1
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Maciag K, Plumlee C, Cohen S, Gern B, Urdahl K. Re-appraising the role of T-cell derived interferon gamma in restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the murine lung: T-cell derived IFNγ is required to restrict pulmonary Mtb. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588086. [PMID: 38617280 PMCID: PMC11014638 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
T cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) have long been considered a stalwart for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but their relative importance to pulmonary immunity has been challenged by murine studies which achieved protection by adoptively transferred Mtb-specific IFNγ-/- T cells. Using IFNγ-/- T cell chimeric mice and adoptive transfer of IFNγ-/- T cells into TCRβ-/-δ-/- mice, we demonstrate that control of lung Mtb burden is in fact dependent on T cell-derived IFNγ, and furthermore, mice selectively deficient in T cell-derived IFNγ develop exacerbated disease compared to T cell-deficient controls despite equivalent lung bacterial burdens. Deficiency in T cell-derived IFNγ skews infected and bystander monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to an alternative M2 phenotype, and promotes neutrophil and eosinophil influx. Our studies support an important role for T cell-derived IFNγ in pulmonary immunity against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Urdahl
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington
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2
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Christensen D. Head-to-Head Comparison of Novel Vaccine Technologies Comes with a Minefield of Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 38276490 PMCID: PMC10819579 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern vaccine development is having a golden period, with a variety of novel subunit technologies being introduced into clinical development in recent years. This opens the opportunity to find the best platform to use for novel vaccine antigen candidates through head-to-head comparative studies. Seldom appreciated is, however, the fact that these different technologies often do not have the same optimal antigen dose ratio, prime-boost regime and peak timepoint for measuring immunity. Instead, the preclinical studies that make the basis for platform selection use standard protocols not optimized for individual vaccines and fail to make selection on an informed basis. Here, I discuss the opportunities we have to optimize vaccine platform technologies through a better understanding of vaccine priming kinetics, the optimal antigen dose and sampling time and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christensen
- Adjuvant Systems Research & Development, Croda Pharma, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Yu J, Fan X, Luan X, Wang R, Cao B, Qian C, Li G, Li M, Zhao X, Liu H, Wan K, Yuan X. A novel multi-component protein vaccine ECP001 containing a protein polypeptide antigen nPstS1 riching in T-cell epitopes showed good immunogenicity and protection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138818. [PMID: 37153610 PMCID: PMC10161251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that seriously affects human health. Until now, the only anti-TB vaccine approved for use is the live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) vaccine - BCG vaccine, but its protective efficacy is relatively low and does not provide satisfactory protection against TB in adults. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective vaccines to reduce the global TB epidemic. In this study, ESAT-6, CFP-10, two antigens full-length and the T-cell epitope polypeptide antigen of PstS1, named nPstS1, were selected to form one multi-component protein antigens, named ECP001, which include two types, one is a mixed protein antigen named ECP001m, the other is a fusion expression protein antigen named ECP001f, as candidates for protein subunit vaccines. were prepared by constructing one novel subunit vaccine by mixing or fusing the three proteins and combining them with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, and the immunogenicity and protective properties of the vaccine was evaluated in mice. The results showed that ECP001 stimulated mice to produce high titre levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies; meanwhile, high levels of IFN-γ and a broad range of specific cytokines were secreted by mouse splenocytes; in addition, ECP001 inhibited the proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro with a capacity comparable to that of BCG. It can be concluded that ECP001 is a novel effective multicomponent subunit vaccine candidate with potential as BCG Initial Immunisation-ECP001 Booster Immunisation or therapeutic vaccine for M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Yu
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Luan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, College of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guilian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Machao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haican Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haican Liu, ; Kanglin Wan, ; Xiuqin Yuan,
| | - Kanglin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haican Liu, ; Kanglin Wan, ; Xiuqin Yuan,
| | - Xiuqin Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Haican Liu, ; Kanglin Wan, ; Xiuqin Yuan,
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4
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Chen S, Quan DH, Wang XT, Sandford S, Kirman JR, Britton WJ, Rehm BHA. Particulate Mycobacterial Vaccines Induce Protective Immunity against Tuberculosis in Mice. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082060. [PMID: 34443891 PMCID: PMC8402087 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently available vaccines fail to provide consistent protection against tuberculosis (TB). New, improved vaccines are urgently needed for controlling the disease. The mycobacterial antigen fusions H4 (Ag85B-TB10.4) and H28 (Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c) have been shown to be very immunogenic and have been considered as potential candidates for TB vaccine development. However, soluble protein vaccines are often poorly immunogenic, but augmented immune responses can be induced when selected antigens are delivered in particulate form. This study investigated whether the mycobacterial antigen fusions H4 and H28 can induce protective immunity when assembled into particulate vaccines (polyester nanoparticle-H4, polyester nanoparticle-H28, H4 nanoparticles and H28 nanoparticles). The particulate mycobacterial vaccines were assembled inside an engineered endotoxin-free production strain of Escherichia coli at high yield. Vaccine nanoparticles were purified and induced long-lasting antigen-specific T cell responses and protective immunity in mice challenged by aerosol with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A significant reduction of M. tuberculosis CFU, up to 0.7-log10 protection, occurred in the lungs of mice immunized with particulate vaccines in comparison to placebo-vaccinated mice (p < 0.0001). Polyester nanoparticles displaying the mycobacterial antigen fusion H4 induced a similar level of protective immunity in the lung when compared to M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the currently approved TB vaccine. The safe and immunogenic polyester nanoparticle-H4 vaccine is a promising subunit vaccine candidate, as it can be cost-effectively manufactured and efficiently induces protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Diana H. Quan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.H.Q.); (X.T.W.); (W.J.B.)
| | - Xiaonan T. Wang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.H.Q.); (X.T.W.); (W.J.B.)
| | - Sarah Sandford
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Joanna R. Kirman
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Warwick J. Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.H.Q.); (X.T.W.); (W.J.B.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)7-3735-4233
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5
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine research has reached a unique point in time. Breakthrough findings in both the basic immunology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the clinical development of TB vaccines suggest, for the first time since the discovery of the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine more than a century ago, that a novel, efficacious TB vaccine is imminent. Here, we review recent data in the light of our current understanding of the immunology of TB infection and discuss the identification of biomarkers for vaccine efficacy and the next steps in the quest for an efficacious vaccine that can control the global TB epidemic.
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6
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Darrah PA, DiFazio RM, Maiello P, Gideon HP, Myers AJ, Rodgers MA, Hackney JA, Lindenstrom T, Evans T, Scanga CA, Prikhodko V, Andersen P, Lin PL, Laddy D, Roederer M, Seder RA, Flynn JL. Boosting BCG with proteins or rAd5 does not enhance protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:21. [PMID: 31149352 PMCID: PMC6538611 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide. The only approved vaccine, BCG, has variable protective efficacy against pulmonary TB, the transmissible form of the disease. Therefore, improving this efficacy is an urgent priority. This study assessed whether heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimens in which BCG priming is boosted with either (i) protein and adjuvant (M72 plus AS01E or H56 plus CAF01) delivered intramuscularly (IM), or (ii) replication-defective recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) expressing various Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens (Ad5(TB): M72, ESAT-6/Ag85b, or ESAT-6/Rv1733/Rv2626/RpfD) administered simultaneously by IM and aerosol (AE) routes, could enhance blood- and lung-localized T-cell immunity and improve protection in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of TB infection. Ad5(TB) vaccines administered by AE/IM routes following BCG priming elicited ~10-30% antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell multifunctional cytokine responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) but did not provide additional protection compared to BCG alone. Moreover, AE administration of an Ad5(empty) control vector after BCG priming appeared to diminish protection induced by BCG. Boosting BCG by IM immunization of M72/AS01E or H56:CAF01 elicited ~0.1-0.3% antigen-specific CD4 cytokine responses in blood with only a transient increase of ~0.5-1% in BAL; these vaccine regimens also failed to enhance BCG-induced protection. Taken together, this study shows that boosting BCG with protein/adjuvant or Ad-based vaccines using these antigens, by IM or IM/AE routes, respectively, do not enhance protection against primary infection compared with BCG alone, in the highly susceptible rhesus macaque model of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Darrah
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Robert M DiFazio
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Amy J Myers
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joshua A Hackney
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Thomas Lindenstrom
- 3Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Charles A Scanga
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- 3Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- 5Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | | | - Mario Roederer
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- 1Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- 2Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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7
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Mucosal boosting of H56:CAF01 immunization promotes lung-localized T cells and an accelerated pulmonary response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without enhancing vaccine protection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:816-826. [PMID: 30760832 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is dependent upon the ability to localize within the site of pulmonary infection and directly interact with infected cells. In turn, vaccine strategies to improve rapid T cell targeting of Mtb-infected cells after pulmonary exposure are being actively pursued. Given parenterally, the subunit vaccine H56:CAF01 elicits polyfunctional CD4 T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma and confer durable protection. Here, we find that airway mucosal boosting of parenteral H56:CAF01 immunization greatly enhances the population of long-lived lung-resident T cells (Trm) and increases early vaccine T cell responses to pulmonary Mtb challenge in multiple mouse models. However, mucosal boosting does not alter the Th1/17 vaccine signature typical of H56:CAF01 and does not further improve durable control of pulmonary infection following aerosol Mtb-challenge. Additional mucosal boosting with H56:CAF01 further enhances the Trm response without further improving protection, while blocking the recruitment of non-Trm with FTY720-treatment failed to exposed Trm-mediated protection in mucosally boosting animals. These results demonstrate the limitations of maximizing lung-localized Trm in vaccine control of pulmonary Mtb infection, especially within an immunization protocol that is already optimized for the induction of mucosal-homing Th17 cells.
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8
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Chen S, Sandford S, Kirman JR, Rehm BHA. Innovative antigen carrier system for the development of tuberculosis vaccines. FASEB J 2019; 33:7505-7518. [PMID: 30870010 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802501rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle to tuberculosis (TB)-subunit-vaccine development has been the induction of inadequate levels of protective immunity due to the limited breadth of antigen in vaccine preparations. In this study, immunogenic mycobacterial fusion peptides Ag85B-TB10.4 and Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c were covalently displayed on the surface of self-assembled polyester particles. This study investigated whether polyester particles displaying mycobacterial antigens could provide augmented immunogenicity (i.e., offer an innovative vaccine formulation) when compared with free soluble antigens. Herein, polyester particle-based particulate vaccines were produced in an endotoxin-free Escherichia coli strain and emulsified with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide. C57BL/6 mice were used to study the immunogenicity of formulated particulate vaccines. The result of humoral immunity showed the antibodies only interacted with target antigens and not with PhaC and the background proteins of the production host. The analysis of T helper 1 cellular immunity indicated that a relatively strong production of cellular immunity biomarkers, IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines, was induced by particulate vaccines when compared with the respective soluble controls. This study demonstrated that polyester particles have the potential to perform as a mycobacterial antigen-delivery agent to induce augmented antigen-specific immune responses in contrast to free soluble vaccines.-Chen, S., Sandford, S., Kirman, J. R., Rehm, B. H. A. Innovative antigen carrier system for the development of tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Sandford
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Sarmiento ME, Alvarez N, Chin KL, Bigi F, Tirado Y, García MA, Anis FZ, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial cell envelope components. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:26-41. [PMID: 30948174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even after decades searching for a new and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, the scientific community is still pursuing this goal due to the complexity of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is a microorganism with a robust variety of survival mechanisms that allow it to remain in the host for years. The structure and nature of the Mtb envelope play a leading role in its resistance and survival. Mtb has a perfect machinery that allows it to modulate the immune response in its favor and to adapt to the host's environmental conditions in order to remain alive until the moment to reactivate its normal growing state. Mtb cell envelope protein, carbohydrate and lipid components have been the subject of interest for developing new vaccines because most of them are responsible for the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. Many indirect evidences, mainly derived from the use of monoclonal antibodies, support the potential protective role of Mtb envelope components. Subunit and DNA vaccines, lipid extracts, liposomes and membrane vesicle formulations are some examples of technologies used, with encouraging results, to evaluate the potential of these antigens in the protective response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Alvarez
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K L Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sabah, Malaysia
| | - F Bigi
- Institute of Biotechnology, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Tirado
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A García
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - F Z Anis
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M N Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A Acosta
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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10
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Chen S, Sandford S, Kirman J, Rehm BHA. Design of Bacterial Inclusion Bodies as Antigen Carrier Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University Manawatu; Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
| | - Sarah Sandford
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Otago University; Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Joanna Kirman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Otago University; Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University Nathan Campus; Brisbane 4111 Australia
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11
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Zhu B, Dockrell HM, Ottenhoff THM, Evans TG, Zhang Y. Tuberculosis vaccines: Opportunities and challenges. Respirology 2018; 23:359-368. [PMID: 29341430 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease around the world. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only TB vaccine licensed for use in human beings, and is effective in protecting infants and children against severe miliary and meningeal TB. However, BCG's protective efficacy is variable in adults. Novel TB vaccine candidates being developed include whole-cell vaccines (recombinant BCG (rBCG), attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, killed M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium vaccae), adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines, viral vector-delivered subunit vaccines, plasmid DNA vaccines, RNA-based vaccines etc. At least 12 novel TB vaccine candidates are now in clinical trials, including killed M. vaccae, rBCG ΔureC::hly, adjuvanted fusion proteins M72 and H56 and viral vectored MVA85A. Unfortunately, in TB, there are no correlates of vaccine-induced protection, although cell-mediated immune responses such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production are widely used to assess vaccine's immunogenicity. Recent studies suggested that central memory T cells and local secreted IgA correlated with protection against TB disease. Clinical TB vaccine efficacy trials should invest in identifying correlates of protection, and evaluate new TB biomarkers emerging from human and animal studies. Accumulating new knowledge on M. tuberculosis antigens and immune profiles correlating with protection or disease risk will be of great help in designing next generation of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingdong Zhu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection and Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Billeskov R, Lindenstrøm T, Woodworth J, Vilaplana C, Cardona PJ, Cassidy JP, Mortensen R, Agger EM, Andersen P. High Antigen Dose Is Detrimental to Post-Exposure Vaccine Protection against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1973. [PMID: 29379507 PMCID: PMC5775287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), causes 1.8M deaths annually. The current vaccine, BCG, has failed to eradicate TB leaving 25% of the world’s population with latent Mtb infection (LTBI), and 5–10% of these people will reactivate and develop active TB. An efficient therapeutic vaccine targeting LTBI could have an enormous impact on global TB incidence, and could be an important aid in fighting multidrug resistance, which is increasing globally. Here we show in a mouse model using the H56 (Ag85B-ESAT-6-Rv2660) TB vaccine candidate that post-exposure, but not preventive, vaccine protection requires low vaccine antigen doses for optimal protection. Loss of protection from high dose post-exposure vaccination was not associated with a loss of overall vaccine response magnitude, but rather with greater differentiation and lower functional avidity of vaccine-specific CD4 T cells. High vaccine antigen dose also led to a decreased ability of vaccine-specific CD4 T cells to home into the Mtb-infected lung parenchyma, a recently discovered important feature of T cell protection in mice. These results underscore the importance of T cell quality rather than magnitude in TB-vaccine protection, and the significant role that antigen dosing plays in vaccine-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut per a la Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut per a la Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Lindenstrøm T, Moguche A, Damborg M, Agger EM, Urdahl K, Andersen P. T Cells Primed by Live Mycobacteria Versus a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:27-39. [PMID: 29249639 PMCID: PMC5828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inducing strong T cell responses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection fails to elicit protective immune memory. As such latently infected or successfully treated Tuberculosis (TB) patients are not protected against recurrent disease. Here, using a mouse model of aerosol Mtb infection, we show that memory immunity to H56/CAF01 subunit vaccination conferred sustained protection in contrast to the transient natural immunity conferred by Mtb infection. Loss of protection to re-infection in natural Mtb memory was temporally linked to an accelerated differentiation of ESAT-6- and to a lesser extent, Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in both the lung parenchyma and vasculature. This phenotype was characterized by high KLRG1 expression and low, dual production of IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, H56/CAF01 vaccination elicited cells that expressed low levels of KLRG1 with copious expression of IL-2 and IL-17A. Co-adoptive transfer studies revealed that H56/CAF01 induced memory CD4 T cells efficiently homed into the lung parenchyma of mice chronically infected with Mtb. In comparison, natural Mtb infection- and BCG vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells exhibited a poor ability to home into the lung parenchyma. These studies suggest that impaired lung migratory capacity is an inherent trait of the terminally differentiated memory responses primed by mycobacteria/mycobacterial vectors. Differentiation state of M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 memory T cells differ depending on their initial priming Live mycobacteria prime fully differentiated CD4 memory T cells with lower lung homing capacity than subunit vaccination Lung parenchymal Mtb memory CD4 T cells produce fewer & less cytokines, express more KLRG1 and cannot sustain protection
People latently infected with M. tuberculosis or successfully treated for Tuberculosis are not protected against recurrent disease, even in the presence of strong T cell responses. Here, using a well-established mouse model, we show that in contrast to subunit vaccination, live mycobacteria prime CD4 T cells that are highly differentiated, have an inferior lung homing capacity and show impaired function once in the parenchyma leading to lack of sustained protection against challenge. This indicates a central shortcoming of natural immunity that needs to be addressed in order to develop improved vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | | | - Mie Damborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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14
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Liu W, Li J, Niu H, Lin X, Li R, Wang Y, Xin Q, Yu H, Wu Y, Zhu B, Tan J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of multistage vaccine candidates (Mtb8.4-HspX and HspX-Mtb8.4) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 53:83-89. [PMID: 29045910 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Mtb8.4 and HspX, which are expressed at proliferating and dormant stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), respectively, were chosen to construct two fusion proteins, Mtb8.4-HspX (8.4H) and HspX-Mtb8.4 (H8.4), and we investigated whether the antigen dose and protein sequential order could impact the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these fusion protein vaccines against M. tuberculosis. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with new constructions containing a fusion protein with adjuvant of N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) or a mixed adjuvant composed of DDA, polyribocytidylic acid and gelatin (DPG), and the antigen specific immune responses and protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv were evaluated. The results showed that both antigens, Mtb8.4-HspX and HspX-Mtb8.4, could elicit strong human T cell responses. With the existing of DDA adjuvant, HspX-Mtb8.4 induced significantly higher secretion level of IFN-γ and TNF-α in spleen cells than Mtb8.4-HspX (p<0.05). In its protective efficacy study, the isolated bacterial Colony Form Unit (CFU) in H8.4-DPG group was significantly reduced compared to 8.4H-DPG group (p<0.05). Furthermore, with the stimulation of Mtb8.4 in vitro, the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α from mice immunized with 20μg of H8.4 exhibited relative higher level than the group immunized by 7μg of H8.4 (p<0.05), whereas, IL-2 secreting showed contrary result. The data suggest that the antigen sequential order and dose selection should be considered when a tuberculosis protein vaccine is to be constructed and its immune strategy is to be planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Jingjing Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofa Lin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Ruiying Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jiying Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000.
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15
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Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence enhances immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccine against tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Guo ZS, Liu Z, Sathaiah M, Wang J, Ravindranathan R, Kim E, Huang S, Kenniston TW, Bell JC, Zeh HJ, Butterfield LH, Gambotto A, Bartlett DL. Rapid Generation of Multiple Loci-Engineered Marker-free Poxvirus and Characterization of a Clinical-Grade Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 7:112-122. [PMID: 29085848 PMCID: PMC5651493 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant poxviruses, utilized as vaccine vectors and oncolytic viruses, often require manipulation at multiple genetic loci in the viral genome. It is essential for viral vectors to possess no adventitious mutations and no (antibiotic) selection marker in the final product for human patients in order to comply with the guidance from the regulatory agencies. Rintoul et al. have previously developed a selectable and excisable marker (SEM) system for the rapid generation of recombinant vaccinia virus. In the current study, we describe an improved methodology for rapid creation and selection of recombinant poxviruses with multiple genetic manipulations solely based on expression of a fluorescent protein and with no requirement for drug selection that can lead to cellular stress and the risk of adventitious mutations throughout the viral genome. Using this improved procedure combined with the SEM system, we have constructed multiple marker-free oncolytic poxviruses expressing different cytokines and other therapeutic genes. The high fidelity of inserted DNA sequences validates the utility of this improved procedure for generation of therapeutic viruses for human patients. We have created an oncolytic poxvirus expressing human chemokine CCL5, designated as vvDD-A34R-hCCL5, with manipulations at two genetic loci in a single virus. Finally, we have produced and purified this virus in clinical grade for its use in a phase I clinical trial and presented data on initial in vitro characterization of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding author: Zong Sheng Guo, PhD, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Magesh Sathaiah
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiahu Wang
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Roshni Ravindranathan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eun Kim
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shaohua Huang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W. Kenniston
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John C. Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Herbert J. Zeh
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L. Bartlett
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Billeskov R, Wang Y, Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Frey B, Kulkarni S, Andersen P, Agger EM, Sui Y, Berzofsky JA. Low Antigen Dose in Adjuvant-Based Vaccination Selectively Induces CD4 T Cells with Enhanced Functional Avidity and Protective Efficacy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3494-3506. [PMID: 28348274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells with high functional avidity can sense and respond to low levels of cognate Ag, a characteristic that is associated with more potent responses against tumors and many infections, including HIV. Although an important determinant of T cell efficacy, it has proven difficult to selectively induce T cells of high functional avidity through vaccination. Attempts to induce high-avidity T cells by low-dose in vivo vaccination failed because this strategy simply gave no response. Instead, selective induction of high-avidity T cells has required in vitro culturing of specific T cells with low Ag concentrations. In this study, we combined low vaccine Ag doses with a novel potent cationic liposomal adjuvant, cationic adjuvant formulation 09, consisting of dimethyldioctadecylammonium liposomes incorporating two immunomodulators (monomycolyl glycerol analog and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid) that efficiently induces CD4 Th cells, as well as cross-primes CD8 CTL responses. We show that vaccination with low Ag dose selectively primes CD4 T cells of higher functional avidity, whereas CD8 T cell functional avidity was unrelated to vaccine dose in mice. Importantly, CD4 T cells of higher functional avidity induced by low-dose vaccinations showed higher cytokine release per cell and lower inhibitory receptor expression (PD-1, CTLA-4, and the apoptosis-inducing Fas death receptor) compared with their lower-avidity CD4 counterparts. Notably, increased functional CD4 T cell avidity improved antiviral efficacy of CD8 T cells. These data suggest that potent adjuvants, such as cationic adjuvant formulation 09, render low-dose vaccination a feasible and promising approach for generating high-avidity T cells through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Billeskov
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark; and
| | - Yichuan Wang
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Corporation, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shweta Kulkarni
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark; and
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, DK-2300, Denmark; and
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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18
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. Understanding long-term memory responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). For many years, triggering CD4 T cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most TB vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans support the key role of this subset in protective immunity. More recently, we have learned that the memory response required for effective control of
M. tuberculosis
is much more complex, probably involving several phenotypically different CD4 T cell subsets as well as other cell types that are yet to be defined. Herein, we describe recent insights into memory immunity to TB in the context of both animal models and the human infection. With the increasing amount of data generated from clinical testing of novel TB vaccines, we also summarize recent knowledge of vaccine-induced memory immunity.
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19
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Counoupas C, Pinto R, Nagalingam G, Hill-Cawthorne GA, Feng CG, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis components expressed during chronic infection of the lung contribute to long-term control of pulmonary tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2016; 1:16012. [PMID: 29263854 PMCID: PMC5707878 DOI: 10.1038/npjvaccines.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet current control strategies, including the existing BCG vaccine, have had little impact on disease control. The tubercle bacillus modifies protein expression to adapt to chronic infection of the host, and this can potentially be exploited to develop novel therapeutics. We identified the gene encoding the first step of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulphur assimilation pathway, cysD, as highly induced during chronic infection in the mouse lung, suggesting therapies based on CysD could be used to target infection. Vaccination with the composite vaccine CysVac2, a fusion of CysD and the immunogenic Ag85B of M. tuberculosis, resulted in the generation of multifunctional CD4+ T cells (interferon (IFN)-γ+TNF+IL-2+IL-17+) in the lung both pre- and post-aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis. CysVac2 conferred significant protection against pulmonary M. tuberculosis challenge and was particularly effective at controlling late-stage infection, a property not shared by BCG. CysVac2 delivered as a booster following BCG vaccination afforded greater protection against M. tuberculosis challenge than BCG alone. The antigenic components of CysVac2 were conserved amongst M. tuberculosis strains, and protective efficacy afforded by CysVac2 was observed across varying murine MHC haplotypes. Strikingly, administration of CysVac2 to mice previously infected with M. tuberculosis reduced bacterial load and immunopathology in the lung compared with BCG-vaccinated mice. These results indicate that CysVac2 warrants further investigation to assess its potential to control pulmonary TB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Pinto
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- Sydney Medical School and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Testing the H56 Vaccine Delivered in 4 Different Adjuvants as a BCG-Booster in a Non-Human Primate Model of Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161217. [PMID: 27525651 PMCID: PMC4985151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new and improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines has focused on IFN-γ both for selecting antigens and for evaluating vaccine delivery strategies. The essential role of IFN-γ in endogenous host protection is well established, but it is still uncertain whether this also holds true for vaccine protection. Here we evaluate the H56 fusion protein vaccine as a BCG booster in a non-human primate (NHP) model of TB that closely recapitulates human TB pathogenesis. To date, only a handful of novel adjuvants have been tested in the NHP model of TB, and therefore we administered H56 in 3 novel cationic liposome adjuvants of increasing immunogenicity (CAF01, CAF04, CAF05) and compared them to H56 in the IC31® adjuvant previously reported to promote protection in this model. The individual clinical parameters monitored during infection (weight, ESR, X-ray) all correlated with survival, and boosting BCG with H56 in all adjuvants resulted in better survival rates compared to BCG alone. The adjuvants promoted IFN-γ-responses of increasing intensity as measured by ELISPOT in the peripheral blood, but the level of vaccine-specific IFN-γ production did not correlate with or predict disease outcome. This study’s main outcome underscores the importance of the choice of adjuvant for TB subunit vaccines, and secondly it highlights the need for better correlates of protection in preclinical models of TB.
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Niu H, Peng J, Bai C, Liu X, Hu L, Luo Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Chen J, Yu H, Xian Q, Zhu B. Multi-Stage Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Candidate LT69 Provides High Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130641. [PMID: 26098302 PMCID: PMC4476732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine should target tubercle bacilli with various metabolic states and confer long-term protective immunity. In this study, we constructed a novel multi-stage TB subunit vaccine based on fusion protein ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64(190-198)-Mtb8.4-HspX (LT69 for short) which combined early expressed antigens and latency-associated antigen. The fusion protein was mixed with an adjuvant being composed of N, N’-dimethyl-N, N’-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (PolyI:C) to construct subunit vaccine, whose immunogenicity and protective ability were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed that LT69 had strong immunogenicity and high protective effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) H37Rv aerosol challenge. Low-dose (2 μg) of LT69 generated long-term immune memory responses and provided effective protection, which was even higher than traditional vaccine BCG did at 30 weeks post the last vaccination. In conclusion, multistage subunit vaccine LT69 showed high and long-term protection against M. tuberculosis infection in mice, whose effect could be enhanced by using a relative low dosage of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinxiu Peng
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunxiang Bai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanping Luo
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Andersen P, Urdahl KB. TB vaccines; promoting rapid and durable protection in the lung. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:55-62. [PMID: 26113434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TB vaccine discovery has focused on IFN-γ both for the selection of antigens and vaccine delivery strategies. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the requirements for immunological memory and the expression of immunity to TB in the lung now provide a framework for reconsidering that strategy. We will discuss the status of the TB vaccine field, recent insights into the role of central memory cells and the potential of tissue-resident memory cells in vaccine promoted protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Immunology, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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23
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Kallert S, Zenk SF, Walther P, Grieshober M, Weil T, Stenger S. Liposomal delivery of lipoarabinomannan triggers Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T-cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:452-62. [PMID: 26043674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a major cell wall component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). LAM specific human T-lymphocytes release interferon-γ (IFNγ) and have antimicrobial activity against intracellular Mtb suggesting that they contribute to protection. Therefore the induction of LAM-specific memory T-cells is an attractive approach for the design of a new vaccine against tuberculosis. A prerequisite for the activation of LAM-specific T-cells is the efficient uptake and transport of the glycolipid antigen to the CD1 antigen presenting machinery. Based on the hydrophobicity of LAM we hypothesized that packaging of LAM into liposomes will support the activation of T-lymphocytes. We prepared liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, stearylated octaarginine and LAM via thin layer hydration method (LIPLAM). Flow cytometry analysis using fluorescently labelled LIPLAM showed an efficient uptake by antigen presenting cells. LAM delivered via liposomes was biologically active as demonstrated by the down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein expression. Importantly, LIPLAM induced higher IFNγ production by primary human T-lymphocytes than purified LAM (2-16 times) or empty liposomes. These results suggest that the delivery of mycobacterial glycolipids via liposomes is a promising approach to promote the induction of M. tuberculosis specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kallert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sebastian F Zenk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Unit Electron Microscopy, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Flórido M, Pillay R, Gillis CM, Xia Y, Turner SJ, Triccas JA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. Epitope-specific CD4+, but not CD8+, T-cell responses induced by recombinant influenza A viruses protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:780-93. [PMID: 25430701 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem, in part due to failure of the currently available vaccine, BCG, to protect adults against pulmonary forms of the disease. We explored the impact of pulmonary delivery of recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) on the induction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and the resultant protection against M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal infection with rIAVs expressing a CD4(+) T-cell epitope from the Ag85B protein (PR8.p25) or CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the TB10.4 protein (PR8.TB10.4) generated strong T-cell responses to the M. tuberculosis-specific epitopes in the lung that persisted long after the rIAVs were cleared. Infection with PR8.p25 conferred protection against subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in the lung, and this was associated with increased levels of poly-functional CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge. By contrast, infection with PR8.TB10.4 did not induce protection despite the presence of IFN-γ-producing M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lung at the time of challenge and during infection. Therefore, the induction of pulmonary M. tuberculosis epitope-specific CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cells, is essential for protection against acute M. tuberculosis infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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25
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Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) pandemic continues to rampage despite widespread use of the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine. Novel vaccination strategies are urgently needed to arrest global transmission and prevent the uncontrolled development of multidrug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been made in the field of vaccine development with numerous innovative preclinical candidates and more than a dozen vaccines in clinical trials. These vaccines are developed either as boosters of the current BCG vaccine or as novel prime vaccines to replace BCG. Given the enormous prevalence of latent TB infection, vaccines that are protective on top of an already established infection remain a high priority and a significant scientific challenge. Here we discuss the current state of TB vaccine research and development, our understanding of the underlying immunology, and the requirements for an efficient TB vaccine.
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26
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Andersen P, Woodworth JS. Tuberculosis vaccines--rethinking the current paradigm. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:387-95. [PMID: 24875637 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vaccine discovery paradigm in tuberculosis (TB) has been to mimic the natural immune response to infection. With an emphasis on interferon (IFN)-γ as the main protective cytokine, researchers have selected dominant antigens and administered them in delivery systems to promote strong T helper (Th)1 responses. However, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a strong inducer of Th1 cells, yet has limited protection in adults, and further boosting by the Modified-Vaccinia-Ankara (MVA)85A vaccine failed to enhance efficacy in a clinical trial. We review the current understanding of host-pathogen interactions in TB infection and propose that rather than boosting Th1 responses, we should focus on understanding protective immune responses that are lacking or insufficiently promoted by BCG that can intervene at critical stages of the TB life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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