1
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Xie DF, Crouzet C, LoPresti K, Wang Y, Robinson C, Jones W, Muqolli F, Fang C, Cribbs DH, Fisher M, Choi B. Semi-automated protocol to quantify and characterize fluorescent three-dimensional vascular images. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289109. [PMID: 38753706 PMCID: PMC11098357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature facilitates gas exchange, provides nutrients to cells, and regulates blood flow in response to stimuli. Vascular abnormalities are an indicator of pathology for various conditions, such as compromised vessel integrity in small vessel disease and angiogenesis in tumors. Traditional immunohistochemistry enables the visualization of tissue cross-sections containing exogenously labeled vasculature. Although this approach can be utilized to quantify vascular changes within small fields of view, it is not a practical way to study the vasculature on the scale of whole organs. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging presents a more appropriate method to visualize the vascular architecture in tissue. Here we describe the complete protocol that we use to characterize the vasculature of different organs in mice encompassing the methods to fluorescently label vessels, optically clear tissue, collect 3D vascular images, and quantify these vascular images with a semi-automated approach. To validate the automated segmentation of vascular images, one user manually segmented one hundred random regions of interest across different vascular images. The automated segmentation results had an average sensitivity of 83±11% and an average specificity of 91±6% when compared to manual segmentation. Applying this procedure of image analysis presents a method to reliably quantify and characterize vascular networks in a timely fashion. This procedure is also applicable to other methods of tissue clearing and vascular labels that generate 3D images of microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny F. Xie
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Christian Crouzet
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Krystal LoPresti
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuke Wang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Robinson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - William Jones
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Fjolla Muqolli
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Chuo Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - David H. Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Fisher
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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2
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Horchler SN, Hancock PC, Sun M, Liu AT, Massand S, El-Mallah JC, Goldenberg D, Waldron O, Landmesser ME, Agrawal S, Koduru SV, Ravnic DJ. Vascular persistence following precision micropuncture. Microcirculation 2024; 31:e12835. [PMID: 37947797 PMCID: PMC10842157 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The success of engineered tissues continues to be limited by time to vascularization and perfusion. Recently, we described a simple microsurgical approach, termed micropuncture (MP), which could be used to rapidly vascularize an adjacently placed scaffold from the recipient macrovasculature. Here we studied the long-term persistence of the MP-induced microvasculature. METHODS Segmental 60 μm diameter MPs were created in the recipient rat femoral artery and vein followed by coverage with a simple Type 1 collagen scaffold. The recipient vasculature and scaffold were then wrapped en bloc with a silicone sheet to isolate intrinsic vascularization. Scaffolds were harvested at 28 days post-implantation for detailed analysis, including using a novel artificial intelligence (AI) approach. RESULTS MP scaffolds demonstrated a sustained increase of vascular density compared to internal non-MP control scaffolds (p < 0.05) secondary to increases in both vessel diameters (p < 0.05) and branch counts (p < 0.05). MP scaffolds also demonstrated statistically significant increases in red blood cell (RBC) perfused lumens. CONCLUSIONS This study further highlights that the intrinsic MP-induced vasculature continues to persist long-term. Its combination of rapid and stable angiogenesis represents a novel surgical platform for engineered scaffold and graft perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer N. Horchler
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Patrick C. Hancock
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alexander T. Liu
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sameer Massand
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jessica C. El-Mallah
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dana Goldenberg
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Olivia Waldron
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Mary E. Landmesser
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shailaja Agrawal
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Srinivas V. Koduru
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dino J. Ravnic
- Irvin S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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3
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Three-dimensional visualization of cerebral blood vessels and neural changes in thick ischemic rat brain slices using tissue clearing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15897. [PMID: 36151103 PMCID: PMC9508267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are three-dimensional (3D) in structure and precisely connected. Conventional histological methods are unsuitable for their analysis because of the destruction of functionally important topological 3D vascular structures. Tissue optical clearing techniques enable extensive volume imaging and data analysis without destroying tissue. This study therefore applied a tissue clearing technique to acquire high-resolution 3D images of rat brain vasculature using light-sheet and confocal microscopies. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 45 min followed by 24 h reperfusion with lectin injected directly into the heart for vascular staining. For acquiring 3D images of rat brain vasculature, 3-mm-thick brain slices were reconstructed using tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy. Subsequently, after 3D rendering, the fitting of blood vessels to a filament model was used for analysis. The results revealed a significant reduction in vessel diameter and density in the ischemic region compared to those in contralesional non-ischemic regions. Immunostaining of 0.5-mm-thick brain slices revealed considerable neuronal loss and increased astrocyte fluorescence intensity in the ipsilateral region. Thus, these methods can provide more accurate data by broadening the scope of the analyzed regions of interest for examining the 3D cerebrovascular system and neuronal changes occurring in various brain disorders.
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Flournoy J, Ashkanani S, Chen Y. Mechanical regulation of signal transduction in angiogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933474. [PMID: 36081909 PMCID: PMC9447863 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical and biochemical cues work in concert to regulate angiogenesis. These cues guide angiogenesis during development and wound healing. Abnormal cues contribute to pathological angiogenesis during tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the known signaling pathways involved in mechanotransduction important to angiogenesis. We discuss how variation in the mechanical microenvironment, in terms of stiffness, ligand availability, and topography, can modulate the angiogenesis process. We also present an integrated view on how mechanical perturbations, such as stretching and fluid shearing, alter angiogenesis-related signal transduction acutely, leading to downstream gene expression. Tissue engineering-based approaches to study angiogenesis are reviewed too. Future directions to aid the efforts in unveiling the comprehensive picture of angiogenesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Flournoy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shahad Ashkanani
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Yun Chen,
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5
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Takahashi Y, Hayakawa A, Sano R, Fukuda H, Kubo R, Tokue H, Okawa T, Kawamura M, Kominato Y. Usefulness of a tissue optical clearing technique for forensic autopsy. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1124-1131. [PMID: 35088897 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forensic pathologists are required to investigate lethal trauma or disease at autopsy. In addition to massive contusions of various organs, a number of small features with potentially fatal implications also need to be sought. Since such lesions may need microscopic examinations for detailed evaluation, it is important to select suitable anatomic locations for tissue sampling. For practical screening of small lesions, we have developed a tissue optical clearing (TOC) technique for forensic autopsy. The technique involves clearing with a non-toxic organic solvent, ethyl cinnamate, which renders excised organs transparent, while hemorrhages or blood-containing vessels remain opaque. Using this technique, tiny hemorrhages in the spinal cord were able to be identified by gross examination, allowing proper selection of locations for tissue sampling. Subsequent histopathological evaluation was successfully performed with no apparent artifacts related with the TOC procedure. In addition, a combination of TOC and targeted CT angiography allowed feasible examination of the arterial occlusive lesion in the superior mesenteric artery, and when combined with micro-CT scanning it was useful for evaluating the lumen of the coronary artery with stent implantation. The results obtained so far indicated that TOC could complement routine forensic autopsy procedures when detailed evaluation of small lesions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Takahashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akira Hayakawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Rie Sano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Haruki Fukuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Rieko Kubo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tokue
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Okawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Miki Kawamura
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kominato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Khouri K, Xie DF, Crouzet C, Bahani AW, Cribbs DH, Fisher MJ, Choi B. Simple methodology to visualize whole-brain microvasculature in three dimensions. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025004. [PMID: 33884280 PMCID: PMC8056070 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: To explore brain architecture and pathology, a consistent and reliable methodology to visualize the three-dimensional cerebral microvasculature is beneficial. Perfusion-based vascular labeling is quick and easily deliverable. However, the quality of vascular labeling can vary with perfusion-based labels due to aggregate formation, leakage, rapid photobleaching, and incomplete perfusion. Aim: We describe a simple, two-day protocol combining perfusion-based labeling with a two-day clearing step that facilitates whole-brain, three-dimensional microvascular imaging and characterization. Approach: The combination of retro-orbital injection of Lectin-Dylight-649 to label the vasculature, the clearing process of a modified iDISCO+ protocol, and light-sheet imaging collectively enables a comprehensive view of the cerebrovasculature. Results: We observed ∼ threefold increase in contrast-to-background ratio of Lectin-Dylight-649 vascular labeling over endogenous green fluorescent protein fluorescence from a transgenic mouse model. With light-sheet microscopy, we demonstrate sharp visualization of cerebral microvasculature throughout the intact mouse brain. Conclusions: Our tissue preparation protocol requires fairly routine processing steps and is compatible with multiple types of optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiana Khouri
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Graduate Program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Danny F. Xie
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Christian Crouzet
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Adrian W. Bahani
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - David H. Cribbs
- University of California, Irvine, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Mark J. Fisher
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurology, Orange, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Graduate Program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California, United States
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7
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Avilov SV. Navigating across multi-dimensional space of tissue clearing parameters. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9:022001. [PMID: 33592593 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abe6fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optical tissue clearing refers to physico-chemical treatments which make thick biological samples transparent by removal of refractive index gradients and light absorbing substances. Although tissue clearing was first reported in 1914, it was not widely used in light microscopy until 21th century, because instrumentation of that time did not permit to acquire and handle images of thick (mm to cm) samples as whole. Rapid progress in optical instrumentation, computers and software over the last decades made micrograph acquisition of centimeter-thick samples feasible. This boosted tissue clearing use and development. Numerous diverse protocols have been developed. They use organic solvents or water-miscible substances, such as detergents and chaotropic agents; some protocols require application of electric field or perfusion with special devices. There is no 'best-for-all' tissue clearing method. Depending on the case, one or another protocol is more suitable. Most of protocols require days or even weeks to complete, thus choosing an unsuitable protocol may cause an important waste of time. Several inter-dependent parameters should be taken into account to choose a tissue clearing protocol, such as: (1) required image quality (resolution, contrast, signal to noise ratio etc), (2) nature and size of the sample, (3) type of labels, (4) characteristics of the available instrumentation, (5) budget, (6) time budget, and (7) feasibility. Present review focusses on the practical aspects of various tissue clearing techniques. It is aimed to help non-experts to choose tissue clearing techniques which are optimal for their particular cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Avilov
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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9
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Lipophilic dye-compatible brain clearing technique allowing correlative magnetic resonance/high-resolution fluorescence imaging in rat models of glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17974. [PMID: 33087842 PMCID: PMC7578790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we optimized a novel approach for combining in vivo MRI and ex vivo high-resolution fluorescence microscopy that involves: (i) a method for slicing rat brain tissue into sections with the same thickness and spatial orientation as in in vivo MRI, to better correlate in vivo MRI analyses with ex-vivo imaging via scanning confocal microscope and (ii) an improved clearing protocol compatible with lipophilic dyes that highlight the neurovascular network, to obtain high tissue transparency while preserving tissue staining and morphology with no significant tissue shrinkage or expansion. We applied this methodology in two rat models of glioblastoma (GBM; U87 human glioma cells and patient-derived human glioblastoma cancer stem cells) to demonstrate how vital the information retrieved from the correlation between MRI and confocal images is and to highlight how the increased invasiveness of xenografts derived from cancer stem cells may not be clearly detected by standard in vivo MRI approaches. The protocol studied in this work could be implemented in pre-clinical GBM research to further the development and validation of more predictive and translatable MR imaging protocols that can be used as critical diagnostic and prognostic tools. The development of this protocol is part of the quest for more efficacious treatment approaches for this devastating and still uncurable disease. In particular, this approach could be instrumental in validating novel MRI-based techniques to assess cellular infiltration beyond the macroscopic tumor margins and to quantify neo-angiogenesis.
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10
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Hill LK, Hoang DM, Chiriboga LA, Wisniewski T, Sadowski MJ, Wadghiri YZ. Detection of Cerebrovascular Loss in the Normal Aging C57BL/6 Mouse Brain Using in vivo Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:585218. [PMID: 33192479 PMCID: PMC7606987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.585218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular rarefaction, or the decrease in vascular density, has been described in the cerebrovasculature of aging humans, rats, and, more recently, mice in the presence and absence of age-dependent diseases. Given the wide use of mice in modeling age-dependent human diseases of the cerebrovasculature, visualization, and quantification of the global murine cerebrovasculature is necessary for establishing the baseline changes that occur with aging. To provide in vivo whole-brain imaging of the cerebrovasculature in aging C57BL/6 mice longitudinally, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) was employed using a house-made gadolinium-bearing micellar blood pool agent. Enhancement in the vascular space permitted quantification of the detectable, or apparent, cerebral blood volume (aCBV), which was analyzed over 2 years of aging and compared to histological analysis of the cerebrovascular density. A significant loss in the aCBV was detected by CE-MRA over the aging period. Histological analysis via vessel-probing immunohistochemistry confirmed a significant loss in the cerebrovascular density over the same 2-year aging period, validating the CE-MRA findings. While these techniques use widely different methods of assessment and spatial resolutions, their comparable findings in detected vascular loss corroborate the growing body of literature describing vascular rarefaction aging. These findings suggest that such age-dependent changes can contribute to cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, which are modeled using wild-type and transgenic laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Dung Minh Hoang
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luis A. Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin J. Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Youssef Z. Wadghiri
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Gómez-Gaviro MV, Sanderson D, Ripoll J, Desco M. Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101432. [PMID: 32805648 PMCID: PMC7452225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging techniques can expand our knowledge about physiological and pathological processes that cannot be fully understood with 2D approaches. Standard diagnostic tests frequently are not sufficient to unequivocally determine the presence of a pathological condition. Whole-organ optical imaging requires tissue transparency, which can be achieved by using tissue clearing procedures enabling deeper image acquisition and therefore making possible the analysis of large-scale biological tissue samples. Here, we review currently available clearing agents, methods, and their application in imaging of physiological or pathological conditions in different animal and human organs. We also compare different optical tissue clearing methods discussing their advantages and disadvantages and review the use of different 3D imaging techniques for the visualization and image acquisition of cleared tissues. The use of optical tissue clearing resources for large-scale biological tissues 3D imaging paves the way for future applications in translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Konno A, Matsumoto N, Tomono Y, Okazaki S. Pathological application of carbocyanine dye-based multicolour imaging of vasculature and associated structures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12613. [PMID: 32724051 PMCID: PMC7387484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous visualisation of vasculature and surrounding tissue structures is essential for a better understanding of vascular pathologies. In this work, we describe a histochemical strategy for three-dimensional, multicolour imaging of vasculature and associated structures, using a carbocyanine dye-based technique, vessel painting. We developed a series of applications to allow the combination of vessel painting with other histochemical methods, including immunostaining and tissue clearing for confocal and two-photon microscopies. We also introduced a two-photon microscopy setup that incorporates an aberration correction system to correct aberrations caused by the mismatch of refractive indices between samples and immersion mediums, for higher-quality images of intact tissue structures. Finally, we demonstrate the practical utility of our approach by visualising fine pathological alterations to the renal glomeruli of IgA nephropathy model mice in unprecedented detail. The technical advancements should enhance the versatility of vessel painting, offering rapid and cost-effective methods for vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alu Konno
- Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomono
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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13
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de Maar JS, Sofias AM, Porta Siegel T, Vreeken RJ, Moonen C, Bos C, Deckers R. Spatial heterogeneity of nanomedicine investigated by multiscale imaging of the drug, the nanoparticle and the tumour environment. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1884-1909. [PMID: 32042343 PMCID: PMC6993242 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic tumour heterogeneity is an important cause of therapy resistance. Moreover, non-uniform spatial drug distribution in cancer treatment may cause pseudo-resistance, meaning that a treatment is ineffective because the drug does not reach its target at sufficient concentrations. Together with tumour heterogeneity, non-uniform drug distribution causes “therapy heterogeneity”: a spatially heterogeneous treatment effect. Spatial heterogeneity in drug distribution occurs on all scales ranging from interpatient differences to intratumour differences on tissue or cellular scale. Nanomedicine aims to improve the balance between efficacy and safety of drugs by targeting drug-loaded nanoparticles specifically to tumours. Spatial heterogeneity in nanoparticle and payload distribution could be an important factor that limits their efficacy in patients. Therefore, imaging spatial nanoparticle distribution and imaging the tumour environment giving rise to this distribution could help understand (lack of) clinical success of nanomedicine. Imaging the nanoparticle, drug and tumour environment can lead to improvements of new nanotherapies, increase understanding of underlying mechanisms of heterogeneous distribution, facilitate patient selection for nanotherapies and help assess the effect of treatments that aim to reduce heterogeneity in nanoparticle distribution. In this review, we discuss three groups of imaging modalities applied in nanomedicine research: non-invasive clinical imaging methods (nuclear imaging, MRI, CT, ultrasound), optical imaging and mass spectrometry imaging. Because each imaging modality provides information at a different scale and has its own strengths and weaknesses, choosing wisely and combining modalities will lead to a wealth of information that will help bring nanomedicine forward.
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14
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Hong S, Lee J, Kim JM, Kim SY, Kim HR, Kim P. 3D cellular visualization of intact mouse tooth using optical clearing without decalcification. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:25. [PMID: 31451694 PMCID: PMC6802633 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp is composed of nerves, blood vessels, and various types of cells and surrounded by a thick and hard enamel-dentin matrix. Due to its importance in the maintenance of tooth vitality, there have been intensive efforts to analyze the complex cellular-level organization of the dental pulp in teeth. Although conventional histologic analysis has provided microscopic images of the dental pulp, 3-dimensional (3D) cellular-level visualization of the whole dental pulp in an intact tooth has remained a technically challenging task. This is mainly due to the inevitable disruption and loss of microscopic structural features during the process of mechanical sectioning required for the preparation of the tooth sample for histological observation. To accomplish 3D microscopic observation of thick intact tissue, various optical clearing techniques have been developed mostly for soft tissue, and their application for hard tissues such as bone and teeth has only recently started to be investigated. In this work, we established a simple and rapid optical clearing technique for intact mouse teeth without the time-consuming process of decalcification. We achieved 3D cellular-level visualization of the microvasculature and various immune cell distributions in the whole dental pulp of mouse teeth under normal and pathologic conditions. This technique could be used to enable diverse research methods on tooth development and regeneration by providing 3D visualization of various pulpal cells in intact mouse teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Hong
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingu Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Dentistry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry, Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea. .,KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Li T, Liu CJ, Akkin T. Contrast-enhanced serial optical coherence scanner with deep learning network reveals vasculature and white matter organization of mouse brain. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:035004. [PMID: 31338386 PMCID: PMC6646884 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography provides volumetric reconstruction of brain structure with micrometer resolution. Gray matter and white matter can be highlighted using conventional and polarization-based contrasts; however, vasculature in ex-vivo fixed brain has not been investigated at large scale due to lack of intrinsic contrast. We present contrast enhancement to visualize the vasculature by perfusing titanium dioxide particles transcardially into the mouse vascular system. The brain, after dissection and fixation, is imaged by a serial optical coherence scanner. Accumulation of particles in blood vessels generates distinguishable optical signals. Among these, the cross-polarization images reveal the vasculature organization remarkably well. The conventional and polarization-based contrasts are still available for probing the gray matter and white matter structures. The segmentation and reconstruction of the vasculature are presented by using a deep learning algorithm. Axonal fiber pathways in the mouse brain are delineated by utilizing the retardance and optic axis orientation contrasts. This is a low-cost method that can be further developed to study neurovascular diseases and brain injury in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Li
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Chao J. Liu
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Taner Akkin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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16
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Loren M, Crouzet C, Bahani A, Vasilevko V, Choi B. Optical clearing potential of immersion-based agents applied to thick mouse brain sections. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216064. [PMID: 31075111 PMCID: PMC6510422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the use of a commercially-available immersion-based optical clearing agent (OCA) enables, within 3-6 hours, three-dimensional visualization of subsurface exogenous fluorescent and absorbing markers of vascular architecture and neurodegenerative disease in thick (0.5-1.0mm) mouse brain sections. Nonetheless, the relative performance of immersion-based OCAs has remained unknown. Here, we show that immersion of brain sections in specific OCAs (FocusClear, RIMS, sRIMS, or ScaleSQ) affects both their transparency and volume; the optical clearing effect occurs over the entire visible spectrum and is reversible; and that ScaleSQ had the highest optical clearing potential and increase in imaging depth of the four evaluated OCAs, albeit with the largest change in sample volume and a concomitant decrease in apparent microvascular density of the sample. These results suggest a rational, quantitative framework for screening and characterization of the impact of optical clearing, to streamline experimental design and enable a cost-benefit assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Loren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Crouzet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Adrian Bahani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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17
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Salehi A, Jullienne A, Wendel KM, Hamer M, Tang J, Zhang JH, Pearce WJ, DeFazio RA, Vexler ZS, Obenaus A. A Novel Technique for Visualizing and Analyzing the Cerebral Vasculature in Rodents. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:10.1007/s12975-018-0632-0. [PMID: 29766452 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel protocol to stain, visualize, and analyze blood vessels from the rat and mouse cerebrum. This technique utilizes the fluorescent dye, DiI, to label the lumen of the vasculature followed by perfusion fixation. Following brain extraction, the labeled vasculature is then imaged using wide-field fluorescence microscopy for axial and coronal images and can be followed by regional confocal microscopy. Axial and coronal images can be analyzed using classical angiographic methods for vessel density, length, and other features. We also have developed a novel fractal analysis to assess vascular complexity. Our protocol has been optimized for adult rat, adult mouse, and neonatal mouse studies. The protocol is efficient, can be rapidly completed, stains cerebral vessels with a bright fluorescence, and provides valuable quantitative data. This method has a broad range of applications, and we demonstrate its use to study the vasculature in assorted models of acquired brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjang Salehi
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, 1140 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Kara M Wendel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA
| | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - William J Pearce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Richard A DeFazio
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48101, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, 1140 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA.
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18
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Filipe EC, Chitty JL, Cox TR. Charting the unexplored extracellular matrix in cancer. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:58-76. [PMID: 29671911 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is present in all solid tissues and considered a master regulator of cell behaviour and phenotype. The importance of maintaining the correct biochemical and biophysical properties of the ECM, and the subsequent regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis, is illustrated by the simple fact that the ECM is highly dysregulated in many different types of disease, especially cancer. The loss of tissue ECM homeostasis and integrity is seen as one of the hallmarks of cancer and typically defines transitional events in progression and metastasis. The vast majority of cancer studies place an emphasis on exploring the behaviour and intrinsic signalling pathways of tumour cells. Their goal was to identify ways to target intracellular pathways regulating cancer. Cancer progression and metastasis are powerfully influenced by the ECM and thus present a vast, unexplored repository of anticancer targets that we are only just beginning to tap into. Deconstructing the complexity of the tumour ECM landscape and identifying the interactions between the many cell types, soluble factors and extracellular-matrix proteins have proved challenging. Here, we discuss some of the emerging tools and platforms being used to catalogue and chart the ECM in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysse C Filipe
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica L Chitty
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Lee SSY, Bindokas VP, Kron SJ. Multiplex three-dimensional optical mapping of tumor immune microenvironment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17031. [PMID: 29208908 PMCID: PMC5717053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in optical tissue clearing and microscopic imaging have advanced three-dimensional (3D) visualization of intact tissues and organs at high resolution. However, to expand applications to oncology, critical limitations of current methods must be addressed. Here we describe transparent tissue tomography (T3) as a tool for rapid, three-dimensional, multiplexed immunofluorescent tumor imaging. Cutting tumors into sub-millimeter macrosections enables simple and rapid immunofluorescence staining, optical clearing, and confocal microscope imaging. Registering and fusing macrosection images yields high resolution 3D maps of multiple tumor microenvironment components and biomarkers throughout a tumor. The 3D maps can be quantitatively evaluated by automated image analysis. As an application of T3, 3D mapping and analysis revealed a heterogeneous distribution of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Her2 transgenic mouse mammary tumors, with high expression limited to tumor cells at the periphery and to CD31+ vascular endothelium in the core. Also, strong spatial correlation between CD45+ immune cell distribution and PD-L1 expression was revealed by T3 analysis of the whole tumors. Our results demonstrate that a tomographic approach offers simple and rapid access to high-resolution three-dimensional maps of the tumor immune microenvironment, offering a new tool to examine tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Seung-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vytautas P Bindokas
- Integrated Light Microscopy Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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3D morphological analysis of the mouse cerebral vasculature: Comparison of in vivo and ex vivo methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186676. [PMID: 29053753 PMCID: PMC5650181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo 2-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) with optical clearing enables vascular imaging deep into tissue. However, optical clearing may also produce spherical aberrations if the objective lens is not index-matched to the clearing material, while the perfusion, clearing, and fixation procedure may alter vascular morphology. We compared in vivo and ex vivo 2PFM in mice, focusing on apparent differences in microvascular signal and morphology. Following in vivo imaging, the mice (four total) were perfused with a fluorescent gel and their brains fructose-cleared. The brain regions imaged in vivo were imaged ex vivo. Vessels were segmented in both images using an automated tracing algorithm that accounts for the spatially varying PSF in the ex vivo images. This spatial variance is induced by spherical aberrations caused by imaging fructose-cleared tissue with a water-immersion objective. Alignment of the ex vivo image to the in vivo image through a non-linear warping algorithm enabled comparison of apparent vessel diameter, as well as differences in signal. Shrinkage varied as a function of diameter, with capillaries rendered smaller ex vivo by 13%, while penetrating vessels shrunk by 34%. The pial vasculature attenuated in vivo microvascular signal by 40% 300 μm below the tissue surface, but this effect was absent ex vivo. On the whole, ex vivo imaging was found to be valuable for studying deep cortical vasculature.
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21
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Lee BR, Joo KI, Choi ES, Jahng J, Kim H, Kim E. Evans blue dye-enhanced imaging of the brain microvessels using spectral focusing coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185519. [PMID: 29049299 PMCID: PMC5648124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed dye-enhanced imaging of mouse brain microvessels using spectral focusing coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SF-CARS) microscopy. The resonant signals from C-H stretching in forward CARS usually show high background intensity in tissues, which makes CARS imaging of microvessels difficult. In this study, epi-detection of back-scattered SF-CARS signals showed a negligible background, but the overall intensity of resonant CARS signals was too low to observe the network of brain microvessels. Therefore, Evans blue (EB) dye was used as contrasting agent to enhance the back-scattered SF-CARS signals. Breakdown of brain microvessels by inducing hemorrhage in a mouse was clearly visualized using backward SF-CARS signals, following intravenous injection of EB. The improved visualization of brain microvessels with EB enhanced the sensitivity of SF-CARS, detecting not only the blood vessels themselves but their integrity as well in the brain vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Lee
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Joo
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Choi
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (EK); (HK)
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (EK); (HK)
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22
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Improved vessel painting with carbocyanine dye-liposome solution for visualisation of vasculature. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10089. [PMID: 28855543 PMCID: PMC5577039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessel painting is one of the most accessible and cost-effective techniques for visualising vasculature by fluorescence microscopy. In this method, the hydrophobic carbocyanine dye DiIC18 labels the plasma membrane via insertion of its alkyl chains into the lipid bilayer. A major disadvantage of this procedure is that it does not stain veins and some microvessels in mouse brain. Furthermore, DiIC18 molecules can aggregate during perfusion, thereby occluding arteries and reducing the success rate and reproducibility of the experiment. To overcome these problems, we developed an improved vessel painting procedure that employs neutral liposomes (NLs) and DiIC12. NLs prevented DiI aggregation under physiological conditions whereas DiIC12 showed enhanced dye incorporation into liposomes and consequently increased staining intensity. Using this method, we successfully labelled all major blood vessel types in the mouse brain, including both veins and microvessels. Thus, liposome-mediated vessel painting is a simple and efficient method for visualising vasculature.
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23
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Mayorca-Guiliani AE, Madsen CD, Cox TR, Horton ER, Venning FA, Erler JT. ISDoT: in situ decellularization of tissues for high-resolution imaging and proteomic analysis of native extracellular matrix. Nat Med 2017; 23:890-898. [PMID: 28604702 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a master regulator of cellular phenotype and behavior. It has a crucial role in both normal tissue homeostasis and disease pathology. Here we present a fast and efficient approach to enhance the study of ECM composition and structure. Termed in situ decellularization of tissues (ISDoT), it allows whole organs to be decellularized, leaving native ECM architecture intact. These three-dimensional decellularized tissues can be studied using high-resolution fluorescence and second harmonic imaging, and can be used for quantitative proteomic interrogation of the ECM. Our method is superior to other methods tested in its ability to preserve the structural integrity of the ECM, facilitate high-resolution imaging and quantitatively detect ECM proteins. In particular, we performed high-resolution sub-micron imaging of matrix topography in normal tissue and over the course of primary tumor development and progression to metastasis in mice, providing the first detailed imaging of the metastatic niche. These data show that cancer-driven ECM remodeling is organ specific, and that it is accompanied by comprehensive changes in ECM composition and topological structure. We also describe differing patterns of basement-membrane organization surrounding different types of blood vessels in healthy and diseased tissues. The ISDoT procedure allows for the study of native ECM structure under normal and pathological conditions in unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris D Madsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward R Horton
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freja A Venning
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lo P, Crouzet C, Vasilevko V, Choi B. Visualization of microbleeds with optical histology in mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Microvasc Res 2016; 105:109-13. [PMID: 26876114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a neurovascular disease that is strongly associated with an increase in the number and size of spontaneous microbleeds. Conventional methods of magnetic resonance imaging for detection of microbleeds, and positron emission tomography with Pittsburgh Compound B imaging for amyloid deposits, can separately demonstrate the presence of microbleeds and CAA in affected brains in vivo; however, there still is a critical need for strong evidence that shows involvement of CAA in microbleed formation. Here, we show in a Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, that the combination of histochemical staining and an optical clearing method called optical histology, enables simultaneous, co-registered three-dimensional visualization of cerebral microvasculature, microbleeds, and amyloid deposits. Our data suggest that microbleeds are localized within the brain regions affected by vascular amyloid deposits. All observed microhemorrhages (n=39) were in close proximity (0 to 144 μm) with vessels affected by CAA. Our data suggest that the predominant type of CAA-related microbleed is associated with leaky or ruptured hemorrhagic microvasculature. The proposed methodological and instrumental approach will allow future study of the relationship between CAA and microbleeds during disease development and in response to treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lo
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Christian Crouzet
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 1207 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Lee E, Choi J, Jo Y, Kim JY, Jang YJ, Lee HM, Kim SY, Lee HJ, Cho K, Jung N, Hur EM, Jeong SJ, Moon C, Choe Y, Rhyu IJ, Kim H, Sun W. ACT-PRESTO: Rapid and consistent tissue clearing and labeling method for 3-dimensional (3D) imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18631. [PMID: 26750588 PMCID: PMC4707495 DOI: 10.1038/srep18631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural organization of organs and organisms at the cellular level is a fundamental challenge in biology. This task has been approached by reconstructing three-dimensional structure from images taken from serially sectioned tissues, which is not only labor-intensive and time-consuming but also error-prone. Recent advances in tissue clearing techniques allow visualization of cellular structures and neural networks inside of unsectioned whole tissues or the entire body. However, currently available protocols require long process times. Here, we present the rapid and highly reproducible ACT-PRESTO (active clarity technique-pressure related efficient and stable transfer of macromolecules into organs) method that clears tissues or the whole body within 1 day while preserving tissue architecture and protein-based signals derived from endogenous fluorescent proteins. Moreover, ACT-PRESTO is compatible with conventional immunolabeling methods and expedites antibody penetration into thick specimens by applying pressure. The speed and consistency of this method will allow high-content mapping and analysis of normal and pathological features in intact organs and bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Jungyoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Youhwa Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, 701-300 Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Myeong Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, 701-300 Daegu, Korea
| | - So Yeun Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Lee
- Logos Biosystems, Inc. Anyang-Si, Gyunggi-Do, 431-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunchang Cho
- Logos Biosystems, Inc. Anyang-Si, Gyunggi-Do, 431-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Neoncheol Jung
- Logos Biosystems, Inc. Anyang-Si, Gyunggi-Do, 431-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hur
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Jin Jeong
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, 701-300 Daegu, Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, 701-300 Daegu, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
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Song E, Seo H, Choe K, Hwang Y, Ahn J, Ahn S, Kim P. Optical clearing based cellular-level 3D visualization of intact lymph node cortex. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4154-64. [PMID: 26504662 PMCID: PMC4605071 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) is an important immune organ that controls adaptive immune responses against foreign pathogens and abnormal cells. To facilitate efficient immune function, LN has highly organized 3D cellular structures, vascular and lymphatic system. Unfortunately, conventional histological analysis relying on thin-sliced tissue has limitations in 3D cellular analysis due to structural disruption and tissue loss in the processes of fixation and tissue slicing. Optical sectioning confocal microscopy has been utilized to analyze 3D structure of intact LN tissue without physical tissue slicing. However, light scattering within biological tissues limits the imaging depth only to superficial portion of LN cortex. Recently, optical clearing techniques have shown enhancement of imaging depth in various biological tissues, but their efficacy for LN are remained to be investigated. In this work, we established optical clearing procedure for LN and achieved 3D volumetric visualization of the whole cortex of LN. More than 4 times improvement in imaging depth was confirmed by using LN obtained from H2B-GFP/actin-DsRed double reporter transgenic mouse. With adoptive transfer of GFP expressing B cells and DsRed expressing T cells and fluorescent vascular labeling by anti-CD31 and anti-LYVE-1 antibody conjugates, we successfully visualized major cellular-level structures such as T-cell zone, B-cell follicle and germinal center. Further, we visualized the GFP expressing metastatic melanoma cell colony, vasculature and lymphatic vessels in the LN cortex.
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Cuijpers VMJI, Alghamdi HS, Van Dijk NWM, Jaroszewicz J, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA. Osteogenesis around CaP-coated titanium implants visualized using 3D histology and micro-computed tomography. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3463-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamdan S. Alghamdi
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry; College of Dentistry; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Natasja W. M. Van Dijk
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Warszawa 02-507 Poland
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - John A. Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Moy AJ, Capulong BV, Saager RB, Wiersma MP, Lo PC, Durkin AJ, Choi B. Optical properties of mouse brain tissue after optical clearing with FocusClear™. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:95010. [PMID: 26388460 PMCID: PMC4963466 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.9.095010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is commonly used to investigate disease progression in biological tissues. Biological tissues, however, are strongly scattering in the visible wavelengths, limiting the application of fluorescence microscopy to superficial (<200µm) regions. Optical clearing, which involves incubation of the tissue in a chemical bath, reduces the optical scattering in tissue, resulting in increased tissue transparency and optical imaging depth. The goal of this study was to determine the time- and wavelength-resolved dynamics of the optical scattering properties of rodent brain after optical clearing with FocusClear™. Light transmittance and reflectance of 1-mm mouse brain sections were measured using an integrating sphere before and after optical clearing and the inverse adding doubling algorithm used to determine tissue optical scattering. The degree of optical clearing was quantified by calculating the optical clearing potential (OCP), and the effects of differing OCP were demonstrated using the optical histology method, which combines tissue optical clearing with optical imaging to visualize the microvasculature. We observed increased tissue transparency with longer optical clearing time and an analogous increase in OCP. Furthermore, OCP did not vary substantially between 400 and 1000 nm for increasing optical clearing durations, suggesting that optical histology can improve ex vivo visualization of several fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Moy
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Bernard V. Capulong
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Matthew P. Wiersma
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Patrick C. Lo
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bernard Choi, E-mail:
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Yang B, Treweek JB, Kulkarni RP, Deverman BE, Chen CK, Lubeck E, Shah S, Cai L, Gradinaru V. Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing. Cell 2014; 158:945-958. [PMID: 25088144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-function relationships at cellular, circuit, and organ-wide scale requires 3D anatomical and phenotypical maps, currently unavailable for many organs across species. At the root of this knowledge gap is the absence of a method that enables whole-organ imaging. Herein, we present techniques for tissue clearing in which whole organs and bodies are rendered macromolecule-permeable and optically transparent, thereby exposing their cellular structure with intact connectivity. We describe PACT (passive clarity technique), a protocol for passive tissue clearing and immunostaining of intact organs; RIMS (refractive index matching solution), a mounting media for imaging thick tissue; and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ), a method for whole-body clearing and immunolabeling. We show that in rodents PACT, RIMS, and PARS are compatible with endogenous-fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA single-molecule FISH, long-term storage, and microscopy with cellular and subcellular resolution. These methods are applicable for high-resolution, high-content mapping and phenotyping of normal and pathological elements within intact organs and bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chun-Kan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Eric Lubeck
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sheel Shah
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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30
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Hughes S, Dashkin O, Defazio RA. Vessel painting technique for visualizing the cerebral vascular architecture of the mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:127-38. [PMID: 24510861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vessel painting is a simple, cost-effective way to visualize the vascular architecture of the mouse brain and other organs. DiI is a lipophilic carbocyanine dye that binds to lipid membranes and is commonly used for tract tracing in the brain. After perfusion with PBS to remove the blood, perfusion with a special DiI solution allows direct staining of the vasculature. This step is followed by perfusion fixation and removal of the brain from the skull. Pial vessels can be directly imaged using a standard fluorescent microscope. To acquire images of the whole brain, a montage of images at different focal planes is assembled. Basic cerebral vascular anatomy is reviewed in the context of vessel painting, and examples are presented showing enhanced collateralization in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Vessel painting offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative to more complex approaches such as corrosion casting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea Hughes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Moy AJ, Lo PC, Choi B. High-resolution visualization of mouse cardiac microvasculature using optical histology. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 5:69-77. [PMID: 24466477 PMCID: PMC3891346 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease typically is associated with dysfunction of the coronary vasculature and microvasculature. The study of cardiovascular disease typically involves imaging of the large coronary vessels and quantification of cardiac blood perfusion. These methods, however, are not well suited for imaging of the cardiac microvasculature. We used the optical histology method, which combines chemical optical clearing and optical imaging, to create high-resolution, wide-field maps of the cardiac microvasculature in ventral slices of mouse heart. We have demonstrated the ability of the optical histology method to enable wide-field visualization of the cardiac microvasculature in high-resolution and anticipate that optical histology may have significant impact in studying cardiovascular disease.
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Liu YA, Pan ST, Hou YC, Shen MY, Peng SJ, Tang SC, Chung YC. 3-D visualization and quantitation of microvessels in transparent human colorectal carcinoma [corrected]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81857. [PMID: 24324559 PMCID: PMC3843693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic analysis of tumor vasculature plays an important role in understanding the progression and malignancy of colorectal carcinoma. However, due to the geometry of blood vessels and their connections, standard microtome-based histology is limited in providing the spatial information of the vascular network with a 3-dimensional (3-D) continuum. To facilitate 3-D tissue analysis, we prepared transparent human colorectal biopsies by optical clearing for in-depth confocal microscopy with CD34 immunohistochemistry. Full-depth colons were obtained from colectomies performed for colorectal carcinoma. Specimens were prepared away from (control) and at the tumor site. Taking advantage of the transparent specimens, we acquired anatomic information up to 200 μm in depth for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the vasculature. Examples are given to illustrate: (1) the association between the tumor microstructure and vasculature in space, including the perivascular cuffs of tumor outgrowth, and (2) the difference between the 2-D and 3-D quantitation of microvessels. We also demonstrate that the optically cleared mucosa can be retrieved after 3-D microscopy to perform the standard microtome-based histology (H&E staining and immunohistochemistry) for systematic integration of the two tissue imaging methods. Overall, we established a new tumor histological approach to integrate 3-D imaging, illustration, and quantitation of human colonic microvessels in normal and cancerous specimens. This approach has significant promise to work with the standard histology to better characterize the tumor microenvironment in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-An Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shien-Tung Pan
- Department of Pathology, Miaoli General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Hou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital - Hsinchu, Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yin Shen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital - Hsinchu, Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital - Hsinchu, Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Chung Kang Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
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