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Tadesse B, Aregahagn S, Muluneh BT, Worku Y. Spatio-temporal ditribution and transmission dynamics of sheep pox and goat pox diseases in South Wollo zone north East Ethiopia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27470. [PMID: 38486769 PMCID: PMC10937688 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox (SP) and goat pox diseases (GP) are highly transmittable, malignant systemic and economically significant caused by the genus Capripoxvirus. using The spatio-temporal distribution of SP and GP outbreaks in South Wollo zone from September 2013 to December 2019 was determined retrospectively using SP and GP outbreaks report Kombolcha regional laboratory. A follow up study was also conducted from December 2019 to March 2021 to estimate the transmission parameter of SP and GP outbreaks in South Wollo zone of Kutaber district, Amhara region. Tissue samples from outbreaks in Kundi and Haroye kebele of Kutaber district were taken to confirm the outbreak by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The transmission parameters were estimated using Generalized linear model (GLM) based on stochastic Susceptible Infected and Recovered (SIR) model. In South Wollo zone, 249 SGP outbreaks were reported from 2013 to 2019. The incidence differed between months, with a highest peak in October and November and a lowest peak in February. The basic reproduction ratios (R0) of the SGP disease outbreaks were 1.84 and 3 for Haroye and Kundi kebele outbreaks, respectively. The disease is distributed throughout the zone and the investigated active outbreaks had moderate transmission between animals. Hence, it needs a great effort which focuses on the application of control measures that reduce the transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belege Tadesse
- Wollo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box. 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Aregahagn
- Wollo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box. 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Kombolcha College of Agriculture Affliated to Wollo University, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
| | - Bethelihem Tegegne Muluneh
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture, Food and Climate Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Yalelet Worku
- Wollo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box. 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Geletu US, Musa AA, Usmael MA, Keno MS. Molecular Detection and Isolation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus during an Outbreak in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:9487970. [PMID: 38455362 PMCID: PMC10919987 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9487970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes significant economic losses in cattle populations globally. This study aimed to isolate and detect the LSD virus responsible for an outbreak in selected areas (Daaroo Labuu, Hawwii Guddina, and Gumbi Bordede district) of the West Hararghe Zone in Ethiopia between January 2020 and December 2021. Out of the 625 animals examined for the presence of LSD, only 73 animals showed clinical signs, and skin scrapes were collected from these animals for further analysis. Among those, 12 animals (1.9%) succumbed to the disease. Skin biopsy samples from 45 animals displaying clinical signs of LSD were inoculated in Vero cell lines because of limited equipment. After three blind passages, all samples developed cytopathic effects (CPEs). The presence of the LSD virus was confirmed using real-time PCR. Conventional PCR detected LSDV in 47 (64.4%) of the skin scrap samples, while high-resolution melt qPCR detected it in 49 (67.1%) samples. The study revealed a morbidity rate of 11.68%, a mortality rate of 1.92%, and a case fatality rate of 16.44% based on clinical data. The findings suggest that LSD causes significant economic losses, even in vaccinated animals prior to an outbreak. To effectively control and eradicate LSD, the government should develop new strategic policies. Community awareness campaigns are necessary to improve vector control measures and drainage systems. In addition, the present vaccination policy and strategy should be re-evaluated for effectiveness. This study focused on a specific region and timeframe, limiting generalizability. Factors such as environmental conditions and management practices were not extensively explored. Similar studies should be conducted in different regions to assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of LSDV. The effectiveness of control measures and vaccination strategies should be investigated. The impact of environmental factors and management practices on LSD transmission and disease severity warrants further exploration. This study provides insights into the detection and isolation of the LSD virus during an outbreak in the West Hararghe Zone of Ethiopia. The results highlight the need for continued surveillance and monitoring of emerging infectious diseases in the region. Furthermore, the importance of using molecular methods for detecting and characterizing viral outbreaks in livestock populations is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Seid Geletu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Oda Bultum University, P.O. Box 226, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmedin Abdurehman Musa
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Oda Bultum University, P.O. Box 226, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Munera Ahmednur Usmael
- Oromia Bureau Livestock and Fishery Resources, West Hararghe Zone, P.O. Box 226, Wereda, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo Keno
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Cao G, Yang N, Xiong Y, Shi M, Wang L, Nie F, Huo D, Hou C. Completely Free from PAM Limitations: Asymmetric RPA with CRISPR/Cas12a for Nucleic Acid Assays. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4655-4663. [PMID: 38010352 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally, Cas12a can recognize multiple protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences and is not restricted to the "TTTN". However, the application of the CRISPR/Cas12a system is still limited by the PAM for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Here, we developed asymmetric RPA (Asy-RPA) to completely break the limitations of PAM. Asy-RPA not only achieved efficient amplification but also converted dsDNA to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) without complicated steps. The ssDNA products activated the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, outputting signals. The application of Asy-RPA completely freed Cas12a from the PAM, which can be more widely used in nucleic acid detection, such as lumpy skin disease virus, with an actual detection limit as low as 1.21 × 101 copies·μL-1. More importantly, Cas12a was intolerant to mutations on ssDNA. This provided technical support for the detection and identification of wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis (WT-TB) and rifampin-resistant mutant-type M. tuberculosis (MT-TB). The detection limit was as low as 1 fM for 1% mixed samples. The detection and availability of different treatment options for treatment-resistant and WT-TB were significant for the elimination of TB. In summary, the platform consisting of Asy-RPA and CRISPR/Cas12a was suitable for the detection of various viruses and bacteria and was a boon for the detection of dsDNA without recognizable PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihua Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs. Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing 400020, PR China
| | - Nannan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs. Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing 400020, PR China
| | - Yifan Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs. Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing 400020, PR China
| | - Meimei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs. Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing 400020, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Fuping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs. Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing 400020, PR China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
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Berguido FJ, Chibssa TR, Loitsch A, Liu Y, Krstevski K, Djadjovski I, Tuppurainen E, Petrović T, Vidanović D, Caufour P, Settypalli TBK, Grünwald-Gruber C, Grabherr R, Diallo A, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Harnessing Attenuation-Related Mutations of Viral Genomes: Development of a Serological Assay to Differentiate between Capripoxvirus-Infected and -Vaccinated Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:2318. [PMID: 38140559 PMCID: PMC10747038 DOI: 10.3390/v15122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease caused by the sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), respectively, are diseases that affect millions of ruminants and many low-income households in endemic countries, leading to great economic losses for the ruminant industry. The three viruses are members of the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Live attenuated vaccines remain the only efficient means for controlling capripox diseases. However, serological tools have not been available to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), though crucial for proper disease surveillance, control, and eradication efforts. We analysed the sequences of variola virus B22R homologue gene for SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV and observed significant differences between field and vaccine strains in all three capripoxvirus species, resulting in the truncation and absence of the B22R protein in major vaccines within each of the viral species. We selected and expressed a protein fragment present in wildtype viruses but absent in selected vaccine strains of all three species, taking advantage of these alterations in the B22R gene. An indirect ELISA (iELISA) developed using this protein fragment was evaluated on well-characterized sera from vaccinated, naturally and experimentally infected, and negative cattle and sheep. The developed wildtype-specific capripox DIVA iELISA showed >99% sensitivity and specificity for serum collected from animals infected with the wildtype virus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first wildtype-specific, DIVA-capable iELISA for poxvirus diseases exploiting changes in nucleotide sequence alterations in vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Angelika Loitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstrasse 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yang Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, Zicka 34, 36103 Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR ASTRE Cirad-Inrae, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Tirumala Bharani K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Independent Researcher, Hahngasse, 24-26, 02/07, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Wen J, Yin X, Zhang X, Lan D, Liu J, Song X, Sun Y, Cao J. Development of a Real-Time qPCR Method for the Clinical Sample Detection of Capripox Virus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2476. [PMID: 37894134 PMCID: PMC10608805 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Capripox viruses (CaPVs), including sheep pox virus (SPV), goat pox virus (GPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), are the cause of sheep pox (SPP), goat pox (GTP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle. These diseases are of great economic significance to farmers, as they are endemic on farms and are a major constraint to international trade in livestock and their products. Capripoxvirus (CaPV) infections produce similar symptoms in sheep and goats, and the three viruses cannot be distinguished serologically. In this study, we developed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method for identifying CaPV in goats, sheep, and cattle. Clinical samples were tested and verified. The developed assay was highly specific for target viruses, including GPVSPV and LSDV, which had no cross-reaction with other viruses causing similar clinical symptoms. An artificially synthesized positive control plasmid using the CaPV 32 gene inserted into the vector pMD19-T was used as a template, and the correlation coefficient of the linear regression curve (R2) was 0.9916, the estimated amplification efficiency (E) was 96.06%, and the sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD) was 3.80 copies per reaction. Using the clinical samples as a template, the limit of detection (LOD) was 4.91 × 10-5 ng per reaction (1.60 × 10-5-2.13 × 10-3 ng, 95% confidence interval (CI)), which means that this method was one of the most sensitive detection assays for CaPVs. A total of 85 clinical samples from CaPV-infected animals (goats, sheep, and cattle) and 50 clinical samples from healthy animals were used to test and compare the diagnostic results using the Synergy Brands (SYBR) Green-based PCR method recommended by the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). Both diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) (95.8-100%, 95% CI) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) (92.9-100%, 95% CI) results of the real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and SYBR Green PCR were 100%, and the kappa value (κ) was 1.0 (1-1, 95% CI). In summary, the assay established based on TaqMan probes was advantageous in high specificity, sensitivity, and general applicability and could be a competitive candidate tool for the diagnosis of CaPV in clinically suspected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Desong Lan
- Liaoning Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110164, China;
| | - Junshan Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Energy, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Xiaohui Song
- China Animal Disease Prevention Control Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Yu Sun
- China Animal Disease Prevention Control Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Jijuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
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Cao G, Xiong Y, Shi M, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Nie F, Huo D, Hou C. Multiple accurate and sensitive arrays for Capripoxvirus (CaPV) differentiation. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341391. [PMID: 37257965 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Capripoxvirus (CaPV) contains three viruses that have caused massive losses in the livestock and dairy industries. Accurate CaPV differentiation has far-reaching implications for effectively controlling outbreaks. However, it has a great challenge to distinguishing three viruses due to high homology of 97%. Here, we established a sensitive CRISPR/Cas12a array based on Multiple-recombinase polymerase amplification (M-RPA) for CaPV differentiation, which provided a more comprehensive and accurate differentiation mode targeting VARV B22R and RPO30 genes. By sensitive CRISPR/Cas12a and M-RPA, the actual detection limits of three viruses were as low as 50, 40 and 60 copies, respectively. Moreover, Lateral flow dipstick (LFD) array based on CRISPR/Cas12a achieved portable and intuitive detection, making it suitable for point-of-care testing. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas12a array and LFD array paved the way for CaPV differentiation in practice. Additionally, we constructed a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) array to fill the qPCR technical gap in differentiation and to facilitate the quarantine departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihua Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yifan Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Meimei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs, Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing, 400020, PR China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs, Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing, 400020, PR China
| | - Fuping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cattle Diseases Detection (Chongqing) of Customs, Diagnosis and Testing Laboratory of Lumpy Skin Disease, Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing, 400020, PR China.
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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Omoniwa DO, Meki IK, Kudi CA, Sackey AK, Aminu M, Adedeji AJ, Meseko CA, Luka PD, Asala OO, Adole JA, Atai RB, Atuman YJ, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Poxvirus Infections in Dairy Farms and Transhumance Cattle Herds in Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051051. [PMID: 37243137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oludare Omoniwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kojo Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu Joel Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Development and Optimization of Indirect ELISAs for the Detection of Anti-Capripoxvirus Antibodies in Cattle, Sheep, and Goat Sera. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101956. [PMID: 36296232 PMCID: PMC9608586 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox (SPP), goatpox (GTP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) are economically significant pox diseases of ruminants, caused by sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), respectively. SPPV and GTPV can infect both sheep and goats, while LSDV mainly affects cattle. The recent emergence of LSD in Asia and Europe and the repeated incursions of SPP in Greece, Bulgaria, and Russia highlight how these diseases can spread outside their endemic regions, stressing the urgent need to develop high-throughput serological surveillance tools. We expressed and tested two recombinant truncated proteins, the capripoxvirus homologs of the vaccinia virus C-type lectin-like protein A34 and the EEV glycoprotein A36, as antigens for an indirect ELISA (iELISA) to detect anti-capripoxvirus antibodies. Since A34 outperformed A36 by showing no cross-reactivity to anti-parapoxvirus antibodies, we optimized an A34 iELISA using two different working conditions, one for LSD in cattle and one for SPP/GTP in sheep and goats. Both displayed sound sensitivities and specificities: 98.81% and 98.72%, respectively, for the LSD iELISA, and 97.68% and 95.35%, respectively, for the SPP/GTP iELISA, and did not cross-react with anti-parapoxvirus antibodies of cattle, sheep, and goats. These assays could facilitate the implementation of capripox control programs through serosurveillance and the screening of animals for trade.
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Mathijs E, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Van Borm S, Vandenbussche F. A robust, cost-effective and widely applicable whole-genome sequencing protocol for capripoxviruses. J Virol Methods 2022; 301:114464. [PMID: 35032481 PMCID: PMC8872832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Robust method for the genomic characterization of all Capripoxviruses. Pre-sequencing enrichment method based on targeted long-range PCR amplification. Method applicable to low titre samples such as blood samples and vaccine batches. Viral DNA enrichment compatible with various sample types and sequencing platforms. Complete coding genome sequencing evaluated on three different sequencing platforms.
The diseases caused by capripoxviruses (CaPVs) are of major economic concern in sheep, goat and cattle as they are inexorably spreading into non-endemic regions. As CaPV strains are serologically indistinguishable and genetically highly homologous, typing closely related strains can only be achieved by whole genome sequencing. Unfortunately the number of publicly available genomes remains low as most sequencing methods rely on virus isolation. Therefore, we developed a robust, cost-effective and widely applicable method that allows to generate (nearly) complete CaPV genomes directly from clinical samples or commercial vaccine batches. A set of pan-CaPVs long-range PCRs spanning the entire genome was designed to generate PCR amplicons that can be sequenced on commonly used high-throughput sequencing platforms: MiSeq (Illumina), RSII (PacBio) and MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). The robustness of the LR-PCR strategy was evaluated for all 3 members of CaPV directly from a variety of samples, including clinical samples (N = 7), vaccine batches (N = 6), and virus isolates (N = 2). The sequencing method described here allows to reconstruct (nearly) complete CaPV genomes in less than a week and will aid researchers studying closely-related CaPV strains worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mathijs
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Vandenbussche
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Zewdie G, Derese G, Getachew B, Belay H, Akalu M. Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 34806086 PMCID: PMC8591591 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Derese
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, AP 522502 India
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11
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Wolff J, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Probe-Based Real-Time qPCR Assays for a Reliable Differentiation of Capripox Virus Species. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040765. [PMID: 33917525 PMCID: PMC8067474 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of the three capripox virus species, namely lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus, severely affect animal health and both national and international economies. Therefore, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) classified them as notifiable diseases. Until now, discrimination of capripox virus species was possible by using different conventional PCR protocols. However, more sophisticated probe-based real-time qPCR systems addressing this issue are, to our knowledge, still missing. In the present study, we developed several duplex qPCR assays consisting of different types of fluorescence-labelled probes that are highly sensitive and show a high analytical specificity. Finally, our assays were combined with already published diagnostic methods to a diagnostic workflow that enables time-saving, reliable, and robust detection, differentiation, and characterization of capripox virus isolates.
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12
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Abd El Hafez MS, Shosha EAEM, Ibrahim SM. Isolation and molecular detection of pigeon pox virus in Assiut and New Valley governorates. J Virol Methods 2021; 293:114142. [PMID: 33766658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon Poxvirus (PPV) was detected in eight pigeons suffering from wart like nodular lesions in two Egyptian governorates (Assiut and New Valley) during summer 2018. Different serological and molecular techniques were carried out for isolation and detection of the virus on chorio-allantoic membranes (CAM) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. The characteristic pock lesions were detected on CAMs, whereas PPV was isolated. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped brick shaped Avipoxvirions. The neutralizing antibodies against PPV were detected in six out of eight samples. Serum neutralization test revealed a neutralization index of ≥ 1.6, while ELISA revealed an S/P ratio of ≥ 1.4 in the affected pigeons. Nucleotide sequence of P4b of Pigeon poxvirus isolated from nodule 1 sample (PPVNV1), revealed 100 % nucleotide identity to PPV and only 90 % nucleotide identity with Fowl poxvirus (FPV). P4b locus based SYBR green QPCR produced PPV amplicons of 77.33-77.83 °C melting temperature (Tm). QPCR SYBR green assay successfully differentiated PPV from FPV amplicon which revealed a dissociation curve of Tm =75.85 °C. This is the first report discriminating PPV from FPV based on SYBR green qPCR approach of P4b locus. This isolated local Egyptian strain can be used in vaccine production for optimal vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abd El Hafez
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - E A E-M Shosha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - S M Ibrahim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt.
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Leliso SA, Bari FD, Chibssa TR. Molecular Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolates from Outbreak Cases in Cattle from Sawena District of Bale Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8862180. [PMID: 33708372 PMCID: PMC7929688 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8862180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by LSD virus and is one of the most economically significant transboundary and emerging diseases of cattle. LSD causes considerable economic losses due to emaciation, damage to hides, infertility, and loss of milk production. In Ethiopia, the disease is distributed almost in all regions and is regarded as one of the most economically important livestock diseases in the country. An outbreak investigation of the disease was monitored from October 2016 to April 2017 in southern pastoral areas of Bale Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. In December 2016, LSD outbreak occurred in Sawena district of Bale Zone, from which necessary biopsy samples were collected from actively infected animals for the purpose of virus isolation, and characterization using different molecular techniques at National Animal Health and Diagnostic Investigation Center (NAHDIC) of Sebeta, Ethiopia. In addition, clinical examination of infected and in-contact animals was carried out together with a questionnaire survey. Based on the clinical manifestations, LSD was recorded in 18% (94/522) of examined cattle, whereas biopsy samples from 20 clinically positive animals were collected for further laboratory process. The morbidity rate was higher in animals less than two years 28.97% (31/107) than other ages and showed a statistically significant difference with P < 0.05. Female animals showed higher morbidity rate of 20.59% (76/369) than male animals (11.76%) (18/153) with a significant difference at P ≤ 0.003. Mortality rate and case fatality were also significantly higher in young animals than other age groups. Viruses were isolated from both skin biopsies and nasal swabs on Vero cell line. From both skin biopsies and nasal swabs, the virus DNA was identified by amplifying the 172 bp DNA fragment using real-time and conventional PCR. Providing adequate diagnostic facilities, establishing strategic policies for effective control and eradication and awareness creations for communities for early identification or reporting were recommendations made to minimize economic losses of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubisa Abera Leliso
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (Nahdic), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo Bari
- Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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14
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Badhy SC, Chowdhury MGA, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Fakir MAU, Akter S, Osmani MG, Talukdar F, Begum N, Khan IA, Rashid MB, Sadekuzzaman M. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) emerged in Bangladesh reveals unique genetic features compared to contemporary field strains. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:61. [PMID: 33514360 PMCID: PMC7844896 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSD has recently spread in Asia following outbreaks in the Middle East and Europe. The disease emerged in Bangladesh in July 2019 in the Chattogram district, then rapidly spread throughout the entire country. We investigated six LSD outbreaks in Bangladesh to record the clinical signs and collect samples for diagnostic confirmation. Furthermore, we performed the molecular characterization of Bangladesh isolates, analyzing the full RPO30 and GPCR genes and the partial EEV glycoprotein gene. Results Clinical observations revealed common LSD clinical signs in the affected cattle. PCR and real-time PCR, showed the presence of the LSDV genome in samples from all six districts. Phylogenetic analysis and detailed inspection of multiple sequence alignments revealed that Bangladesh isolates differ from common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, as well as newly emerged LSDV variants in Russia and China. Instead, they were closely related to LSDV KSGP-0240, LSDV NI2490, and LSDV Kenya. Conclusions These results show the importance of continuous monitoring and characterization of circulating strains and the need to continually refine the strategies for differentiating vaccine strains from field viruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02751-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukes Chandra Badhy
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Golam Azam Chowdhury
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Aflak Uddin Fakir
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Akter
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | | | - Faisol Talukdar
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Noorjahan Begum
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Izhar Ahmed Khan
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Md Bazlur Rashid
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sadekuzzaman
- Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), 48, KaziAlauddin Road, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh. .,Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh.
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15
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Experimental Infection and Genetic Characterization of Two Different Capripox Virus Isolates in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101098. [PMID: 32998423 PMCID: PMC7600078 DOI: 10.3390/v12101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Capripox viruses, with their members “lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)”, “goatpox virus (GTPV)” and “sheeppox virus (SPPV)”, are described as the most serious pox diseases of production animals. A GTPV isolate and a SPPV isolate were sequenced in a combined approach using nanopore MinION sequencing to obtain long reads and Illumina high throughput sequencing for short precise reads to gain full-length high-quality genome sequences. Concomitantly, sheep and goats were inoculated with SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. During the animal trial, varying infection routes were compared: a combined intravenous and subcutaneous infection, an only intranasal infection, and the contact infection between naïve and inoculated animals. Sheep inoculated with SPPV showed no clinical signs, only a very small number of genome-positive samples and a low-level antibody reaction. In contrast, all GTPV inoculated or in-contact goats developed severe clinical signs with high viral genome loads observed in all tested matrices. Furthermore, seroconversion was detected in nearly all goats and no differences concerning the severity of the disease depending on the inoculation route were observed. Conclusively, the employed SPPV strain has the properties of an attenuated vaccine strain, consistent with the genetic data, whereas the GTPV strain represents a highly virulent field strain.
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16
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Haegeman A, De Vleeschauwer A, De Leeuw I, Vidanović D, Šekler M, Petrović T, Demarez C, Lefebvre D, De Clercq K. Overview of diagnostic tools for Capripox virus infections. Prev Vet Med 2019; 181:104704. [PMID: 31196699 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capripox viruses are the causative agents of important animal diseases in cattle (Lumpy Skin Disease), sheep (Sheeppox) and goats (Goatpox) with severe socio-economic impact in case of wide scale outbreaks. Therefore there is a constant need for adequate diagnostic tools. The assays must be fit-for-purpose to identify the virus quickly and correctly and to be useful for surveillance and monitoring at different stages of an epidemic. Different diagnostic performance characteristics are required depending on the situation and the test purpose. The need for high throughput, high specificity/sensitivity and the capability for differentiating field virus strains from vaccine strains drives the development of new and better assays preferably with an advantageous cost-benefit balance. This review aims to look at existing and new virological and serological diagnostic tools used in the control against diseases caused by Capripox viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | | | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Specialized Veterinary Institute "Kraljevo", Kraljevo, Serbia.
| | - Milanko Šekler
- Specialized Veterinary Institute "Kraljevo", Kraljevo, Serbia.
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Department for Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Céline Demarez
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - David Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
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Chibssa TR, Settypalli TBK, Berguido FJ, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Tuppurainen E, Nwankpa N, Tounkara K, Madani H, Omani A, Diop M, Cattoli G, Diallo A, Lamien CE. An HRM Assay to Differentiate Sheeppox Virus Vaccine Strains from Sheeppox Virus Field Isolates and other Capripoxvirus Species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6646. [PMID: 31040355 PMCID: PMC6491823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep poxvirus (SPPV), goat poxvirus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) affect small ruminants and cattle causing sheeppox (SPP), goatpox (GTP) and lumpy skin disease (LSD) respectively. In endemic areas, vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from SPPV, GTPV or LSDV provides protection from SPP and GTP. As live poxviruses may cause adverse reactions in vaccinated animals, it is imperative to develop new diagnostic tools for the differentiation of SPPV field strains from attenuated vaccine strains. Within the capripoxvirus (CaPV) homolog of the variola virus B22R gene, we identified a unique region in SPPV vaccines with two deletions of 21 and 27 nucleotides and developed a High-Resolution Melting (HRM)-based assay. The HRM assay produces four distinct melting peaks, enabling the differentiation between SPPV vaccines, SPPV field isolates, GTPV and LSDV. This HRM assay is sensitive, specific, and provides a cost-effective means for the detection and classification of CaPVs and the differentiation of SPPV vaccines from SPPV field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box, 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | | | - Nick Nwankpa
- African Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre, (AU-PANVAC), P.O. Box 1746, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - Karim Tounkara
- African Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre, (AU-PANVAC), P.O. Box 1746, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mariane Diop
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 2057 Dakar-Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 2057 Dakar-Hann, Dakar, Senegal.,UMR CIRAD INRA, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), 24 Montpellier cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Lamien-Meda A, Fuehrer HP, Noedl H. Novel high resolution melting (HRM) and snapback assays for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Plasmodium ovale spp. Acta Trop 2019; 192:75-81. [PMID: 30711423 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium ovale spp. are two of the six species of apicomplexan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium commonly causing disease in humans. A recent phylogeny study has identified both Plasmodium ovale species (P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri) as two sympatric occurring species. The actual prevalence and clinical relevance of P. ovale spp. are likely underestimated due to low parasitemia and mixed infections, which pose a major challenge to microscopic diagnosis and are frequently undetectable using malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). The aim of this work is to develop a HRM-based assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of P. ovale wallikeri and P. ovale curtisi. Thirty three well-documented P. ovale spp. samples from previous studies were used for this study. The newly developed High Resolution Melting (HRM) assay targeting the apicoplast genome was highly specific to both P. ovale species. Adding a snapback tail at the 5' end of the forward primer for a nested HRM PCR, increased the melting temperature (Tm) difference between the two species. To our knowledge this study reports the first direct HRM assay developed on the apicoplast genome, specific for both P. ovale species. This method provides added value to the WHO open request of developing new practical malaria diagnostic methods for the malaria elimination program and could contribute to a quick and efficient diagnosis of low-level parasitemia, symptomatic or asymptomatic, as well as mixed or single P. ovale infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lamien-Meda
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Noedl
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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A gel-based PCR method to differentiate sheeppox virus field isolates from vaccine strains. Virol J 2018; 15:59. [PMID: 29609650 PMCID: PMC5879731 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheeppox (SPP) and goatpox (GTP) caused by sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV), respectively of the genus Capripoxvirus in the family Poxviridae, are severely afflicting small ruminants' production systems in Africa and Asia. In endemic areas, SPP and GTP are controlled using vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from SPPV, GTPV or Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Sometimes outbreaks occur following vaccination. In order to successfully control the spread of the virus, it is essential to identify whether the animals were infected by the field strain and the vaccine did not provide sufficient protection. Alternatively, in some cases the vaccine strain may cause adverse reactions in vaccinated animals or in rare occasions, re-gain virulence. Thus, diagnostic tools for differentiation of virulent strains from attenuated vaccine strains of the virus are needed. The aim of this study was to identify an appropriate diagnostic target region in the capripoxvirus genome by comparing the genomic sequences of SPPV field isolates with those of the most widely used SPP vaccine strains. RESULTS A unique 84 base pair nucleotide deletion located between the DNA ligase gene and the VARV B22R homologue gene was found only in SPPV vaccines derived from the Romanian and Yugoslavian RM/65 strains and absent in SPPV field isolates originated from various geographical locations of Asia and Africa. In addition, we developed and evaluated a conventional PCR assay, exploiting the targeted intergenic region to differentiate SPPV vaccine virus from field isolates. The assay produced an amplicon size of 218 bp for the vaccine strains, while the SPPV field isolates resulted in a 302 bp PCR fragment. The assay showed good sensitivity and specificity, and the results were in full agreement with the sequencing data of the PCR amplicons. CONCLUSION The developed assay is an improvement of currently existing diagnostic tools and, when combined with a capripox virus species-specific assay, will enhance SPP and GTP diagnosis and surveillance and facilitate epidemiological investigations in countries using live attenuated SPP vaccines. In addition, for laboratories with limited resources, the assay provides a simple and cost-effective alternative for sequencing.
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20
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Molla W, Frankena K, Gari G, de Jong MCM. Field study on the use of vaccination to control the occurrence of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopian cattle. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:34-41. [PMID: 29254724 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study was carried out in central and North-western parts of Ethiopia to assess the efficacy of Kenyan sheep pox virus strain vaccine (KS1 O-180) against natural lumpy skin disease (LSD) infection under field conditions by estimating its effect on the transmission and severity of the disease. For this study, an LSD outbreak was defined as the occurrence of at least one LSD case in a specified geographical area. An observational study was conducted on a total of 2053 (1304 vaccinated and 749 unvaccinated) cattle in 339 infected herds located in 10 sub-kebeles and a questionnaire survey was administered to 224 herd owners. Over 60% of the herd owners reported that the vaccine has a low to very low effect in protecting animals against clinical LSD; almost all of them indicated that the vaccine did not induce any adverse reactions. In the unvaccinated group of animals 31.1% were diagnosed with LSD while this was 22.5% in the vaccinated group (P<0.001). Severity of the disease was significantly reduced in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated animals (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.49; 0.96). Unvaccinated infected animals were more likely (predicted fraction=0.89) to develop moderate and severe disease than vaccinated infected animals (predicted fraction=0.84). LSD vaccine efficacy for susceptibility was estimated to be 0.46 (i.e. a susceptibility effect of 0.54) while the infectiousness effect of the vaccine was 1.83. In other words, the vaccine reduces the susceptibility by a factor of two and increases infectiousness by approximately the same amount. LSD transmission occurred in both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals, the estimated reproduction ratio (R) was 1.21 in unvaccinated animals compared to 1.19 in vaccinated ones, and not significantly different. In conclusion, KS1 O-180 vaccination, as applied currently in Ethiopia, has poor efficacy in protecting cattle populations against LSD, neither by direct clinical protection nor by reducing transmission, and this signifies the urgent need to either improve the quality of the vaccine or to develop potent alternative vaccines that will confer good protection against LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassie Molla
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Klaas Frankena
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Getachew Gari
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
SUMMARYLumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus and often caused epidemics in Ethiopia and many other countries. This study was undertaken to quantify the transmission between animals and to estimate the infection reproduction ratio in a predominantly mixed crop–livestock system and in intensive commercial herd types. The transmission parameters were based on a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) epidemic model with environmental transmission and estimated using generalized linear models. The transmission parameters were estimated using a survival rate of infectious virus in the environment equal to 0·325 per day, a value based on the best-fitting statistical model. The transmission rate parameter between animals was 0·072 (95% CI 0·068–0·076) per day in the crop–livestock production system, whereas this transmission rate in intensive production system was 0·076 (95% CI 0·068–0·085) per day. The reproduction ratio (R) of LSD between animals in the crop–livestock production system was 1·07, whereas it was 1·09 between animals in the intensive production system. The calculated R provides a baseline against which various control options can be assessed for efficacy.
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Pichler R, Silbermayr K, Periasamy K. A novel snapback primer probe assay for the detection and discrimination of sympatric Haemonchus species using DNA melting analysis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:94-103. [PMID: 28242041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Different sympatric species of Haemonchus parasites infecting ruminants and camels can be distinguished morphologically, but involves tedious microscopic examinations, measurements and several other limitations. Information on internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) sequence provides confirmatory differentiation of sympatric Haemonchus species. The present study introduces a novel, snapback primer probe based, real time PCR assay for the differentiation of three sympatric Haemonchus species, H. contortus (Hco), H. placei (Hpl) and H. longistipes (Hlo). The assay was designed to amplify a region of 130bp within the ITS-2 gene that included three diagnostic mutational sites capable of discriminating Hco, Hpl and Hlo. Following melt curve analysis, species-specific diagnostic melt peaks were obtained for Hco, Hpl and Hlo with a mean melting temperature of 56.6±0.3°C, 64.4±0.1°C and 54.4±0.1°C respectively. The test for analytical sensitivity revealed the ability of the assay to detect up to 5 copies per reaction. To evaluate the discriminating power of the assay, 174 samples from adult worms and 3rd stage larvae belonging to different Haemonchus species and various other nematode species including Cooperia curticei, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Teladorsagia circumcincta were tested. Additionally, DNA extracted from 25 fecal egg samples was also tested and the specificity of the assay was verified by sequencing the ITS-2 gene of all the Haemonchus positive and non-Haemonchus samples. The assay worked accurately with 100% specificity in at least three real time PCR platforms. The assay is an effective alternative to the sequencing approach and is expected to be helpful for the screening of individual adult and larval Haemonchus parasites. However, caution needs to be applied while interpreting the results from fecal egg samples due to varying levels of sympatric co-infections from different Haemonchus species. The present study is the first report on the application of snapback primer probe methodology for the differentiation of nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Pichler
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katja Silbermayr
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kathiravan Periasamy
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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Gelaye E, Mach L, Kolodziejek J, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Achenbach JE, Nowotny N, Diallo A, Lamien CE. A novel HRM assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses of medical and veterinary importance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42892. [PMID: 28216667 PMCID: PMC5316968 DOI: 10.1038/srep42892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses belonging to the Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus and Parapoxvirus genera share common host species and create a challenge for diagnosis. Here, we developed a novel multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses, belonging to three genera: cowpox virus (CPXV) and camelpox virus (CMLV) [genus Orthopoxvirus]; goatpox virus (GTPV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) [genus Capripoxvirus]; orf virus (ORFV), pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) [genus Parapoxvirus]. The assay is based on high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRMCA) of PCR amplicons produced using genus specific primer pairs and dsDNA binding dye. Differences in fragment size and GC content were used as discriminating power. The assay generated three well separated melting regions for each genus and provided additional intra-genus genotyping allowing the differentiation of the eight poxviruses based on amplicon melting temperature. Out of 271 poxviral DNA samples tested: seven CPXV, 25 CMLV, 42 GTPV, 20 SPPV, 120 LSDV, 33 ORFV, 20 PCPV and two BPSV were detected; two samples presented co-infection with CMLV and PCPV. The assay provides a rapid, sensitive, specific and cost-effective method for the detection of pox diseases in a broad range of animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Research and Development Department, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Lukas Mach
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Jenna E. Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
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Mahmoud MA, Khafagi MH. Detection, identification, and differentiation of sheep pox virus and goat pox virus from clinical cases in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Vet World 2016; 9:1445-1449. [PMID: 28096619 PMCID: PMC5234061 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1445-1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To isolate, identify, and differentiate Capripoxviruses (CaPV) (sheep pox virus and goat pox virus) infections by egg inoculation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 30 kDa RNA polymerase subunit gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (RPO30) in clinically affected animals in Hawamdia township of Giza Governorate, Egypt. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 37 scab samples were collected from clinically suspected field cases of sheep pox and goat pox. These samples were collected during (2014-2015) during different outbreaks of sheep pox and goat pox from Hawamdia township of Giza Governorate, Egypt. The samples were subjected to egg inoculation, TEM, and (RPO30) gene-based PCR. By using the egg inoculation: Previously prepared 37 scab samples (n=23 sheep and n=14 goats) were inoculated on the chorioallantoic membrane of specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (12 days old age). In the presence of the suitable percentage of humidity and candling, the inoculated eggs were incubated at 37°C. By using the TEM: Samples showed positive pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membranes, were fixed in glutaraldehyde, then processed and sectioned for TEM. Using the (RPO30) gene-based PCR assay, 30 of positive samples after egg inoculation (n=19 sheep and n=11 goats) were screened. RESULTS Using the egg inoculation, a characteristic pock lesions for poxviruses were seen in 30/37 (n=19 sheep and n=11 goats) (81.08%). Using the TEM, examination of the positive samples after egg inoculation revealed positive result in 23/30 (n=15 sheep and n=8 goats) (76.66%). The positive results represented by the presence of negatively stained oval-shape virus particles. Using the (RPO30) gene-based PCR assay, out of 30 total of positive samples after egg inoculation (n=19 sheep and n=11 goats) were screened, 27 (90%) samples (n=17 sheep and n=10 goats) were positive. The given band sizes of sheep and goats were 172 and 152 bp, respectively. CONCLUSION PCR assay depended on RPO30 gene can be used lonely for the detection, identification, and differentiation of CaPVs. RPO30 gene-based PCR assay in combination with gene sequencing helps in molecular epidemiological studies of CaPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - M H Khafagi
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
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25
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Serum Biochemistry of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Infected Cattle. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6257984. [PMID: 27294125 PMCID: PMC4880690 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6257984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an economically important poxvirus disease of cattle. Vaccination is the main method of control but sporadic outbreaks have been reported in Turkey. This study was carried out to determine the changes in serum biochemical values of cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). For this study, blood samples in EDTA, serum samples, and nodular skin lesions were obtained from clinically infected animals (n = 15) whereas blood samples in EDTA and serum samples were collected from healthy animals (n = 15). A quantitative real-time PCR method was used to detect Capripoxvirus (CaPV) DNA in clinical samples. A real-time PCR high-resolution melt assay was performed to genotype CaPVs. Serum cardiac, hepatic, and renal damage markers and lipid metabolism products were measured by autoanalyzer. LSDV nucleic acid was detected in all samples which were obtained from clinically infected cattle. The results of serum biochemical analysis showed that aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, and creatinine concentrations were markedly increased in serum from infected animals. However, there were no significant differences in the other biochemical parameters evaluated. The results of the current study suggest that liver and kidney failures occur during LSDV infection. These findings may help in developing effective treatment strategies in LSDV infection.
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26
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Settypalli TBK, Lamien CE, Spergser J, Lelenta M, Wade A, Gelaye E, Loitsch A, Minoungou G, Thiaucourt F, Diallo A. One-Step Multiplex RT-qPCR Assay for the Detection of Peste des petits ruminants virus, Capripoxvirus, Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies (ssp.) capripneumoniae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153688. [PMID: 27123588 PMCID: PMC4849753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections, although showing common clinical symptoms like pneumonia, are caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic agents. These are often reported in sheep and goats populations and cause huge economic losses to the animal owners in developing countries. Detection of these diseases is routinely done using ELISA or microbiological methods which are being reinforced or replaced by molecular based detection methods including multiplex assays, where detection of different pathogens is carried out in a single reaction. In the present study, a one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay was developed for simultaneous detection of Capripoxvirus (CaPV), Peste de petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Mycoplasma capricolum ssp. capripneumonia (Mccp) in pathological samples collected from small ruminants with respiratory disease symptoms. The test performed efficiently without any cross-amplification. The multiplex PCR efficiency was 98.31%, 95.48%, 102.77% and 91.46% whereas the singleplex efficiency was 93.43%, 98.82%, 102.55% and 92.0% for CaPV, PPRV, PM and Mccp, respectively. The correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99 for all the targets in both multiplex and singleplex. Based on cycle threshold values, intra and inter assay variability, ranged between the limits of 2%-4%, except for lower concentrations of Mccp. The detection limits at 95% confidence interval (CI) were 12, 163, 13 and 23 copies/reaction for CaPV, PPRV, PM and Mccp, respectively. The multiplex assay was able to detect CaPVs from all genotypes, PPRV from the four lineages, PM and Mccp without amplifying the other subspecies of mycoplasmas. The discriminating power of the assay was proven by accurate detection of the targeted pathogen (s) by screening 58 viral and bacterial isolates representing all four targeted pathogens. Furthermore, by screening 81 pathological samples collected from small ruminants showing respiratory disease symptoms, CaPV was detected in 17 samples, PPRV in 45, and PM in six samples. In addition, three samples showed a co-infection of PPRV and PM. Overall, the one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay developed will be a valuable tool for rapid detection of individual and co-infections of the targeted pathogens with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mamadou Lelenta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Abel Wade
- Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Annex Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria
| | | | - Francois Thiaucourt
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France
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Şevik M, Doğan M. Epidemiological and Molecular Studies on Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Turkey during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1268-1279. [PMID: 27039847 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to explore epidemiological and molecular features of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in the Aegean, Central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions of Turkey, to evaluate the risk factors associated with LSDV infection and to investigate the financial impact of LSD and potential role of the Culicoides spp. in the transmission of LSDV. Samples were obtained from 611 cattle, each from different farms, and each clinically suspected to be infected with LSDV during the months of July 2014 and June 2015. Culicoides spp. were trapped from April to June 2015. Genetic characterization of the local LSDV field isolates was conducted by sequencing G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor gene segment. Real-time PCR high-resolution melting analysis was used for distinguishing each type of capripoxviruses. Viral DNA was detected in 448 of the 611 animals and Culicoides midges. Three hundred and ninety-three of the 448 affected farms were surveyed. The morbidity and mortality rates detected were 12.3% and 6.4%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the field isolates in this study were clustered together with other Africa and Middle East isolates. Genotyping of isolates from infected cattle has revealed the presence of LSDV. A generalized mixed linear model showed that there were positive associations between LSDV infection, European breeds, small-sized family-type farms and nearness of farm to a lake. The financial cost of disease presence in surveyed cattle farms was estimated to be 72.75 GBP per head. The sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene showed that the species of Culicoides in LSDV-positive pools was Culicoides punctatus. Detection of LSDV in Culicoides punctatus suggests that it may have played a role in transmitting LSDV. Furthermore, movement of infected animals into disease-free areas increases the risk of the transmission of LSD. Control strategies for LSDV infection should include consideration of the risk factors identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Şevik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Veterinary Control Institute, Konya, Turkey
| | - M Doğan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Veterinary Control Institute, Konya, Turkey
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28
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Gelaye E, Belay A, Ayelet G, Jenberie S, Yami M, Loitsch A, Tuppurainen E, Grabherr R, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Capripox disease in Ethiopia: Genetic differences between field isolates and vaccine strain, and implications for vaccination failure. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:28-35. [PMID: 25907637 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) cause capripox disease in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. These viruses are not strictly host-specific and their geographical distribution is complex. In Ethiopia, where sheep, goats and cattle are all affected, a live attenuated vaccine strain (KS1-O180) is used for immunization of both small ruminants and cattle. Although occurrences of the disease in vaccinated cattle are frequently reported, information on the circulating isolates and their relation to the vaccine strain in use are still missing. The present study addressed the parameters associated with vaccination failure in Ethiopia. Retrospective outbreak data were compiled and isolates collected from thirteen outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle at various geographical locations and years were analyzed and compared to the vaccine strain. Isolates of GTPV and LSDV genotypes were responsible for the capripox outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle, respectively, while SPPV was absent. Pathogenic isolates collected from vaccinated cattle were identical to those from the non-vaccinated ones. The vaccine strain, genetically distinct from the outbreak isolates, was not responsible for these outbreaks. This study shows capripox to be highly significant in Ethiopia due to low performance of the local vaccine and insufficient vaccination coverage. The development of new, more efficient vaccine strains, a GTPV strain for small ruminants and a LSDV for cattle, is needed to promote the acceptance by farmers, thus contribute to better control of CaPVs in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Alebachew Belay
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Capripoxvirus Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
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Navarro E, Serrano-Heras G, Castaño MJ, Solera J. Real-time PCR detection chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 439:231-50. [PMID: 25451956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Real-time PCR is the method of choice in many laboratories for diagnostic and food applications. This technology merges the polymerase chain reaction chemistry with the use of fluorescent reporter molecules in order to monitor the production of amplification products during each cycle of the PCR reaction. Thus, the combination of excellent sensitivity and specificity, reproducible data, low contamination risk and reduced hand-on time, which make it a post-PCR analysis unnecessary, has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to conventional PCR. The present paper attempts to provide a rigorous overview of fluorescent-based methods for nucleic acid analysis in real-time PCR described in the literature so far. Herein, different real-time PCR chemistries have been classified into two main groups; the first group comprises double-stranded DNA intercalating molecules, such as SYBR Green I and EvaGreen, whereas the second includes fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides. The latter, in turn, has been divided into three subgroups according to the type of fluorescent molecules used in the PCR reaction: (i) primer-probes (Scorpions, Amplifluor, LUX, Cyclicons, Angler); (ii) probes; hydrolysis (TaqMan, MGB-TaqMan, Snake assay) and hybridization (Hybprobe or FRET, Molecular Beacons, HyBeacon, MGB-Pleiades, MGB-Eclipse, ResonSense, Yin-Yang or displacing); and (iii) analogues of nucleic acids (PNA, LNA, ZNA, non-natural bases: Plexor primer, Tiny-Molecular Beacon). In addition, structures, mechanisms of action, advantages and applications of such real-time PCR probes and analogues are depicted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Navarro
- Research Unit, General University Hospital, Laurel s/n, 02006 Albacete, Spain.
| | - G Serrano-Heras
- Research Unit, General University Hospital, Laurel s/n, 02006 Albacete, Spain.
| | - M J Castaño
- Research Unit, General University Hospital, Laurel s/n, 02006 Albacete, Spain.
| | - J Solera
- Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital, Hermanos Falcó 37, 02006 Albacete, Spain.
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Huang SW, Ho CF, Chan KW, Cheng MC, Shien JH, Liu HJ, Wang CY. The genotyping of Infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan by a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:721-33. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714547735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV; Avian coronavirus) causes acute respiratory and reproductive and urogenital diseases in chickens. Following sequence alignment of IBV strains, a combination of selective primer sets was designed to individually amplify the IBV wild-type and vaccine strains using a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ARMS RT-PCR) approach. This system was shown to discriminate the IBV wild-type and vaccine strains. Moreover, an ARMS real-time RT-PCR (ARMS qRT-PCR) was combined with a high-resolution analysis (HRMA) to establish a melt curve analysis program. The specificity of the ARMS RT-PCR and the ARMS qRT-PCR was verified using unrelated avian viruses. Different melting temperatures and distinct normalized and shifted melting curve patterns for the IBV Mass, IBV H120, IBV TW-I, and IBV TW-II strains were detected. The new assays were used on samples of lung and trachea as well as virus from allantoic fluid and cell culture. In addition to being able to detect the presence of IBV vaccine and wild-type strains by ARMS RT-PCR, the IBV Mass, IBV H120, IBV TW-I, and IBV TW-II strains were distinguished using ARMS qRT-PCR by their melting temperatures and by HRMA. These approaches have acceptable sensitivities and specificities and therefore should be able to serve as options when carrying out differential diagnosis of IBV in Taiwan and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shr-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
| | - Chia-Fang Ho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
| | - Min-Chung Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
| | - Jui-Hung Shien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Huang, Ho, Shien, Wang), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Liu), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (Cheng)
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