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McMillan JKP, O’Donnell P, Chang SP. Pattern recognition receptor ligand-induced differentiation of human transitional B cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273810. [PMID: 36040923 PMCID: PMC9426890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells represent a critical component of the adaptive immune response whose development and differentiation are determined by antigen-dependent and antigen-independent interactions. In this study, we explored the effects of IL-4 and pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) ligands on B cell development and differentiation by investigating their capacity to drive the in vitro maturation of human transitional B cells. In the presence of IL-4, ligands for TLR7/8, TLR9, and NOD1 were effective in driving the in vitro maturation of cord blood transitional B cells into mature, naïve B cells as measured by CD23 expression, ABCB1 transporter activation and upregulation of sIgM and sIgD. In addition, several stimulation conditions, including TLR9 ligand alone, favored an expansion of CD27+ IgM memory B cells. Transitional B cells stimulated with TLR7/8 ligand + IL-4 or TLR9 ligand, with or without IL-4, induced a significant subpopulation of CD23+CD27+ B cells expressing high levels of sIgM and sIgD, a minor B cell subpopulation found in human peripheral blood. These studies illustrate the heterogeneity of the B cell populations induced by cytokine and PRR ligand stimulation. A comparison of transitional and mature, naïve B cells transcriptomes to identify novel genes involved in B cell maturation revealed that mature, naïve B cells were less transcriptionally active than transitional B cells. Nevertheless, a subset of differentially expressed genes in mature, naïve B cells was identified including genes associated with the IL-4 signaling pathway, PI3K signaling in B lymphocytes, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the TNFR superfamily. When transitional B cells were stimulated in vitro with IL-4 and PRR ligands, gene expression was found to be dependent on the nature of the stimulants, suggesting that exposure to these stimulants may alter the developmental fate of transitional B cells. The influence of IL-4 and PRR signaling on transitional B cell maturation illustrates the potential synergy that may be achieved when certain PRR ligands are incorporated as adjuvants in vaccine formulations and presented to developing B cells in the context of an inflammatory cytokine environment. These studies demonstrate the potential of the PRR ligands to drive transitional B cell differentiation in the periphery during infection or vaccination independently of antigen mediated BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jourdan K. P. McMillan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick O’Donnell
- Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Hawaii Pacific Health, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Sandra P. Chang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
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2
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Patel SP, Petroni GR, Roszik J, Olson WC, Wages NA, Chianese-Bullock KA, Smolkin M, Varhegyi N, Gaughan E, Smith KT, Haden K, Hall EH, Gnjatic S, Hwu P, Slingluff CL. Phase I/II trial of a long peptide vaccine (LPV7) plus toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists with or without incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) for resected high-risk melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e003220. [PMID: 34413169 PMCID: PMC8378357 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a clinical trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a novel long peptide vaccine administered in combinations of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and agonists for TLR3 (polyICLC) and TLR7/8 (resiquimod). We hypothesized that T cell responses to minimal epitope peptides (MEPs) within the long peptides would be enhanced compared with prior vaccines with MEP themselves and that T cell responses would be enhanced with TLR agonists, compared with IFA alone. METHODS Participants with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma were vaccinated with seven long melanoma peptides (LPV7) from tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A10, and NY-ESO-1, each containing a known MEP for CD8+ T cells, plus a tetanus helper peptide (Tet) restricted by Class II MHC. Enrollment was guided by an adaptive design to one of seven adjuvant combinations. Vaccines were administered at weeks 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 at rotating injection sites. T cell and IgG antibody (Ab) responses were measured with IFN-gamma ELIspot assay ex vivo and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Fifty eligible participants were assigned to seven study groups, with highest enrollment on arm E (LPV7+Tet+IFA+polyICLC). There was one dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in Group E (grade 3 injection site reaction, 6% DLT rate). All other treatment-related adverse events were grades 1-2. The CD8+ T cell immune response rate (IRR) to MEPs was 18%, less than in prior studies using MEP vaccines in IFA. The CD8+ T cell IRR trended higher for IFA-containing adjuvants (24%) than adjuvants containing only TLR agonists (6%). Overall T cell IRR to full-length LPV7 was 30%; CD4+ T cell IRR to Tet was 40%, and serum Ab IRR to LPV7 was 84%. These IRRs also trended higher for IFA-containing adjuvants (36% vs 18%, 48% vs 24%, and 97% vs 60%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The LPV7 vaccine is safe with each of seven adjuvant strategies and induced T cell responses to CD8 MEPs ex vivo in a subset of patients but did not enhance IRRs compared with prior vaccines using short peptides. Immunogenicity was supported more by IFA than by TLR agonists alone and may be enhanced by polyICLC plus IFA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02126579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna P Patel
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter C Olson
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nolan A Wages
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Mark Smolkin
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikole Varhegyi
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gaughan
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly T Smith
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathleen Haden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily H Hall
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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3
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Ratnapriya S, Perez-Greene E, Schifanella L, Herschhorn A. Adjuvant-mediated enhancement of the immune response to HIV vaccines. FEBS J 2021; 289:3317-3334. [PMID: 33705608 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition will likely require an effective vaccine that elicits antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs), which are the sole target of neutralizing antibodies and a main focus of vaccine development. Adjuvants have been widely used to augment the magnitude and longevity of the adaptive immune responses to immunizations with HIV-1 Envs and to guide the development of specific immune responses. Here, we review the adjuvants that have been used in combination with HIV-1 Envs in several preclinical and human clinical trials in recent years. We summarize the interactions between the HIV-1 Envs and adjuvants, and highlight the routes of vaccine administration for various formulations. We then discuss the use of combinations of different adjuvants, the potential effect of adjuvants on the elicitation of antibodies enriched in somatic hypermutation and containing long complementarity-determining region 3 of the antibody heavy chain, and the elicitation of non-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ratnapriya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eva Perez-Greene
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,The College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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4
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Klasse PJ, Ozorowski G, Sanders RW, Moore JP. Env Exceptionalism: Why Are HIV-1 Env Glycoproteins Atypical Immunogens? Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:507-518. [PMID: 32272076 PMCID: PMC7187920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins of ever-increasing sophistication have been evaluated as vaccine candidates for over 30 years. Structurally defined mimics of native trimeric Env glycoproteins (e.g., SOSIP trimers) present multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and their germline precursors, but elicitation of bNAbs remains elusive. Here, we argue that the interactions between Env and the immune system render it exceptional among viral vaccine antigens and hinder its immunogenicity in absolute and comparative terms. In other words, Env binds to CD4 on key immune cells and transduces signals that can compromise their function. Moreover, the extensive array of oligomannose glycans on Env shields peptidic B cell epitopes, impedes the presentation of T helper cell epitopes, and attracts mannose binding proteins, which could affect the antibody response. We suggest lines of research for assessing how to overcome obstacles that the exceptional features of Env impose on the creation of a successful HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Stevens MW, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Gunnell MG, Tawney R, West CM, Owens SM. Antibody production and pharmacokinetics of METH in rats following vaccination with the METH vaccine, IXT-v100, adjuvanted with GLA-SE. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107484. [PMID: 31521953 PMCID: PMC6878175 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder continues to be inadequately treated, but improvements are being made in the field of immunotherapeutics, including vaccines, which could provide new options for treatment. Cocaine and nicotine vaccines have been tested clinically, but have yet to elicit the necessary antibody concentrations required to be effective. Methamphetamine vaccines have been tested in multiple nonclinical models and appear promising. Improved adjuvants have the potential to further stimulate the immune system to reach effective levels of antibodies. Previously, the methamphetamine vaccine IXT-v100 was administered with GLA-SE, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, in mice to produce higher levels of antibodies than when it was administered with two other widely used adjuvants, Alhydrogel and Sigma Adjuvant System. METHODS The purpose of this research was to evaluate IXT-v100, given in combination with the adjuvant GLA-SE, to determine its efficacy in antagonizing methamphetamine disposition in a rat pharmacokinetic study. Additional rat studies were conducted to compare the ability of IXT-v100 manufactured with greater hapten densities to elicit higher antibody levels. RESULTS As expected based on prior studies with anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies, the antibodies resulting from vaccination with IXT-v100 altered methamphetamine pharmacokinetics by increasing serum concentrations and extending the half-life. Furthermore, intentional variations in the ratio of components during manufacturing led to production of vaccines with higher hapten densities. The higher hapten densities resulted in production of antibodies that maintained the ability to bind methamphetamine with high affinity. CONCLUSIONS The results support continued development of IXT-v100 for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty W. Stevens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Melinda G. Gunnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Rachel Tawney
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - C. Michael West
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - S. Michael Owens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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6
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Carter D, van Hoeven N, Baldwin S, Levin Y, Kochba E, Magill A, Charland N, Landry N, Nu K, Frevol A, Ashman J, Sagawa ZK, Beckmann AM, Reed SG. The adjuvant GLA-AF enhances human intradermal vaccine responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas9930. [PMID: 30221194 PMCID: PMC6136895 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key to shaping the immune response to vaccination, but to date, no adjuvant suitable for human use has been developed for intradermal vaccines. These vaccines could be self-administered and sent through the mail as they do not require long needles or technical expertise in immunization. In the event of a pandemic outbreak, this approach could alleviate the congregation of patients in health centers and thus reduce the potential of these centers to enhance the spread of lethal infection. A reliable and potent vaccine system for self-administration would provide an effective countermeasure for delivery through existing product distribution infrastructure. We report results from preclinical and clinical trials that demonstrate the feasibility of an adjuvanted, intradermal vaccine that induced single shot protection in ferrets and seroprotection in humans against one of the more lethal strains of pandemic flu, Indonesia H5N1. In the human trial, the vaccine was safe and clinical responses were above approvable endpoints for a protective flu vaccine. Inclusion of a modern TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) agonist-based adjuvant was critical to the development of the response in the intradermal groups. In humans, this is the first report of a safe and effective intradermal adjuvant, GLA-AF (aqueous formulation of glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant), and provides a future path for developing a vaccine-device combination for distribution by mail and self-administration in case of a pandemic.
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MESH Headings
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/adverse effects
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/immunology
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adult
- Animals
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Ferrets
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/pharmacology
- Injections, Intradermal
- Lipid A/adverse effects
- Lipid A/analogs & derivatives
- Lipid A/immunology
- Lipid A/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Neal van Hoeven
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Susan Baldwin
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Yotam Levin
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., Nes Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Al Magill
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington,
VA 22203, USA
| | | | | | - Khin Nu
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Aude Frevol
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | - Jill Ashman
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
| | | | | | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA
98102, USA
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7
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Abstract
Developing new vaccines against emerging pathogens or pathogens where variability of antigenic sites presents a challenge, the inclusion of stimulators of the innate immune system is critical to mature the immune response in a way that allows high avidity recognition while preserving the ability to react to drifted serovars. The innate immune system is an ancient mechanism for recognition of nonself and the first line of defense against pathogen insult. By triggering innate receptors, adjuvants can boost responses to vaccines and enhance the quality and magnitude of the resulting immune response. This chapter: (1) describes the innate immune system, (2) provides examples of how adjuvants are formulated to optimize their effectiveness, and (3) presents examples of how adjuvants can improve outcomes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 550, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
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8
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Elster JD, Krishnadas DK, Lucas KG. Dendritic cell vaccines: A review of recent developments and their potential pediatric application. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2232-9. [PMID: 27245943 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1179844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For many cancers the use of conventional chemotherapy has been maximized, and further intensification of chemotherapy generally results in excess toxicity with little long-term benefit for cure. Many tumors become resistant to chemotherapy, making the investigation of novel approaches such as immunotherapy of interest. Because the tumor microenvironment is known to promote immune tolerance and down regulate the body's natural defense mechanisms, modulating the immune system with the use of dendritic cell (DC) therapy is an attractive approach. Thousands of patients with diverse tumor types have been treated with DC vaccines. While antigen specific immune responses have been reported, the duration and magnitude of these responses are typically weak, and objective clinical responses have been limited. DC vaccine generation and administration is a multi-step process with opportunities for improvement in source of DC for vaccine, selection of target antigen, and boosting effector cell response via administration of vaccine adjuvant or concomitant pharmacologic immunomodulation. In this review we will discuss recent developments in each of these areas and highlight elements that could be moved into pediatric clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Elster
- a Department of Pediatrics , Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Deepa K Krishnadas
- a Department of Pediatrics , Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Kenneth G Lucas
- a Department of Pediatrics , Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
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9
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Optimization of a methamphetamine conjugate vaccine for antibody production in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:137-141. [PMID: 27039212 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There are still no approved medications for treating patients who abuse methamphetamine. Active vaccines for treating abuse of nicotine and cocaine are in clinical studies, but have not proven effective seemingly due to inadequate anti-drug antibody production. The current studies aimed to optimize the composition, adjuvant and route of administration of a methamphetamine conjugate vaccine, ICKLH-SMO9, in mice with the goal of generating significantly higher antibody levels. A range of hapten epitope densities were compared, as were the adjuvants Alhydrogel and a new Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist called GLA-SE. While methamphetamine hapten density did not strongly affect the antibody response, the adjuvant did. Glucopyranosyl lipid A in a stable oil-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE) produced much higher levels of antibody in response to immunization compared with Alhydrogel; immunization with GLA-SE also produced antibodies with higher affinities for methamphetamine. GLA-SE has been used in human studies of vaccines for influenza among others and like some other clinical TLR4 agonists, it is safe and elicits a strong immune response. GLA-SE adjuvanted vaccines are typically administered by intramuscular injection and this also proved effective in these mouse studies. Clinical studies of the ICKLH-SMO9 methamphetamine vaccine adjuvanted with GLA-SE have the potential for demonstrating efficacy by generating much higher levels of antibody than substance abuse vaccines that have unsuccessfully used aluminum-based adjuvants.
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10
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Swaminathan G, Thoryk EA, Cox KS, Meschino S, Dubey SA, Vora KA, Celano R, Gindy M, Casimiro DR, Bett AJ. A novel lipid nanoparticle adjuvant significantly enhances B cell and T cell responses to sub-unit vaccine antigens. Vaccine 2015; 34:110-9. [PMID: 26555351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sub-unit vaccines are primarily designed to include antigens required to elicit protective immune responses and to be safer than whole-inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. But their purity and inability to self-adjuvant often result in weaker immunogenicity. Emerging evidence suggests that bio-engineered nanoparticles can be used as immunomodulatory adjuvants. Therefore, in this study we explored the potential of novel Merck-proprietary lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations to enhance immune responses to sub-unit viral antigens. Immunization of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice revealed that LNPs alone or in combination with a synthetic TLR9 agonist, immune-modulatory oligonucleotides, IMO-2125 (IMO), significantly enhanced immune responses to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and ovalbumin (OVA). LNPs enhanced total B-cell responses to both antigens tested, to levels comparable to known vaccine adjuvants including aluminum based adjuvant, IMO alone and a TLR4 agonist, 3-O-deactytaled monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Investigation of the quality of B-cell responses demonstrated that the combination of LNP with IMO agonist elicited a stronger Th1-type response (based on the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio) than levels achieved with IMO alone. Furthermore, the LNP adjuvant significantly enhanced antigen specific cell-mediated immune responses. In ELISPOT assays, depletion of specific subsets of T cells revealed that the LNPs elicited potent antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+)T cell responses. Intracellular FACS analyses revealed that LNP and LNP+IMO formulated antigens led to higher frequency of antigen-specific IFNγ(+)TNFα(+)IL-2(+), multi-functional CD8(+)T cell responses, than unadjuvanted vaccine or vaccine with IMO only. Overall, our results demonstrate that lipid nanoparticles can serve as future sub-unit vaccine adjuvants to boost both B-cell and T-cell responses in vivo, and that addition of IMO can be used to manipulate the quality of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Thoryk
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kara S Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Steven Meschino
- Medical Affairs, Merck Global Human Health, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., North Wales, PA, United States
| | - Sheri A Dubey
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Robert Celano
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Marian Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J Bett
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, PA, United States.
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11
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Ruben JM, Bontkes HJ, Westers TM, Hooijberg E, Ossenkoppele GJ, van de Loosdrecht AA, de Gruijl TD. In situ loading of skin dendritic cells with apoptotic bleb-derived antigens for the induction of tumor-directed immunity. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e946360. [PMID: 25610730 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.946360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and loading of dendritic cells (DC) ex-vivo for tumor vaccination purposes is laborious and costly. Direct intradermal (i.d.) administration of tumor-associated antigens could be an attractive alternative approach, provided that efficient uptake and cross-presentation by appropriately activated skin DCs can be achieved. Here, we compare the efficiency of i.d. delivery of relatively small apoptotic blebs (diameter ∼0.1-1 μm) derived from MART-1 transduced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) HL60 cells, to that of larger apoptotic cell remnants (ACR; 2-10 μm) in a physiologically highly relevant human skin explant model. Injection of either fluorescently-labelled ACRs or blebs alone did not affect the number or distribution of migrated DC subsets from skin biopsies after 48 hours, but resulted in a general up-regulation of the co-stimulatory molecules CD83 and CD86 on skin DCs that had ingested apoptotic material. We have previously shown that i.d. administration of GM-CSF and IL-4 resulted in preferential migration of a mature and highly T cell-stimulatory CD11hiCD1a+CD14- dermal DC subset. Here, we found that co-injection of GM-CSF and IL-4 together with either ACRs or blebs resulted in uptake efficiencies within this dermal DC subset of 7.6% (±6.1%) and 19.1% (±15.9%), respectively, thus revealing a significantly higher uptake frequency of blebs (P < 0.02). Intradermal delivery of tumor-derived blebs did not affect the T-cell priming and TH-skewing abilities of migratory skin DC. Nevertheless, in contrast to i.d. administration of ACR, the injection of blebs lead to effective cross-presentation of MART-1 to specific CD8+ effector T cells. We conclude that apoptotic bleb-based vaccines delivered through the skin may offer an attractive, and broadly applicable, cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- 4/GM, IL-4 and GM-CSF
- ACR, apoptotic cell remnant
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- DC, dendritic cell
- DDC, dermal DC
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immune globulin
- LC, Langerhans cell
- LN, lymph node
- MART-1/melan-A, melanoma antigen recognized by T cell 1
- MLR, mixed leukocyte reaction
- MoDC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TH, T Helper
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- apoptotic cells
- blebs
- cross-presentation
- dendritic cells
- dermis
- i.d., intradermal
- phagocytosis
- skin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen M Ruben
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresia M Westers
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Ossenkoppele
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University Medical Center; Cancer Center Amsterdam ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Buitendijk M, Eszterhas SK, Howell AL. Toll-like receptor agonists are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:457-67. [PMID: 24328502 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses to microbial pathogens are initiated following the binding of ligand to specific pattern recognition receptors. Each pattern recognition receptor, which includes members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is specific for a particular type of pathogen associated molecular pattern ensuring that the organism can respond rapidly to a wide range of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. We studied the extent to which agonists to endosomal TLR could induce anti-HIV-1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). When agonists to TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 were added prior to infection with HIV-1, they significantly reduced infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, agonists to TLR8 and TLR9 were highly effective at blocking HIV replication even when added as late as 48 h or 72 h, respectively, after HIV-1 infection, indicating that the anti-viral effect was durable and long lasting. Analysis of the induction of anti-viral genes after agonist activation of TLR indicated that all of the agonists induced expression of the type I interferons and interferon stimulated genes, although to variable levels that depended on the agonist used. Interestingly, only the agonist to TLR9, ODN2395 DNA, induced expression of type II interferon and the anti-HIV proteins Apobec3G and SAMHD1. By blocking TLR activity using an inhibitor to the MyD88 adaptor protein, we demonstrated that, at least for TLR8 and TLR9, the anti-HIV activity was not entirely mediated by TLR activation, but likely by the activation of additional anti-viral sensors in HIV target cells. These findings suggest that agonists to the endosomal TLR function to induce expression of anti-HIV molecules by both TLR-mediated and non-TLR-mediated mechanisms. Moreover, the non-TLR-mediated mechanisms induced by these agonists could potentially be exploited to block HIV-1 replication in recently HIV-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Buitendijk
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Physiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Susan K. Eszterhas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Alexandra L. Howell
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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13
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Klechevsky E. Human dendritic cells - stars in the skin. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3147-55. [PMID: 24222336 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
"A properly functioning adaptive immune system signifies the best features of life. It is diverse beyond compare, tolerant without fail, and capable of behaving appropriately with a myriad of infections and other challenges. Dendritic cells (DCs) are required to explain how this remarkable system is energized and directed." This is a quote by one of the greatest immunologists our community has ever known, and the father of dendritic cells, Ralph Steinman. Steinman's discovery of DCs in 1973 and his subsequent research opened a new field of study within immunology: DC biology and in particular the role of DCs in immune regulation in health and disease. Here, I review themes from our work and others on the complex network of dendritic cells in the skin and discuss the significance of skin DCs in understanding aspects of host defense against infections, the pathology of inflammatory skin diseases, and speculate on the future effective immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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