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Watanabe A, Yashiroda H, Ishihara S, Lo M, Murata S. The Molecular Mechanisms Governing the Assembly of the Immuno- and Thymoproteasomes in the Presence of Constitutive Proteasomes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091580. [PMID: 35563886 PMCID: PMC9105311 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a large protein complex responsible for proteolysis in cells. Though the proteasome is widely conserved in all eukaryotes, vertebrates additionally possess tissue-specific proteasomes, termed immunoproteasomes and thymoproteasomes. These specialized proteasomes diverge from constitutive proteasomes in the makeup of their catalytic 20S core particle (CP), whereby the constitutive β1, β2, and β5 catalytic subunits are replaced by β1i, β2i, and β5i in immunoproteasomes, or β1i, β2i, and β5t in thymoproteasomes. However, as constitutive β1, β2, and β5 are also present in tissues and cells expressing immuno- and thymoproteasomes, the specialized proteasomes must be able to selectively incorporate their specific subunits. Here, we review the mechanisms governing the assembly of constitutive and specialized proteasomes elucidated thus far. Studies have revealed that β1i and β2i are added onto the α-ring of the CP prior to the other β subunits. Furthermore, β5i and β5t can be incorporated independent of β4, whereas constitutive β5 incorporation is dependent on β4. These mechanisms allow the immuno- and thymoproteasomes to integrate tissue-specific β-subunits without contamination from constitutive β1, β2, and β5. We end the review with a brief discussion on the diseases caused by mutations to the immunoproteasome and the proteins involved with its assembly.
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de Freitas Chama LL, Ebstein F, Wiesrecker B, Wagh PR, Hammer E, Weiss FU, Junker H, Studencka-Turski M, Lerch MM, Krüger E, Sendler M. Immunoproteasome impairment via β5i/LMP7-deletion leads to sustained pancreatic injury from experimental pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6786-6799. [PMID: 34132031 PMCID: PMC8278072 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering potential new targets involved in pancreatitis may permit the development of new therapies and improvement of patient's outcome. Acute pancreatitis is a primarily sterile disease characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response associated with extensive necrosis and a mortality rate of up to 24%. Considering that one of the reported disease mechanisms comprises the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and that the immunoproteasome is a key regulator to prevent proteotoxic stress in an inflammatory context, we investigated its role in acute pancreatitis. In this study, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome deficiency by deletion of the β5i/LMP7-subunit leads to persistent pancreatic damage. Interestingly, immunoproteasome-deficient mice unveil increased activity of pancreatic enzymes in the acute disease phase as well as higher secretion of Interleukin-6 and transcript expression of the Interleukin IL-1β, IFN-β cytokines and the CXCL-10 chemokine. Cell death was increased in immunoproteasome-deficient mice, which appears to be due to the increased accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates and prolonged unfolded protein response. Accordingly, our findings suggest that the immunoproteasome plays a protective role in acute pancreatitis via its role in the clearance of damaged proteins and the balance of ER stress responses in pancreatic acini and in macrophages cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Ebstein
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birthe Wiesrecker
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Preshit R Wagh
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank U Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Junker
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maja Studencka-Turski
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Račková L, Csekes E. Proteasome Biology: Chemistry and Bioengineering Insights. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2909. [PMID: 33291646 PMCID: PMC7761984 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation provides the crucial machinery for maintaining cellular proteostasis. The biological origins of modulation or impairment of the function of proteasomal complexes may include changes in gene expression of their subunits, ubiquitin mutation, or indirect mechanisms arising from the overall impairment of proteostasis. However, changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of the cellular environment might also meaningfully contribute to altered performance. This review summarizes the effects of physicochemical factors in the cell, such as pH, temperature fluctuations, and reactions with the products of oxidative metabolism, on the function of the proteasome. Furthermore, evidence of the direct interaction of proteasomal complexes with protein aggregates is compared against the knowledge obtained from immobilization biotechnologies. In this regard, factors such as the structures of the natural polymeric scaffolds in the cells, their content of reactive groups or the sequestration of metal ions, and processes at the interface, are discussed here with regard to their influences on proteasomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Račková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Good Cop, Bad Cop: The Opposing Effects of Macrophage Activation State on Maintaining or Damaging Functional β-Cell Mass. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120485. [PMID: 33256225 PMCID: PMC7761161 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional β-cell mass is a hallmark of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Macrophages play an integral role in the maintenance or destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The effect of the macrophage β-cell interaction is dependent on the activation state of the macrophage. Macrophages can be activated across a spectrum, from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and tissue remodeling. The factors secreted by these differentially activated macrophages and their effect on β-cells define the effect on functional β-cell mass. In this review, the spectrum of macrophage activation is discussed, as are the positive and negative effects on β-cell survival, expansion, and function as well as the defined factors released from macrophages that impinge on functional β-cell mass.
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Khilji MS, Bresson SE, Verstappen D, Pihl C, Andersen PAK, Agergaard JB, Dahlby T, Bryde TH, Klindt K, Nielsen CK, Walentinsson A, Zivkovic D, Bousquet MP, Tyrberg B, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Marzec MT. The inducible β5i proteasome subunit contributes to proinsulin degradation in GRP94-deficient β-cells and is overexpressed in type 2 diabetes pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E892-E900. [PMID: 32255680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00372.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proinsulin is a misfolding-prone protein, and its efficient breakdown is critical when β-cells are confronted with high-insulin biosynthetic demands, to prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress, a key trigger of secretory dysfunction and, if uncompensated, apoptosis. Proinsulin degradation is thought to be performed by the constitutively expressed standard proteasome, while the roles of other proteasomes are unknown. We recently demonstrated that deficiency of the proinsulin chaperone glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) causes impaired proinsulin handling and defective insulin secretion associated with a compensated endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Taking advantage of this model of restricted folding capacity, we investigated the role of different proteasomes in proinsulin degradation, reasoning that insulin secretory dynamics require an inducible protein degradation system. We show that the expression of only one enzymatically active proteasome subunit, namely, the inducible β5i-subunit, was increased in GRP94 CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) cells. Additionally, the level of β5i-containing intermediate proteasomes was significantly increased in these cells, as was β5i-related chymotrypsin-like activity. Moreover, proinsulin levels were restored in GRP94 KO upon β5i small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown. Finally, the fraction of β-cells expressing the β5i-subunit is increased in human islets from type 2 diabetes patients. We conclude that β5i is an inducible proteasome subunit dedicated to the degradation of mishandled proinsulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Khilji
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Emilie Bresson
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danielle Verstappen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celina Pihl
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillip Alexander Keller Andersen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Bach Agergaard
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Dahlby
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna Holgersen Bryde
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Klindt
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Kronborg Nielsen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Walentinsson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dusan Zivkovic
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Bousquet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal Tomasz Marzec
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism, and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Expression of Concern: Reduction in ATP Levels Triggers Immunoproteasome Activation by the 11S (PA28) Regulator during Early Antiviral Response Mediated by IFNβ in Mouse Pancreatic β-Cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229516. [PMID: 32069327 PMCID: PMC7028283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Khilji MS, Verstappen D, Dahlby T, Burstein Prause MC, Pihl C, Bresson SE, Bryde TH, Keller Andersen PA, Klindt K, Zivkovic D, Bousquet-Dubouch MP, Tyrberg B, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Marzec MT. The intermediate proteasome is constitutively expressed in pancreatic beta cells and upregulated by stimulatory, low concentrations of interleukin 1 β. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222432. [PMID: 32053590 PMCID: PMC7018053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A central and still open question regarding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, concerns the processes that underlie the generation of MHC-presented autoantigenic epitopes that become targets of autoimmune attack. Proteasomal degradation is a key step in processing of proteins for MHC class I presentation. Different types of proteasomes can be expressed in cells dictating the repertoire of peptides presented by the MHC class I complex. Of particular interest for type 1 diabetes is the proteasomal configuration of pancreatic β cells, as this might facilitate autoantigen presentation by β cells and thereby their T-cell mediated destruction. Here we investigated whether so-called inducible subunits of the proteasome are constitutively expressed in β cells, regulated by inflammatory signals and participate in the formation of active intermediate or immuno-proteasomes. We show that inducible proteasomal subunits are constitutively expressed in human and rodent islets and an insulin-secreting cell-line. Moreover, the β5i subunit is incorporated into active intermediate proteasomes that are bound to 19S or 11S regulatory particles. Finally, inducible subunit expression along with increase in total proteasome activities are further upregulated by low concentrations of IL-1β stimulating proinsulin biosynthesis. These findings suggest that the β cell proteasomal repertoire is more diverse than assumed previously and may be highly responsive to a local inflammatory islet environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Khilji
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Danielle Verstappen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tina Dahlby
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Celina Pihl
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Emilie Bresson
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna Holgersen Bryde
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillip Alexander Keller Andersen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Klindt
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dusan Zivkovic
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Bousquet-Dubouch
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal Tomasz Marzec
- Laboratory of Immuno-endocrinology, Inflammation, Metabolism and Oxidation Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Morozov AV, Karpov VL. Proteasomes and Several Aspects of Their Heterogeneity Relevant to Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:761. [PMID: 31456945 PMCID: PMC6700291 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The life of every organism is dependent on the fine-tuned mechanisms of protein synthesis and breakdown. The degradation of most intracellular proteins is performed by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Proteasomes are central elements of the UPS and represent large multisubunit protein complexes directly responsible for the protein degradation. Accumulating data indicate that there is an intriguing diversity of cellular proteasomes. Different proteasome forms, containing different subunits and attached regulators have been described. In addition, proteasomes specific for a particular tissue were identified. Cancer cells are highly dependent on the proper functioning of the UPS in general, and proteasomes in particular. At the same time, the information regarding the role of different proteasome forms in cancer is limited. This review describes the functional and structural heterogeneity of proteasomes, their association with cancer as well as several established and novel proteasome-directed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Morozov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, W.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim L Karpov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, W.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Shipelin VA, Kudan PV, Zgoda VG, Gmoshinskii IV, Khotimchenko SA. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Protein Composition of Rat Liver Microsomal Fraction. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:80-85. [PMID: 30450525 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of oral administration of metallic silver nanoparticles to rats on the proteome of the liver microsomal fraction. Nanoparticles (5-80 nm) were administered daily to growing Wistar male rats over 92 days. Controls received pure water. To control the effect of the carrier, the rats were administered aqueous solution of a stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone. The protein composition (proteome) of the liver microsomal fraction was analyzed by 2D-electrophoresis with identification of variable protein spots using the high-resolution nanoHPLC-MS/MS. Eight, 6, and 8 proteins absent in the control groups appeared in the microsomal fraction under the action of nanoparticles in doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg body weight, among these, proteasome activator complex subunit 1 (Psme1 gene), and the heat shock protein HSP60 (Hspd1 gene) were reliably identified. The consumption of silver nanoparticles led to disappearance of protein of β2a tubulin chain (Tuba1b gene) from the microsomal fraction. The expression of catalase, present in the proteome of the liver microsomal fraction in animals of all groups was significantly decreased after consumption of silver nanoparticles in doses of 0.1 and 10 mg/kg. The observed changes in the proteome are considered as manifestations of hepatotoxicity of silver nanoparticles and can be related to the antagonistic effect of silver on the status of the essential trace element selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Shipelin
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - P V Kudan
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Zgoda
- V. M. Ore-khovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Gmoshinskii
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Khotimchenko
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
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Morozov AV, Karpov VL. Biological consequences of structural and functional proteasome diversity. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00894. [PMID: 30417153 PMCID: PMC6218844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell homeostasis and regulation of metabolic pathways are ensured by synthesis, proper folding and efficient degradation of a vast amount of proteins. Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) degrades most intracellular proteins and thus, participates in regulation of cellular metabolism. Within the UPS, proteasomes are the elements that perform substrate cleavage. However, the proteasomes in the organism are diverse. Structurally different proteasomes are present not only in different types of cells, but also in a single cell. The reason for proteasome heterogeneity is not fully understood. This review briefly encompasses mammalian proteasome structure and function, and discusses biological relevance of proteasome diversity for a range of important cellular functions including internal and external signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Morozov
- W.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim L Karpov
- W.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Thomaidou S, Zaldumbide A, Roep BO. Islet stress, degradation and autoimmunity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:88-94. [PMID: 30230178 PMCID: PMC6174957 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the effect of inflammation and autoimmunity. In response to inflammatory signals, islet cells engage adaptive mechanisms to restore and maintain cellular homeostasis. Among these mechanisms, the unfolded protein response (UPR) leads to a reduction of the general protein translation rate, increased production of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones and the initiation of degradation by activation of the ER associated degradation pathway (ERAD) in which newly synthetized proteins are ubiquitinylated and processed through the proteasome. This adaptive phase is also believed to play a critical role in the development of autoimmunity by the generation of neoantigens. While we have previously investigated the effect of stress on transcription, translation and post-translational events as possible source for neoantigens, the participation of the degradation machinery, yet crucial in the generation of antigenic peptides, remains to be investigated in the context of T1D pathology. In this review, we will describe the relation between the unfolded protein response and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) and address the role of the cellular degradation machinery in the generation of antigens. Learning from tumour immunology, we propose how these processes may unmask β-cells by triggering the generation of aberrant peptides recognized by the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Thomaidou
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart O. Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood bank Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Diabetes ImmunologyDiabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at the Beckman Research InstituteDuarteCalifornia
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Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Deficiency Enhances β-Cell Susceptibility to Palmitate. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00680-17. [PMID: 29378831 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitate attenuates insulin secretion and reduces the viability of insulin-producing cells. Previous studies identified the aberrant palmitoylation or mispalmitoylation of proteins as one mechanism by which palmitate causes β-cell damage. In this report, we identify a role for lysosomal protein degradation as a mechanism by which β cells defend themselves against excess palmitate. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is responsible for the trafficking of mannose 6-phosphate-tagged proteins to lysosomes via Golgi sorting and from extracellular locations through endocytosis. RINm5F cells, which are highly sensitive to palmitate, lack CI-MPR. The reconstitution of CI-MPR expression attenuates the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the toxic effects of palmitate on RINm5F cell viability. INS832/13 cells express CI-MPR and are resistant to the palmitate-mediated loss of cell viability. The reduction of CI-MPR expression increases the sensitivity of INS832/13 cells to the toxic effects of palmitate treatment. The inhibition of lysosomal acid hydrolase activity by weak base treatment of islets under glucolipotoxic conditions causes islet degeneration that is prevented by the inhibition of protein palmitoylation. These findings indicate that defects in lysosomal function lead to the enhanced sensitivity of insulin-producing cells to palmitate and support a role for normal lysosomal function in the protection of β cells from excess palmitate.
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Newby BN, Mathews CE. Type I Interferon Is a Catastrophic Feature of the Diabetic Islet Microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:232. [PMID: 28959234 PMCID: PMC5604085 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular pathways and cellular interactions that result in islet beta cell (β cell) destruction is essential for the development and implementation of effective therapies for prevention or reversal of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, events that define the pathogenesis of human T1D have remained elusive. This gap in our knowledge results from the complex interaction between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors that precipitate T1D in humans. A link between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors are type 1 interferons (T1-IFNs). These cytokines are well known for inducing antiviral factors that limit infection by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Further, several T1D genetic risk loci are within genes that link innate and adaptive immune cell responses to T1-IFN. An additional clue that links T1-IFN to T1D is that these cytokines are a known constituent of the autoinflammatory milieu within the pancreas of patients with T1D. The presence of IFNα/β is correlated with characteristic MHC class I (MHC-I) hyperexpression found in the islets of patients with T1D, suggesting that T1-IFNs modulate the cross-talk between autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Here, we review the evidence supporting the diabetogenic potential of T1-IFN in the islet microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N. Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Clayton E. Mathews,
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Spencer CT, Bezbradica JS, Ramos MG, Arico CD, Conant SB, Gilchuk P, Gray JJ, Zheng M, Niu X, Hildebrand W, Link AJ, Joyce S. Viral infection causes a shift in the self peptide repertoire presented by human MHC class I molecules. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 9:1035-52. [PMID: 26768311 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MHC class I presentation of peptides allows T cells to survey the cytoplasmic protein milieu of host cells. During infection, presentation of self peptides is, in part, replaced by presentation of microbial peptides. However, little is known about the self peptides presented during infection, despite the fact that microbial infections alter host cell gene expression patterns and protein metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The self peptide repertoire presented by HLA-A*01;01, HLA-A*02;01, HLA-B*07;02, HLA-B*35;01, and HLA-B*45;01 (where HLA is human leukocyte antigen) was determined by tandem MS before and after vaccinia virus infection. RESULTS We observed a profound alteration in the self peptide repertoire with hundreds of self peptides uniquely presented after infection for which we have coined the term "self peptidome shift." The fraction of novel self peptides presented following infection varied for different HLA class I molecules. A large part (approximately 40%) of the self peptidome shift arose from peptides derived from type I interferon-inducible genes, consistent with cellular responses to viral infection. Interestingly, approximately 12% of self peptides presented after infection showed allelic variation when searched against approximately 300 human genomes. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Self peptidome shift in a clinical transplant setting could result in alloreactivity by presenting new self peptides in the context of infection-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mireya G Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Chenoa D Arico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie B Conant
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Gray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mu Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xinnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Centre, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andrew J Link
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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15
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Kammerl IE, Meiners S. Proteasome function shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L328-36. [PMID: 27343191 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00156.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome system degrades more than 80% of intracellular proteins into small peptides. Accordingly, the proteasome is involved in many essential cellular functions, such as protein quality control, transcription, immune responses, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Moreover, degradation products are loaded onto major histocompatibility class I molecules to communicate the intracellular protein composition to the immune system. The standard 20S proteasome core complex contains three distinct catalytic active sites that are exchanged upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines to form the so-called immunoproteasome. Immunoproteasomes are constitutively expressed in immune cells and have different proteolytic activities compared with standard proteasomes. They are rapidly induced in parenchymal cells upon intracellular pathogen infection and are crucial for priming effective CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immune responses against infected cells. Beyond shaping these adaptive immune reactions, immunoproteasomes also regulate the function of immune cells by degradation of inflammatory and immune mediators. Accordingly, they emerge as novel regulators of innate immune responses. The recently unraveled impairment of immunoproteasome function by environmental challenges and by genetic variations of immunoproteasome genes might represent a currently underestimated risk factor for the development and progression of lung diseases. In particular, immunoproteasome dysfunction will dampen resolution of infections, thereby promoting exacerbations, may foster autoimmunity in chronic lung diseases, and possibly contributes to immune evasion of tumor cells. Novel pharmacological tools, such as site-specific inhibitors of the immunoproteasome, as well as activity-based probes, however, hold promises as innovative therapeutic drugs for respiratory diseases and biomarker profiling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona E Kammerl
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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16
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Rodriguez KA, Valentine JM, Kramer DA, Gelfond JA, Kristan DM, Nevo E, Buffenstein R. Determinants of rodent longevity in the chaperone-protein degradation network. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:453-66. [PMID: 26894765 PMCID: PMC4837185 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis is an integral component of healthy aging, ensuring maintenance of protein structural and functional integrity with concomitant impact upon health span and longevity. In most metazoans, increasing age is accompanied by a decline in protein quality control resulting in the accrual of damaged, self-aggregating cytotoxic proteins. A notable exception to this trend is observed in the longest-lived rodent, the naked mole-rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber) which maintains proteostasis and proteasome-mediated degradation and autophagy during aging. We hypothesized that high levels of the proteolytic degradation may enable better maintenance of proteostasis during aging contributing to enhanced species maximum lifespan potential (MLSP). We test this by examining proteasome activity, proteasome-related HSPs, the heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) transcription factor, and several markers of autophagy in the liver and quadriceps muscles of eight rodent species with divergent MLSP. All subterranean-dwelling species had higher levels of proteasome activity and autophagy, possibly linked to having to dig in soils rich in heavy metals and where underground atmospheres have reduced oxygen availability. Even after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness, a significant (p < 0.02) positive correlation between MLSP, HSP25, HSF1, proteasome activity, and autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12) was observed, suggesting that the proteolytic degradation machinery and maintenance of protein quality play a pivotal role in species longevity among rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A Rodriguez
- Sam and Anne Barshop Center for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Joseph M Valentine
- Sam and Anne Barshop Center for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - David A Kramer
- Department of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jonathan A Gelfond
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Deborah M Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Sam and Anne Barshop Center for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Department of Physiology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Calico, 1170 Veterans Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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17
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Ersching J, Vasconcelos JR, Ferreira CP, Caetano BC, Machado AV, Bruna–Romero O, Baron MA, Ferreira LRP, Cunha-Neto E, Rock KL, Gazzinelli RT, Rodrigues MM. The Combined Deficiency of Immunoproteasome Subunits Affects Both the Magnitude and Quality of Pathogen- and Genetic Vaccination-Induced CD8+ T Cell Responses to the Human Protozoan Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005593. [PMID: 27128676 PMCID: PMC4851296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The β1i, β2i and β5i immunoproteasome subunits have an important role in defining the repertoire of MHC class I-restricted epitopes. However, the impact of combined deficiency of the three immunoproteasome subunits in the development of protective immunity to intracellular pathogens has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that immunoproteasomes play a key role in host resistance and genetic vaccination-induced protection against the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi (the causative agent of Chagas disease), immunity to which is dependent on CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ (the classical immunoproteasome inducer). We observed that infection with T. cruzi triggers the transcription of immunoproteasome genes, both in mice and humans. Importantly, genetically vaccinated or T. cruzi-infected β1i, β2i and β5i triple knockout (TKO) mice presented significantly lower frequencies and numbers of splenic CD8+ effector T cells (CD8+CD44highCD62Llow) specific for the previously characterized immunodominant (VNHRFTLV) H-2Kb-restricted T. cruzi epitope. Not only the quantity, but also the quality of parasite-specific CD8+ T cell responses was altered in TKO mice. Hence, the frequency of double-positive (IFN-γ+/TNF+) or single-positive (IFN-γ+) cells specific for the H-2Kb-restricted immunodominant as well as subdominant T. cruzi epitopes were higher in WT mice, whereas TNF single-positive cells prevailed among CD8+ T cells from TKO mice. Contrasting with their WT counterparts, TKO animals were also lethally susceptible to T. cruzi challenge, even after an otherwise protective vaccination with DNA and adenoviral vectors. We conclude that the immunoproteasome subunits are key determinants in host resistance to T. cruzi infection by influencing both the magnitude and quality of CD8+ T cell responses. CD8+ t lymphocytes are cells of the immune system that mediate control of intracellular infections by viruses, prokaryote as well as eukaryote pathogens. To confer protection, these lymphocytes need to be elicited by pathogen peptides that are presented in association with MHC class I molecules. The degradation of self and microbial proteins by catalytic domains of the cytosolic proteasome β1, β2 and β5 subunits is intimately linked to the generation of MHC class I-restricted epitopes, which in turn are important determinants of the kinetics, specificity and efficiency of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Importantly, inflammatory stimuli trigger the expression of the inducible alternative β1i, β2i and β5i subunits that form the immunoproteasomes. The qualitative and quantitative importance of immunoproteasomes in generating CD8+ T cell epitopes has recently been demonstrated in mice that are simultaneously devoid of the β1i, β2i and β5i subunits. In this study, we explored the role of immunoproteasomes in host resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. We found that β1i, β2i and β5i triply deficient mice have an impaired response of CD8+ T cells and are highly susceptible to primary infection with T. cruzi. We also demonstrated that host resistance induced by a genetic vaccine able to protect normal mice from T. cruzi challenge fails to do so in the immunoproteasome-deficient mice. Our study provides strong evidences that β1i, β2i and β5i immunoproteasome subunits are important determinants of both the magnitude and quality of CD8+ T cell responses as well as immune-mediated host resistance to a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Ersching
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular and Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R. Vasconcelos
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular and Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Ferreira
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular and Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Braulia C. Caetano
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Oscar Bruna–Romero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Monique A. Baron
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila R. P. Ferreira
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edécio Cunha-Neto
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenneth L. Rock
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maurício M. Rodrigues
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular and Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Gene therapy by proteasome activator, PA28γ, improves motor coordination and proteasome function in Huntington's disease YAC128 mice. Neuroscience 2016; 324:20-8. [PMID: 26944602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is neurologically characterized by involuntary movements, associated with degeneration of the medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) and ubiquitin-positive neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs). It has been reported that the proteolytic activities of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are generally inhibited in HD patient's brain. We previously discovered that a proteasome activator (PA), PA28γ enhances proteasome activities and cell survival in in vitro HD model. In this study, we aimed to find whether PA28γ gene transfer improves the proteasome activities and pathological symptoms in in vivo HD model. We stereotaxically injected lenti-PA28γ virus into the striatum of mutant (MT) YAC128 HD mice and littermate (LM) controls at 14-18months of age, and validated their behavioral and biochemical changes at 12weeks after the injection. YAC128 mice showed a significant increase in their peptidyl-glutamyl preferring hydrolytic (PGPH) proteasome activity and the mRNA or protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and pro-BDNF after lenti-PA28γ injection. The number of ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies was reduced in the striatum of YAC128 mice after lenti-PA28γ injection. YAC128 mice showed significant improvement of latency to fall on the rota-rod test after lenti-PA28γ injection. These data demonstrate that the gene therapy with PA, PA28γ can improve UPS function as well as behavioral abnormalities in HD model mice.
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19
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Nasheri N, Ning Z, Figeys D, Yao S, Goto NK, Pezacki JP. Activity-based profiling of the proteasome pathway during hepatitis C virus infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:3815-25. [PMID: 26314548 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often leads to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The stability of the HCV proteins is controlled by ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent proteasome pathways. Many viruses modulate proteasome function for their propagation. To examine the interrelationship between HCV and the proteasome pathways we employed a quantitative activity-based protein profiling method. Using this approach we were able to quantify the changes in the activity of several proteasome subunits and found that proteasome activity is drastically reduced by HCV replication. The results imply a link between the direct downregulation of the activity of this pathway and chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nasheri
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zhibin Ning
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalie K Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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20
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McCarthy MK, Weinberg JB. The immunoproteasome and viral infection: a complex regulator of inflammation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:21. [PMID: 25688236 PMCID: PMC4310299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, proper regulation of immune responses is necessary to ensure successful viral clearance with minimal host tissue damage. Proteasomes play a crucial role in the generation of antigenic peptides for presentation on MHC class I molecules, and thus activation of CD8 T cells, as well as activation of the NF-κB pathway. A specialized type of proteasome called the immunoproteasome is constitutively expressed in hematopoietic cells and induced in non-immune cells during viral infection by interferon signaling. The immunoproteasome regulates CD8 T cell responses to many viral epitopes during infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the immunoproteasome may also contribute to regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production, activation of the NF-κB pathway, and management of oxidative stress. Many viruses have mechanisms of interfering with immunoproteasome function, including prevention of transcriptional upregulation of immunoproteasome components as well as direct interaction of viral proteins with immunoproteasome subunits. A better understanding of the role of the immunoproteasome in different cell types, tissues, and hosts has the potential to improve vaccine design and facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Modulation of neuronal proteome profile in response to Japanese encephalitis virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90211. [PMID: 24599148 PMCID: PMC3943924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have reported the in vivo proteomic changes during Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection in combination with in vitro studies which will help in the comprehensive characterization of the modifications in the host metabolism in response to JEV infection. We performed a 2-DE based quantitative proteomic study of JEV-infected mouse brain as well as mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells to analyze the host response to this lethal virus. 56 host proteins were found to be differentially expressed post JEV infection (defined as exhibiting ≥1.5-fold change in protein abundance upon JEV infection). Bioinformatics analyses were used to generate JEV-regulated host response networks which reported that the identified proteins were found to be associated with various cellular processes ranging from intracellular protein transport, cellular metabolism and ER stress associated unfolded protein response. JEV was found to invade the host protein folding machinery to sustain its survival and replication inside the host thereby generating a vigorous unfolded protein response, subsequently triggering a number of pathways responsible for the JEV associated pathologies. The results were also validated using a human cell line to correlate them to the human response to JEV. The present investigation is the first report on JEV-host interactome in in vivo model and will be of potential interest for future antiviral research in this field.
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22
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Freudenburg W, Gautam M, Chakraborty P, James J, Richards J, Salvatori AS, Baldwin A, Schriewer J, Buller RML, Corbett JA, Skowyra D. Immunoproteasome Activation During Early Antiviral Response in Mouse Pancreatic β-cells: New Insights into Auto-antigen Generation in Type I Diabetes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 23956946 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. The immunoproteasome, a version of the proteasome that collaborates with the 11S/PA28 activator to generate immunogenic peptides for presentation by MHC class I molecules, has long been implicated in the onset of the disease, but little is known about immunoproteasome function and regulation in pancreatic β-cells. Interesting insight into these issues comes from a recent analysis of the immunoproteasome expressed in pancreatic β-cells during early antiviral defenses mediated by interferon β (IFNβ), a type I IFN implicated in the induction of the diabetic state in human and animal models. Using mouse islets and the MIN6 insulinoma cell line, Freudenburg et al. found that IFNβ stimulates expression of the immunoproteasome and the 11S/PA28 activator in a manner fundamentally similar to the classic immuno-inducer IFNγ, with similar timing of mRNA accumulation and decline; similar transcriptional activation mediated primarily by the IRF1 and similar mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, neither IFNβ nor IFNγ altered the expression of regular proteolytic subunits or prevented their incorporation into proteolytic cores. As a result, immunoproteasomes had stochastic combinations of immune and regular proteolytic sites, an arrangement that would likely increase the probability with which unique immunogenic peptides are produced. However, immunoproteasomes were activated by the 11S/PA28 only under conditions of ATP depletion. A mechanism that prevents the activation of immunoproteasome at high ATP levels has not been reported before and could have a major regulatory significance, as it could suppress the generation of immunogenic peptides as cell accumulate immunoproteasome and 11S/PA28, and activate antigen processing only when ATP levels drop. We discuss implications of these new findings on the link between early antiviral response and the onset of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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