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Bhardwaj M, Mazumder PM. The gut-liver axis: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03204-6. [PMID: 38861011 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), more appropriately known as metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a prevalent condition in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, is a complex condition involving hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and liver fibrosis. The gut-liver axis is closely linked to metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress that are leading to the cooccurrence of MAFLD and T2DM cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The purpose of this review is to raise awareness about the role of the gut-liver axis in the progression of MAFLD, T2DM and CVDs with a critical analysis of available treatment options for T2DM and MAFLD and their impact on cardiovascular health. This study analysed over 100 articles on this topic, using online searches and predefined keywords, to understand and summarise published research. Numerous studies have shown a strong correlation between gut dysfunction, particularly the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the occurrence and progression of MAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Herein, this article also examines the impact of the gut-liver axis on MAFLD, T2DM, and related complications, focusing on the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in insulin resistance, T2DM and obesity-related cardiovascular complications. The study suggests potential treatment targets for MAFLD linked to T2DM, focusing on cardiovascular outcomes and the molecular mechanism of the gut-liver axis, as gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to obesity-related metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Papiya Mitra Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.
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2
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Jin C, Chen H, Xie L, Zhou Y, Liu LL, Wu J. GPCRs involved in metabolic diseases: pharmacotherapeutic development updates. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-023-01215-2. [PMID: 38326623 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed in a variety of cell types and tissues, and activation of GPCRs is involved in enormous metabolic pathways, including nutrient synthesis, transportation, storage or insulin sensitivity, etc. This review intends to summarize the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and mechanisms by a series of GPCRs, such as GPR91, GPR55, GPR119, GPR109a, GPR142, GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR120. With deep understanding of GPCR's structure and signaling pathways, it is attempting to uncover the role of GPCRs in major metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, for which the global prevalence has risen during last two decades. An extensive list of agonists and antagonists with their chemical structures in a nature of small molecular compounds for above-mentioned GPCRs is provided as pharmacologic candidates, and their preliminary data of preclinical studies are discussed. Moreover, their beneficial effects in correcting abnormalities of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and dyslipidemia are summarized when clinical trials have been undertaken. Thus, accumulating data suggest that these agonists or antagonists might become as new pharmacotherapeutic candidates for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang X, Guseinov AA, Jenkins L, Li K, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G, Zhang C. Structural basis for the ligand recognition and signaling of free fatty acid receptors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2384. [PMID: 38198545 PMCID: PMC10780892 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptors 1 to 4 (FFA1 to FFA4) are class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). FFA1 to FFA3 share substantial sequence similarity, whereas FFA4 is unrelated. However, FFA1 and FFA4 are activated by long-chain fatty acids, while FFA2 and FFA3 respond to short-chain fatty acids generated by intestinal microbiota. FFA1, FFA2, and FFA4 are potential drug targets for metabolic and inflammatory conditions. Here, we determined the active structures of FFA1 and FFA4 bound to docosahexaenoic acid, FFA4 bound to the synthetic agonist TUG-891, and butyrate-bound FFA2, each complexed with an engineered heterotrimeric Gq protein (miniGq), by cryo-electron microscopy. Together with computational simulations and mutagenesis studies, we elucidated the similarities and differences in the binding modes of fatty acid ligands to their respective GPCRs. Our findings unveiled distinct mechanisms of receptor activation and G protein coupling. We anticipate that these outcomes will facilitate structure-based drug development and underpin future research on this group of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Abdul-Akim Guseinov
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Cryo-EM Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irina G. Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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4
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Zhang X, Guseinov AA, Jenkins L, Li K, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G, Zhang C. Structural basis for the ligand recognition and signaling of free fatty acid receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.20.553924. [PMID: 37662198 PMCID: PMC10473637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.20.553924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptors 1-4 (FFA1-4) are class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). FFA1-3 share substantial sequence similarity whereas FFA4 is unrelated. Despite this FFA1 and FFA4 are activated by the same range of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) whilst FFA2 and FFA3 are instead activated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated by the intestinal microbiota. Each of FFA1, 2 and 4 are promising targets for novel drug development in metabolic and inflammatory conditions. To gain insights into the basis of ligand interactions with, and molecular mechanisms underlying activation of, FFAs by LCFAs and SCFAs, we determined the active structures of FFA1 and FFA4 bound to the polyunsaturated LCFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), FFA4 bound to the synthetic agonist TUG-891, as well as SCFA butyrate-bound FFA2, each complexed with an engineered heterotrimeric Gq protein (miniGq), by cryo-electron microscopy. Together with computational simulations and mutagenesis studies, we elucidated the similarities and differences in the binding modes of fatty acid ligands with varying chain lengths to their respective GPCRs. Our findings unveil distinct mechanisms of receptor activation and G protein coupling. We anticipate that these outcomes will facilitate structure-based drug development and underpin future research to understand allosteric modulation and biased signaling of this group of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
| | - Abdul-Akim Guseinov
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Cryo-EM core facility, Case Western Reserve University, OH44106, USA
| | - Irina G. Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
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Kumari P, Inoue A, Chapman K, Lian P, Rosenbaum DM. Molecular mechanism of fatty acid activation of FFAR1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219569120. [PMID: 37216523 PMCID: PMC10235965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219569120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FFAR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to circulating free fatty acids to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and release of incretin hormones. Due to the glucose-lowering effect of FFAR1 activation, potent agonists for this receptor have been developed for the treatment of diabetes. Previous structural and biochemical studies of FFAR1 showed multiple sites of ligand binding to the inactive state but left the mechanism of fatty acid interaction and receptor activation unknown. We used cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate structures of activated FFAR1 bound to a Gq mimetic, which were induced either by the endogenous FFA ligand docosahexaenoic acid or γ-linolenic acid and the agonist drug TAK-875. Our data identify the orthosteric pocket for fatty acids and show how both endogenous hormones and synthetic agonists induce changes in helical packing along the outside of the receptor that propagate to exposure of the G-protein-coupling site. These structures show how FFAR1 functions without the highly conserved "DRY" and "NPXXY" motifs of class A GPCRs and also illustrate how the orthosteric site of a receptor can be bypassed by membrane-embedded drugs to confer full activation of G protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Kumari
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Peng Lian
- BioHPC at the Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Daniel M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
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Karmokar PF, Moniri NH. Oncogenic signaling of the free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 in human breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115328. [PMID: 36309079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women, and most breast cancer-associated deaths are due to metastasis and recurrence of the disease. Dietary habits, specifically dietary fat intake is a crucial risk factor involved in breast cancer development and progression. Decades of research has revealed that free-fatty acids (FFA) modulate carcinogenic processes through fatty acid metabolism and lipid peroxidation. The ground-breaking discovery of free-fatty acid receptors, which are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, has led to the realization that FFA can also act via these receptors to modulate carcinogenic effects. The long-chain free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 (previously termed GPR40) and FFA4 (previously termed GPR120) are activated by mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids including ω-3, 6, and 9 fatty acids. Initial enthusiasm towards the study of these receptors focused on their insulin secretagogue and sensitization effects, and the downstream associated metabolic regulation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression and/or aberrant FFA1/FFA4 signaling are evident in human breast carcinomas, suggesting that FFA receptors could be a promising target in the treatment of breast cancer. The current review discusses the diverse roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in human breast carcinoma cells and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka F Karmokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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How Arrestins and GRKs Regulate the Function of Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012237. [PMID: 36293091 PMCID: PMC9602559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FFA1 and FFA4, two G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by long chain fatty acids, play crucial roles in mediating many biological functions in the body. As a result, these fatty acid receptors have gained considerable attention due to their potential to be targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the relative contribution of canonical G protein-mediated signalling versus the effects of agonist-induced phosphorylation and interactions with β-arrestins have yet to be fully defined. Recently, several reports have highlighted the ability of β-arrestins and GRKs to interact with and modulate different functions of both FFA1 and FFA4, suggesting that it is indeed important to consider these interactions when studying the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in both normal physiology and in different disease settings. Here, we discuss what is currently known and show the importance of understanding fully how β-arrestins and GRKs regulate the function of long chain fatty acid receptors.
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Zhu Y, Wang T, Zhao N, Jiang W. High-resolution accurate mass approach to characterization of SCO-267 metabolites using liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9325. [PMID: 35560672 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE SCO-267 is a potent full agonist of G-protein-coupled receptor 40. As a promising therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to elucidate its metabolite profiles during the stage of drug development for safety considerations. METHODS The in vitro metabolism was investigated by incubating SCO-267 (5 μM) with liver microsomes and hepatocytes (rat and human). For in vivo metabolism, SCO-267 (10 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats and plasma samples were collected. The metabolites were identified via measurements of accurate mass, elemental composition and product ions using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap-MS). RESULTS A total of 19 metabolites were structurally identified. M2 (hydroxyl-SCO-267), M15 (SCO-267-acyl-glucuronide), M16 (desmethyl-SCO-267) and M17 (desneopentyl-SCO-267) were verified with reference standards. M2, M11, M16 and M17 were the major metabolites originating from hydroxylation, O-demethylation and N-dealkylation, respectively. Phenotyping study with recombinant human P450 enzymes demonstrated that hydroxylation (M2 and M11) was mainly catalyzed by CYP2C8 and 3A4; demethylation (M16) was mainly catalyzed by CYP2D6, and less catalyzed by CYP2C8 and 3A4; and N-dealkylation (M17) was exclusively triggered by CYP3A4. CONCLUSIONS Hydroxylation, O-demethylation, N-dealkylation and acyl glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of SCO-267. This study is the first to discover the metabolic fates of SCO-267, which provides a basis for safety assessment of this drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Wenya Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, Zhangjiagang, China
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Free fatty acid receptor 1: a ray of hope in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1625-1639. [PMID: 34669065 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor with prominent expression on pancreatic beta cells, bones, intestinal cells as well as the nerve cells. This receptor mediates a multitude of functions in the body including release of incretins, secretion of insulin as well as sensation of pain. Since FFAR1 causes secretion of insulin and regulates glucose metabolism, efforts were made to unfold its structure followed by discovering agonists for the receptor and the utilization of these agonists in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Development of such functional FFAR1 agonists is a necessity because the currently available therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus has numerous drawbacks, of which, the major one is hypoglycemia. Since the most prominent effect of the FFAR1 agonists is on glucose concentration in the body, so the major research is focused on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, though the agonists could benefit other metabolic disorders and neurological disorders as well. The agonists developed so far had one major limitation, i.e., hepatotoxicity. Although, the only agonist that could reach phase 3 clinical trials was TAK-875 developed by Takeda Pharmaceuticals but it was also withdrawn due to toxic effects on the liver. Thus, there are numerous agonists for the varied binding sites of the receptor but no drug available yet. There does seem to be a ray of hope in the drugs that target FFAR1 but a lot more efforts towards drug discovery would result in the successful management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Long Chain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Cells Function: Contribution of FFA1 and FFA4 Receptors. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668330. [PMID: 34276398 PMCID: PMC8280355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids are molecules that act as metabolic intermediates and constituents of membranes; however, their novel role as signaling molecules in immune function has also been demonstrated. The presence of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors on immune cells has contributed to the understanding of this new role of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in immune function, showing their role as anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory molecules and elucidating their intracellular mechanisms. The FFA1 and FFA4 receptors, also known as GPR40 and GPR120, respectively, have been described in macrophages and neutrophils, two key cells mediating innate immune response. Ligands of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors induce the release of a myriad of cytokines through well-defined intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the cellular responses and intracellular mechanisms activated by LCFAs, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in T-cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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12
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Donthamsetti P, Konrad DB, Hetzler B, Fu Z, Trauner D, Isacoff EY. Selective Photoswitchable Allosteric Agonist of a G Protein-Coupled Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8951-8956. [PMID: 34115935 PMCID: PMC8227462 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of drug discovery. However, the similarity between related GPCRs combined with the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of receptor activation in vivo has hindered drug development. Photopharmacology offers the possibility of using light to control the location and timing of drug action by incorporating a photoisomerizable azobenzene into a GPCR ligand, enabling rapid and reversible switching between an inactive and active configuration. Recent advances in this area include (i) photoagonists and photoantagonists that directly control receptor activity but are nonselective because they bind conserved sites, and (ii) photoallosteric modulators that bind selectively to nonconserved sites but indirectly control receptor activity by modulating the response to endogenous ligand. In this study, we designed a photoswitchable allosteric agonist that targets a nonconserved allosteric site for selectivity and activates the receptor on its own to provide direct control. This work culminated in the development of aBINA, a photoswitchable allosteric agonist that selectively activates the Gi/o-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). aBINA is the first example of a new class of precision drugs for GPCRs and other clinically important signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Donthamsetti
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David B. Konrad
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Belinda Hetzler
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Zhu Fu
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen
Wills Neuroscience Institute, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Chen X, Chen Z, Xu D, Lyu Y, Li Y, Li S, Wang J, Wang Z. De novo Design of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 40 Peptide Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Artificial Intelligence and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:694100. [PMID: 34195182 PMCID: PMC8236607 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.694100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), one of the G protein-coupled receptors that are available to sense glucose metabolism, is an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite many efforts having been made to discover small-molecule agonists, there is limited research focus on developing peptides acting as GPR40 agonists to treat T2DM. Here, we propose a novel strategy for peptide design to generate and determine potential peptide agonists against GPR40 efficiently. A molecular fingerprint similarity (MFS) model combined with a deep neural network (DNN) and convolutional neural network was applied to predict the activity of peptides constructed by unnatural amino acids (UAAs). Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) further optimized the peptides to form specific favorable interactions, and subsequent flexible docking showed the details of the binding mechanism between peptides and GPR40. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further verified the stability of the peptide–protein complex. The R-square of the machine learning model on the training set and the test set reached 0.87 and 0.75, respectively; and the three candidate peptides showed excellent performance. The strategy based on machine learning and SDM successfully searched for an optimal design with desirable activity comparable with the model agonist in phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daiyun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Lyu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongxiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengbin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Perreault L, Skyler JS, Rosenstock J. Novel therapies with precision mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:364-377. [PMID: 33948015 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the greatest health crises of our time and its prevalence is projected to increase by >50% globally by 2045. Currently, 10 classes of drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of T2DM. Drugs in development for T2DM must show meaningful reductions in glycaemic parameters as well as cardiovascular safety. Results from an increasing number of cardiovascular outcome trials using modern T2DM therapeutics have shown a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Hence, guidelines have become increasingly evidence based and more patient centred, focusing on reaching individualized glycaemic goals while optimizing safety, non-glycaemic benefits and the prevention of complications. The bar has been raised for novel therapies under development for T2DM as they are now expected to achieve these aims and possibly even treat concurrent comorbidities. Indeed, the pharmaceutical pipeline for T2DM is fertile. Drugs that augment insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion or the incretin axis, or suppress hepatic glucose production are active in more than 7,000 global trials using new mechanisms of action. Our collective goal of being able to truly personalize medicine for T2DM has never been closer at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Perreault
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jay S Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Julio Rosenstock
- Dallas Diabetes Research Center at Medical City, Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Ghislain J, Poitout V. Targeting lipid GPCRs to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus - progress and challenges. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:162-175. [PMID: 33495605 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus that are designed to increase insulin secretion either directly target β-cells or indirectly target gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which release hormones that modulate insulin secretion (for example, incretins). Given that β-cells and EECs both express a large array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate insulin secretion, considerable research and development efforts have been undertaken to design therapeutic drugs targeting these GPCRs. Among them are GPCRs specific for free fatty acid ligands (lipid GPCRs), including free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1, otherwise known as GPR40), FFA2 (GPR43), FFA3 (GPR41) and FFA4 (GPR120), as well as the lipid metabolite binding glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor (GPR119). These lipid GPCRs have demonstrated important roles in the control of islet and gut hormone secretion. Advances in lipid GPCR pharmacology have led to the identification of a number of synthetic agonists that exert beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in preclinical studies. Yet, translation of these promising results to the clinic has so far been disappointing. In this Review, we present the physiological roles, pharmacology and clinical studies of these lipid receptors and discuss the challenges associated with their clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Grundmann M, Bender E, Schamberger J, Eitner F. Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041763. [PMID: 33578942 PMCID: PMC7916689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia have identified several ligands targeting allosteric sites of FFARs with the aim of developing drugs to treat various diseases such as metabolic, (auto)inflammatory, infectious, endocrinological, cardiovascular, and renal disorders. GPCRs are the largest group of transmembrane proteins and constitute the most successful drug targets in medical history. To leverage the rich biology of this target class, the drug industry seeks alternative approaches to address GPCR signaling. Allosteric GPCR ligands are recognized as attractive modalities because of their auspicious pharmacological profiles compared to orthosteric ligands. While the majority of marketed GPCR drugs interact exclusively with the orthosteric binding site, allosteric mechanisms in GPCR biology stay medically underexploited, with only several allosteric ligands currently approved. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), FFAR4 (GPR120), and GPR84, including structural aspects of FFAR1, and discusses the molecular pharmacology of FFAR allosteric ligands as well as the opportunities and challenges in research from the perspective of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jens Schamberger
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Frank Eitner
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
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17
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Koyama R, Ookawara M, Watanabe M, Moritoh Y. Chronic Exposure to SCO-267, an Allosteric GPR40 Full Agonist, Is Effective in Improving Glycemic Control in Rats. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:286-293. [PMID: 33547250 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Full agonist-mediated activation of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40) alleviates diabetes in rodents. Considering that diabetes is a chronic disease, assessment of treatment durability of chronic exposure to a GPR40 full agonist is pivotal for treating patients with diabetes. However, the physiologic significance of chronic in vitro and in vivo exposure to GPR40 full agonists is largely unclear. Here, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of chronic treatment with SCO-267, a GPR40 full agonist, on signal transduction and glucose control. In vitro experiments showed that SCO-267 is an allosteric full agonist for GPR40, which activates the Gα q, Gα s, and Gα 12/13 pathways and β-arrestin recruitment. The calcium signal response was largely sustained in GPR40-overexpressing CHO cells even after prolonged incubation with SCO-267. To evaluate the in vivo relevance of chronic exposure to GPR40 full agonists, SCO-267 (1 and 10 mg/kg) was administered once daily to neonatally streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 15-33 days, and glucose control was evaluated. After 15 days of dosing followed by the drug washout period, SCO-267 improved glucose tolerance, most likely by increasing insulin sensitivity in rats. After 33 days, repeated exposure to SCO-267 was highly effective in improving glucose tolerance in rats. Furthermore, chronic exposure to SCO-267 increased pancreatic insulin content. These results demonstrated that even after chronic exposure, SCO-267 effectively activates GPR40 in cells and rats, suggesting the clinical application of SCO-267 in treating chronic diseases including diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: GPR40 is a validated therapeutic target for diabetes. This study showed that even after chronic exposure, SCO-267, an allosteric GPR40 full agonist, effectively activates GPR40 in cells and rats; these results suggest a durable efficacy of SCO-267 in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryokichi Koyama
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsugi Ookawara
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Zhao Y, Xie L, Ou N, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhou S, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang L, Wang L, Wang J, Shao F. Tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SHR0534, a potent G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) agonist, at single- and multiple-ascending oral doses in healthy Chinese subjects. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:297-306. [PMID: 33331206 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1864510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SHR0534 is being developed for type-2 diabetes mellitus. Herein the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SHR0534 in healthy Chinese subjects were assessed in a phase-I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending dose study. Forty subjects were randomized 4:1 to receive SHR0534 at the dose of 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg, or placebo, and another eleven subjects were allocated to either the 5 mg group or the placebo group at an 8:3 ratio. All subjects received a single dose on day 1, followed by a 9-day washout and once-daily administrations for 14 consecutive days. Serial samples were collected, and vital signs, electrocardiograms, laboratory tests, urinalysis and adverse events (AEs) were recorded. All doses of SHR0534 were safe and well tolerated with infrequent, generally mild-to-moderate AEs and no serious AEs in the study. SHR0534 was absorbed with a T max of approximately 4 hours, and systemic exposure increased with dose. Accumulation was minimal (2- to 3-fold) and steady state was reached after seven days of dosing. For pharmacodynamics, no significant hypoglycaemic effects were seen in healthy adults. Good pharmacokinetics and safety were demonstrated but no obvious effect was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Ou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Libin Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Jiangsu Province Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Bian Y, Jun JJ, Cuyler J, Xie XQ. Covalent allosteric modulation: An emerging strategy for GPCRs drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112690. [PMID: 32818870 PMCID: PMC9948676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Designing covalent allosteric modulators brings new opportunities to the field of drug discovery towards G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Targeting an allosteric binding pocket can allow a modulator to have protein subtype selectivity and low drug resistance. Utilizing covalent warheads further enables the modulator to increase the binding potency and extend the duration of action. This review starts with GPCR allosteric modulation to discuss the structural biology of allosteric binding pockets, the different types of allosteric modulators, as well as the advantages of employing allosteric modulation. This is followed by a discussion on covalent modulators to clarify how covalent ligands can benefit the receptor modulation and to illustrate moieties that can commonly be used as covalent warheads. Finally, case studies are presented on designing class A, B, and C GPCR covalent allosteric modulators to demonstrate successful stories on combining allosteric modulation and covalent binding. Limitations and future perspectives are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy,NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
| | - Jaden Jungho Jun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy,NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
| | - Jacob Cuyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy,NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Departments of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States.
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20
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Mizuno H, Kihara Y. Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:223-258. [PMID: 32894513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Furukawa H, Miyamoto Y, Hirata Y, Watanabe K, Hitomi Y, Yoshitomi Y, Aida J, Noguchi N, Takakura N, Takami K, Miwatashi S, Hirozane Y, Hamada T, Ito R, Ookawara M, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M, Maekawa T. Design and Identification of a GPR40 Full Agonist ( SCO-267) Possessing a 2-Carbamoylphenyl Piperidine Moiety. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10352-10379. [PMID: 32900194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in pancreatic β-cells and enteroendocrine cells. GPR40 activation stimulates secretions of insulin and incretin, both of which are the pivotal regulators of glycemic control. Therefore, a GPR40 agonist is an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using the reported biaryl derivative 1, we shifted the hydrophobic moiety to the terminal aryl ring and replaced the central aryl ring with piperidine, generating 2-(4,4-dimethylpentyl)phenyl piperidine 4a, which had improved potency for GPR40 and high lipophilicity. We replaced the hydrophobic moiety with N-alkyl-N-aryl benzamides to lower the lipophilicity and restrict the N-alkyl moieties to the presumed lipophilic pocket using the intramolecular π-π stacking of cis-preferential N-alkyl-N-aryl benzamide. Among these, orally available (3S)-3-cyclopropyl-3-(2-((1-(2-((2,2-dimethylpropyl)(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-yl)methoxy)pyridin-4-yl)propanoic acid (SCO-267) effectively stimulated insulin secretion and GLP-1 release and ameliorated glucose tolerance in diabetic rats via GPR40 full agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Furukawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Miyamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hirata
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Hitomi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yoshitomi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Noguchi
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Miwatashi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirozane
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruki Hamada
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsugi Ookawara
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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22
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Yan Y, Xu Q, Zhao C, Dong H, Xu W, Zhang Y. In vivo pharmacokinetic study and oral glucose tolerance test of sulfoxide analogs of GPR40 agonist TAK-875. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:708-715. [PMID: 32359092 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
TAK-875 (compound 1) was the only GPR40 agonist with promising oral glucose-lowering effect, which entered phase III clinical trials. In previous studies, we successfully synthesized the TAK-875 sulfoxide analog 2, which was further separated to optically pure compounds 3 (S, S, 100.0% de) and 4 (R, S, 100.0% de). In vitro biological evaluation revealed that the sulfoxide analogs 3 and 4 possessed comparable GPR40 agonist activity to TAK-875. Herein, in order to further evaluate the druglikeness of TAK-875 sulfoxide analogs, the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds 2, 3, and 4 in rats were investigated and compared with that of TAK-875. The results showed that sulfoxide (2, 3, and 4) and sulfone (TAK-875) could be converted into each other in different degrees in vivo. Interestingly, compound 3 showed higher drug exposure calculated by the AUC sum of sulfoxide and sulfone in plasma than TAK-875, 2 and 4. In order to further investigate the in vivo glucose-lowering potency of sulfoxide analogs, asymmetric synthesis was carried out and led to two sulfoxides with moderate de values, 5 (S, S, 66.4% de) and 6 (R, S, 71.0% de). The following oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in rats showed that 5 (S, S, 66.4% de) had stronger glucose-lowering effect in vivo than 6 (R, S, 71.0% de) and TAK-875, which could be partly rationalized by the superior pharmacokinetic property of sulfoxide 3 (the main component of 5) relative to sulfoxide 4 (the main component of 6) and TAK-875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qifu Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Chunlong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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Atanasio S, Deganutti G, Reynolds CA. Addressing free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) activation using supervised molecular dynamics. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:1181-1193. [PMID: 32851580 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1, formerly GPR40), is a potential G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as it enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion upon activation by endogenous long-chain free fatty acids. The presence of two allosterically communicating binding sites and the lack of the conserved GPCR structural motifs challenge the general knowledge of its activation mechanism. To date, four X-ray crystal structures are available for computer-aided drug design. In this study, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) and supervised molecular dynamics (SuMD) to deliver insights into the (un)binding mechanism of the agonist MK-8666, and the allosteric communications between the two experimentally determined FFAR1 binding sites. We found that FFAR1 extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) mediates the binding of the partial agonist MK-8666. Moreover, simulations showed that the agonists MK-8666 and AP8 are reciprocally stabilized and that AP8 influences MK-8666 unbinding from FFAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Atanasio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK. .,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
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Li Z, Liu C, Zhou Z, Hu L, Deng L, Ren Q, Qian H. A novel FFA1 agonist, CPU025, improves glucose-lipid metabolism and alleviates fatty liver in obese-diabetic (ob/ob) mice. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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GPR40 full agonism exerts feeding suppression and weight loss through afferent vagal nerve. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222653. [PMID: 31525244 PMCID: PMC6746387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a Gq protein-coupled receptor expressed in pancreatic β cells and enteroendocrine cells, and mediates insulin and incretin secretion to regulate feeding behavior. Several GPR40 full agonists have been reported to reduce food intake in rodents by regulating gut hormone secretion in addition to their potent glucose-lowering effects; however, detailed mechanisms of feeding suppression are still unknown. In the present study, we characterized T-3601386, a novel compound with potent full agonistic activity for GPR40, by using in vitro Ca2+ mobilization assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing FFAR1 and in vivo hormone secretion assay. We also evaluated feeding suppression and weight loss after the administration of T-3601386 and investigated the involvement of the vagal nerve in these effects. T-3601386, but not a partial agonist fasiglifam, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in CHO cells with low FFAR1 expression, and single dosing of T-3601386 in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats elevated plasma incretin levels, suggesting full agonistic properties of T-3601386 against GPR40. Multiple doses of T-3601386, but not fasiglifam, in DIO rats showed dose-dependent weight loss accompanied by feeding suppression and durable glucagon-like peptide-1 elevation, all of which were completely abolished in Ffar1-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analysis in the nuclei of the solitary tract demonstrated that T-3601386 increased the number of c-Fos positive cells, which also disappeared in Ffar1-/- mice. Surgical vagotomy and drug-induced deafferentation counteracted the feeding suppression and weight loss induced by the administration of T-3601386. These results suggest that T-3601386 exerts incretin release and weight loss in a GPR40-dependent manner, and that afferent vagal nerves are important for the feeding suppression induced by GPR40 full agonism. Our novel findings raise the possibility that GPR40 full agonist can induce periphery-derived weight reduction, which may provide benefits such as less adverse effects in central nervous system compared to centrally-acting anti-obesity drugs.
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Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:171-210. [PMID: 31487233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Targeting GPCRs Activated by Fatty Acid-Derived Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:915-929. [PMID: 31377146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most intensively studied drug targets, because of their diversity, cell-specific expression, and druggable sites accessible at the cell surface. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that targeting GPCRs activated by fatty acid-derived lipids may have potential to improve glucose homeostasis and reduce complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite the discontinued development of fasiglifam (TAK-875), the first FFA1 agonist to reach late-stage clinical trials, lipid-sensing receptors remain a viable target, albeit with a need for further characterization of their binding mode, intracellular signaling, and toxicity. Herein, we analyze general discovery trends, various signaling pathways, as well as possible challenges following activation of GPCRs that have been validated clinically to control blood glucose levels.
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Ueno H, Ito R, Abe SI, Ookawara M, Miyashita H, Ogino H, Miyamoto Y, Yoshihara T, Kobayashi A, Tsujihata Y, Takeuchi K, Watanabe M, Yamada Y, Maekawa T, Nishigaki N, Moritoh Y. SCO-267, a GPR40 Full Agonist, Improves Glycemic and Body Weight Control in Rat Models of Diabetes and Obesity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:172-181. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Ackerson T, Amberg A, Atzrodt J, Arabeyre C, Defossa E, Dorau M, Dudda A, Dwyer J, Holla W, Kissner T, Kohlmann M, Kürzel U, Pánczél J, Rajanna S, Riedel J, Schmidt F, Wäse K, Weitz D, Derdau V. Mechanistic investigations of the liver toxicity of the free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist fasiglifam (TAK875) and its primary metabolites. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22345. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens Atzrodt
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | | | - Angela Dudda
- Global Project Management Unit, DCV, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | | | - Markus Kohlmann
- Global Project Management Unit, DCV, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ulrich Kürzel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | - József Pánczél
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Jens Riedel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Weitz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi Frankfurt Germany
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30
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Audet M, Stevens RC. Emerging structural biology of lipid G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Sci 2019; 28:292-304. [PMID: 30239054 PMCID: PMC6319753 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first crystal structure of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) was that of the bovine rhodopsin, solved in 2000, and is a light receptor within retina rode cells that enables vision by transducing a conformational signal from the light-induced isomerization of retinal covalently bound to the receptor. More than 7 years after this initial discovery and following more than 20 years of technological developments in GPCR expression, stabilization, and crystallography, the high-resolution structure of the adrenaline binding β2 -adrenergic receptor, a ligand diffusible receptor, was discovered. Since then, high-resolution structures of more than 53 unique GPCRs have been determined leading to a significant improvement in our understanding of the basic mechanisms of ligand-binding and ligand-mediated receptor activation that revolutionized the field of structural molecular pharmacology of GPCRs. Recently, several structures of eight unique lipid-binding receptors, one of the most difficult GPCR families to study, have been reported. This review presents the outstanding structural and pharmacological features that have emerged from these new lipid receptor structures. The impact of these findings goes beyond mechanistic insights, providing evidence of the fundamental role of GPCRs in the physiological integration of the lipid signaling system, and highlighting the importance of sustained research into the structural biology of GPCRs for the development of new therapeutics targeting lipid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Audet
- Departments of Biological Sciences and ChemistryBridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia90089
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Departments of Biological Sciences and ChemistryBridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia90089
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Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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32
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Xu F, Zhou H, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang Z, Hou T, Wang J, Qu L, Zhang P, Piao H, Liang X. Label-free cell phenotypic study of FFA4 and FFA1 and discovery of novel agonists of FFA4 from natural products. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15073-15083. [PMID: 35516320 PMCID: PMC9064241 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, pharmacological studies of the free fatty acid receptor (FFA) 4 and FFA1 were conducted in transfected CHO cells (FFA4&FFA1) and HT29 cells with application of a label-free dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assay. Commercially available compounds including α-linolenic acid (ALA), GW9508, TUG891, GSK137647A, TAK875, MEDICA16, AH7614 and GW1100, were used to validate the assay; real-time tracing of ligand-induced cell responses elucidated pharmacological properties of ligand–receptor interactions. A pool of 140 natural compounds was screened using the CHO-FFA4 cells. Three new FFA4 agonists with novel skeletons were discovered and they were dihydrotanshinone, emodin and acetylshikonin (EC50 values were 32.88, 38.18 and 10.17 μM, respectively). Ligand selectivity was compared between FFA4 and FFA1; dihydrotanshinone and emodin displayed FFA4 selectivity, while acetylshikonin shared FFA1 and FFA4 agonist activities with EC50 values comparable to the endogenous ligand ALA. The three novel FFA4 agonists provide a promising chemical starting point for identification and optimization of drugs used for treating metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Besides, this work will help to explain the mechanism of actions of natural products. Pharmacological studies of the FFA4 and FFA1 and discovery of three novel agonists was conducted using a label-free DMR assay.![]()
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Wang X, Xu Y, Feng S, Huang X, Meng X, Chen J, Guo L, Ge J, Zhang J, Chen J, Cheng L, Gu K, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Ning X. A potent free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist with a glucose-dependent antihyperglycemic effect. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8975-8978. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PAFA is a promising free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist with a glucose-dependent antihyperglycemic effect, allowing for treating type-2 diabetes.
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34
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Nath V, Ahuja R, Kumar V. Identification of novel G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) agonists by hybrid in silico-screening techniques and molecular dynamics simulations thereof. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3764-3787. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1527255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rohini Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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Li JQ, Li J, Wang JF, Zhang SH, He D, Yong RS, She SY. In vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles of fasiglifam using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1387-1395. [PMID: 29790616 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fasiglifam is an orally available and selective partial agonist of hGPR40 receptor, which was unexpectedly terminated at phase III clinical trials due to its severe hepatotoxicity. To fully understand the mechanism of action of fasiglifam, it is necessary to investigate its in vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles. METHODS For in vitro metabolism, fasiglifam was incubated with rat or human liver microsomes in the presence of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt, glutathione (GSH) and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid trisodium salt for 60 min. For in vivo metabolism, fasiglifam was orally administered to rats at a single dose of 20 mg/kg and the bile was collected. In vitro and in vivo samples were analyzed by the developed ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of metabolites were proposed according to their accurate masses and fragment ions. RESULTS A total of eight metabolites, including an acyl-GSH adduct, were detected and identified. M1 (acylglucuronide) and M5 (carboxylic acid derivative) were the major metabolites of fasiglifam. Metabolic pathways of fasiglifam involved oxygenation, oxidative dealkylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation and GSH conjugation. Fasiglifam may undergo metabolic bioactivation via acylglucuronide. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative dealkylation and glucuronidation were the predominant metabolic pathways of fasiglifam in vitro and in vivo. Metabolic bioactivation via acylglucuronide may be the perpetrator of its hepatotoxicity. Our findings would be helpful in understanding the disposition of fasiglifam as well as its hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qi Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Individualized Drug Therapy, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jie Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Shu-Han Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Dan He
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Yong
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Medicine, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Individualized Drug Therapy, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shu-Ya She
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
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36
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Structural basis for GPR40 allosteric agonism and incretin stimulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1645. [PMID: 29695780 PMCID: PMC5917010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) by synthetic partial and full agonists occur via distinct allosteric sites. A crystal structure of GPR40-TAK-875 complex revealed the allosteric site for the partial agonist. Here we report the 2.76-Å crystal structure of human GPR40 in complex with a synthetic full agonist, compound 1, bound to the second allosteric site. Unlike TAK-875, which acts as a Gαq-coupled partial agonist, compound 1 is a dual Gαq and Gαs-coupled full agonist. compound 1 binds in the lipid-rich region of the receptor near intracellular loop 2 (ICL2), in which the stabilization of ICL2 by the ligand is likely the primary mechanism for the enhanced G protein activities. The endogenous free fatty acid (FFA), γ-linolenic acid, can be computationally modeled in this site. Both γ-linolenic acid and compound 1 exhibit positive cooperativity with TAK-875, suggesting that this site could also serve as a FFA binding site. GPR40 is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds to free fatty acids, mediating insulin and incretin secretion. Here, the authors present the crystal structure of human GPR40 with an agonist bound to an allosteric site located near the lipid-rich region that suggests a mechanism for biased agonism.
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37
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Rives ML, Rady B, Swanson N, Zhao S, Qi J, Arnoult E, Bakaj I, Mancini A, Breton B, Lee SP, Player MR, Pocai A. GPR40-Mediated G α12 Activation by Allosteric Full Agonists Highly Efficacious at Potentiating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Human Islets. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:581-591. [PMID: 29572336 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40 is a clinically validated molecular target for the treatment of diabetes. Many GPR40 agonists have been identified to date, with the partial agonist fasiglifam (TAK-875) reaching phase III clinical trials before its development was terminated due to off-target liver toxicity. Since then, attention has shifted toward the development of full agonists that exhibit superior efficacy in preclinical models. Full agonists bind to a distinct binding site, suggesting conformational plasticity and a potential for biased agonism. Indeed, it has been suggested that alternative pharmacology may be required for meaningful efficacy. In this study, we described the discovery and characterization of Compound A, a newly identified GPR40 allosteric full agonist highly efficacious in human islets at potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We compared Compound A-induced GPR40 activity to that induced by both fasiglifam and AM-1638, another allosteric full agonist previously reported to be highly efficacious in preclinical models, at a panel of G proteins. Compound A was a full agonist at both the Gαq and Gαi2 pathways, and in contrast to fasiglifam Compound A also induced Gα12 coupling. Compound A and AM-1638 displayed similar activity at all pathways tested. The Gα12/Gα13-mediated signaling pathway has been linked to protein kinase D activation as well as actin remodeling, well known to contribute to the release of insulin vesicles. Our data suggest that the pharmacology of GPR40 is complex and that Gα12/Gα13-mediated signaling, which may contribute to GPR40 agonists therapeutic efficacy, is a specific property of GPR40 allosteric full agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Rives
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Brian Rady
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Nadia Swanson
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Shuyuan Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Jenson Qi
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Ivona Bakaj
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Arturo Mancini
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Billy Breton
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - S Paul Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Mark R Player
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
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Marcinak J, Vakilynejad M, Kogame A, Tagawa Y. Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Single Oral Dose of Fasiglifam in Subjects with Mild or Moderate Hepatic Impairment. Drugs R D 2018; 18:109-118. [PMID: 29488154 PMCID: PMC5995786 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-018-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fasiglifam, a potent, selective novel agonist of G protein-coupled receptor 40, stimulates insulin secretion at elevated blood glucose levels in a glucose-dependent manner. This study evaluated the potential effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single dose of fasiglifam and its metabolite M-I. Fasiglifam's clinical development was halted due to liver safety concerns. METHODS In this phase I, open-label study, subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, along with matched controls (gender, weight, age, and smoking status), received a single, 25-mg oral dose of fasiglifam. Blood samples were collected through 336 h post-dose for pharmacokinetic evaluation. RESULTS Overall, 73% of subjects were male with a mean age of 54 years. Compared with normal hepatic function subjects (n = 14), mean systemic fasiglifam exposure (Cmax and AUC∞) was reduced in mild (n = 8) and moderate (n = 8) hepatic impairment subjects by approximately 20-40%. However, the observed percent unbound drug plasma concentration appeared comparable across all groups. Mean oral clearance was higher and terminal half-life lower in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared with normal hepatic function subjects. Fasiglifam M-I systemic exposure increased by approximately twofold in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared with those with normal hepatic function. Fasiglifam was well tolerated, and there were no reports of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION Hepatic status did not significantly impact systemic exposure of fasiglifam in this study, in fact, a decrease was observed, suggesting no dose reduction would be required for patients with hepatic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Marcinak
- Pharmacovigilence, Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., 1 Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA.
| | - Majid Vakilynejad
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Development Center Americas Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
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Lu S, Zhang J. Small Molecule Allosteric Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Drug–Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2018; 62:24-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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40
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Mahmud ZA, Jenkins L, Ulven T, Labéguère F, Gosmini R, De Vos S, Hudson BD, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G. Three classes of ligands each bind to distinct sites on the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR84. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17953. [PMID: 29263400 PMCID: PMC5738391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium chain fatty acids can activate the pro-inflammatory receptor GPR84 but so also can molecules related to 3,3′-diindolylmethane. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane and decanoic acid acted as strong positive allosteric modulators of the function of each other and analysis showed the affinity of 3,3′-diindolylmethane to be at least 100 fold higher. Methyl decanoate was not an agonist at GPR84. This implies a key role in binding for the carboxylic acid of the fatty acid. Via homology modelling we predicted and confirmed an integral role of arginine172, located in the 2nd extracellular loop, in the action of decanoic acid but not of 3,3′-diindolylmethane. Exemplars from a patented series of GPR84 antagonists were able to block agonist actions of both decanoic acid and 3,3′-diindolylmethane at GPR84. However, although a radiolabelled form of a related antagonist, [3H]G9543, was able to bind with high affinity to GPR84, this was not competed for by increasing concentrations of either decanoic acid or 3,3′-diindolylmethane and was not affected adversely by mutation of arginine172. These studies identify three separable ligand binding sites within GPR84 and suggest that if medium chain fatty acids are true endogenous regulators then co-binding with a positive allosteric modulator would greatly enhance their function in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobaer Al Mahmud
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Labéguère
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230, Romainville, France.,Evotec, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Gosmini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230, Romainville, France
| | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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41
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Yoon DO, Zhao X, Son D, Han JT, Yun J, Shin D, Park HJ. SAR Studies of Indole-5-propanoic Acid Derivatives To Develop Novel GPR40 Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1336-1340. [PMID: 29259758 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) has been considered to be an attractive drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes because of its role in free fatty acids-mediated enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β-cells. A series of indole-5-propanoic acid compounds were synthesized, and their GPR40 agonistic activities were evaluated by nuclear factor of activated T-cells reporter assay and GSIS assay in the MIN-6 insulinoma cells. Three compounds, 8h (EC50 = 58.6 nM), 8i (EC50 = 37.8 nM), and 8o (EC50 = 9.4 nM), were identified as potent GPR40 agonists with good GSIS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongyun Shin
- College
of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, South Korea
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42
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Frank JA, Yushchenko DA, Fine NHF, Duca M, Citir M, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Schultz C, Trauner D. Optical control of GPR40 signalling in pancreatic β-cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7604-7610. [PMID: 29568424 PMCID: PMC5848828 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids activate GPR40 and K+ channels to modulate β-cell function. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of FAAzo-10, a light-controllable GPR40 agonist based on Gw-9508. FAAzo-10 is a potent GPR40 agonist in the trans-configuration and can be inactivated on isomerization to cis with UV-A light. Irradiation with blue light reverses this effect, allowing FAAzo-10 activity to be cycled ON and OFF with a high degree of spatiotemporal precision. In dissociated primary mouse β-cells, FAAzo-10 also inactivates voltage-activated and ATP-sensitive K+ channels, and allows us to control glucose-stimulated Ca2+ oscillations in whole islets with light. As such, FAAzo-10 is a useful tool to study the complex effects, with high specificity, which FA-derivatives such as Gw-9508 exert at multiple targets in mouse β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Allen Frank
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dmytro A Yushchenko
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo namesti 2 , 16610 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas H F Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK .
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism , Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham , B15 2TH , UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands , UK
| | - Margherita Duca
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , University of Milan , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milan , Italy
| | - Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Medical Research , Jahnstr. 29 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK .
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism , Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham , B15 2TH , UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands , UK
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit , Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany .
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR 97237 , USA
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Integrated Protein Science , Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , NY 10003-6699 , USA .
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Pachanski MJ, Kirkland ME, Kosinski DT, Mane J, Cheewatrakoolpong B, Xue J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Miller C, Bunzel M, Plummer CW, Chobanian HR, Miller MW, Souza S, Thomas-Fowlkes BS, Ogawa AM, Weinglass AB, Di Salvo J, Li X, Feng Y, Tatosian DA, Howard AD, Colletti SL, Trujillo ME. GPR40 partial agonists and AgoPAMs: Differentiating effects on glucose and hormonal secretions in the rodent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186033. [PMID: 29053717 PMCID: PMC5650142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR40 agonists are effective antidiabetic agents believed to lower glucose through direct effects on the beta cell to increase glucose stimulated insulin secretion. However, not all GPR40 agonists are the same. Partial agonists lower glucose through direct effects on the pancreas, whereas GPR40 AgoPAMs may incorporate additional therapeutic effects through increases in insulinotrophic incretins secreted by the gut. Here we describe how GPR40 AgoPAMs stimulate both insulin and incretin secretion in vivo over time in diabetic GK rats. We also describe effects of AgoPAMs in vivo to lower glucose and body weight beyond what is seen with partial GPR40 agonists in both the acute and chronic setting. Further comparisons of the glucose lowering profile of AgoPAMs suggest these compounds may possess greater glucose control even in the presence of elevated glucagon secretion, an unexpected feature observed with both acute and chronic treatment with AgoPAMs. Together these studies highlight the complexity of GPR40 pharmacology and the potential additional benefits AgoPAMs may possess above partial agonists for the diabetic patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J. Pachanski
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Melissa E. Kirkland
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Kosinski
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joel Mane
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Jiyan Xue
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daphne Szeto
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gail Forrest
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Corin Miller
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michelle Bunzel
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Plummer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Harry R. Chobanian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarah Souza
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Aimie M. Ogawa
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Adam B. Weinglass
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Tatosian
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Department of Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Colletti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Trujillo
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Effects of 4(1H)-quinolinone derivative, a novel non-nucleotide allosteric purinergic P2Y 2 agonist, on cardiomyocytes in neonatal rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6050. [PMID: 28729619 PMCID: PMC5519634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic P2Y2 receptors, G-protein coupled receptors that primarily couple with Gαq/11-proteins, are activated equipotently by adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine-5′-triphosphate. Evidence suggests that P2Y2 agonists make potential drug candidates for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, selective non-nucleotide, small-molecule P2Y2 agonists have yet to be developed. In this report, we discuss Compound 89, a novel non-nucleotide allosteric P2Y2 agonist that was active in signal transduction and gene induction, and in our in vitro cardiac hypertrophy model. Compound 89 exhibited selective P2Y2 agonistic activity and potentiated responses to the endogenous agonist ATP, while exhibiting no agonistic activities for four other Gαq/11-coupled human P2Y (hP2Y) receptors and one representative Gαi/o-coupled hP2Y12 receptor. Its P2Y2 agonistic effect on mouse P2Y2 receptors suggested non-species-specific activity. Compound 89 acted as a pure positive allosteric modulator in a Ca2+ mobilization assay of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes; it potentiated ATP-induced expression of genes in the nuclear receptor 4A family (negative regulators of hypertrophic stimuli in cardiomyocytes). Additionally, Compound 89 attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, presumably through dose-dependent interaction with pericellular ATP. These results indicate that Compound 89 is potentially efficacious against cardiomyocytes and therefore a good proof-of-concept tool for elucidating the therapeutic potential of P2Y2 activation in various cardiovascular diseases.
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45
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Hauge M, Ekberg JP, Engelstoft MS, Timshel P, Madsen AN, Schwartz TW. Gq and Gs signaling acting in synergy to control GLP-1 secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:64-73. [PMID: 27908836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR40 is generally known to signal through Gq. However, in transfected cells, certain synthetic agonists can make the receptor signal also through Gs and cAMP (Hauge et al., 2015). Here we find that, in colonic crypt cultures, the GLP-1 secretion induced by such Gq + Gs GPR40 agonists is indeed inhibited by blockers of both Gq and Gs and is eliminated by combining these. This in contrast to Gq-only GPR40 agonists which only are affected by the Gq inhibitor. Importantly, Gq-only GPR40 agonists in combination with low doses of selective synthetic agonists for Gs coupled receptors, e.g. GPR119 and TGR5 provide more than additive GLP-1 secretion both ex vivo and in vivo in mice. It is concluded that under physiological circumstances triglyceride metabolites, i.e. long chain fatty acids and 2-monoacyl glycerol plus bile acids, act synergistically through their respective receptors, GPR40, GPR119 and TGR5 to stimulate GLP-1 secretion robustly by combining Gq and Gs signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hauge
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Pio Ekberg
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Storm Engelstoft
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal Timshel
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas N Madsen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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46
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Kumar A, Bharti SK, Kumar A. Therapeutic molecules against type 2 diabetes: What we have and what are we expecting? Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:959-970. [PMID: 28822958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has identified diabetes as one of the fastest growing non-communicable diseases with 422 million patients around the world in 2014. Diabetes, a metabolic disease, is characterized primarily by hyperglycemia which results in various macrovascular and microvascular complications like cardiovascular disease and neuropathies which can significantly deteriorate the quality of life. The body either does not manufactures enough insulin (type 1 diabetes or T1DM) or becomes insensitive to physiologically secreted insulin or both (type 2 diabetes or T2DM). The majority of the diabetic population is affected by type 2 diabetes. Currently, hyperglycemia is treated by a broad range of molecules such as biguanides, sulfonylurea, insulin, thiazolidinediones, incretin mimetics, and DPP-4 inhibitors exerting different mechanisms. However, new drug classes have indeed come in the market such as SGLT-2 inhibitors and other are in the experimental stages such as GPR 40 agonists, GSK-3 inhibitors, GK activators and GPR21 inhibitors which definitely could be anticipated as safe and effective for diabetes therapy. This article reviews the general approach to currently approved therapies for type 2 diabetes and focusing on novel approaches that could be a panacea and might be useful in the future for diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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47
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Li Z, Xu X, Huang W, Qian H. Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (FFAR1) as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:381-425. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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48
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Li H, Huang Q, Chen C, Xu B, Wang HY, Long YQ. Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable GPR40 Full Agonists Bearing Thiophen-2-ylpropanoic Acid Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2697-2717. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Huang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - He-Yao Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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49
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Jurica EA, Wu X, Williams KN, Hernandez AS, Nirschl DS, Rampulla RA, Mathur A, Zhou M, Cao G, Xie C, Jacob B, Cai H, Wang T, Murphy BJ, Liu H, Xu C, Kunselman LK, Hicks MB, Sun Q, Schnur DM, Sitkoff DF, Dierks EA, Apedo A, Moore DB, Foster KA, Cvijic ME, Panemangalore R, Flynn NA, Maxwell BD, Hong Y, Tian Y, Wilkes JJ, Zinker BA, Whaley JM, Barrish JC, Robl JA, Ewing WR, Ellsworth BA. Discovery of Pyrrolidine-Containing GPR40 Agonists: Stereochemistry Effects a Change in Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1417-1431. [PMID: 28112924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrrolidine-containing GPR40 agonists is described as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes. The initial pyrrolidine hit was modified by moving the position of the carboxylic acid, a key pharmacophore for GPR40. Addition of a 4-cis-CF3 to the pyrrolidine improves the human GPR40 binding Ki and agonist efficacy. After further optimization, the discovery of a minor enantiomeric impurity with agonist activity led to the finding that enantiomers (R,R)-68 and (S,S)-68 have differential effects on the radioligand used for the binding assay, with (R,R)-68 potentiating the radioligand and (S,S)-68 displacing the radioligand. Compound (R,R)-68 activates both Gq-coupled intracellular Ca2+ flux and Gs-coupled cAMP accumulation. This signaling bias results in a dual mechanism of action for compound (R,R)-68, demonstrating glucose-dependent insulin and GLP-1 secretion in vitro. In vivo, compound (R,R)-68 significantly lowers plasma glucose levels in mice during an oral glucose challenge, encouraging further development of the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jurica
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Ximao Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N Williams
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Andres S Hernandez
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - David S Nirschl
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Richard A Rampulla
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Gary Cao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Biji Jacob
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Brian J Murphy
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Lori K Kunselman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Michael B Hicks
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Qin Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Dora M Schnur
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Doree F Sitkoff
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Dierks
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Douglas B Moore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kimberly A Foster
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Neil A Flynn
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Brad D Maxwell
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yang Hong
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jason J Wilkes
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jean M Whaley
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Robl
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - William R Ewing
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
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50
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Plummer CW, Clements MJ, Chen H, Rajagopalan M, Josien H, Hagmann WK, Miller M, Trujillo ME, Kirkland M, Kosinski D, Mane J, Pachanski M, Cheewatrakoolpong B, Nolting AF, Orr R, Christensen M, Campeau LC, Wright MJ, Bugianesi R, Souza S, Zhang X, Di Salvo J, Weinglass AB, Tschirret-Guth R, Nargund R, Howard AD, Colletti SL. Design and Synthesis of Novel, Selective GPR40 AgoPAMs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:221-226. [PMID: 28197316 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40 is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed primarily in pancreatic islets and intestinal L-cells that has been a target of significant recent therapeutic interest for type II diabetes. Activation of GPR40 by partial agonists elicits insulin secretion only in the presence of elevated blood glucose levels, minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. GPR40 agoPAMs have shown superior efficacy to partial agonists as assessed in a glucose tolerability test (GTT). Herein, we report the discovery and optimization of a series of potent, selective GPR40 agoPAMs. Compound 24 demonstrated sustained glucose lowering in a chronic study of Goto Kakizaki rats, showing no signs of tachyphylaxis for this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Plummer
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew J. Clements
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Helen Chen
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Murali Rajagopalan
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert Josien
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William K. Hagmann
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria E. Trujillo
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Melissa Kirkland
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel Kosinski
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Mane
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michele Pachanski
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Boonlert Cheewatrakoolpong
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew F. Nolting
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Orr
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Melodie Christensen
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael J. Wright
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Randal Bugianesi
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sarah Souza
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam B. Weinglass
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Tschirret-Guth
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Steven L. Colletti
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Process Chemistry, §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ∥In Vivo Pharmacology, and ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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