a major component of the inhibitory scar that suppresses axon regeneration. CSPG inhibition of axonal regeneration is mediated, at least in part, by the protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) receptor. Recent evidence demonstrates that CSPGs inhibit OL process outgrowth, however, the means by which their effects are mediated remains unclear. Here we investigate the role of PTPσ in CSPG inhibition of OL function. We found that the CSPGs, aggrecan, neurocan and NG2 all imposed an inhibitory effect on OL process outgrowth and myelination. These inhibitory effects were reversed by degradation of CSPGs with Chondroitinase ABC prior to OL exposure. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of PTPσ reversed the inhibitory effect of CSPGs on OL process outgrowth and myelination. Likewise, CSPG inhibition of process outgrowth and myelination was significantly reduced in cultures containing PTPσ(-/-) OLs. Finally, inhibition of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) increased OL process outgrowth and myelination during exposure to CSPGs. These results suggest that in addition to their inhibitory effects on axon regeneration, CSPGs have multiple inhibitory actions on OLs that result in incomplete remyelination following CNS injury. The identification of PTPσ as a receptor for CSPGs, and the participation of ROCK downstream of CSPG exposure, reveal potential therapeutic targets to enhance white matter repair in the damaged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Pendleton
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, USA
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Ahrendsen JT, Macklin W. Signaling mechanisms regulating myelination in the central nervous system. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:199-215. [PMID: 23558589 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise and coordinated production of myelin is essential for proper development and function of the nervous system. Diseases that disrupt myelin, including multiple sclerosis, cause significant functional disability. Current treatment aims to reduce the inflammatory component of the disease, thereby preventing damage resulting from demyelination. However, therapies are not yet available to improve natural repair processes after damage has already occurred. A thorough understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate myelin generation will improve our ability to enhance repair. in this review, we summarize the positive and negative regulators of myelination, focusing primarily on central nervous system myelination. Axon-derived signals, extracellular signals from both diffusible factors and the extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling pathways within myelinating oligodendrocytes are discussed. Much is known about the positive regulators that drive myelination, while less is known about the negative regulators that shift active myelination to myelin maintenance at the appropriate time. Therefore, we also provide new data on potential negative regulators of CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Promoting remyelination for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: opportunities and challenges. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:144-54. [PMID: 23558587 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and devastating autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. With the increased understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease in the past two decades, many disease-modifying therapies that primarily target adaptive immunity have been shown to prevent exacerbations and new lesions in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. However, these therapies only have limited efficacy on the progression of disability. Increasing evidence has pointed to innate immunity, axonal damage and neuronal loss as important contributors to disease progression. Remyelination of denuded axons is considered an effective way to protect neurons from damage and to restore neuronal function. The identification of several key molecules and pathways controlling the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and myelination has yielded clues for the development of drug candidates that directly target remyelination and neuroprotection. The long-term efficacy of this strategy remains to be evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of current and emerging therapeutic concepts, with a focus on the opportunities and challenges for the remyelination approach to the treatment of MS.
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